2020届一轮复习人教版必修五Unit1Greatscientists单元学案（68页）

2020届一轮复习人教版必修五Unit1Greatscientists单元学案（68页）

‎2020届一轮复习人教版必修五Unit1Great scientists单元学案 To you， the first Chinese woman to win a Nobel Prize in science， has made us all proud. Tu， born in 1930， discovered artemisinin (青蒿素)， a drug that has reduced the death rates for patients suffering from malaria (疟疾). “Artemisinin is a gift for the world people from the traditional Chinese medicine”. It is of great importance for curing malaria and other infectious diseases and for protecting the health of the world people.‎ Tu’s winning the prize shows that China has made rapid progress in scientific and technological field and marks a great contribution of traditional Chinese medicine to the cause of human health.‎ Tu was born in Ningbo， Zhejiang province， China on 30 December， 1930. Tu studied at Beijing Medical University School of Pharmacy， and graduated in 1955. Later Tu was trained for two and a half years in traditional Chinese medicine. Tu worked at the Academy of Chinese Medicine in Beijing after graduation. She was promoted to a researcher in 1980 only after the Chinese economic reform. In 2011， Tu became the first scientist in China to win America’s Lasker Award (拉斯克奖) for her achievements. Currently she is the Chief Scientist in the Academy.‎ ‎ ‎ Section_ⅠWarming Up & Reading — Prereading ‎ ‎ ‎[原文呈现]‎ JOHN SNOW① DEFEATS② ‎ ‎“KING CHOLERA③”‎ John Snow was a famous doctor in London — so expert④， indeed, that he attended⑤ Queen Victoria⑥ as her personal physician⑦. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to⑧ cholera. This was the deadly⑨ disease of its day⑩. Neither its cause nor its cure⑪ was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time⑫ there was an outbreak⑬. John Snow wanted to face the challenge⑭ and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.‎ He became interested in two theories that⑮ possibly explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied⑯ in the air. A cloud of⑰ dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims⑱. The second suggested that people absorbed⑲ this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected⑳ person died.‎ ‎[读文清障]‎ ‎①John Snow约翰•斯诺(1813－1858)，英国医生 ‎②defeat [dI'fiːt] vt.打败；战胜；使受挫 ‎③King Cholera　1854年爆发于英国的一次严重霍乱 ‎④expert ['ekspɜːt] adj.熟练的 n．专家；行家 ‎⑤attend [ə'tend] vt.照顾；护理；参加 ‎⑥Queen Victoria维多利亚女王(1819－1901)‎ ‎⑦physician [fI'zIʃn] n．医生；内科医师 ‎⑧expose [Ik'spəʊz] ... to使……显露；暴露 过去分词短语exposed to cholera作后置定语，修饰people。‎ ‎⑨deadly ['dedlI] adj.致命的 ‎⑩of its day当时；那时。在句中作后置定语。‎ ‎⑪cure [kjʊə] n．治愈；痊愈 vt.治愈；治疗 ‎⑫every time每次；用作连词，连接时间状语从句。‎ ‎⑬outbreak ['aʊtbreIk] n．爆发；发作(尤指疾病或战争)‎ ‎⑭challenge ['tʃælIndʒ] n．挑战 ‎⑮that在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词theories。‎ ‎⑯multiply v．繁殖；成倍增加；乘 ‎⑰a cloud of一团……‎ ‎⑱victim ['vIktIm] n．受害者 ‎⑲absorb [əb'zɔːb] vt.吸收；吸引；使专心 absorb ... into ... 将……吸入……‎ ‎⑳过去分词affected在句中作定语，意为“受疾病侵袭的”。‎ 约翰•斯诺战胜“霍乱王”‎ ‎[第1～2段译文]‎ 约翰•斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成了维多利亚女王的私人大夫。但当他一想到要帮助(那些)受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。霍乱是当时最致命的疾病。人们既不知道它的病源，也不知道它的治疗方法。因此，每次爆发霍乱时就有成千上万惊恐的人死去。约翰•斯诺想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。他知道在找到病源之前，疫情是无法控制的。‎ 对于霍乱是如何致人死亡的，当时有两种相对合理的看法，斯诺对这两种看法比较感兴趣。第一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖，它像一股危险的气体到处飘浮，直到找到受害者为止。第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。 疾病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者很快就会死亡。‎ John Snow suspected○21 that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit○22 London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry○23. As○24 the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods○25， he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe○26 that○27 more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out○28 why.‎ ‎○21suspect [sə'spekt] vt.认为；怀疑 ['sʌspekt] n．被怀疑者；嫌疑犯 ‎○22hit vt.(厄运、灾难等)突然袭击；侵袭 ‎○23enquiry [In'kwaIərI] n．询问 ‎○24as在句中引导时间状语，意为“当……时候”。‎ ‎○25neighbourhood ['neIbəhʊd] n．附近；邻近 ‎○26severe [sI'vIə] adj.严重的；剧烈的；严厉的 ‎○27so ... that ...“如此……以至于……”‎ ‎○28be determined to do下定决心做 ‎[第3段译文]‎ 约翰•斯诺推测第二种理论是正确的， 但他需要证据。因此，在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱时，约翰•斯诺就准备开始他的调查。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，他就开始收集资料。在两条特定的街上霍乱流行得很严重，以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。他决心要查明原因。‎ First he marked on○29 a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived○30. This gave him a valuable clue○31 about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths○32 were near the water pump○33 in Broad Street○34 (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40)．He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street○35) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen○36 this, so he made further investigations○37. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that○38 the water was to blame○39.‎ Next, John Snow looked into○40 the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted○41 by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle○42 from the pump so that it could not be used○43. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down○44. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs○45 and not in a cloud of gas.‎ ‎○29mark ... on ...把……标在……上 ‎○30where引导定语从句，修饰先行词places。‎ ‎○31clue [kluː] n．线索；提示 ‎○32death n．死；死亡(人数)；死亡案例 ‎○33pump [pʌmp] n．泵；抽水机 vt.(用泵)抽(水)‎ ‎○34Broad Street牛津城的宽街，历史建筑群最密集的街道之一。‎ ‎○35Cambridge ['keImbrIdʒ] Street 剑桥大街 ‎○36foresee [fɔː'siː] vt.(foresaw, foreseen) 预见；预知 ‎○37investigation [InˌvestI'geIʃn] n．调查 ‎○38It seemed that ...好像……‎ ‎○39blame [bleIm] vt.责备；谴责 n．过失；责备 be to blame应受责备；该受责备 ‎○40look into调查；了解 ‎○41pollute [pə'luːt] vt.污染；弄脏 ‎○42handle ['hændl] n．柄；把手 vt.处理；操纵 ‎○43so that引导目的状语从句。‎ ‎○44slow down减缓；缓解 ‎○45germ [dʒɜːm] n．微生物；细菌 ‎[第4～5段译文]‎ 首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的确切的地方。这提供了一条说明霍乱病因的很有价值的线索。许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近(特别是16、37、38、40号)。约翰•斯诺还发现有些住宅(如宽街上的20号和21号以及剑桥大街上的8号和9号)却无人死亡。他以前没预见到这种情况，所以他要进行更进一步的调查。他发现，这些人都在剑桥大街7号的酒馆里工作。酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝，因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵里抽上来的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。‎ 接下来，约翰•斯诺调查了这两条街的水源。他发现，水是从河里来的，而河水 被从伦敦排放的脏水污染了。他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的百姓拆掉水泵的把手，这样，水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就得到缓解。他证明了霍乱是由病菌而不是由气体传播的。‎ In another part of London, he found supporting○46 evidence from two other deaths that were linked to○47 the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street○48， liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered○49 to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce○50 with certainty○51 that polluted water carried the germs.‎ To prevent this from happening○52 again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined○53. The water companies were instructed○54 not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.‎ ‎○46supporting adj.有力的；(演员、角色)次要的；配角的 supporting evidence有力的证据 ‎○47link [lIŋk] vt.& n．连接；联系 link ... to ...将……和……联系或连接起来 ‎○48who引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词woman。‎ ‎○49had it delivered (让人运送它)中it代指上文的water，have为使役动词，过去分词delivered作宾语补足语。‎ ‎○50announce [ə'naʊns] vt.宣布；通告 ‎○51with certainty“肯定地”，作状语。‎ ‎○52prevent ... (from) doing阻止……做……‎ ‎○53be examined为虚拟语气结构，其前省略了should。‎ ‎○54instruct [In'strʌkt] vt.命令；指示；教导 instruct sb. to do sth.指导某人做某事 ‎[第6～7段译文]‎ 在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街爆发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中又发现了有力证据。有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢从那个水泵里抽上来的水，每天都要让人把水运到她家。她和她的女儿喝了这种水后，都得了霍乱而死去。有了这个额外的证据，约翰•斯诺就能够肯定地宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。‎ 为了防止这种情况再度发生，约翰•斯诺建议所有水源都要经过检测。供水公司得到指示，再也不能让人们接触被污染的水了。最后，“霍乱王”被击败了。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ Prereading ‎ Please match the words with their proper meanings.‎ ‎1．defeat　　　　A．to make a person or an animal healthy again after an illness ‎2．cure B．a new or difficult task that tests sb.’s ability and skill ‎3．challenge C．to win against sb.in a war, competition, sports game, etc.‎ ‎4．suspect D．to have an idea that something is bad but without having definite proof ‎5．blame E．to take in liquid, gas, or another substance from the surface or space around something ‎6．absorb F．to make a connection between two or more things or people ‎7．link G．to think or say that sb./sth. is responsible for sth.bad ‎8．conclusion H．the part of sth.used to open it; to deal with; to operate or control ‎9．expose I．to show sth. that is usually covered or hidden; to make sth. known publicly ‎10．handle J．sth. that you decide is true after thinking it carefully; the end of sth.‎ ‎1～5　________　　6～10　________‎ 答案：1～5　CABDG　6～10　EFJIH ‎ Leadin Match the pictures with the proper introductions.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1．__F__ He is considered as one of the greatest scientists in history for his discovery of universal gravitation and the three laws of motion.‎ ‎2．__B__ She is a famous Chinese female scientist who won the 2015 Nobel Prize in medicine on October 5 for her discoveries concerning a novel treatment against malaria (疟疾). This is the first Nobel Prize given to a Chinese scientist for work carried out within China.‎ ‎3．__E__ He is a British scientist. He worked in astronomy and put forward a theory about black holes.‎ ‎4．__A__ He was a scientist who made important contributions to the missile and space programs.He returned to China in 1955 and led the Chinese rocket program, and became known as the “Father of Chinese Rocketry”.‎ ‎ ‎ Whilereading ‎ Fastreading Skim the text and choose the best answers.‎ ‎1．What’s the main idea of the passage?‎ A．John Snow was a wellknown doctor in London.‎ B．The cause of cholera was polluted water.‎ C．The source of all drinking water should be examined.‎ D．How John Snow collected, analyzed data and found the cause of the disease and solved it.‎ 答案：D ‎2．Find out the main idea (or topic sentence) of each paragraph：‎ Para.1　　　 A．Polluted water carried the disease.‎ Para.2　　 B．“King Cholera” was defeated at last.‎ Para.3　　 C．John Snow wanted to use his knowledge to solve cholera.‎ Paras.4 & 5 D．He got interested in two theories explaining the cause of cholera.‎ Para.6 E．He needed evidence to prove the second theory was correct.‎ Para.7 F．He found out that dirty water was the cause of cholera.‎ Para.1 ________　　 Para.2 ________‎ Para.3 ________ Paras.4 & 5 ________‎ Para.6 ________ Para.7 ________‎ 答案：‎ Para.1——C　　　　　　 Para.2——D Para.3——E Paras.4 & 5——F Para.6——A Para.7——B ‎ Carefulreading Read the text and choose the best answers.‎ ‎1．According to John Snow’s view, ________.‎ A．Queen Victoria suffered a lot from bad health B．a cure had been found for cholera before his time C．cholera’s cause had to be discovered in order to control it D．thousands of terrified people knew what they should do ‎2．Which of the following theories did John Snow believe in?‎ A．A cloud of dangerous gas would float around until it found its victims.‎ B．People absorbed cholera into their bodies with their meals.‎ C．People got infected with cholera because of cold and hunger.‎ D．People suffered from cholera because they were not clean.‎ ‎3．After he made further investigations, John Snow found ________.‎ A．cholera multiplied in the air B．people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals C．the water from the polluted river was to blame D．flies spread the disease ‎4．How did he find out the cause of the disease?‎ A．By living in the area where cholera broke out.‎ B．By marking a map where all the dead people had lived.‎ C．By telling the terrified people how to prevent it.‎ D．By saving the dying people suffering from cholera.‎ ‎5．How was “King Cholera” defeated?‎ A．By not polluting the river again.‎ B．By eating healthy diets.‎ C．By delivering the water from other rivers.‎ D．By stopping drinking the polluted water.‎ 答案：1～5　CBCBD ‎ Studyreading Analyze the following difficult sentences in the text.‎ ‎1．But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.‎ ‎[句式分析]‎ ‎ ‎ ‎[尝试翻译]　但当他一想到要帮助(那些)受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。‎ ‎2．First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived.‎ ‎[句式分析]　where引导定语从句，修饰先行词places, on a map为地点状语前置，原因是marked的宾语“the exact places ... had lived”太长，为了结构紧凑，故放在了地点状语的后面。‎ ‎[尝试翻译]　首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的确切的地方。‎ ‎3．A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.‎ ‎[句式分析]‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ [尝试翻译]　有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢从那个水泵里抽上来的水，每天都要让人把水运到她家。‎ ‎4．To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.‎ ‎[句式分析]　逗号前面的不定式短语作目的状语。suggested 后接宾语从句the source of all the water supplies be examined。‎ ‎[尝试翻译]　为了防止这种情况再度发生，约翰•斯诺建议所有水源都要经过检测。‎ ‎ ‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A Brian Greene, a professor of physics and mathematics at Columbia University, has created an online science education platform. He tries to “build a bridge” with things you know about, and then “bring you across that bridge to the strange place of modern physics”．‎ Recently I had a chance to ask Greene about wormholes (a hole which some scientists think might exist, connecting parts of space and time that are not usually connected), time travel and other mysteries of the universe. I asked him a milliondollar question: What if I went through a wormhole and prevented my parents from meeting? “Most of us believe that the universe makes sense，” Greene said. Although there are several interesting theories about time travel, he added, the laws of physics would probably prevent something so illogical from taking place. The good news is that the time paradox (悖论) is open for future physicists to solve.‎ When asked how physics could become more exciting for kids, Greene said that books by Stephen Weinberg, Leonard Susskind, and other physicists, “make it a great time for people who want to learn about big ideas but aren’t yet ready, perhaps, to learn math.”‎ When I pointed out that some students still might find physics boring, Greene said that the key is to teach them about things that are strange. “The basic stuff is important，” Greene said. “But I think it’s really important to also describe the more modern ideas, things like black holes and the Big Bang. If kids have those ideas in mind, then at least some of them will be excited to learn all the details.”‎ Greene has followed Albert Einstein’s lead in trying to solve the mysteries of the universe. Now he wants kids to do the same. As Greene said, physics is “not just a matter of solving problems in an exam”. It’s about experimenting, showing an interest in strange phenomena (现象) — and having fun!‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。物理学家Brian Greene希望更多的孩子可以对现代物理学感兴趣。‎ ‎1．A milliondollar question is probably very ________.‎ A．direct　　　　　　　　B．difficult C．personal D．long 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第二段Greene对这个问题的解释以及他说需要未来的物理学家去解决可知，作者提出的这个问题非常难。‎ ‎2．The books by Weinberg and Susskind ________.‎ A．are boring to read B．are mainly about math C．are popular science books D．are only popular among kids 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第三段的“... books by ... make it a great time for people who want to learn about big ideas but aren’t yet ready, perhaps, to learn math”可知，Greene认为Weinberg和Susskind等物理学家写的书浅显易懂，适合普通大众阅读，故这些书属于科普读物。‎ ‎3．According to Paragraph 4, which of the following does Greene agree with?‎ A．Modern physics is a boring subject.‎ B．Interest plays an important role in studying.‎ C．It is not necessary to learn all about physics.‎ D．It is easy to describe black holes and the Big Bang.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第四段可知，当作者指出一些学生觉得物理无聊时，Greene说重要的是向孩子们讲述一些稀奇古怪的事，并描述一些诸如黑洞和宇宙大爆炸的现代物理现象，如果孩子们知道了这些，他们就愿意了解更多详细的内容。因此他认为兴趣在学习过程中起着非常重要的作用。‎ ‎4．In the last paragraph, Greene hopes that ________.‎ A．kids can love science and physics B．kids can do well in physics exams C．kids can have fun with experiments D．kids can find more strange things in life 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Greene has followed Albert Einstein’s lead in trying to solve the mysteries of the universe. Now he wants kids to do the same.”可知，Greene希望孩子们可以像他一样对科学和物理感兴趣，去探索宇宙的奥秘。‎ B Sir John Gurdon, a British scientist, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012, said he had predicted at the time of his frog experiments that the successful cloning of a mammal would happen within 50 years, and that “maybe the same answer is appropriate” for the step to human cloning. Parents who lose children in accidents may be able to clone “copies” to replace them then.‎ Although any attempt to clone an entire human would raise complex moral issues, the biologist claimed people would soon overcome their concerns if the technique became medically useful. Cloning was regarded with extreme doubts when it was first developed but became widely accepted after the birth of Louise Brown, the first “testtube baby”. He said, “When my first frog experiments were done, an American reporter asked how long it would be before these things could be done in mammals or humans. I said, ’Well, it could be anytime between 10 years and 100 years — how about 50 years？’ It turned out that it wasn’t far off the mark as far as Dolly was ‎ concerned. Maybe the same answer is appropriate.” Sir John added that cloning a human being effectively means making an identical twin, and doctors would therefore simply be “copying what nature has already produced”．‎ The average vote on allowing parents of deceased children, who are no longer fertile (能生育的), to create another by using the mother’s eggs and skin cells from the first child, thinking the technique was safe and effective, is 60 percent in favor. The reasons for “no” are usually that the new children would feel they are some sort of replacements for something.‎ 语篇解读：诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主、英国科学家约翰•格登爵士称，那些在事故中失去子女的父母将能在未来50年内借助克隆技术，让他们的子女得到“重生”。‎ ‎5．Sir John predicted the human cloning would be a reality in ________ at most.‎ A．about 100 years　　　　B．about 60 years C．about 50 years D．about 10 years 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据文章第一段可知，格登爵士表示，在未来50年内，那些在事故中失去孩子的父母将有可能通过克隆技术得到孩子的“复制品”。故选C项。‎ ‎6．According to the text, which statement is NOT true?‎ A．Louise Brown is the first “testtube baby”．‎ B．Human cloning is still a controversial topic.‎ C．Sir John is positive about the future of human cloning.‎ D．Human cloning is creating something that didn’t exist before.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“after the birth of Louise Brown, the first ’testtube baby’”可排除A项；文章尾段说明赞成者占6成，故排除B项；根据第二段中格登爵士的话可知，他对克隆人充满了希望，故排除C项；根据第二段的尾句可知，D项表述不正确。‎ ‎7．The underlined word “identical” probably means “______”．‎ A．same B．special C．new D．clear 解析：选A　词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“twin”和文中的“doctors would therefore simply be ’copying what nature has already produced’”可知，A项正确。‎ ‎8．It can be inferred from the passage that ________.‎ A．most people cast doubt on John’s experiments B．human cloning is and will be only a dream C．few children love to be cloned in the future D．human cloning may be realized someday 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据文章第二段的第一句可知，虽然克隆人类的尝试将引起复杂的道德问题，但是生物学家声称如果克隆技术变得有医学价值，人们很快就会消除他们的担心，因此可推断D项正确。‎ C Elizabeth Blackwell was born on February 3, 1821 in England. While she was growing up, two of her brothers and six of her sisters died. Elizabeth decided to become a doctor.‎ Her father was a sugar businessman. He encouraged equality (平等) between boys and ‎ girls so, unlike most girls, Elizabeth had the same education as boys.‎ One night, when Elizabeth was eleven, a fire destroyed her family’s business. The family became so poor that Mr. Blackwell decided to go to America. When the family reached New York, Mr. Blackwell tried to start a new business, but failed. In 1837, he died.‎ After being refused several times by medical schools, Elizabeth was finally accepted by Geneva Medical College in New York, largely as a joke. People there, even women, thought she was indecent (下流的) and asked her to leave. But with great determination, Elizabeth graduated with high honors. After graduation, Elizabeth went to Paris to learn more about medicine. Elizabeth returned to America in 1851. There she helped other women become doctors and opened a medicine store. Then, she begged her rich friends to give money to build a hospital.‎ Elizabeth’s dream came true in 1857 when the New York Infirmary For Women and Children opened its doors. It was the first true hospital for women, run by women doctors in the world. In 1868, the hospital opened a medical college for women. After that, Elizabeth received a letter from Europe asking her to come to her homeland and do for the women of Europe what she had done in America. She returned to England in 1869. There she served for forty years, which made her a hero.‎ 语篇解读：本文介绍了美国首位取得医学博士学位的伟大女性Elizabeth Blackwell。‎ ‎9．What made Elizabeth want to be a doctor?‎ A．Her poor family.‎ B．Her father’s advice.‎ C．Her family members’ early death.‎ D．The inequality between girls and boys.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据文章第一段的内容可知，Elizabeth年幼时她的兄弟姐妹相继死亡，这让她产生了当医生的想法。‎ ‎10．Why did Elizabeth’s family move to America?‎ A．To sell more sugar.‎ B．To look for chances to live.‎ C．To open a hospital for women.‎ D．To help Elizabeth study medicine.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据文章第三段的内容可知，Elizabeth一家搬到美国是为了寻找生存的机会。‎ ‎11．It can be inferred from Para.4 that in America ________.‎ A．hardly any women studied medicine B．studying medicine was considered decent C．women were not allowed to receive education D．women and children suffered a lot from poor health 解析：选A　推理判断题。文章第四段讲到Elizabeth一开始遭到很多家医学院的拒绝，在她被纽约的一家医学院录取后，当地的人们甚至是妇女都认为她学医很下流，都斥责她让她离开，由此可知当时几乎没有女性学医，因为在人们看来女性学医是一件下流的事情。‎ ‎12．Which is the right order of the following events about Elizabeth?‎ a．She opened the first hospital for women.‎ b．She opened a medicine store in America.‎ c．Her family moved to New York.‎ d．She graduated from a medical school.‎ e．She returned to England to serve.‎ f．Her family’s business was destroyed.‎ g．She went to Paris to study medicine.‎ A．cfdgbae B．fcdgbae C．fcgdbae D．fcgdbea 解析：选B　事件排序题。根据文章内容可知所列事件的正确顺序是：Elizabeth家的生意因火灾而破产→她全家搬到纽约谋生→她从医学院毕业→她到巴黎进修→她在美国开了一家药店→她开了第一家妇幼医院→她返回家乡做贡献。 ‎ Ⅱ.阅读七选五 How teens can stay fit Any type of regular, physical activity can improve your fitness and your health. __1__‎ Exercise should be a regular part of your day, like brushing your teeth, eating and sleeping. It can be in gym class, joining a sports team, or working out on your own. Keep the following tips in mind：‎ ‎__2__ A good attitude is important. Find an activity that you think is fun. You are more likely to stick with it if you choose something you like. A lot of people find it’s more fun to exercise with someone else, so see if you can find a friend or family member to be active with you.‎ Take it one step at a time. __3__ For example, walk or ride your bike to school. Get on or off the bus several blocks away and walk the rest of the way. Use the stairs instead of taking the elevator.‎ Get your heart pumping (跳动). Whatever you choose, make sure it includes aerobic (有氧的) activity that makes you breathe harder and increases your heart rate. This is the best type of exercise because it increases your fitness level and makes your heart work better. __4__ Examples of aerobic activities are basketball, running, or swimming.‎ Don’t forget to warm up. With some easy exercises or stretching (拉伸) before you do any physical activity. __5__ It is also important to stretch out after you exercise to cool down your muscles.‎ A．It also burns off body fat.‎ B．Stay positive and have fun.‎ C．Make physical activity a habit.‎ D．Small changes can add up to better fitness.‎ E．The most important thing is that you keep moving!‎ F．This warms your muscles up and may help protect against injury.‎ G．Do the activity as often as possible, but don’t exercise to the point of pain.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章向青少年介绍了几条如何保持身体健康的建议。‎ ‎1．选E　由下文关于运动方面的几条建议可知，作者认为保持身体健康最好的办法是运动。E项中的keep moving指代下文的Exercise。‎ ‎2．选B　B项中的Stay positive和have fun分别与下文的A good attitude和activity that you think is fun相呼应。‎ ‎3．选D　根据本段小标题Take it one step at a time.可知，循序渐进，小小的改变也能使身体更健康，故选D项。‎ ‎4．选A　有氧运动可提高健康水平、使心脏更好地工作，也可起到减肥的作用，故选A项。‎ ‎5．选F　根据下文的stretch out after you exercise to cool down your muscles可知，运动前先进行热身是为了保护身体避免受伤，故选F项。‎ Section_Ⅱ Warming_Up_&_Reading_—_Language_Points ‎ ‎ 一、这样记单词 记得准•写得对 记得快•记得多 Ⅰ.基础词汇 ‎1.defeat vt.　　　　　打败；战胜；使受挫 n. 失败 ‎2.expert adj. 熟练的；经验或知识丰富的 n. 专家；行家 ‎3.attend vt. 照顾；护理；出席；参加 ‎4.expose vt. 暴露；揭露；使曝光 ‎5.cure n. 治愈；痊愈 vt. 治愈；治疗 ‎6.challenge n. 挑战 vt. 向……挑战 ‎7.suspect vt. 认为；怀疑 n. 被怀疑者；嫌疑犯 ‎8.blame vt. 责备；谴责 n. 过失；责备 ‎9.handle n. 柄；把手 vt. 处理；操纵 ‎10.link vt.& n. 连接；联系 Ⅱ.拓展词汇 ‎1.scientific adj.科学的→science n．科学→scientist n．科学家 ‎2.conclude vt.& vi.结束；推断出→conclusion n．结论；结束 ‎3.absorb vt.吸收；吸引；使专心→absorbed adj.全神贯注的；一心一意的 ‎4.pollute vt.污染；弄脏→pollution n．污染 ‎5.announce vt.宣布；通告→announcement n．公告；宣布→announcer n．播音员；宣告者 1.painter n．画家；油漆匠 ‎[记法]　paint (v.给……上油漆)＋er(表示“……的人”)‎ ‎[同义]　drawer n．画家 ‎[串记]　The painter is painting the door.‎ 这位油漆匠正在给门上油漆。‎ ‎2.physician n．医生；内科医师 ‎[联想]　doctor 医生； dentist 牙医 ‎[词块]　see a doctor/dentist 看医生/牙医 ‎3.neighbourhood n．附近；邻近 ‎[记法]　neighbour (n.邻居)＋hood ‎[联想]　childhood n．童年 ‎4.pump [名词动用] n．泵；抽水机→vt.(用泵)抽水 ‎[联想]　“名词动用”的常见词集锦 ‎①book n．书→v.预订　　　②seat n．座位→v.容纳 ‎③back n．背部→v.支持 ④face n．脸→vt.面对 ‎⑤head n．头→vi.前往 ‎5.foresee (原形)→foresaw (过去式)→foreseen (过去分词)‎ ‎[规律]　A－B－C型 ‎[联想]　“A－B－C型”不规则动词一览 ‎①see→saw→seen ‎②hide→hid→hidden ‎③write→wrote→written ‎④ride→rode→ridden ‎⑤give→gave→given ‎6.“照看/照顾某人”的多种表达 ‎①attend (to) sb.　　②care for sb.‎ ‎③take care of sb. ④look after sb.‎ 二、这样记短语 记牢固定短语 多积常用词块 ‎1.put_forward　　　　提出；推荐 ‎2．draw_a_conclusion 得出结论 ‎3．expose_..._to 使显露；暴露 ‎4．of_sb.’s/sth.’s_day 在某人/某物存在的时候 ‎5．face_a_challenge 面临挑战 ‎6．mark_..._on_... 在……上把……标出来 ‎7．be_to_blame 该受责备；应负责 ‎8．look_into 调查 ‎9．slow_down 减速；减缓 ‎10．link_..._to_... 将……和……联系或连接起来 1.pass sth. from parents to their children ‎　　　　　　　　　　父母传给子女某物 ‎2．find supporting evidence 找到有力的证据 ‎3．the research into a disease 对……疾病的研究 ‎4．a cloud of gas 一团气体 ‎5．gather information 收集信息 ‎6．make further investigations 做进一步调查 ‎7．to prevent this from happening again ‎ 为了防止这种情况再次发生 ‎8．an outbreak of cholera 霍乱爆发 ‎ ‎ 三、这样记句式 先背熟 再悟通 后仿用 ‎1.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.‎ 人们既不知道它的病源，也不知道它的治疗方法。 neither ...nor ...“既不……也不……”。 In autumn, it’s neither_too_hot_nor_too_cold.(2014•天津高考标准范文)‎ 秋天，既不太热也不太冷。‎ ‎2.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.‎ 因此，每次爆发霍乱时就有成千上万惊恐的人死去。 every time “每次”，作连词用，引导时间状语从句。 Every_time_I_went_to_see_her,_she was absorbed in her research work.‎ 每次我去看她时，她都全神贯注于研究工作。‎ ‎3.In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.‎ 在两条特定的街上霍乱流行得很严重，以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。 so ... that ...“如此……以至于……”；that引导结果状语从句。 They look so_attractive_that I think you could be interested in the exhibition. ‎ ‎(2017•全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)‎ 它们看上去很有吸引力，我认为你可能会对这个展览感兴趣。‎ ‎4.To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.‎ 为了防止这种情况再度发生，约翰•斯诺建议所有水源都要经过检测。 suggest表示“建议”时，其后宾语从句中的谓语动词常常使用“(should＋)动词原形”。但表示“表明；暗示”时不用虚拟语气。 My deskmate’s sleepy look suggested that he was_tired_of his study and I suggested he (should)_have_a_rest. ‎ 我的同桌困倦的表情表明他学习累了。我建议他休息一下。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1．(教材P1)Who put forward a theory about black holes?‎ 谁提出了关于黑洞的理论？‎ ‎ put forward ‎ ‎ 写出下列句中put forward的含义 ‎①They’ve put the date of their wedding forward by one week. 提前 ‎②She put forward a good suggestion at the meeting. 提出 ‎③You ought to put your watch forward by ten minutes. 将(钟表)向前拨 ‎④Can I put you forward as our club secretary？ 提名；推荐 put aside　　　　　 节省；储蓄；储存；留出；放一边 put away 放好；存起来 put off 延期；推迟 put up 举起；张贴；建立；提供食宿 put up with 容忍；忍受 ‎⑤Encourage children to_put_aside some of their pocket money to buy Christmas presents.‎ 鼓励孩子们存下一部分零花钱来购买圣诞礼物。‎ ‎⑥It has become a habit for some students to put_off their homework.(2015•广东高考写作)‎ 对有些学生来说推迟他们的作业已成为一种习惯。‎ ‎2．(教材P1)Draw a conclusion 得出结论 ‎ conclusion n．结论；结束 ‎(1)draw a conclusion　　　　　 得出结论 in conclusion 总而言之 (2)concludesth. from sth.from sth. that ... (从……中)推断出……‎ conclude sth.with sth.by doing sth. 以……结束…… ‎ ‎①I concluded/drew a conclusion from my own experiences that where there is a will there is a way. (2014•山东高考写作)‎ 我从我自己的经历中得出结论：有志者，事竟成。‎ ‎②In conclusion, walking is a cheap, safe, enjoyable and readily available form of exercise.‎ 总之，散步是一种廉价、安全、有趣且易实施的锻炼方式。‎ ‎③When the group discussion is nearing its end, make sure to conclude it with important points.‎ 小组讨论接近尾声时，一定要用几条要点作为结束。‎ ‎[名师点津]　除in conclusion外，写作时还常常用到下面短语作为全文总结语。‎ ‎①in short　　　 ②in a word　　　 ③in brief ‎④all in all ⑤to sum up ⑥briefly (speaking)‎ ‎⑦on the whole ‎3．(教材P2)John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”‎ 约翰•斯诺战胜“霍乱王”‎ ‎ defeat vt.打败；战胜；使受挫 n．失败 ‎①Only five years after Steve Jobs’ death, smartphones defeated conventional PCs in sales. (2017•江苏高考)‎ 仅仅在史蒂夫•乔布斯去世5年后，智能手机的销售量就打败了传统的个人电脑。‎ ‎②She was a woman who hated to_admit_defeat. ‎ 她是个不愿服输的女人。‎ ‎[辨析比较]　defeat, beat, win defeat 击败，强调过程和结果 宾语是对手 beat 打败；(连续)击打 宾语是对手 win 赢得；获胜 宾语是game或prize等 ‎③Yesterday I defeated/beat John at chess. He won only one set, while I won two sets.‎ 昨天和约翰下棋，我赢了他。他只赢了一盘，而我赢了两盘。‎ ‎4．(教材P2)John Snow was a famous doctor in London — so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.‎ 约翰•斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成了维多利亚女王的私人大夫。‎ ‎ attend vt.照顾；护理；出席；参加 写出下列句中attend的含义 ‎①The patients are well attended in the hospital. 照顾；护理 ‎②You know, my uncle Li Ming is going to the city where you live to attend an international meeting. 出席；参加 ‎③He told me that he had an important party to attend that night. 参加 ‎(1)vt.&vi.照顾；护理；专心；注意 attend (to) sb.　　　　 照料/关怀某人 attend to sth. 处理/专心于某事 ‎④There was no one to attend (to) him but Tina.‎ 除了蒂娜，再无人照顾他了。‎ ‎⑤Attend_to your study and stop talking.‎ 专心学习，停止说话。‎ ‎(2)vt.出席；参加；定期去 attend a meeting/wedding　　参加会议/婚礼 attend school/church 去上学/去做礼拜 ‎⑥He was invited to the party but he did not attend it.‎ 他被邀请参加那次聚会，但他没参加。‎ ‎5．(教材P2)But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.‎ 但当他一想到要帮助(那些)受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。‎ ‎ expose vt.暴露；揭露；使曝光；使接触；使体验 expose ... to ...　　 使……暴露于……；使……遭受……‎ be exposed to 暴露于；接触 ‎①Don’t expose babies to strong sunlight.‎ 不要让婴儿受到强烈阳光的照射。‎ ‎②Young people may risk going deaf if they are exposed to very loud music every day.‎ ‎→If exposed_to_very_loud_music every day, young people may risk going deaf.(省略句)‎ ‎→Being_exposed_to_very_loud_music every day makes it possible for young people to risk going deaf.(动名词作主语)‎ 如果年轻人每天都处于嘈杂的音乐的影响中，他们很可能有变聋的危险。‎ ‎③Travelling abroad exposes_children_to different languages and cultures.‎ 去国外旅行会使孩子们接触到不同的语言和文化。‎ ‎[名师点津]　及物动词expose后若无宾语，则常常使用它的被动形式。‎ ‎④Being exposed to strong sunlight will do harm to your skin.‎ 暴露在强光下会对你的皮肤有害。‎ ‎6．(教材P2)Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.‎ 人们既不知道它的病源，也不知道它的治疗方法。‎ ‎ cure n．[C]治愈；痊愈；疗法 vt.治愈；治疗；改掉(坏习惯)‎ a cure for sth.　　　医治某种病的疗法 cure sb. of sth. 治愈某人的病；改掉某人的坏习惯 ‎①Researchers find cures for certain diseases often by using the forests’ plant and animal life. ‎ 研究人员通常通过利用森林动植物找出某些疾病的治疗方法。‎ ‎②The fresh air and exercise cured him of his sleeplessness, which made him feel relief.‎ 新鲜空气和锻炼治好了他的失眠，这令他感到欣慰。‎ ‎[名师点津]　常见的“动词＋sb.＋of＋sth.”结构还有：‎ ‎①remind sb. of sth.　　　 提醒某人某事 ‎②warn sb. of sth. 警告某人某事 ‎③rob sb. of sth. 抢劫某人某物 ‎④inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事 ‎⑤cheat sb. of sth. 欺骗某人某事 ‎7．(教材P2)John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.‎ 约翰•斯诺想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。‎ ‎ challenge n．挑战 vt.向……挑战 ‎(1)a challenge to ...　　　　　　 对……的挑战 ‎ face a challenge 面临挑战 accept/take up a challenge 接受挑战 meet the challenge of 面临……的挑战 ‎(2)challenging adj. 具有挑战性的 ‎ ‎①Exploring outer space is a challenge to mankind.‎ 探索外太空对人类来说是一项挑战。‎ ‎②Many Chinese brands, having developed their reputations over centuries, are_facing_new_challenges from the modern market. (2017•江苏高考)‎ 很多享有几百年盛誉的中国品牌，现在正面临着来自现代市场的新挑战。‎ ‎③Teaching young children is a challenging (challenge) and rewarding job.‎ 幼儿教育是一项具有挑战性和有益的工作。‎ ‎[名师点津]　challenge本身已含“向……；对……”的意义，因而不要再加多余的to。‎ 向某人挑战[误]to challenge to sb.[正]to challenge sb.‎ ‎8．(教材P2)The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.‎ 第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。‎ ‎ absorb vt.吸收；吸引；使专心 absorb ... from ...　　　　　 从……中吸收……‎ absorb ... into ... 把……吸收入……‎ absorb oneself in＝be absorbed in 专心于；全神贯注于 ‎①Plants absorb carbon dioxide from air and moisture from the soil.‎ 植物从空气中吸收二氧化碳并从土壤中汲取水分。‎ ‎②The surrounding small towns have been absorbed into the city.‎ 四周的小城镇已并入这座城市。‎ ‎③一缕微弱的光线从墙上的小孔中透过来，他正在专心致志地读书。‎ ‎(2015•福建高考书面表达)‎ ‎→A weak ray of light came in through a small hole in the wall and he_absorbed_himself_in_his_reading. ‎ ‎→A weak ray of light came in through a small hole in the wall and he_was_absorbed_in_his_reading.‎ ‎[名师点津]　be absorbed in (doing) sth.结构在句中作状语、定语时，常用其过去分词形式absorbed in ...。类似的结构还有：‎ ‎①be lost in ...　　　 陷入……；专心致志于……‎ ‎②be caught in ... 被困在……‎ ‎③be buried in ... 埋头于……‎ ‎④be devoted to ... 致力于……；专心于……‎ ‎9．(教材P2)John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.‎ 约翰•斯诺推测第二种理论是正确的，但他需要证据。‎ ‎ suspect vt.怀疑；认为n.被怀疑者；嫌疑犯 suspect that ...　　　　　　怀疑……；觉得……‎ suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做过)某事 suspect sb. to be ... 怀疑某人是……‎ ‎①She suspected that one of her three daughters — then ten, eight, and six — had picked it up, but the girls said they hadn’t. (2017•浙江高考)‎ 她怀疑三个女儿(那时分别为10岁，8岁和6岁)中的一个捡起了它，但是这些孩子都说没有。‎ ‎②I suspect him to be a pickpocket.‎ ‎＝I suspect that_he_is_a_pickpocket.‎ 我怀疑他是个扒手。‎ ‎③What made you suspect her of having taken the money?‎ 你凭什么怀疑钱是她拿的？‎ ‎[名师点津]　与suspect相关的单词有：‎ ‎①criminal罪犯　　　　　 ②murderer杀人犯 ‎③robber劫匪；强盗 ④kidnapper 绑匪 ‎⑤thief小偷 ‎10．(教材P2)It seemed that the water was to blame.‎ 看来水是罪魁祸首。‎ ‎ blame ‎(1)vt.责备；谴责；把……归咎于 be to blame (for sth.)　　 (对坏事)负有责任；(因某事)应受责备 blame sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事而责备某人 blame sth. on sb. 把某事归咎到某人身上 ‎①Whenever he didn’t perform well in his studies, she would blame him bitterly, expressing her disappointment in him.‎ 每当他在学习中做得不好时，她总会训斥他，表达对他的失望。‎ ‎②Don’t always blame your own failure on others. Sometimes you yourself are ‎ to_blame (blame)．‎ 不要总把失败归咎于他人，有时该怪你自己。‎ ‎(2)n.过失；责备 bear/take the blame (for sth.)　 (对某事)承担责任 put/lay the blame for sth. on sb. 将某事归咎于某人 ‎③If that happens, the coach will take the blame for it.‎ 如果发生那样的事，教练将对此负责。‎ ‎④It is common that nowadays some students put the blame for their poor performance in study on their low IQ.‎ 如今，一些学生把他们的学习成绩不好归咎于他们的智商低，这很常见。‎ ‎11．(教材P3)In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.‎ 在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街爆发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中又发现了有力证据。‎ ‎ link vt.&n.连接；联系；(因特网文件中的链接)‎ link ... to ...　　　 将……和……联系或连接起来 link up with 与……联合；使与……衔接 ‎①I’ve decided to block all the information from a friend, who constantly shares links to various health tips.‎ 我决定屏蔽一个朋友的所有信息，他总是不停地分享各种保健小贴士的链接。‎ ‎②Fingerprints linked the suspect to the case.‎ 指纹使嫌疑犯与案件联系起来。‎ ‎③They went on to the next town, where they linked_up_with the other party.‎ 他们继续赶路到了下一个城镇，在那里他们与另一个队伍会合。 ‎ ‎12．(教材P3)With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the germs.‎ 有了这个额外的证据，约翰•斯诺就能够肯定地宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。‎ ‎ announce vt.宣布；宣告(决定、计划等)；(尤指通过广播)通知 ‎(1)announce sth.(to sb.)　 (向某人)宣布、通告某事 announce that ... 宣布……；通知……‎ It is/was announced that ... 据宣布……‎ ‎(2)announcement n. 通知；通告 make an announcement 宣布；下通知 ‎(3)announcer n. 广播员；播音员 ‎①He said the lucky woman will be announced on the website and the trip will be shared online. (2017•全国卷Ⅲ)‎ 他说有幸得到这张机票的女士将在网站上公布出来，整个旅行也会在线分享。‎ ‎②One day with a basket of vegetables, he announced_to_us_that he was going to cook a delicious dish. ‎ 一天他带着一篮子的蔬菜，向我们宣布他将烹饪一道佳肴。‎ ‎③At the end of the meeting, it was_announced_that an agreement had been reached.‎ 会议最后宣布已达成一项协议。‎ ‎[语境串记]　‎ The announcer made an announcement that all the details should be announced through the broadcast.‎ 广播员宣布所有的细节都应通过广播公布出来。‎ ‎[名师点津]　动词announce后不跟双宾语，表示“向某人宣布某事”时应该说announce sth. to sb.或announce to sb. sth.。类似用法的单词还有：suggest, explain, report, say等。‎ ‎13．(教材P3)The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.‎ 供水公司得到指示，再也不能让人们接触被污染的水了。‎ ‎ instruct vt.命令；指示；教导 ‎(1)instruct sb. to do sth.　　　命令某人做某事 instruct sb. in (doing) sth. 指导某人(做)某事 ‎(2)instructive adj.　　　指示性的；有教育意义的 instruction n. (常用复数形式)用法说明；操作指南；指示；命令；讲授 ‎①The students need a teacher to instruct them to_paint (paint)．‎ ‎＝The students need a teacher to instruct them in painting.‎ 这些学生需要一位老师来指导他们绘画。‎ ‎②Follow the instructions (instruct) on the packet carefully.‎ 仔细按照包装上的说明操作。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1．Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.‎ 人们既不知道它的病源，也不知道它的治疗方法。‎ ‎(1)句中neither ... nor ...意为“既不……也不……”，可连接两个平行结构。‎ ‎①This phenomenon is neither good nor bad; it is a fact of college life, today and in the past. (2015•北京高考)‎ 这种现象既不是很好也不是很差；它就是现实中的大学生活，过去是这样，现在依然还是如此。‎ ‎(2)neither ... nor ...连接两个主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于与谓语最近的主语，即：就近原则。‎ ‎②Neither my wife nor my parents were (be) able to persuade my daughter to change her mind and finally she joined in the game.‎ 我妻子和我父母都没能说服我女儿改变主意，最终她参加了这个比赛。‎ ‎[名师点津]　连接并列成分作主语，符合就近原则的还有：‎ either ... or ...　　　　 或者……或者……‎ not ... but ... 不是……而是……‎ not only ... but (also) ... 不但……而且……‎ ‎③Either you or one of your students is (be) to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.‎ 要么是你或者你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。‎ ‎④Not you but I am (be) to blame for the mistake.‎ 不是你而是我该为此错误受到责备。‎ ‎2．So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.‎ 因此，每次爆发霍乱时就有成千上万惊恐的人死去。‎ ‎(1)every time用作连词，意为“每次……”，引导时间状语从句。‎ ‎①Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters.‎ ‎(2015•北京高考)‎ 每次光线以新的速度进入某一物体，就会发生折射和散射。 ‎ ‎②Something is learned every time a book is opened.‎ ‎[谚语]开卷有益。‎ ‎(2)含有time的时间名词短语作连词的还有：each time(每次), (the) next time(下次), any time(随时), (the) last time(上次), the first time(第一次)。‎ ‎③The_first_time he came to the city, he decided to settle there.‎ 他第一次来到那个城市，他就决定在那里安家。‎ ‎④You are welcome to come back any_time you want to.‎ 你什么时候想回来，我们都欢迎。‎ ‎3．In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.‎ 在两条特定的街上霍乱流行得很严重，以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。‎ ‎(1)so ... that ...意为“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句，此结构中so为副词，后面跟形容词或副词。其结构为：‎ so＋adj./adv.＋that ...adj.＋a(n)＋单数可数名词＋that ...many/few/much/little (少) ...＋ n.＋ that ...‎ ‎①We did so well that we were invited to share our idea and experience with all the students of our school. (2016•北京高考书面表达)‎ 我们做得如此好，以至于我们被邀请与我们学校的所有学生分享我们的想法和经验。‎ ‎②There was so_much_work to do that everybody got bored.‎ 有这么多的工作要做，人人都感到厌烦了。‎ ‎(2)such ... that作“如此……以至于”，连接一个表示结果的状语从句时，与so ... that意思相同，但用法不同。such后边要跟名词(这个名词前面可以带形容词，也可以不带)，such ... that的句型结构可分以下三种：‎ ‎①such＋a(n)＋adj.＋可数名词单数＋that ...②such＋adj.＋可数名词复数＋that ...③such＋adj.＋不可数名词＋that ...‎ ‎③He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.‎ 他进步得很快，老师们对他感到很满意。‎ ‎④This is such an interesting book that we all enjoy reading it.‎ ‎＝This is so_interesting_a_book that we all enjoy reading it.‎ 这本书非常有趣，我们都喜欢看。‎ ‎(3)当so或such位于句首时，主句应用部分倒装形式。‎ ‎⑤So difficult is the article that I can hardly understand it.‎ 这篇文章太难了，我几乎读不懂。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．So it’s safe to_conclude (conclude) that it is reasonable to include English which ‎ facilities daily communication.‎ ‎2．Suspecting (suspect) the traveler of carrying drugs, the Customs official stopped him and went through his suitcase.‎ ‎3．His son is very naughty and has formed some bad habits. I think he should cure him of them.‎ ‎4．When linked (link) to the subway, the city will be easy to get access to.‎ ‎5．It was_announced (announce) that our team took the first place.‎ ‎6．I tried to follow the instructions (instruct), but I got confused.‎ ‎7．Wounds exposed (expose) to the air heal more quickly.‎ ‎8．Most little shops have been absorbed into big businesses due to the influence of the global financial crisis.‎ ‎9．(2017•天津高考)That year, I attended (attend) a seminar where we were asked to create a project that would touch the world. ‎ ‎10．They had_defeated (defeat) their enemies before they could get help.‎ Ⅱ.选词填空 neither ... nor ...， take up a challenge， so ... that ...， every time， be exposed to， put forward， be absorbed in， be blamed for ‎1．Everyone is supposed to put_forward some suggestions on how to improve our environment at the meeting.‎ ‎2．Neither he nor his parents are going to travel this holiday for they are all busy.‎ ‎3．The managing director was_blamed_for the accident, although it was not really his fault.‎ ‎4．He was so absorbed_in his work that he didn’t notice a visitor came in.‎ ‎5．Are you going to take_up_a_challenge of lasting a whole week without arguing?‎ ‎6．Every_time I call on her, she is always busy writing.‎ ‎7．—Nowadays more and more people would like to live in the countryside.‎ ‎—Yeah. You’d be_exposed_to a lot less pollution if you moved to a village with pure water and air.‎ ‎8．Nowadays, shopping online is so popular that it has become a part of our life. ‎ ‎ ‎ 一、全练语言点，基稳才能楼高 ‎ Ⅰ.单词拼写 ‎1．With the teacher instructing (指导) them, the students have made great progress in English.‎ ‎2．I suggest that you should make friends with people having different characteristics (特征) or backgrounds.‎ ‎3．We are taking steps to prevent air from being polluted (污染)．‎ ‎4．(2017•全国卷Ⅱ)Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert (专家)．‎ ‎5．Mr. Wang is just one of the victims (受害者), from whose houses the thieves stole money and other valuables.‎ ‎6．(2016•全国卷Ⅲ)I often had crazy dreams in which I was to blame (责备) for Miller’s accident. ‎ ‎7．One of the challenges (挑战) he has accepted is to swim across the river.‎ ‎8．(2017•江苏高考)Then they identified begging calls by analyzing (分析) the order and number of notes. ‎ ‎9．The farmers in this area had a good harvest last year thanks to the scientific (科学的) farming.‎ ‎10．He is good at handling (操纵) the huge calculating machine.‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．When I said I ran faster than her, she challenged to me to a race. 去掉第一个to ‎2．Please announce students that the holidays will begin next Monday.announce后加to ‎3．Always read the instruction on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine. instruction→instructions ‎4．He ran such quickly that we all couldn’t catch up with him. such→so ‎5．Neither he nor his parents has seen the film. has→have ‎6．I felt nervous for the first time I spoke in public. 去掉for ‎7．Absorb in his experiment, Newton put his watch into the pot to cook it.Absorb→Absorbed ‎8．She suspected him with telling lies and never trusted him again. with→of Ⅲ.补全句子 ‎1．I drew_a_conclusion/concluded_from_the_facts_that he was hardworking. ‎ 从这些事实中我得出他是努力的这一结论。‎ ‎2．Teachers should expose_the_students_to as many real life situations as possible.‎ 老师们应该让学生尽可能多地接触真实的生活环境。‎ ‎3．Facing_the_challenge,_he decided to have a try.‎ ‎ 面对挑战，他决定试一试。‎ ‎4．①Tom was so absorbed_in_his_work that he forgot to inform her of it.(absorb)‎ ‎②So_absorbed_was_Tom_in_his_work that he forgot to inform her of it.(用so ... that ...的倒装句)‎ ‎③Absorbed_in_his_work,_Tom forgot to inform her of it.(用过去分词短语作状语)‎ 汤姆专心于工作，忘记了通知她这件事。‎ ‎5．The spaceship will_link_up_with the space station this afternoon.‎ 宇宙飞船将于今天下午和太空站对接。‎ ‎6．Neither_you_nor_your_brother is to take charge of the project.‎ 你和你弟弟都不能负责这项工程。‎ ‎7．Every_time_I_ring_her,_the phone is busy.‎ 我每次给她打电话，电话都占线。‎ ‎8．It is so_challenging_a_job/such_a_challenging_job_that I can’t finish it on my own.‎ 这是一个如此具有挑战性的工作，我自己无法完成。‎ Ⅳ.课文语法填空 John Snow, a wellknown doctor in London, became 1.inspired (inspire) when he thought about helping ordinary people 2.exposed (expose) to cholera, a 3.deadly (die) disease of its day. Many thousands of people died 4.whenever there was an outbreak because no one knew the cause of it. John wanted to help solve the problem.‎ He got interested in two theories 5.explaining (explain) how cholera killed people. He ‎ believed in the second theory 6.that/which suggested that people 7.absorbed (absorb) the disease with their meals. In 1854, when another outbreak hit London, he was ready to test 8.the two theories.9.With the help of the map he made, he got a valuable clue about the cause of the disease and was able to announce that the water was 10.to_blame (blame)．“King Cholera” was finally defeated.‎ Ⅴ.串点成篇微表达 上个月，我们社区发生了一系列(a series of)案件(case)。我们怀疑(suspect)有人从窗户或门口进入到房间。我们从中得出结论(draw a conclusion)应及时关窗锁门。除此之外，我们也提出(put forward)了一些有用的(practical)建议来改正(cure)我们的不良习惯。首先，外出时，不要将这一信息透露(expose)给任何人；其次，门卫应多加注意；最后(in conclusion)，大家都应为我们社区承担责任(take the blame for)。‎ A_series_of_cases_happened_in_our_community_last_month._We_suspected_someone_of_having_entered_the_room_through_windows_or_doors,_from_which_we_drew_a_conclusion_that_doors_and_windows_should_be_locked_in_time._Besides,_we_also_put_forward_several_practical_suggestions_to_cure_us_of_our_bad_habits._First,_you_should_not_expose_this_information_to_anyone_when_out._Second,_the_guards_should_pay_more_attention._In_conclusion,_everyone_should_take_the_blame_for_our_community.‎ 二、勤练高考题型，多练自能生巧 ‎ Ⅰ.完形填空 A successful scientist is generally a good observer. He makes full __1__ of the facts he observes. He doesn’t accept ideas which are not __2__ on obvious facts, and therefore refuses to accept authority (权威) as the only __3__ for truth. He always __4__ ideas carefully and makes experiments to prove them.‎ The rise of __5__ science may perhaps be considered to __6__ as far back as the __7__ of Roger Bacon, the wonderful philosopher (哲学家) of Oxford, who lived __8__ the years 1214 and 1292. He was probably the first in the middle __9__ to suggest that we must learn science __10__ observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself __11__ many important discoveries.‎ Galileo，however，who lived about 300 years later (1564～1642), the greatest of several great men, __12__ lived in Italy, France, Germany, or England, began by __13__ to show how many important __14__ could be discovered by observation. Before Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fell more __15__ towards the earth than small ones, __16__ Aristotle said so. But Galileo, going to the __17__ of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two __18__ iron balls and proved Aristotle was wrong. It was Galileo’s __19__ of going direct to nature, and proving out __20__ and theories by experiment that has led to all the discoveries of modern science.‎ 语篇解读：本文为一篇说明文。说明一个成功的科学家必须是一个好的观察者，其次还需具备一些素养。‎ ‎1． A.use　　　　　　　 　　 B．time C．speed D．trust 解析：选A　make full use of“充分利用……”。‎ ‎2． A.worked B．based C．lived D．written 解析：选B　be based on“以……为基础”。‎ ‎3． A.reason B．cause C．advice D．result 解析：选A　空格后的for暗示应选reason。the reason for ...“……的理由”；the cause of ...“……的起因”，两者皆为习惯搭配。‎ ‎4． A.thinks B．checks C．has D．learns 解析：选B　后文“做实验来证明这些想法”暗示应用check，意为“核实；核查”。‎ ‎5． A.natural B．physical C．ancient D．modern 解析：选D　the rise of modern science“现代科学的崛起”。根据下文Roger Bacon提出通过观察和实验来了解科学可知。本文最后一句中的modern science也是提示。‎ ‎6． A.date B．keep C．look D．take 解析：选A　此处date用作动词，构成date back短语，意为“追溯到……”。keep back“隐瞒；阻止”；look back“回顾”；take back“收回”。‎ ‎7． A.study B．time C．year D．birth 解析：选B　追溯到这位科学家所生活的时代。time此处意为“时代”。‎ ‎8． A.both B．each C．between D．among 解析：选C　between ... and ...“在……和……之间”。‎ ‎9． A.schools B．ages C．days D．countries 解析：选B　in the middle ages“在中世纪”。‎ ‎10．A.in B．with ‎ C．on D．by 解析：选D　by doing sth.“通过做某事”。by表示方法、手段，意为“靠……；用……”。‎ ‎11．A.did B．made C．took D．gave 解析：选B　make many important discoveries“做出许多重要的发现”。make a discovery(＝discover)“发现”。‎ ‎12．A.who B．when C．that D．where 解析：选A　who在此引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词several great men。‎ ‎13．A.ways B．degrees C．levels D．chance 解析：选B　by degrees“逐渐地；渐渐地”；by chance“偶然”。承接上文应选B项。‎ ‎14．A.truths B．problems C．people D．subjects 解析：选A　根据词义及语境可知选truths，表示“真理”。‎ ‎15．A.slowly B．rapidly C．lightly D．heavily 解析：选B　以前人们认为大物体下落的速度要比小物体下落得快，故选rapidly“快速地”。‎ ‎16．A.although B．because C．when D．if 解析：选B　“因为”这是科学界权威人士亚里士多德说的。‎ ‎17．A.place B．foot C．top D．ceiling 解析：选C　伽利略来到比萨斜塔的“顶端”抛下两个铁球。‎ ‎18．A.big B．small C．equal D．unequal 解析：选D　为了证明不同大小的物体下落的速度不相同的观点是错误的，伽利略在塔顶丢下两个重量“不同”的铁球。‎ ‎19．A.spirit B．skill C．theory D．discovery 解析：选A　是伽利略这种直接探究自然界本质、通过实验证明观点和理论的“精神”引导现代科学所有科学发现的产生。‎ ‎20．A.plans B．opinions C．world D．ability 解析：选B　通过实验来证明“观点”和理论。‎ Ⅱ.短文改错 Sang Lan is a former member of the national women’s gymnastic team. She hurt himself seriously in a competition at the Goodwill Games, what was held in Long Island, New York in 1998. She had been in a wheelchair since then. As she is disable, Sang Lan believes that she will walk again one day. She keeps on exercising for all year round. Many people call her “a brave and confidence girl”. She is an international symbol of courage but is popular in the United States. The brave girl graduated Peking University in 2007. She has set the excellent example to us.‎ 答案：第二句：himself→herself; what→which 第三句：had→has 第四句：As→While/Though/Although; disable→disabled 第五句：去掉for 第六句：confidence→confident 第七句：but→and 第八句：graduated后加from 第九句：the→an Section_Ⅲ Grammar—_过去分词作定语和表语 ‎ ‎ ‎ 语法图解 ‎ ‎ ‎ 探究发现 ‎①But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.‎ ‎②So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.‎ ‎③He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people.‎ ‎④From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.‎ ‎⑤He was determined to find out why.‎ ‎⑥He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.‎ ‎⑦He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.‎ ‎⑧With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the germs.‎ ‎[我的发现]‎ ‎(1)例句①②④⑥⑦⑧中的过去分词(短语)作定语。‎ ‎(2)例句②④⑦⑧中为单个的过去分词作定语，常常放于被修饰名词的前面；例句①⑥中过去分词短语作定语，常常放于被修饰名词的后面。‎ ‎(3)例句③⑤中的过去分词在句中作表语。‎ ‎ ‎ 一、过去分词作定语 ‎1．过去分词作定语时的位置 ‎(1)前置定语 一般情况下，单个过去分词作前置定语，即放在所修饰词之前。‎ The polluted water was to blame for the spread of cholera. ‎ 被污染的水造成了霍乱的传播。‎ The recovered animals will be released soon.‎ 痊愈的动物会很快被释放。‎ ‎[名师点津]　①有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语也放在所修饰的名词之后，如left(剩余的), given(所给的), concerned(有关的)等。‎ There are few tigers left. It is time for the departments concerned to take measures to protect them from dying out.‎ 剩余的老虎不多了，是相关当局采取措施保护它们免遭灭绝的时候了。‎ ‎②如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no与thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等，单个分词放在被修饰词的后面。‎ Is there anything unsolved?‎ 还有什么没解决的吗？‎ ‎(2)后置定语 过去分词短语作定语时往往作后置定语，即放在所修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。‎ Last Tuesday in a mountainous area, there were a total of 173 sheep killed almost immediately (＝which were killed almost immediately) when lightning struck.‎ 上周二在一个山区，当雷击发生时有173只羊即刻被雷电击死。‎ ‎[即时演练1]‎ ‎(1)用所给词的适当形式填空 ‎①(2017•北京高考改编)Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time spent (spend) with his students.‎ ‎②(2016•浙江高考改编)To return to the problem of water pollution, I’d like you to look at a study conducted (conduct) in Australia in 2012.‎ ‎③(2015•全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built (build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.‎ ‎(2)同义句转换 ‎①He is a teacher loved by his students. ‎ ‎→He is a teacher who_is_loved_by_his_students.‎ ‎②The girl, who was brought up by her uncle, has begun to work now.‎ ‎→The girl, brought_up_by_her_uncle,_has begun to work now.‎ ‎2．过去分词作定语时的意义 ‎(1)及物动词的过去分词作定语，在语态上表示被动；在时间上，常表示动作已经发生或完成，有时也不表示时间性。‎ Trucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof. (表示被动)‎ 卡车与公共汽车皆烧煤气，煤气装在车顶上的大袋中。‎ The plan put forward at the meeting will be carried out soon. (表示被动和完成) ‎ 会上提出的计划将很快被执行。‎ ‎(2)不及物动词的过去分词作定语，它不表示被动意义，只强调动作完成。‎ Our retired soccer coach went to watch us play a game last week.‎ 上周我们已退休的足球教练去看我们打了一场比赛。‎ The risen sun is shining brightly in the morning.‎ 早上已升起的太阳正明亮地闪耀。‎ ‎[即时演练2]　选择填空 过去分词作定语有三种情况：‎ A．只表示被动　B．只表示完成　C．既表示被动又表示完成 请判断下列句子中加黑部分属于哪种情况 ‎①America is a developed country. __B__‎ ‎②I found it hard to understand the English spoken by the native villagers. __A__‎ ‎③Is there anything planned for the weekend？ __C__‎ ‎3．过去分词与现在分词作定语的区别 意义 形式　　 语态 时态 过去分词 被动 完成 现在分词 主动 进行 As we all know, China is a developing country.‎ 众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。‎ The visitor came from a developed country. ‎ 这位游客来自于一个发达国家。‎ ‎[即时演练3]　用分词作定语补全句子 ‎①Even though it is still in summer, there are many_fallen_leaves on the ground.‎ 尽管仍是夏天，但地上有很多的落叶。‎ ‎②Nowadays there are a lot of manmade satellites flying_in_space.‎ ‎ 如今在太空中有许许多多人造卫星在飞行。‎ ‎4．过去分词(done)、现在分词的被动语态(being done)与动词不定式的被动语态(to be done)作定语的区别 意义 形式　　　 语态 时态 done 被动 完成 being done 被动 进行 to be done 被动 尚未发生 The building built last year is our classroom building.‎ 去年建造的楼是我们的教学楼。‎ The building being built now is our classroom building.‎ 现在正在建造的楼是我们的教学楼。‎ The building to be built next month is our classroom building.‎ 下个月将要建造的楼是我们的教学楼。‎ ‎[即时演练4]　用所给词的适当形式填空 ‎①The cars being_sold (sell) at the market now are made in Guangzhou.‎ ‎②Tsinghua University, founded (found) in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.‎ ‎③(2014•北京高考改编)There are still many problems to_be_solved (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.‎ 二、过去分词作表语 ‎1．过去分词作表语的用法 过去分词可放在连系动词be, get, feel, remain, seem, look, become等之后作表语，表示主语所处的状态。‎ He looked worried after reading the letter.‎ 看完信后，他显得很忧虑。‎ When we heard of it, we were deeply moved.‎ 当我们听到这件事时，被深深地感动了。‎ ‎[即时演练5]‎ ‎(1)用所给词的适当形式填空 ‎①(2016•浙江高考改编)—Are you sure you’re ready for the test?‎ ‎—No problem. I’m well prepared (prepare) for it.‎ ‎②(2014•广东高考语法填空)We got a little sunburned/sunburnt_ (sunburn), but the day had been so relaxing that we didn’t mind. ‎ ‎③(2014•安徽高考改编)While waiting for the opportunity to get promoted (promote), Henry did his best to perform his duty. ‎ ‎(2)补全句子 ‎①Why do you always look_tired?‎ 你为什么总是看上去很疲劳？‎ ‎②I was_disappointed at the film I saw last night. I had expected it to be better. ‎ 我对昨晚看的电影很失望。我原以为它能好些。‎ ‎2．过去分词作表语时与被动语态的区别 过去分词作表语时，强调主语所处的状态，而动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，强调动作。‎ The cup is broken.‎ 杯子破了。(系表结构)‎ The cup was broken by Tom.‎ 杯子是汤姆打破的。(被动语态)‎ ‎[即时演练6]　对比翻译 ‎①这本书写得很好。‎ The_book_is_well_written.‎ ‎②这本书是他去年写的。‎ The_book_was_written_by_him_last_year.‎ ‎3．感觉类及物动词的现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别 英语中有很多与感觉有关的及物动词，其现在分词表示主动意义，即“令人有某种感觉的”，多用来修饰物；其过去分词含有被动意义，即“人被引起某种感觉的”，多用来指人、人的声音或表情等。‎ 常用的这类词有：‎ exciting令人激动的excited 激动的；兴奋的　 astonishing令人惊讶的astonished惊讶的 surprising令人吃惊的surprised感到吃惊的 discouraging令人沮丧的discouraged感到沮丧的 ‎ delighting令人高兴的delighted高兴的 disappointing令人失望的disappointed感到失望的 encouraging 令人鼓舞的encouraged受到鼓舞的 frightening令人害怕的frightened吓坏了的 interesting 令人感兴趣的interested感兴趣的 moving感人的moved受感动的 pleasing令人高兴的pleased满意的 shocking令人震惊的shocked感到震惊的 tiring令人疲劳的tired感到疲劳的 worrying令人担心的worried感到担心的 satisfying令人满意的satisfied感到满意的 puzzling令人迷惑的puzzled感到迷惑的 We were surprised at what he said at the meeting.‎ 我们对他在会上讲的话很是惊讶。‎ His words were discouraging, which made many people discouraged.‎ 他的话令人泄气，使得很多人灰心丧气。‎ ‎[即时演练7]　用所给词的适当形式填空 ‎①The frightened look on her face suggested that she was frightened by the frightening scene.(frighten)‎ ‎②The news was exciting and they were all excited at it.(excite)‎ ‎③We all felt encouraged at the encouraging news.(encourage)‎ ‎④The audience were all moved to tears by the moving film.(move)‎ ‎ ‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．(2015•北京高考改编) The park was full of people, enjoying (enjoy) themselves in the sunshine.‎ ‎2．(2014•浙江高考改编)Amie Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse appointed (appoint) to guard her. ‎ ‎3．(2014•重庆高考改编)The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras returned (return) to our shop for quality problems. ‎ ‎4．(2014•全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and disappointed (disappoint). ‎ ‎5．(2014•福建高考改编)For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying connected (connect). ‎ ‎6．(2013•湖南高考改编)You cannot accept an opinion offered (offer) to you unless it is based on facts.‎ ‎7．If you get lost (lose) in a strange place, you’d better not move and wait for help there.‎ ‎8．The puzzled expression on his face showed that the question was puzzling.(puzzle)‎ ‎9．The student likes reading stories written (write) by the famous writer.‎ ‎10．Many used (use) computers will be sold in this market.‎ Ⅱ.单句写作 ‎1．(2017•天津高考书面表达)In_order_to/To_be_a_qualified_volunteer,_I have to improve myself by reading some books about Tianjin so as to know more about it.‎ 为了成为一名合格的志愿者，我不得不阅读一些关于天津的书籍来了解更多的相关信息以提高自己。‎ ‎2．(2015•福建高考书面表达)The moral of the story is: spare no effort to acquire knowledge and never_get_discouraged_easily no matter how difficult the situation may be.‎ 故事的寓意是：尽最大努力获取知识，不管情况多么艰难，都不要轻易失去信心。‎ ‎3．(2015•北京高考书面表达)If_you_are_interested_in_it,_let me know and I’ll send you more information.‎ 如果你对此感兴趣，请告知我，我会给你发送更多信息。‎ ‎4．(2014•湖南高考书面表达)So excited_was_I that I couldn’t wait to try wearing them.‎ 我太激动了，迫不及待地想穿上它们。‎ ‎5．(2014•陕西高考书面表达)We are/feel_honoured to have you here in the middle of our English Week Activities.‎ 您能来参加我们的英语周活动，我们深感荣幸。‎ ‎6．With reference to your_advertised_position,_I have the pleasure to say that I am the just person you are asking for.‎ 关于您做广告的职位，我很高兴地说，我就是那个您要找的人。‎ ‎7．As for the phenomenon mentioned_above,_some people support it while others do not.‎ 关于上文提到的现象，有些人支持，而有些人反对。‎ ‎8．The players selected_from_the_whole_country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.‎ 人们期待这些选自全国的运动员在夏季比赛中能给我们带来荣耀。‎ Ⅲ.语法填空 A motto is a sentence or a phrase __1__ can inspire us especially when we are __2__ (face) with difficulties. Many of us have mottoes, such as “Where there is a will, there is a way.” or “Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.” and so on. My motto is “God helps those who help __3__.” Sometimes I am lazy and don’t want to make efforts __4__ (work) hard, __5__ the moment I think of my motto I will get energetic again and devote myself __6__ what I am doing. I write my motto __7__ I can see it easily. Every time I fail in my exam and begin to lose heart, my motto inspires me with much __8__ (confident). My motto also makes me become __9__ independent person. That is to say, I won’t rely on others easily. My friends, what is your motto? If you still haven’t got a motto, please choose one because a motto can have a great effect __10__ you.‎ 答案：1.that/which　2.faced　3.themselves　4.to work　5.but　6.to　7.where　8.confidence　9.an　10.on Section_Ⅳ Learning_about_Language_&_Using_Language ‎[原文呈现]‎ COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONARY① THEORY Nicolaus Copernicus② was frightened and his mind was confused③. Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to④ the same conclusion that the earth was not the centre of the solar system⑤. Only if you put the sun there did⑥ the movements⑦ of the other planets in the sky make sense⑧. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church⑨ would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. They believed God had made the world and for that reason⑩ the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.‎ ‎[读文清障]‎ ‎①revolutionary [ˌrevə'luːʃənərI] adj.革命的；重大变革的 ‎②Nicolaus Copernicus ['nIkələs kəʊ'pɜːnIkəs] 尼古拉•哥白尼(波兰天文学家)‎ ‎③confused adj.困惑的；烦恼的 ‎④lead to通向；导致 ‎⑤the solar system太阳系 ‎⑥only后接if引导的状语从句，主句使用部分倒装。‎ ‎⑦movement ['muːvmənt] n．移动；运动；动作 ‎⑧make sense讲得通；有意义 ‎⑨Christian Church基督教教会 ‎⑩reason n. [C，U] 原因；情理 哥白尼的革命性理论 ‎[第1段译文]‎ 尼古拉•哥白尼很恐惧，他的思绪很乱。虽然他尝试着不去理睬那些数字，然而，他的所有的数学计算都得出同样一个结论：地球不是太阳系的中心。只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。然而他并不能向任何人讲述他的理论，因为即使他只暗示有这种想法，他都会受到强大的基督教教会势力的惩罚。他们认为上帝创造了世界，正是由于这个原因，地球才是特殊的，而且一定是太阳系的中心。‎ The problem arose⑪ because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward⑫ and then go forward in a loop⑬. Others appeared brighter at times⑭ and less bright at others⑮. This was very strange if⑯ the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round⑰ it.‎ Copernicus had thought long and hard⑱ about these problems and tried to find an answer. He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them. But only his new theory could do⑲ that. So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on⑳ it, gradually improving○21 his theory until○22 he felt it was complete.‎ ‎⑪arise vi. (arose, arisen)出现；发生；产生 ‎⑫backward ['bækwəd] adv.&adj.向后地(的)；相反地(的)；退步地(的), move backward向后移动 ‎⑬in a loop呈环状 ‎⑭at times有时；不时 ‎⑮at others＝at (other) times在其他时间 ‎⑯if引导条件状语从句。‎ ‎⑰go round＝go around＝circle围绕……旋转 ‎⑱long and hard良久而又苦苦地 ‎⑲do指代上文的explain。‎ ‎⑳work on从事；研究 ‎○21现在分词短语improving ...作伴随状语。‎ ‎○22until he felt it was complete为时间状语从句。‎ ‎[第2～3段译文]‎ 问题的出现是因为天文学家已经注意到天空中的有些行星看似静止，有些向相反的方向运行，有些在作圆周运动。有时一些行星会显得比其他的行星更耀眼，而有些却显得比其他的暗。如果说地球是太阳系的中心并且所有行星都围绕着地球转的话，这些现象就非常奇怪了。,哥白尼努力地思考这些问题很长时间了，试图找到一个答案。他已经收集了那些星星的观察数据，并利用他全部的数学知识来解释它们。但只有他的新学说才能够做到这一点。因此，在1510年到1514年之间，他一直致力于对此进行研究，渐渐地改进他的学说直到他感觉已经完善为止。‎ In 1514 he showed it privately○23 to his friends. The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary. He placed a fixed○24 sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth○25. He also suggested that the earth was spinning○26 as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness○27 of the stars. His friends were enthusiastic○28 and encouraged him to publish his ideas○29， but Copernicus was cautious○30. He did not want to be attacked by the Christian ‎ Church, so○31 he only published it as○32 he lay○33 dying in 1543.‎ ‎○23privately ['praIvItlI] adv.私下地；秘密地 ‎○24fixed adj.固定的；不动的 ‎○25with the planets going round ... earth为with复合结构，作方式状语。‎ ‎○26spin [spIn] vi.&vt. (spun, spun)(使)旋转；纺(线或纱)‎ ‎○27brightness ['braItnIs] n．明亮；亮度；聪颖 ‎○28enthusiastic [InˌθjuːzI'æstIk] adj.热情的；热心的 ‎○29encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人去做某事 ‎○30cautious ['kɔːʃəs] adj.小心的；谨慎的 ‎○31so连接并列分句，表示因果关系。‎ ‎○32as至句末为时间状语从句。‎ ‎○33lie vi. (lay, lain)躺 ‎[第4段译文]‎ ‎1514年，哥白尼私下里给他的朋友们看了他的新理论。他对旧理论所做的改动是革命性的。他把固定的太阳放在太阳系的中心，别的行星都围绕太阳转动，只有月亮仍然围绕地球转动。他还认为，地球在围绕太阳运转的同时也在自转，这就解释了行星运行和星体亮度上的变化。他的朋友都热情地鼓励他把他的想法公之于世，而哥白尼却小心谨慎。他不想遭到基督教教会的攻击，所以他直到1543年临终之前才公布了这一观点。‎ Certainly he was right to be careful. The Christian Church rejected○34 his theory, saying○35 it was against○36 God’s idea and people who supported it would be attacked. Yet Copernicus’ theory is now the basis○37 on which○38 all our ideas of the universe○39 are built. His theory replaced○40 the Christian idea of gravity, which○41 said things fell to earth because God created○42 the earth as the centre of the universe. Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong.Now people can see that there is a direct link between his theory and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.‎ ‎○34reject [rI'dʒekt] vt.拒绝；不接受；抛弃 ‎○35现在分词短语saying it was against God's idea ...作方式状语。saying后跟两个宾语从句，其中第二个宾语从句中含有who引导的定语从句who supported it，修饰people。‎ ‎○36be against反对；违背 be for支持；赞同 ‎○37basis n. [C]基础 ‎○38on which all our ideas ...为定语从句，修饰the basis。‎ ‎○39universe ['juːnIvɜːs] n．宇宙；世界 ‎○40replace vt.取代 ‎○41which引导定语从句，修饰先行词gravity。‎ ‎○42create vt.创造；产生；制造 ‎[第5段译文]‎ 当然他小心是正确的。 基督教教会拒绝接受他的理论，说这种理论违背了上帝的旨意，而任何支持这种理论的人都将受到打击。然而现在哥白尼的理论却是我们的宇宙观建立的基础。他的理论还取代了基督教教会对地球引力的看法，他们 认为物体掉到地球上是因为上帝把地球设定为宇宙的中心。哥白尼证明这显然是错误的。今天人们可以看到他的理论和艾萨克•牛顿、阿尔伯特•爱因斯坦、斯蒂芬•霍金的研究工作有着直接联系。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ Step 1　Read the text and answer the following questions.‎ ‎1．How many scientists are mentioned in this passage? Who are they?‎ Four_scientists._Nicolaus_Copernicus,_Isaac_Newton,_Albert_Einstein_and_Stephen_Hawking.‎ ‎2．What’s the main idea of the passage?‎ The passage mainly tells us about Copernicus’_revolutionary_theory_and_his_contribution_to_the_field_of_astronomy.‎ Step 2　Choose the best answers according to the text.‎ ‎1．What made Copernicus frightened and confused?‎ A．The fact that the earth was the centre of the solar system.‎ B．The conclusion that the sun was the centre of the solar system.‎ C．The fact that the earth goes around the sun.‎ D．The fact that God made the world.‎ ‎2．Why didn’t Copernicus publish his theory immediately?‎ A．Because he didn’t think it was complete.‎ B．Because he was afraid of being attacked by the Christian Church.‎ C．Because his friends forbade him to do so.‎ D．Because no one supported his ideas.‎ ‎3．When did Copernicus publish his theory?‎ A．After his death.‎ B．Before he told his friends about it.‎ C．As he lay dying in 1543.‎ D．His theory was never published.‎ ‎4．All the following statements make it strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system EXCEPT that ________.‎ A．some planets in the sky seemed to stop or move backward B．some planets in the sky appeared brighter at times and less bright at others C．some planets in the sky seemed to go forward in a loop D．the sun goes around the earth ‎5．What’s the Christian Church’s attitude towards Copernicus’ theory?‎ A．The Christian Church objected to his theory.‎ B．The Christian Church was in favour of his theory.‎ C．The Christian Church paid much attention to his theory.‎ D．The Christian Church thought highly of his theory.‎ 答案：1～5　BBCDA ‎ ‎ 一、这样记单词 记得准•写得对 记得快•记得多 Ⅰ.基础词汇 ‎1.chart n．　　　　　　　图表 ‎2.positive adj. 积极的；肯定的；确实的 ‎3.backward adv.&adj. 向后地(的)；相反地(的)；退步地(的)‎ ‎4.spin vi.&vt. (使)旋转；纺(线或纱)‎ ‎5.universe n. 宇宙；世界 Ⅱ.拓展词汇 ‎1.construct vt.建设；修建→construction n．建设；建筑物 ‎2.contribute vt.&vi.捐献；贡献；捐助→contribution n．贡献；捐款 ‎3.movement n．移动；运动；动作→move v．移动；搬动 ‎4.enthusiastic adj.热情的；热心的→enthusiasm n．热情；热心 ‎ ‎5.cautious adj.小心的；谨慎的→caution n．小心；谨慎 ‎6.reject vt.拒绝；不接受；抛弃→rejection n．拒绝；拒绝接受；厌弃 1.“图表”表达法小结 ‎①chart图表　　　　②pie chart饼状图 ‎③graph曲线图 ④table表格 ‎⑤picture图画 ⑥cartoon卡通画；漫画 ‎2.以“ward(s)”为后缀的词荟萃 ‎①backward adv.&adj.向后地(的)‎ ‎②afterwards adv.后来 ‎ ‎③downward adv.向下 ‎④eastwards adv.向东 ‎ ‎⑤upward(s) adv.向上；往上 ‎⑥northwards adv.向北 ‎ ‎⑦outward(s) adv.向外 ‎⑧forward adv.将来；今后；向前；前进 ‎3.A－B－B型不规则动词一览 ‎①spin→spun→spun (使)旋转 ‎②dig→dug→dug 挖 ‎③stick→stuck→stuck 钉住；刺 ‎④strike→struck→struck 打；击 ‎⑤sting→stung→stung 刺；叮 ‎4.“态度词”集锦 ‎①positive积极的 ②negative消极的 ‎③objective客观的 ④doubtful怀疑的 ‎⑤approving满意的 ‎ ‎ 二、这样记短语 记牢固定短语 多积常用词块 ‎1.apart_from　　　　　除……之外；此外 ‎2．(be)_strict_with_... 对……严格的 ‎3．make_sense 讲得通；有意义 ‎4．lead_to 通向；导致 ‎5．come_to_an_end 结束 ‎6．at_times 有时 ‎7．make_room_for 为……腾地方 ‎8．be_responsible_for 对……负责 1.do scientific job　　　　　　　做科学工作 ‎2．work experience 工作经验 ‎3．develop a severe illness 得了一种严重的疾病 ‎4．the fireworks display 焰火表演 ‎5．the centre of the solar system 太阳系的中心 ‎6．for that reason 由于那个原因 ‎7．go around the earth 围着地球转 ‎8．on the basis 基于……‎ 三、这样记句式 先背熟 再悟通 后仿用 ‎1.I had expected it to be better.‎ 我本期望会更好。 expect使用过去完成时，表示“本期望……”。 I had_expected_the_weather_to_be_better,_but it turned out to be worse.‎ 我本期望着天气会变得更好些，结果却变得更糟糕。‎ ‎2.Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.‎ 只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。 “only＋状语(从句)”位于句首时后面的主句需用部分倒装。 There’s no denying that only if we deal with and overcome large numbers of difficulties in a correct way will_we_achieve_our_dreams. (2015•湖南高考书面表达)‎ 无可否认，只有当我们用正确的方式处理并克服大量困难，我们才会实现我们的梦想。‎ ‎3.He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it ... ‎ 他把固定的太阳放在太阳系的中心，别的行星都围绕太阳转动…… with的复合结构在句中作状语。 With the little boy leading_the_way,_we found the house easily.‎ 由于小男孩带路，我们很容易找到了这所房子。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1．(教材P4)Look at these simple verbs and make another construction using make＋a＋noun.‎ 看这些简单动词并用“make＋a＋noun”构成另一个结构。‎ ‎ construction n．[U]建设；[C]建筑物 construct vt.　　　　　　　　　　 建设；修建 ‎(be) under construction＝(be) being constructed 正在建设中 ‎①My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree. (2017•全国卷Ⅰ)‎ 我的下一步工作就是做一个鸟窝并把它固定在树上。‎ ‎②The new airport under construction lies in the east of the city.‎ ‎＝The new airport being_constructed (construct) lies in the east of the city.‎ 正在修建的新机场位于该市的东部。‎ ‎2．contribute vt.&vi.捐献；贡献；捐助 ‎ ‎(1)contribute to　　　　　　 有助于；促使；导致 contribute ... to ... 向……捐献/捐赠……‎ ‎(2)contribution n. 贡献；捐款 make a contribution/contributions to (doing) sth. 对……作出贡献 ‎①Located where the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction. (2017•江苏高考)‎ 位于“一带”和“一路”交汇处，江苏将会为“一带一路”的建设做出更大的贡献。‎ ‎②Everyone is willing to contribute food and clothes to the homeless people.‎ 每个人都愿意为无家可归的人捐献食物和衣服。‎ ‎③Participating in the contest will be a golden chance for me to show my dancing skills and make some contributions (contribute) to the class.‎ 参加比赛对我来说是一次难得的展示我的舞蹈才能的好机会，并对班级作出贡献。‎ ‎[名师点津]　表示“引起；导致；有助于”的词语还有cause, lead to, result in等。‎ ‎3．(教材P4)Apart from the construction mentioned above, you have also learned the following phrases.‎ 除了以上提到的结构，你也学过下面的词组。 ‎ ‎ apart from除……之外；此外 ‎①Apart from being fun and good exercise, swimming is a very useful skill.‎ 游泳，除了有趣和锻炼身体之外，还是一项很有用的技能。‎ ‎②Apart_from_some_spelling_mistakes,_the composition is fairly good.‎ 除了一些拼写错误，这篇文章写得很不错。‎ ‎[辨析比较]　apart from, besides, except, except for apart from 既可以表示besides的含义，也可以表示except或except for的含义 besides “除了……之外还有……”，除去的东西包括在范围内，相当于in addition to/as well as except “除了……之外”，指从同类的人或物中排除 except for 表示从整体情况来看，要排除其中的部分特殊情况 用besides, except或except for代替下列句中的apart from ‎③Will there be anyone else we know at the party apart from Will and Janet？ besides ‎④You can have any one of the cakes apart from this one. except ‎⑤The road was empty apart from a few cars. except_for ‎4．(教材P7)Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.‎ 只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。‎ ‎ make sense讲得通；有意义 make no sense　　　　　　没道理；没意义 make sense of 理解；弄懂 in a sense 从某种意义上来说 in no sense 决不；决非(位于句首时，句子用部分倒装)‎ ‎①This sentence he has made doesn’t make sense.‎ ‎＝This sentence he has made makes_no_sense.‎ 他造的这个句子没有意义。‎ ‎②We read through the poem, but could not make_sense_of it.‎ 我们从头到尾读了一遍诗，但不明白它说些什么。‎ ‎③In no sense should_you_lose_heart;_keep trying and you will make it sooner or later.‎ 你决不应该灰心丧气。继续尝试，你迟早会成功的。‎ ‎5．(教材P7)His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious.‎ 他的朋友都热情地鼓励他把他的想法公之于世，而哥白尼却小心谨慎。‎ ‎ enthusiastic adj.热情的；热心的 ‎(1)be enthusiastic about　　　　　 非常喜欢……‎ be enthusiastic to do sth. 非常喜欢做某事 ‎(2)enthusiasm n. 热情；热心 enthusiastically adv. 热情地；热心地 ‎①I’m sure it will appeal to you, for you’ve been enthusiastic about sports. ‎ ‎(2017•全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)‎ 我确信它会吸引你，因为你一直热衷于体育运动。‎ ‎②She’s very enthusiastic to_read (read) the novels written by Mo Yan.‎ 她非常喜欢读莫言写的小说。‎ ‎③Although she’s a beginner, she played with great enthusiasm (enthusiastic)．‎ 虽然她是个新手，但演奏时却充满了激情。‎ ‎ cautious adj.小心的；谨慎的；细心的 ‎(1)be cautious of/about (doing) sth.　 谨防/谨慎……‎ ‎(2)caution n. 细心；谨慎 with caution＝cautiously adv. 仔细地；谨慎地 ‎①He is usually cautious about his work. ‎ 他通常对他的工作持谨慎态度。‎ ‎②You should cross a busy street with caution.‎ ‎＝You should cross a busy street cautiously (cautious)．‎ 穿过一条繁忙的马路时要小心谨慎。‎ ‎6．(教材P7)The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against God’s idea and people who supported it would be attacked.‎ 基督教教会拒绝接受他的理论，说这种理论违背了上帝的旨意，而任何支持这一理论的人都将受到打击。‎ ‎ reject vt.拒绝(雇用、录取等)；不接受(提议、建议等)；抛弃；(因质量不好而)废弃 写出下列句中reject的含义 ‎①They rejected his application for membership. 拒绝 ‎②It is hard for me to reject religious beliefs. 抛弃 ‎③He rejected the suggestions his friends had given. 不接受 ‎[辨析比较]　reject, refuse reject 常用于正式场合，后面常接名词，不接不定式 refuse 普通用词，后接双宾语、名词或不定式，不接不定式的复合宾语和宾语从句 ‎④He kept silent and refused to answer my question.‎ ‎⑤I have been rejected by all the universities I applied to.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1．Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.‎ 只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。‎ only放在句首修饰状语(通常是副词、介词短语或状语从句等)时，句子需要部分倒装，即把助动词、情态动词或系动词be放在主语之前。‎ ‎①Only if you take more exercise will you be able to keep fit.‎ 只有多锻炼，你才能保持身体健康。‎ ‎②Only_recently_have_I had time to read the book.‎ 直到最近我才有时间读这本书。 ‎ ‎③Only in this way can_we_make_a_great_contribution/great_contributions to our family and our society. (2015•重庆高考写作)‎ 只有用这种方法我们才能为我们的家庭和社会做出巨大贡献。‎ ‎[名师点津]　如果only修饰的不是状语，即使放在句首主句也不倒装。‎ ‎④Only those who accept this reality can lead a really full life.‎ 只有那些接受这个现实的人才能过上真正丰富的生活。‎ ‎2．He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it ...‎ 他把固定的太阳放在太阳系的中心，别的行星都围绕太阳转动……‎ with the planets going round it 是“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，在句中作状语，表示原因、条件、伴随等。此外，此结构还可作后置定语。‎ with＋宾语＋宾语补足语adj./adv./n.介词短语doing (主动、进行)done (被动、完成)to do (尚未发生的动作) ‎①With the meal over, we all went home.‎ 吃完饭后，我们都回家了。‎ ‎②With a lot of difficult problems to_settle (settle), the new manager works far into the night every day. ‎ 由于有很多难题要解决，新经理每天工作到深夜。‎ ‎③With his mother helping (help) him, he is getting along well with his work. ‎ 在妈妈的帮助下，他的工作进展良好。‎ ‎④With the key lost (lose), he had to wait for his mother outside the door.‎ 钥匙丢了，他不得不在门外等妈妈。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．Mary was_rejected (reject) by the company she applied to last year.‎ ‎2．Apart from its low price, the advantage of this car lies in its good quality.‎ ‎3．He has made an important contribution (contribute) to the company’s success.‎ ‎4．We explained our plans and he was very enthusiastic (enthusiasm) about them.‎ ‎5．I’ve always been very cautious about/of giving my address and telephone number to strangers.‎ ‎6．With a lot of homework to_finish (finish), I can’t go skating with you.‎ ‎7．We must be strict with our students while we should give them love and care as well.‎ Ⅱ.补全句子 ‎1．We contributed_a_lot_of_money_to the earthquake fund last year.‎ 去年我们向地震基金会捐赠了很多钱。‎ ‎2．Can you make_sense_of what the foreigner said just now?‎ 你能理解这位外国人刚才说的话吗？‎ ‎3．Only_if_you_study_hard_will_you pass the final examination. ‎ 只有努力学习，你才能通过期末考试。‎ ‎4．He lay on the grass with his_eyes_looking_at_the_sky. ‎ 他躺在草地上，眼望天空。‎ ‎5．All the staff are_enthusiastic_about the project which will benefit them greatly.‎ 所有员工都很热衷于这个会给他们带来巨大利益的项目。‎ ‎6．The new suspension bridge designed by the famous architect is under_construction/being_constructed now.‎ 这位著名的建筑师设计的新悬浮桥正在建设之中。‎ ‎ ‎ 一、全练语言点，基稳才能楼高 ‎ ‎[本课语言点针对练习]‎ Ⅰ.单词拼写 ‎1．These are the people that have contributed (贡献) more to the development of the Internet.‎ ‎2．(2016•江苏高考)Moreover, wider and better social benefits can be reached with the positive (积极的) social images built. ‎ ‎3．Be cautious (小心的) when climbing the mountain.‎ ‎4．He was rejected (拒绝) by all the employers and he felt quite upset.‎ ‎5．His grandmother used to make a living by spinning (纺) thread.‎ ‎6．He walked backward (向后) before turning and ran away.‎ ‎7．Constructing (建造) the new building cost him great money and energy.‎ ‎8．The audience was enthusiastic (热情的) on the opening night of the play.‎ ‎9．(2017•全国卷Ⅰ)Both the hand movements (运动) and the very idea of communicating without speaking attracted me. ‎ ‎10．As can be seen from the chart (图表), more and more people own mobile phones in China now.‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．Getting up early will contribute to improve your health.improve→improving ‎2．Read this and tell me if it makes a sense.去掉a ‎3．I expected to see Lang Lang at the concert but he did not turn up.I后加had ‎4．With all the work finish, they hurried back home for lunch.finish→finished ‎5．The bridge under the construction will be open to public next year.去掉the ‎6．He was very strict in himself when he was young.in→with ‎7．Apart his nose, he is goodlooking.Apart后加from ‎8．He said that he had rejected by his ideal university.had后加been Ⅲ.选词填空 reject， with， contribute ... to ...， with caution， only if， make sense， be strict with， under construction， apart from， be enthusiastic about ‎1．Apart_from being an expert on DNA, Professor Wang is also carrying out research on medicine.‎ ‎2．If you are a teacher, you should be_strict_with every student.‎ ‎3．Most of the factories under_construction have been designed by Chinese engineers.‎ ‎4．Though too old to work much, the retired worker is_enthusiastic_about neighborhood affairs.‎ ‎5．He thought he would be_rejected from the factory because of poor health.‎ ‎6．My father contributed a lot of books to the Hope Project.‎ ‎7．Only_if I get a job will I have enough money to go to school.‎ ‎8．We live in a house with many flowers around it.‎ ‎9．It makes_sense to take care of your health, for it is the most important.‎ ‎10．The old man stepped down the stairs with_caution.‎ ‎ [本单元语言点温故练习]‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．To her, money spent (spend) is more than money earned (earn)．‎ ‎2．Once the fall comes, there will be many fallen (fall) leaves in the wood.‎ ‎3．Absorbed (absorb) in his study, Tom simply forgot food and sleep.‎ ‎4．He is a pleasant fellow to_work (work) with.‎ ‎5.Everyone present was amused (amuse) at the story told (tell) by the young man.‎ ‎6.They looked disappointed (disappoint) on hearing the result of the game.‎ ‎7.We all became inspired by his inspiring life story.(inspire)‎ ‎8．Regular air traffic links the city to the rest of the country.‎ Ⅱ.补全句子 ‎1．He concluded_his_speech_with a famous saying: “Where there is a will, there is a way.”‎ 他以一句名言“有志者，事竟成”结束他的演讲。‎ ‎2．The reason why_he_did_not_attend_the_meeting yesterday was that he was ill.‎ 昨天他没有参加会议的原因是他生病了。‎ ‎3．The student has_been_exposed_to_English for some six years.‎ 这个学生接触英语六年左右了。‎ ‎4．I hope the doctor can cure_me_of_my_disease.‎ 我希望医生能治好我的病。‎ ‎5．He is too young, so to deal with the problem is_a_real_challenge_for_him.‎ 他太年轻了，因此处理这个问题对他来说是一项真正的挑战。‎ ‎6．No one knows who is_to_blame_for the fire.‎ 没人知道谁该为火灾负责任。‎ ‎7．It_was_announced_that the Prime Minister would speak on television that evening.‎ 据通告，首相将于当晚发表电视讲话。‎ ‎8．There is no doubt that neither_computers_nor_robots can take the place of human beings completely. ‎ 毫无疑问，电脑和机器人都不能完全代替人类。‎ 二、勤练高考题型，多练自能生巧 ‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 Bertha von Suttner received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905 — she was the first woman to receive it, and also the inspiration for the creation of the Nobel Prize.‎ She met Alfred Nobel, a rich millionaire, by answering his newspaper ad for a secretary. Although she only worked for him for a few weeks, she remained good friends with Alfred Nobel for the next 20 years. When she became involved in the peace movement in Europe, she promised to keep Nobel informed of its progress. When Alfred Nobel died in 1896, his will included the establishment of a peace prize, thanks to Bertha von Suttner’s influence.‎ Bertha von Suttner was born in an aristocratic (贵族的) military family, but she spent the second half of her life working for peace. She wrote books, attended peace conferences, gave lectures and helped organize peace societies in Austria, Germany and Hungary, as well as the International Peace Bureau in Switzerland. Her novel, Lay Down Your Arms, was one of the most influential antiwar books of all time, and helped to make her a leader of the peace movement in Europe. Its end to war theme was both the ambition (抱负) and the most important goal in the life of this great woman.‎ Bertha von Suttner worked so hard for peace because she believed that a terrible war would break out in Europe if nations didn’t work hard to establish lasting peace institutions. She made many major achievements for a more peaceful world, but two months after she died, World War I broke out. A hundred years after she won the Nobel Peace Prize, nations still seem to view war as a choice to work out their problems. But like Bertha von Suttner did, many today are working hard around the world to help strengthen peace institutions and spread the idea that it’s time to put an end to war.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了第一位女性诺贝尔和平奖获得者Bertha von Suttner。‎ ‎1．Bertha von Suttner ________.‎ A．worked for Alfred Nobel for 20 years B．helped Alfred Nobel draw up his will C．persuaded Alfred Nobel to join the peace movement D．inspired Alfred Nobel to establish the Nobel Peace Prize 解析：选D　细节理解题。由第一段中的“also the inspiration for the creation of the Nobel Prize”和第二段中的“his will included the establishment of a peace prize, thanks to Bertha von Suttner’s influence”可知，诺贝尔在他的遗嘱中指明设立诺贝尔和平奖主要是受到Bertha von Suttner的影响。‎ ‎2．Paragraph 3 is mainly about Bertha von Suttner’s ______.‎ A．efforts and contributions to the peace movement B．family background and work experiences C．writing career and life experiences D．ambition and goals in life 解析：选A　段落大意题。由第三段中的“wrote books, attended peace conferences, gave lectures and helped organize peace societies”和“the most influential antiwar books”以及“a leader of the peace movement in Europe”可知，本段主要讲述了Bertha von Suttner为和平运动所做出的努力和贡献。‎ ‎3．What do we know about Lay Down Your Arms?‎ A．It was based on a true story.‎ B．It recorded Bertha von Suttner’s daily life.‎ C．It was about an aristocratic military family.‎ D．It showed Bertha von Suttner’s wish for peace.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。由第三段中的“antiwar books”和“Its end to war theme was both the ambition (抱负) and the most important goal in the life of this great woman”可知，《放下武器》这部小说反映了Bertha von Suttner对世界和平的渴望。‎ ‎4．What can we infer from the last paragraph?‎ A．Bertha von Suttner’s fight for peace is still shared by many.‎ B．Bertha von Suttner failed to found peace institutions.‎ C．Bertha von Suttner successfully predicted a war.‎ D．Bertha von Suttner lost her life in World War Ⅰ.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。由最后一段中的最后一句可知，今天很多人依然在努力帮助实现世界和平、传播结束战争的思想。‎ Ⅱ.语法填空 I never thought that a little help would turn out to be the most satisfying thing in my life. I once met a young man __1__ seemed tired and in pain on my way home. With a smile, he asked __2__ I could lend him some money. He was paralyzed (瘫痪的) in both legs and was raising money for an __3__ (operate). Actually, I was full __4__ doubts as every day many people play such tricks (诡计) __5__ (get) money. I even asked him to show me his legs. Then I gave him some money and left.‎ After a few days, he again arrived at my doorstep asking for more money. This time I was __6__ (entire) convinced he was cheating me. I still gave him some money and said it was all I had.‎ Years later, one day I got __7__ call from an unknown number. The man told me his name but I didn’t recognize him. He said, “It is because of your help __8__ I’m now able to stand on my legs and have a good job.” What he said next made me __9__ (surprise). He said he wanted to return my money __10__ I wouldn’t feel cheated and would continue to help people in need in the future.‎ 语篇解读：作者虽感觉好像被骗，但仍旧两次借钱给一位残疾的年轻人，来帮助他。后来，年轻人还钱给作者，打消作者被骗的感觉，以便于让作者继续帮助需要帮助的人。‎ ‎1.who/that　设空处引导定语从句，指代先行词man，且在从句中作主语，故填who/that。‎ ‎2．whether/if　由语境可知，设空处所在句句意是“他问我能否借给他一些钱”，‎ 故填whether/if。‎ ‎3．operation　由an可知，设空处应填名词operation (手术)。‎ ‎4．of　be full of意为“充满……”。‎ ‎5．to get　许多人玩诡计的目的是为了得到钱，故填to get。‎ ‎6．entirely　设空处修饰convinced，意为“完全地”，故填副词entirely。‎ ‎7．a　call作“打电话”讲，是可数名词，且在此表泛指，故填a。‎ ‎8．that　设空处所在句是强调句，强调because of your help，故填that。‎ ‎9．surprised　设空处作宾语补足语，说明me的状态，故填形容词surprised (感到惊讶的)。‎ ‎10．so　他还钱的目的是让我感到没有受骗，故用so引导目的状语从句。‎ Section_Ⅴ Writing—_劝说信 ‎ ‎ 劝说信是指以信件的形式表达自己的观点或立场，并期待对方认同或接受。‎ 一、基本结构 第一部分：引入。写信人首先需要简要说明写信的主要目的。如果需要的话，也可以大致作一下自我介绍。‎ 第二部分：阐述。这是说服性信函的主体和核心部分。写信人需要在这个部分有条理地列出自己的理由。理由要客观、真实、有说服力，要重点突出、层次分明。同时，要注意适当提高语言的力度，发挥语言的功力，以便更好地展现自己的立场。‎ 第三部分：总结。可以用生动的语言重申自己的核心观点，或以情动人、引起共鸣，或升华延伸、画龙点睛。这部分应该注意语言的简练和冲击力，切忌冗杂拖拉的表达。‎ 二、增分佳句 ‎(一)劝说信开头常用句式——引入观点 ‎1．Now it is commonly held that ... They think ... But I doubt whether ...‎ ‎2．These days we are often told that ... But is this really the case ...‎ ‎3．Faced with ..., quite a few people argue that ..., but I conceive it differently.‎ ‎4．Currently there is a widespread concern that ...‎ ‎5．Now people in growing numbers are coming to realise that ...‎ ‎(二)劝说信主体常用句式——阐述理由 ‎1．The reason for ... is that ...‎ ‎2．The reasons for ... are as follows. First, ... Second, ... Last but not least, ...‎ ‎3．On the one hand, ...; on the other hand, ...‎ ‎4．We may take a common example to show ... ‎ ‎5．A recent study suggests/shows that ...‎ ‎6．According to the statistics provided by ..., it can be seen that ...‎ ‎7．There is good evidence to show that ...‎ ‎8．No one can ignore the fact that ...‎ ‎(三)劝说信结尾常用句式——总结 ‎1．In short, ...‎ ‎2．In conclusion, ...‎ ‎3．As far as I’m concerned, ...‎ ‎4．From what has been discussed above/Taking all these factors into consideration, we may safely arrive at/come to/reach the conclusion that ...‎ ‎ ‎ ‎[题目要求]‎ 假设你叫李华，请给Nicolaus Copernicus(尼古拉•哥白尼)写一封信劝说他出版自己的理论著作，这样可以让每个人都了解他的理论，从而推动科学的发展。‎ 注意：1.词数100左右；‎ ‎2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。‎ Dear Nicolaus Copernicus，‎ I am a student studying astronomy ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ Yours sincerely，‎ Li Hua 第一步：审题构思很关键 一、审题 ‎1．确定体裁：本文为劝说信；‎ ‎2．确定人称：本文的主要人称应为第二人称；‎ ‎3．确定时态：主要使用一般将来时和一般现在时。‎ 二、构思 第一部分，引入：说明写信的目的是劝说哥白尼出版他的新理论。‎ 第二部分，阐述：‎ ‎1．当前理论盛行的原因；‎ ‎2．发表新理论的压力及原因。‎ 第三部分，总结：重申自己让哥白尼发表新理论的观点。‎ 第二步：核心词汇想周全 ‎1．theory　　　　　　　　　 理论 ‎2．publish 出版；发表 ‎3．make_sense 讲得通 ‎4．observe 观察 ‎5．the_centre_of_universe 宇宙的中心 ‎6．brightness 亮度 ‎7．carry_out 进行 ‎8．face_a_great_challenge 面临巨大的挑战 ‎9．advance 进步 ‎10．put_forward 提出 第三步：由词扩句雏形现 ‎1．目前的理论讲不通。(主谓结构)‎ The_present_theory_doesn’t_make_sense/makes_no_sense.‎ ‎2．如果地球是宇宙的中心，行星的运动方式就不是您所观察的那样。(if引导的状语从句；定语从句；what引导的表语从句)‎ The_way_the_planets_move_is_not_what_you_have_observed_if_the_earth_is_the_centre_of_the_universe.‎ ‎3．某些恒星的亮度似乎在改变，这也很奇怪。(It is also strange that ...; seem to do)‎ It_is_also_strange_that_the_brightness_of_some_stars_seems_to_change.‎ ‎4．太阳是太阳系的中心。(主系表结构)‎ The_sun_is_the_centre_of_the_solar_system.‎ ‎5．您的观察很严格地进行了多年。(现在完成时的被动语态)‎ Your_observations_have_been_very_carefully_carried_out_over_many_years.‎ ‎6．如果发表您的新理论，您将面临着巨大的挑战。(主谓宾结构；if引导的状语从句)‎ You_will_face_a_great_challenge_if_you_publish_your_new_theory.‎ ‎7．如果人们没有勇气提出自己的观点，科学就永远得不到进步。(if引导的状语从句)‎ Science_will_never_advance_if_people_don’t_have_the_courage_to_put_forward_their ideas.‎ ‎8．别管人们怎么反对，时间将会证明您的观点是正确的。(no matter引导的状语从句；that引导的宾语从句)‎ No_matter_how_people_oppose_it,_time_will_prove_that_your_ideas_are_right.‎ 第四步：句式升级造亮点 ‎1．用副词strangely作状语改写句3‎ Strangely,_the_brightness_of_some_stars_seems_to_change.‎ ‎2．用“The challenge＋定语从句＋be＋表语”的形式改写句6‎ The_challenge_you_will_face_is_great_if_you_publish_your_new_theory.‎ ‎3．用unless引导的状语从句改写句7‎ Science_will_never_advance_unless_people_have_the_courage_to_put_forward_their_ideas.‎ 第五步：过渡衔接联成篇 Dear Nicolaus Copernicus，‎ I am a student studying astronomy and_I_am_dying_to_read_your_new_theory_about_the solar_system._I_hope_you_will_publish_it_for_several_reasons.‎ The_present_theory_doesn’t_make_sense._On_the_one_hand,_the_way_the_planets_move is_not_what_you_have_observed_if_the_earth_is_the_centre_of_the_universe;_on_the_other_hand,_strangely,_the_brightness_of_some_stars_seems_to_change._So_the_sun_is_the_centre_of_the_solar_system.‎ Though_your_observations_have_been_very_carefully_carried_out_over_many_years,_the_challenge_you_will_face_is_great_if_you_publish_your_new_theory._However,_science_will_never_advance_unless_people_have_the_courage_to_put_forward_their_ideas._No_matter_how_people_oppose_it,_I_think,_time_will_prove_that_your_ideas_are_right.‎ So_I_sincerely_hope_you_can_publish_your_new_theory.‎ Yours sincerely，‎ Li Hua Yuan Longping, a worldknown Chinese agricultural expert, was born in Beijing in 1930.‎ When he was a child, he was very clever and absorbed all the knowledge well that the teachers could teach him. After graduation, he devoted himself to agricultural study.Once he often suspected the traditional planting methods and was determined to increase rice harvest without increasing the area of fields.In the process of his study, he failed many times, but he never gave up.Apart from this, he often exposed himself to the rain and sunlight all day.At last he put forward many advanced theories and he announced to the world that he had succeeded in developing a new species that produced a 20 percent higher yields than common types of rice.‎ He thought his life would be meaningful only if he could do something successfully.We can draw a conclusion that Yuan Longping is a great agricultural scientist.Owing to his great contribution to agriculture, he will always be remembered as “Father of Hybrid Rice”．‎ 袁隆平是世界著名的中国农业专家，他于1930年出生在北京。‎ 在孩童时代，袁隆平就十分聪明，很好地吸取了老师所授的所有知识。毕业之后，他投入到农业研究之中。他曾经经常质疑传统的种植方法，并下定决心在保持种植面积不增加的情况下提高粮食产量。在研究过程中，他失败了许多次，但是他从不放弃。除此之外，他还经常整日暴露在日晒雨淋中。最终，他提出了许多先进的理论，并向世界宣布他已经成功研发了一种比普通水稻品种增收20% 产量的新品种。‎ 袁隆平认为只有他能成功地做成某事，他的人生才有意义。我们可以得出结论：袁隆平是一位伟大的农业科学家。由于他对农业的巨大贡献，他将永远被人民铭记为“杂交水稻之父”。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 加餐练(一)　完形阅读组合练 Ⅰ.完形填空 In 1896, 17yearold Einstein went to Zurich to study physics. There he met Marits, a girl from Hungary. They studied in the same class and the same interest in physics brought the two together and they became good __1__. Before long, they __2__ in love with each other. In 1903, when Einstein was 24, he __3__ Marits, who was four years older than he. __4__ their marriage, Einstein __5__ himself to the research of the great theory of relativity (相对论). __6__ her husband more help, Marits gave __7__ her own work, and became a good wife and __8__. She tried her best to encourage him __9__ possible. She was sure that her husband __10__ succeed. They often discussed the theory while __11__ outside or sitting together in the room. They __12__ did that in their letters when one of them was __13__ from home.‎ In 1914, the Einsteins moved to Berlin and __14__ down there. At that time, Einstein’s theory __15__ to be correct and he became __16__ all over the world.‎ Marits was very __17__ her husband with his success. But it was not long __18__ the ‎ First World War __19__. Marits as well as her two sons, who were __20__ holiday in Switzerland, couldn’t come back to Berlin any longer. The war not only stopped Einstein’s work but also broke up the warm, happy family. In 1919, Einstein and Marits had to get divorced (离婚)．‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇人物传记，介绍了爱因斯坦和妻子从相识到相爱最后分手的故事。‎ ‎1． A.pairs　　　　　　　　　 B．couples C．friends D．classmates 解析：选C　由空前句意“……对于物理方面同样的兴趣使得他们两个人走到一起”以及下文“不久，他们相爱了”可知，他们成为了好朋友。‎ ‎2． A.got B．fell C．became D．turned 解析：选B　fall in love with sb.的意思是“爱上某人”，其他三个动词不与in love with连用。‎ ‎3． A.marrying B．marries C．married D．married with 解析：选C　表示“和某人结婚”，应用marry sb.，marry后不加介词with，排除D项；由空前的时间状语从句可知，此处应是主句的谓语动词，排除A项。又因本文的时态是过去时，排除B项。故选C。‎ ‎4． A.Since B．For C．With D．After 解析：选D　after their marriage意为“他们结婚以后”。‎ ‎5． A.gave B．offered C．forced D．devoted 解析：选D　devote oneself to sth.的意思是“投身于某事”。give, offer和force都不与oneself to sth.搭配。‎ ‎6． A.Giving B．To give C．Given D．To have given 解析：选B　由下文可知，为了给丈夫更多的帮助，玛丽兹做出了下面的决定。此处为动词不定式作目的状语且只需要用动词不定式的一般式。‎ ‎7． A.off B．out C．up D．in 解析：选C　为了给丈夫提供更多的帮助，玛丽兹“放弃”了自己的工作。give up“放弃”，符合句意。give off“发出(光和热等)”；give out“发出；分发”；give in“屈服”。‎ ‎8． A.cook B．mother C．friend D．assistant 解析：选D　由上下文可知此处指玛丽兹是爱因斯坦的妻子和助手(assistant)，其他几个选项不符合要求。‎ ‎9． A.whatever B．whenever C．however D．wherever 解析：选B　句意：不管什么时候只要有可能，玛丽兹都尽力去鼓励他。‎ ‎10．A.must B．might C．should D．would 解析：选D　玛丽兹相信自己的丈夫将来“会(would)”成功，而不是“必须(must)”“可能(might)”或“应该(should)”成功。‎ ‎11．A.walked B．walking C．went D．coming 解析：选B　当从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语部分含有be动词时，从句中的主语和be动词可一起省略。本句省略they were，因此选择walking。‎ ‎12．A.even B．never C．seldom D．sometime 解析：选A　由上文可知他们总是一起讨论问题，此处用even表示程度进一步加深，即“他们甚至在信中也讨论问题”。‎ ‎13．A.beyond B．off C．out D．away 解析：选D　由上文(in their letters)可知此处是在说他们其中的一个不在家的时候。词组be away from home意思是“不在家”。‎ ‎14．A.put B．settled C．lived D．sat 解析：选B　settle down意为“定居”。而put down意为“放下”，sit down意为“坐下”，均与句意不符，排除A、D两项；live一般不与down连用。‎ ‎15．A.seemed B．appeared C．proved D．looked 解析：选C　seem意为“好像”；appear意为“好像；出现”；prove意为“后来被发现是；最终显现为”；look意为“看；看起来”。根据短文的意思可知，爱因斯坦的理论最终证明是正确的。‎ ‎16．A.happy B．pleased C．satisfied D．famous 解析：选D　happy意为“幸福的；快乐的”；pleased意为“高兴的”；satisfied意为“满意的”；famous意为“著名的”。此处指爱因斯坦在当时享誉全世界。‎ ‎17．A.proud of B．praised for C．pleased with D．worried about 解析：选A　be proud of意为“为……而骄傲或自豪”；be praised for意为“为……受到称赞”；be pleased with意为“对……感到满意”；be worried about意为“对……担忧”。由上下文来看，玛丽兹是为丈夫的成功感到自豪。‎ ‎18．A.when B．before C．since D．as 解析：选B　句式It is not long before ...意为“不久就……”。‎ ‎19．A.appeared B．took place C．occurred D．broke out 解析：选D　appear意为“出现”；take place意为“发生”，用来指有计划地发生；occur意为“出现”；break out意为“发生；爆发”，多用来指战争、火灾等。此处指第一次世界大战的爆发，因此选择D项。‎ ‎20．A.in B．at C．on D．for 解析：选C　be on holiday意为“在度假”，表示度假的状态。‎ Ⅱ.阅读理解 Peter Huszcz once taught in an agricultural college. In the 1990s, he moved to Canada. Peter started out washing dishes in a restaurant in downtown Ottawa. When the manager asked him to help out rolling meatballs in the kitchen, he soon learned how to do the job very well. But it was boring and Peter suggested that the manager should buy a meatballmaking machine. When the manager told him there was no such thing as a meatball maker, Peter was quick to notice that something was missing in the market. Putting his engineering knowledge to good use, he quickly came up with a simple method — the Magic Meatball Maker.‎ He was sure there was a market for his machine, but it took him ten years of hard work to find it. He had to take risks, but he believed in his idea, and he managed to persuade other people to believe in him too. A local manufacturer (制造商) offered to produce the first 1,000 units in return for a share in the profits (收益), local shops offered to keep his meatball makers and a friend’s daughter helped him out with his first sales.‎ But his lucky break came when he managed to persuade a TV shopping channel (频道) to help sell the Magic Meatball Maker. The channel broadcast a program about how the invention worked in the studio kitchen. Within minutes, they had sold more than 4,000 units.‎ This was just the start. Peter had been right. He had said his meatball maker would bring him great wealth, and it has: more than two million dollars so far and it’s till selling to thousands of American housewives all across the USA.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要向我们介绍了肉丸机的发明者——Peter Huszcz。‎ ‎1．Working in the restaurant, Peter ________.‎ A．was chosen to be the manager B．found a chance to make money C．broke a meatballmaking machine D．was poor at making meatballs by hand 解析：选B　细节理解题。由第一段中的“When the manager told him ... something was missing in the market”可知，Peter看到了赚钱的机会，故选B项。‎ ‎2．Which of the following helped Peter’s business take off?‎ A．A local shop.‎ B．A friend’s daughter.‎ C．A local manufacturer.‎ D．A TV shopping channel.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。由第三段内容可知，Peter成功说服一家电视购物频道为其推销肉丸机，随后便开始大卖，故选D项。‎ ‎3．What’s the right order to describe Peter’s life?‎ A．Teacher→dish washer→inventor→businessman.‎ B．Dish washer→teacher→inventor→businessman.‎ C．Businessman→dish washer→inventor→teacher.‎ D．Inventor→businessman→dish washer→teacher.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。由第一段中的“Peter Huszcz once taught in an agricultural college.”可知，他曾当过老师；由“In the 1990s ...Peter started out washing dishes in ‎ a restaurant”可知，他之后做过洗碗工；由“Putting his engineering knowledge ... the Magic Meatball Maker”可知，随后他成了一位发明家；由第二、三、四段内容可知，他为了推销肉丸机付出了很大的辛苦，所以他还是一名商人。‎ ‎4．What can we learn from the story?‎ A．Better late than never.‎ B．A friend in need is a friend indeed.‎ C．Where there is a will, there is a way.‎ D．In time of danger, one’s mind works fast.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。由第二段中的“He was sure there was a market for his machine ... to believe in him too”和最后一段内容可知，Peter Huszcz坚信自己的肉丸机会受欢迎，为了推销其产品，他付出了艰辛的努力并最终取得成功，故选C项。‎ 加餐练(二)　主观题规范增分练 Ⅰ.语法填空 Most volunteers spend a couple of hours each week in __1__ (volunteer) at one of the local community centers. Here is why volunteering is important.‎ New experience and insight Volunteering is one way through __2__ people including students can develop academic, technical and social skills that otherwise could not __3__ (learn) in a classroom environment. Most of us feel that we lack time because of the career or studies we are pursuing. However, __4__ is important to take some time off from our busy schedule and volunteer for something in our community, which will help us gain experience and insight into various issues.‎ Helping others There are millions of people in the world whose lives are __5__ (hard) than ours. Humans are a social animal and one of __6__ best ways for mankind to advance is by helping those who are __7__ (able) to help themselves. We have a responsibility to care for people __8__ need, and help those who are less fortunate than ourselves. Having some spare cash, time or goods is an opportunity __9__ (help) others out.‎ A sense of __10__ (satisfy)‎ Volunteering is also one of the things you can do to help you feel good and build up your selfconfidence.‎ 语篇解读：本文主要介绍了做志愿者工作的好处。‎ ‎1．volunteering　spend ... (in) doing sth.意为“花费……做某事”。‎ ‎2．which　way后是一个“介词＋关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句。设空处指代way，故填which。‎ ‎3．be learned　that(指代academic, technical and social skills)与learn之间是被动关系，且设空处位于情态动词could之后，故填be learned。‎ ‎4．it　设空处是形式主语，真正的主语是to take some time ... in our community，故填it。‎ ‎5．harder　由than可知，应用比较级，故填harder。‎ ‎6．the　最高级best前应用定冠词the。‎ ‎7．unable　设空处作表语，且由语境可知，设空处表示“不能的”，故填unable。‎ ‎8．in　in need意为“在困难中”。‎ ‎9．to help　opportunity后跟带to的不定式作定语，故填to help。‎ ‎10．satisfaction　a sense of satisfaction意为“一种满足感”。‎ Ⅱ.短文改错 Yesterday I was watching television at home while I suddenly remembered that it was my father’s birthday the next day. I put my coat on me, and ran outside in the hurry to catch a bus. I went into a music shop, and I couldn’t remember which CD his dad wanted, so I didn’t buy something. After that I decided go to the bookshop. I wasn’t sure what to get and I stayed there for ages try to choose a book. By the end I bought him a book about racing cars. Finally, I went home and tell my mum about the present. She looked at me strange for some time, and then said, “But your father’s birthday is next month！”‎ 答案：第一句：while→when 第二句：去掉me; the→a 第三句：his→my; something→anything 第四句：go前加to 第五句：try→trying 第六句：By→In 第七句：tell→told 第八句：strange→strangely Ⅲ.书面表达 某英文报People栏目正面向中学生征稿。请你根据所给提示，写一篇英语短文并投稿。‎ 人物 张衡(公元78年－139年)，我国伟大的天文学家、发明家 主要成就 发明了地动仪，为科学和人类社会的进步作出了巨大的贡献 优秀品质 善于思考、坚持不懈 注意：1.词数100左右；‎ ‎2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。‎ 参考词汇：astronomer天文学家；seismograph地动仪 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 参考范文：‎ Zhang Heng, a great astronomer and inventor, lived from AD 78 to 139. During his life, he made many important discoveries, including the famous seismograph. He made great contributions to the progress of science and human society.‎ Zhang Heng was interested in everything around him and loved to think. It was not always easy to make other people believe new theories. When Zhang Heng first introduced his seismograph, people laughed at him. However, he didn’t give up. Instead, he went on to make new discoveries.‎ He believed in what he did even when others did not. This is what we should learn from him.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 第一部分　听力　(满分30分，限时20分钟)‎ 第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)‎ 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。‎ ‎1．What are the speakers talking about?‎ A．The man’s weekend activities.‎ B．The woman’s favorite sport.‎ C．The city they live in.‎ ‎2．What does the man do?‎ A．He’s a businessman.‎ B．He’s a doctor.‎ C．He’s a student.‎ ‎3．When did the speakers start talking?‎ A．At 2：50.　 　　 B．At 3：00.　 　　 C．At 3：10.‎ ‎4．What does the woman want to do?‎ A．Borrow money from the man.‎ B．Go to the bank.‎ C．Start up a business.‎ ‎5．What is the man’s research field?‎ A．Education. B．Insects. C．Finance.‎ 第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)‎ 听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。‎ 听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。‎ ‎6．What kind of job did the woman take after graduation?‎ A．Teaching. B．Marketing. C．Volunteering.‎ ‎7．What does the woman think the man should do?‎ A．Take his job immediately.‎ B．Not worry about the money.‎ C．Make a decision and stick to it.‎ 听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。‎ ‎8．Where does the woman advise the man to apply for a job?‎ A．In a newspaper office.‎ B．In a travel agency.‎ C．In a car factory.‎ ‎9．What does the man ask the woman about the job?‎ A．The pay.‎ B．The experience.‎ C．The working conditions.‎ 听第8段材料，回答第10至12题。‎ ‎10．Why didn’t the man realize his childhood dream?‎ A．His parents didn’t support him.‎ B．He was offered another good job.‎ C．He lost interest in it later.‎ ‎11．What did the woman want to be when she was a little girl?‎ A．A pilot. B．A scientist. C．A teacher.‎ ‎12．What languages is the woman good at?‎ A．English and French.‎ B．English and Italian.‎ C．French and Italian.‎ 听第9段材料，回答第13至16题。‎ ‎13．Who is Jenny?‎ A．The man’s wife.‎ B．The man’s sister.‎ C．The woman’s colleague.‎ ‎14．How long has it been since the speakers’ graduation?‎ A．Three years.‎ B．Ten years.‎ C．Thirteen years.‎ ‎15．What do we know about the man?‎ A．He continued his studies after graduation.‎ B．He once worked at a law firm.‎ C．He is working in a trade company.‎ ‎16．When will the speakers meet each other again?‎ A．This Saturday.‎ B．This Sunday.‎ C．Next Saturday.‎ 听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。‎ ‎17．What is Bill Gates famous for according to the speaker?‎ A．His family background.‎ B．His position in society.‎ C．His educational background.‎ ‎18．What did Bill Gates do in 1975?‎ A．He went to Harvard University.‎ B．He began to develop new software.‎ C．He sold his inventions to MITS.‎ ‎19．When did Bill Gates leave Microsoft?‎ A．In 2000. 　　　 B．In 2008.　　　 C．In 2014.‎ ‎20．Which of the following is TRUE according to the talk?‎ A．Bill Gates grew up in Washington.‎ B．Bill Gates’ mother worked as a lawyer.‎ C．IBM partnered with Microsoft for a short time.‎ 答案：1～5　ACBCB　6～10　BCABA ‎11～15　BCABC　16～20　ABCBC 听力材料 ‎(Text 1)‎ W：What do you like to do during the weekend?‎ M：I love cycling. On Saturday morning I usually ride around the city for two hours.‎ ‎(Text 2)‎ W：What kind of college are you going to apply for?‎ M：My father wants me to go into business but my mother wants me to go to medical school.‎ ‎(Text 3)‎ M：How much time has passed since we started talking?‎ W：It’s been only 10 minutes.‎ M：So right now it should be 3：10 pm.‎ W：Correct.‎ ‎(Text 4)‎ W：Where did you get the money to start your restaurant?‎ M：I have been saving my money for years.‎ W：Is there any other way to get money to start up a small business?‎ M：Yes, you can borrow some from a bank.‎ ‎(Text 5)‎ W：Did you want to become a scientist when you were young?‎ M：No. I became interested in insects only after I entered university.‎ W：Are you happy with the working conditions in this university?‎ M：Yes. It provides me excellent equipment and enough funding to do my work.‎ ‎(Text 6)‎ M：What did you do after graduation?‎ W：I’d planned to be a teacher, but then I was offered a good job doing marketing, so I changed my mind.‎ M：Sounds like you’re happy with your decision.‎ W：I am. I enjoy my job very much. By the way, have you not had any job offers yet?‎ M：I had one, but I didn’t like the job very much. I’d also really wanted to attend graduate school, but I was afraid I couldn’t pay that much money.‎ W：I think you need to make a decision, stick to it and don’t be afraid of difficulties.‎ ‎(Text 7)‎ W：Look, Jack! Here’s a job that might interest you.‎ M：Are you sure? The last job interview you sent me to was really a disaster.‎ W：Well, look! It’s a big company. You might get to travel.　‎ M：What kind of company is it, though?‎ W：Um, let’s see. It’s a newspaper office. They say the pay is really good. And oh, look! They give you a car to travel around. That’s not bad, is it?‎ M：Do they say anything about needing to have experience of a journalist?‎ W：No, they want someone young and energetic. Oh, yes, they want a university graduate, so that’s OK. You’ve been to university. The only thing is that you have to travel, but then that’s what the company car is for.‎ M：Perhaps I’ll have a closer look at it.‎ ‎(Text 8)‎ W：John, when you were little, what did you dream you’d grow up to be?‎ M：Oh, I dreamed that I’d be a pilot when I grew up.‎ W：So what happened? Did you just lose interest in being a pilot?‎ M：No. My parents said it was too dangerous, and they wanted me to find a safer job. How about you? What did you dream of becoming when you were a little girl?‎ W：When I was a little girl, I dreamed of being a great scientist, but now, as you can see, I’m just a common office clerk.‎ M：So what are your dreams now?‎ W：Well, I really want to be a translator some day, so I’m working hard to learn English.‎ M：You’re so good at language learning. Your French and Italian are already fluent. Well, I hope you succeed in that dream some day!‎ W：Thanks.‎ ‎(Text 9)‎ W：Hi, Bob! I am so glad that you came.‎ M：Of course I’d come. I couldn’t think of a better chance to see all my old friends.‎ W：It’s hard to believe that it’s been ten years since graduation.‎ M：How time flies! How are things going with you?‎ W：It’s only recently that I’ve been able to start settling down. How about you? Are you still with Jenny?‎ M：Yeah, Jenny and I got married right after graduation. It was hard for the first three years — I was supporting us both while she continued her studies — but now things are getting better. I work as a manager in a trade company and she’s working at a law firm. It’s all started to come together and we’re finally able to make a life for ourselves.‎ W：Oh, that sounds wonderful. I have always known you two would make it. I hope I can keep in better contact with you.‎ M：Definitely! Actually, we just moved into a new place. There’s a housewarming party this Saturday, if you are free? I know Jenny would love to see you again and it should be a good party.‎ W：Sounds great! I am free this weekend and I’ll be there.‎ ‎(Text 10)‎ Bill Gates, an American inventor, computer programmer and businessman, is reportedly worth nearly $80 billion, making him one of the wealthiest people in the country today. He founded and was head of Microsoft for years.‎ Gates was born into a rich family in the state of Washington. His father was a lawyer; his mother was a banker. He is famous for being taken as the father of the modern computer. He studied at Harvard University but did not graduate because of his desire to develop new software.‎ As a 13yearold student, Gates was introduced to computer programming. In 1975, Gates spoke to a company called Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). He convinced the owner of the company that he had written a program that ‎ would work well and make big money. The owner bought into Gates’ inventions, and the two men reached an agreement to develop software for the company. Then the Microsoft Company was born. ‎ Gates went on to develop the Windows operating system with then partner IBM. The two companies had differences though, and their partnership ended quickly. Gates worked as CEO until 2000. He remained active with the company for several years before leaving the company in 2008. In 2014, Bill Gates became the technical advisor of the firm.‎ 第二部分　阅读理解　(满分40分，限时35分钟)‎ 第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)‎ 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。‎ A Dear Editor，‎ Please publish more articles about women scientists. Women scientists have made outstanding contributions to the world. These women make excellent role models. More young women may choose science as a profession if women read featured articles on female scientists like Marie Curie and Rachel Carson. Both women were encouraged to study science, and they both accomplished great things.‎ With her father’s encouragement, Marie Curie made the world a better place through her scientific accomplishments. She studied the emission (放射) of rays from uranium (铀), a feature she called “radioactivity (放射性)”. Later, Curie and her husband, also a scientist, processed the mineral pitchblende before separating two radioactive elements (元素). With this discovery, Marie Curie earned her doctorate, and shortly thereafter, both she and her husband were awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in physics. In 1911 Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for her work with the newly discovered elements; this work laid the foundation for Xrays and atomic physics.‎ When Rachel Carson was young, her mother encouraged her to study nature. As an adult, she became known as the mother of the modern environmental movement. After studying marine biology and zoology in college, Carson worked as a government scientist and wrote several books on how all living things relate to each other. In 1951 her book The Sea Around Us made scientific knowledge about the sea accessible to the general reader and remained on the bestseller list for eightysix weeks. In 1962 Carson wrote Silent Spring, a book that helped lead to improvements in the use of chemical pesticides (农药)．‎ Humans have benefited greatly from the work of Marie Curie and Rachel Carson. What if these women had not been encouraged to become scientists? I believe that we need to encourage young women to enter the field of science. With that goal in mind, I sincerely hope your magazine can publish more articles about the contributions that women make to science.‎ Sincerely，‎ Annie Bastien, Grade 7‎ Capistrano Middle School 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。作者在信中建议杂志编辑多刊登一些关于女性科学家的文章，以鼓励更多女性从事科学。‎ ‎21．According to the text, Marie Curie ________.‎ A．achieved success with her father’s help B．separated two radioactive elements alone C．made contributions to the study of Xrays D．won the Nobel Prize twice with her husband 解析：选C　细节理解题。由第二段中的“this work laid the foundation for Xrays and atomic physics”可知，玛丽•居里的工作为研究X射线和原子物理奠定了基础。‎ ‎22．What can we learn about Rachel Carson?‎ A．She was a physicist and chemist.‎ B．Her books had a great influence on the public.‎ C．She was inspired by her father to become a scientist.‎ D．Her role as an environmentalist was rarely known by people.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的“her book The Sea Around Us made scientific knowledge about the sea ... a book that helped lead to improvements in the use of chemical pesticides(农药)”可知，雷切尔•卡逊所著的两本书对大众都产生了很大的影响。‎ ‎23．What can we infer about the author?‎ A．She aims to become a scientist.‎ B．She likes reading and writing stories.‎ C．She has a great interest in women scientists.‎ D．She wants to publish articles in the magazine.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。由最后一段中的“I believe that we need to encourage young women to enter the field of science”可知，作者对女性科学家的故事很感兴趣。‎ B Einstein was not only the outstanding scientist of the 20th century, but also a gifted and enthusiastic musician. He once said that had he ‎ not been a scientist, he would have been a musician. “Life without playing music is unthinkable for me，” he said. “I live my daydreams in music. I get most joy in life out of music.”‎ Einstein’s mother, Pauline, was a talented pianist who brought music to life in the family home. Einstein began to learn the violin at the age of 6. However, he worked hard until discovering the joys of Mozart’s sonatas (奏鸣曲) at the age of 13. From that point on, although he had no further lessons, his violin remained his companion (伴侣)．‎ When Einstein moved to Aarau in Switzerland in 1895 to complete his schooling, he seemed to have devoted a good deal of his time to music. Just before his 17th birthday Einstein played at a music examination in the school. The examiner reported that “a student called Einstein shone in a deeply felt performance of one of the Beethoven sonatas”. In addition to his great skill in playing the violin, he also played the piano and, in particular, loved to improvise (即兴创作)．‎ In later life, Einstein’s reputation as a physicist often led to invitations to perform at benefit concerts, which he generally accepted happily. At one such event, a critic — not knowing Einstein’s real reputation as a physicist — wrote, “Einstein plays ‎ excellently. However, his worldwide reputation is undeserved. There are many violinists who are just as good.”‎ Probably the summary of Einstein the violinist that comes nearest to the mark comes from his friend Janos Plesch, who wrote, “There are many musicians with much better skills, but none, I believe, who ever played with more sincerity or deeper feeling.”‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了物理学家爱因斯坦对音乐的热爱与投入。‎ ‎24．We learn from Paragraph 1 that Einstein ________.‎ A．had a great love for music B．enjoyed daydreaming in music C．had stopped playing music for a while D．preferred to be a musician rather than a scientist 解析：选A　推理判断题。由第一段中的“a gifted and enthusiastic musician”和爱因斯坦所说的话可知，爱因斯坦非常热爱音乐。‎ ‎25．After discovering the joys of Mozart’s sonatas, Einstein ________.‎ A．began to create his own music B．spent a lot of time playing his violin C．started learning the piano by himself D．moved to Switzerland to learn the violin 解析：选B　细节理解题。由第二段中的“From that point on, although he had no further lessons, his violin remained his companion(伴侣)．”可知，爱因斯坦在13岁时发现莫扎特奏鸣曲的乐趣，从那时开始，小提琴一直陪伴他左右。‎ ‎26．What can we infer from Paragraph 3?‎ A．Einstein did excellently in the examination.‎ B．Einstein’s life in Aarau affected his musical taste.‎ C．Einstein’s performance disappointed the examiner.‎ D．Einstein practiced the Beethoven sonatas for his birthday.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。由第三段中的“The examiner reported that’a student called Einstein shone in a deeply felt performance of one of the Beethoven sonatas’”可知，考官对爱因斯坦在考试中的表现赞赏有加。‎ ‎27．By mentioning the critic’s words, the author probably wants to show ________.‎ A．Einstein didn’t live up to his reputation B．Einstein was also an outstanding violinist C．Einstein played better than professional violinists D．Einstein wished there would be more benefit concerts 解析：选B　推理判断题。由倒数第二段中的“Einstein plays excellently. However, his worldwide reputation is undeserved. There are many violinists who are just as good.”可知，爱因斯坦是名出色的小提琴家。‎ C When a golfer plays on any golf course, he or she expects the course has a lot of hazards (障碍区) like sands, woods, and ponds of water. There is one special golf course, though, where along with these hazards that stand still, the player must expect to compete against hundreds of moving hazards. The golf course is on Christmas Island. The island is an area of Australia in the Indian Ocean, the third largest ocean ‎ in the world, lying between Africa and Australia. The moving hazards are bright red, fourandonehalfinch (11.4cm) crabs (螃蟹). ‎ Over 150 million of these brightly colored crabs live in the island’s rainforests. Every year, starting around November, the crabs migrate (迁移). They leave the rainforest and make their way to the ocean. They arrive at the coast after one to three weeks. But the males (雄性) return to the rainforest earlier than the females, who return about two weeks later after producing up to 100,000 eggs.‎ On Christmas Island there is a golf course built on the crabs’ migration route. During the migration season, there are hundreds of red crabs moving on the course. The rules of the Christmas Island Golf Club say that all players must treat the crabs as they would treat any other hazard. They cannot move them, and they must play around them. If a walking crab happens to knock a ball while it is on the green, hitting it into a hole, the ball is considered “in”．‎ Just_as_the_golfers_must_compete_against_a_moving_hazard,_so_must_the_crabs. People have built roads that run through the crabs’ migration route. Unluckily, up to two million crabs are killed by passing vehicles every year. People are trying to reduce the number by putting up “Crab Crossing” signs and closing certain roads during the migration season.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。在澳大利亚的圣诞岛上，一个高尔夫球场上有一些特殊的障碍区——红蟹。‎ ‎28．What do we learn about the red crabs?‎ A．They arrive in the rainforest in November.‎ B．They spend most of their year in the ocean.‎ C．The females spend two more weeks on the coast.‎ D．The males start to migrate earlier than the females.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。由第二段中的“the females, who return about two weeks later after producing up to 100,000 eggs”可知，雌性红蟹在海岸上多停留两周，故选C项。‎ ‎29．The rules of the Christmas Island Golf Club ________.‎ A．attract more golf players B．can help protect the crabs C．often make golfers confused D．cause the crabs much trouble 解析：选B　推理判断题。由第三段中的“They cannot move them, and they must play around them.”可知，该高尔夫球俱乐部的这些规则有助于保护红蟹，故选B项。‎ ‎30．By saying “Just as the golfers ... so must the crabs”， the author means ________.‎ A．the crabs must face danger on the road B．the crabs are quite perfect moving hazards C．golfers like competing against moving hazards D．golfers find it hard to play on Christmas Island 解析：选A　推理判断题。由最后一段中的“People have built roads that run through the crabs’ migration route. Unluckily, up to two million crabs are killed by passing vehicles every year”可知，螃蟹们的迁徙路线要经过马路，所以每年大约有两百万只螃蟹会被过往的车辆轧死，由此可见它们必须面对路上的危险，故选A项。‎ ‎31．Which can be the best title for the text?‎ A．Christmas Island B．Great migration C．Crab Crossing D．Crab hazards 解析：选D　标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了一个高尔夫球场上的一些特殊的障碍区——红蟹，故用D项作标题最恰当。‎ D Do you have imagination? Do you like to solve problems? Can you? If so, you could be the next great inventor. “But I’m just a kid，” you might say! Don’t worry about a little thing like age. For example, one famous inventor — Benjamin Franklin — got his start when he was only 12. At that young age, he created paddles for his hands to help him swim faster. Finally his creation led to what we know is called flippers!‎ So you don’t have to be an adult to be an inventor. One thing you do need, though, is something that kids have plenty of: curiosity and imagination. Kids are known for looking at things in new and unique ways.‎ So what should you do if you have what is a great idea for an invention? Talk to a friend or family member about it. Get input from others about your idea. Then ask them to help you create a working model — called a prototype (原型) — of your idea.‎ Once you have a prototype, you can test it. Sometimes your idea turns out to be not as great as you thought. At other times, though, you realize it is a good idea and your prototype can help you figure out how to make it even better.‎ If your idea is really a good one, an adult can help you contact companies that might be interested in it. You will also want an adult’s help to get a patent (专利权) for your idea, so that it is protected and can’t be stolen by someone else. If you need some inspiration, consider these kids and their inventions：‎ Jeanie Low invented the Kiddie Stool when she was just 11. It’s a folding stool that fits under the kitchen sink. Kids can unfold it and use it to reach the sink all by themselves.‎ At the age of 15, Louis Braille invented the system named after him that allows the blind to read.‎ Chelsea Lanmon received a patent when she was just 8 for the “pocket diaper”， a new type of diaper that includes a pocket for holding baby wipes and powder.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。孩子能成为发明家吗？答案是肯定的。作者列举了Franklin， Braille， Lanmon等人的成功事例。‎ ‎32．By saying “But I’m just a kid”， you probably mean you ________.‎ A．are too young to achieve anything B．can do anything though you are young C．are old enough to become an inventor D．have to learn knowledge from other people 解析：选A　推理判断题。“just a kid”意为“只是个孩子”，表明年龄小而做不了什么大事，与A项中的too ... to ... (太……而不能……)同义，故A项正确。‎ ‎33．Which of the following is the right order of an invention?‎ A．a patent—a prototype—a good idea—an invention B．an invention—a good idea—a patent—a prototype C．a good idea—a prototype—an invention—a patent D．a prototype—a patent—a good idea—an invention 解析：选C　细节排序题。文章第三段中“So what should you do if you have what is a great idea for an invention？”和“Then ask them to help you create a working model — called a prototype (原型) — of your idea.”表明发明顺序为a good idea—a prototype。再根据第五段的“You will also want an adult’s help to get a patent (专利权) ...”可知，申请专利是发明的最后步骤。故C项正确。‎ ‎34．Who invented something that helps the blind to read?‎ A．Jeanie Low.　　　　　 B．Benjamin Franklin.‎ C．Chelsea Lanmon. D．Louis Braille.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“... Louis Braille invented the system named after him that allows the blind to read.”可知答案。‎ ‎35．Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?‎ A．Kids have curiosity and imagination B．There are some world famous inventors C．Kids are exactly like adults in a way D．It is possible for kids to be inventors 解析：选D　标题归纳题。综观全文，文章论述的是孩子一样可以成为发明家这一主题。本文所举的例子Benjamin Franklin (12岁), Jeanie Low (11岁), Louis Braille (15岁)及Chelsea Lanmon (8岁)也都说明了孩子成为发明家的可能性。故选择D项。‎ 第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)‎ 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。‎ There is an old Spanish proverb which states, “Tomorrow is often the busiest day of the week.” __36__ Too many. But our dreams should not and cannot wait.‎ Tomorrow is not promised.‎ Nobody likes to talk about death, but the reality is that everybody will die someday. None of us know the day. __37__ Don’t go to your grave with unfinished dreams. Make the decision to go after every dream, big or small, right now.‎ The world is waiting for your gift.‎ The world is waiting for you. __38__ Sure, other people may be able to sing, but they’ll never be able to sing exactly like you. Sure, other people can write, but they’ll never be able to write from the same point of view in which you write.‎ ‎__39__‎ You can dream about writing a great novel, but it’s never going to happen unless you actually put pen to paper. You can dream about finding a cure for cancer, but it will never happen unless you actually go to school to become equipped with the necessary tools to find that cure.‎ You can’t let fear win.‎ One of the biggest dream killers is fear. There are so many people who could have achieved amazing things if they weren’t afraid. Just think about all the things you’ve wanted to do, but allowed fear to convince you that you weren’t capable or good ‎ enough. __40__ You can choose not to let fear stop you from achieving your dreams.‎ A．Therefore, today is all we have.‎ B．Dreams don’t work unless you do.‎ C．Remember that fear is just a choice.‎ D．You were born into the world with a unique gift.‎ E．You will be much happier if you go for your dreams.‎ F．There are so many opportunities and people waiting for you.‎ G．How many times have we put off our dreams until tomorrow?‎ 语篇解读：人类因梦想而伟大，但梦想经不起等待。要实现你心中的梦想，那就即刻启程吧。‎ ‎36.选G　 根据该空后面的“Too many.”可知，这是对G项问题的回答。‎ ‎37．选A　根据本段标题和本段内容可知，明天未可期，要实现梦想，当下就要行动，A项与前后语境相符。‎ ‎38．选D　根据该空后面的内容可知，我们每个人都有独一无二的天赋，故选D。‎ ‎39．选B　通读本段内容可知，千里之行，始于足下，梦想的实现，需要我们付出努力。‎ ‎40．选C　C项中的“... fear is just a choice”与后面一句中的“choose not to let fear ...”相呼应。‎ 第三部分　语言知识运用　(满分45分，限时30分钟)‎ 第一节(共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分)‎ 阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。‎ Perhaps forty years ago Sadie left her drunk and violent husband.Needing shelter for herself and her young son she took a __41__ in a housing project for __42__ people.‎ Eventually, she got to know the residents.One resident, Archie, didn’t have a __43__ of his own but his nephew’s wife and her kids would __44__ and help the old guy from time to time.‎ Sadie helped care for Archie as he battled __45__ and it was she who called the doctor who diagnosed his cancer.‎ Time passed.Sadie’s son grew up, got __46__ and settled several hundred miles away.Sadie retired and __47__ into a nice little home of her own.To __48__ the loneliness she took in a series of __49__ over the years.‎ Her current dog, Muffin, with a bad temper, __50__ pulls at the end of his lead.So when a heavy fall of snow came a year and a half ago she was __51__ when a neighbour offered to __52__ the dog; just so she wouldn’t be pulled off her feet and break a __53__.And each day he would spend a while talking to her, seeing if she was __54__， checking if she needed anything.But in all the time she’s known him，Sadie never really thought to wonder what his last __55__ was.This morning she asked.His surname was the same as old Archie’s.She was __56__ to discover the man who had been “caring” for her for the past year and a half had been one of the little kids who used to __57__“Uncle Archie”and tramp mud up and down the stairs she had to __58__.‎ She had cared for his family, now he was caring for her.Neither of them __59__ it ‎ until that moment but they were living proof of the old saying, What goes around comes around, and the circle of __60__ will not be broken!‎ 语篇解读：四十年以前萨迪在贫困潦倒时到一家养老院工作，在那里结识了一位孤寡老人。萨迪给予了老人无微不至地关怀，而四十年后，老人的家人又帮助了萨迪，爱心得到了传递。‎ ‎41．A.seat　　　　　　　 B．job C．picture D．trip 解析：选B　联系空前的“Needing shelter for herself and her young son”可知，她在一家养老院找到了一份工作以解决衣食居住问题。‎ ‎42．A.elderly B．foreign C．young D．foolish 解析：选A　联系下文的“help the old guy from time to time”可知，这是一家专门为老年人服务的机构。‎ ‎43．A.conductor B．hope C．family D．friend 解析：选C　从本空后的只有他的侄子一家来看望并且帮助他可推断：这位老人没有家人。‎ ‎44．A.look up B．get round C．pass by D．drop in 解析：选D　老人独自在养老院的这段日子里，他的侄子一家人经常来看望他。drop in“看望；拜访”。look up“查询；抬头看”；get round “四处走动”；pass by“经过”。‎ ‎45．A.pollution B．illness C．danger D．trouble 解析：选B　联系下文的“diagnosed his cancer”可知，萨迪帮助阿奇与病魔抗争。‎ ‎46．A.married B．dressed C．accustomed D．lost 解析：选A　联系“grew up”和“settled several hundred miles away”可知，许多年过后，萨迪的孩子长大成家了，然后移居到了外地。‎ ‎47．A.stepped B．settled C．broke D．looked 解析：选B　联系空后的“a nice little home of her own”可知，萨迪退休了，她一个人住在一间小房子里。‎ ‎48．A.judge B．divide C．ease D．show 解析：选C　联系空后的“the loneliness”以及她养狗可知，为了缓解孤独感，几年来她连续养了几只狗。‎ ‎49．A.beggars B．cats C．children D．dogs 解析：选D　联系下文“Her current dog”可知，她养了几只狗。‎ ‎50．A.sometimes B．always C．seldom D．never 解析：选B　由本空前“with a bad temper”可知，她现在的这条狗总是撒野，拖拽主人。‎ ‎51．A.pleased B．interested C．concerned D．determined 解析：选A　联系上下文可知，萨迪现在的这条狗很凶猛，一年半前萨迪被它拖拽摔在雪地上，所以当有人提出帮她遛狗的时候，她应该很高兴。‎ ‎52．A.comfort B．train C．walk D．feed 解析：选C　walk the dog“遛狗”，为固定表达。‎ ‎53．A.promise B．secret C．door D．bone 解析：选D　有人帮她遛狗，这样就避免了她被狗拉倒造成骨折。‎ ‎54．A.busy B．patient C．okay D．quiet 解析：选C　每天，他都会陪她说会儿话，看看她身体是否还好。‎ ‎55．A.name B．chance C．day D．word 解析：选A　联系后文的“This morning she asked.His surname was the same as old Archie’s.”可知，有相当长的一段时间，她从来没有想到问他叫什么。last name＝surname，意为“姓”。‎ ‎56．A.worried B．surprised C．satisfied D．encouraged 解析：选B　她非常惊奇地发现，那个人竟然就是多年以前自己照顾的老阿奇的孩子之一。‎ ‎57．A.invite B．protect C．support D．visit 解析：选D　与前文的drop in相呼应可知，此处应选visit。‎ ‎58．A.count B．climb C．build D．clean 解析：选D　联系空前的“tramp mud up and down the stairs”可知，他们那个时候经常把她负责打扫的楼梯踩脏。‎ ‎59．A.cut B．gave C．knew D．picked 解析：选C　直到那一刻，两个人才知道他们是互相帮助，这真应了那句话“善有善报”。‎ ‎60．A.kindness B．knowledge C．power D．courage 解析：选A　通读全文可知，文章讲了一种善举——帮助他人。这种善举永远不会终止。‎ 第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)‎ 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ Would you like to go spelunking? Do you know __61__ it is? Spelunking is the exploration of caves as a hobby, including measuring and mapping caves and reporting on the plants or other things that grow in __62__.‎ The DeSoto Caverns in north central Alabama are a great place to go spelunking. They have one of the most aweinspiring __63__ (collect) of stalagmites (石笋) and ‎ stalactites (钟乳石) found in the United States.‎ The caves have a long history. The earliest people living there were Archaic men (Archaic Period, 8,000 to 1,000 B．C.), __64__ lived on small game, fish and nuts. During the 1500s, they __65__(explore) by the Spanish. In 1796, Benjamin Hawkins, a U．S. agent __66__ (appoint) by George Washington, wrote about the beauty of the DeSoto Caverns in a report, __67__ (make) them the first officially reported caves in the United States. During the Civil War, the DeSoto Caverns became a site for mining saltpeter (硝石), used __68__ (produce) gunpowder for the South.‎ In 1965, the caverns were officially opened to __69__ public. With highpower electric lights the caverns’ colourful beauty can be __70__ (full) appreciated. Today, the DeSoto Caverns host several major weekend festivals each year.‎ 语篇解读：你喜欢洞穴探险吗？你知道什么是洞穴探险吗？位于阿拉巴马中北部的DeSoto Caverns就是一个绝佳的去处。‎ ‎61．what　设空处引导宾语从句，且从句意为“它是什么”，故填what。‎ ‎62．them　设空处指代前面提到的caves，故填them。‎ ‎63．collections　由one of可知，设空处应用名词的复数形式，故填collections。‎ ‎64．who　设空处引导非限制性定语从句，补充说明Archaic men，且在从句中作主语，故填who。‎ ‎65．were explored　由During the 1500s可知，应用一般过去时，且they(指代the DeSoto Caverns)与explore之间是被动关系，故填were explored。‎ ‎66．appointed　appoint与agent之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，且appoint所表示的动作已完成，故填appointed。‎ ‎67．making　Benjamin Hawkins与make之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，且make所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生，故填making。‎ ‎68．to produce　硝石被用来制造火药，故填to produce作目的状语。‎ ‎69．the　public意为“公众”时，其前通常加定冠词the。‎ ‎70．fully　设空处修饰动词appreciated，故填副词fully。‎ 第四部分　写作　(满分35分，限时35分钟)‎ 第一节：短文改错(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)‎ 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。‎ 增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。‎ 删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。‎ 修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。‎ 注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；‎ ‎2．只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。‎ When I was a child, my parents made me to learn to play the violin. I have little time to play with my friends, that made me upset. I hated playing the violin at that time, just because they forced me to do it. Now looking back, I’m grateful to my parents for what he did for me. As matter of fact, music had enriched my life. It gives me joy, comfort or confidence. I have come to understand why my parents were always pushing me hardly then. Everybody will experience pains. A few hard work and sweat will never hurt us. As the old saying going, no pain no gain.‎ 答案：第一句：去掉第一个to 第二句：have→had; that→which 第四句：he→they 第五句：As后加a; had→has 第六句：or→and 第七句：hardly→hard 第九句：few→little 第十句：going→goes 第二节：书面表达(满分25分)‎ 假如你是李华，是某国际学校的学生。出于安全考虑你校最近禁止所有学生到校外就餐，但同学们认为校外的饭菜与学校食堂的相比，即便宜又好吃。请你就此事给来自英国的校长史密斯博士写一封信，并提出你的建议。‎ 注意：1.词数100左右；‎ ‎2．可以适当发挥，以使行文连贯；‎ ‎3．开头与结尾已写好，不计入总词数。‎ Dear Dr. Smith，‎ I am Li Hua, a student from Class 6, Grade 3. ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ Yours sincerely，‎ Li Hua 参考范文：‎ Dear Dr. Smith，‎ I am Li Hua, a student from Class 6, Grade 3. I’m writing to express my opinion on the new school rule made last week.‎ According to the rule, all students are forbidden to eat out during school days. It says that the food we buy outside the campus isn’t healthy and our safety is not guaranteed. However, we find the food sold in the street more delicious and cheaper. Besides, the variety of meals the school canteen supplies is too limited. So I hope we are allowed to buy food outside or some measures will be taken to improve the food in the school canteen.‎ Thank you for reading my letter. Please take my opinion into consideration.‎ Yours sincerely，‎ Li Hua