河南省沁阳一中2018-2019学年高二上学期第二次双周考英语试卷

河南省沁阳一中2018-2019学年高二上学期第二次双周考英语试卷

沁阳一中2018-2019学年高二上学期第二次考试 英语试题 ‎ 出题人：赵莎莎 本试题分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。本试卷满分150分，考试时间120分钟。‎ 第Ⅰ卷 第一部分 听力（共两节，20小题，每题1.5分，满分30分）‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 第二部分 阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）‎ 第一节 阅读下面四篇语言材料，然后按要求做题。（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）‎ A Stephen Hawking is one of the most famous scientists in this century. He was born in 1942. He’s world well-known on space and time. Stephen was searching some very big questions, such as How did the universe begin? How will it end?‎ Stephen was a student at Oxford University. He studied math and science. Then, at the age of twenty, he became sick. He was so young, but the doctors said to his family, “He has only two more years to live.” As a matter of fact, the doctors were wrong – he didn’t die. He can’t walk but he uses a wheelchair(轮椅). He can’t feed himself and get in or out of bed himself. But he refused to give in to the condition. He talks with the help of a computer. After Oxford, Stephen went to Cambridge University. Three years later, in 1965, he became a doctor of philosophy(哲学).‎ Because of his serious health problems, it was difficult for him to draw diagrams(图表) or to write. So he started to think in pictures. With this new way of thinking, he became one of the most famous scientists in the world. In 1981, he met the Pope(教皇) in Rome. They talked about his ideas. Then in 1988, he wrote his first important book, A Brief History of Time. It sold more than 5.5 million copies in 33 different languages. He was once invited to China, he impressed us with his self-confidence, humorous and witty(风趣的) conversation.‎ ‎21. Which of the following is NOT true?  ‎ A. Stephen is good at thinking.‎ B. Stephen cannot walk.‎ C. Stephen has had the answers to some very big questions.‎ D. Stephen had once studied math and science.‎ ‎22. A Brief History of Time is ________.  ‎ A. a book which is well-known all over the word B. a book about Rome’s history C. Stephen's talk collection with the Pope in Rome D. Stephen's talk collection with me in China  ‎ ‎23. Stephen's studies DO NOT relate (涉及) to ________ according to the passage.  ‎ A. science   B. math   C. philosophy   D. art  ‎ ‎24. The right order of Stephen’s main experiences in ________.‎ a. He went to Cambridge University.‎ b. He became very ill.‎ c. He wrote his first important book.‎ d. He met the Pope in Rome.  ‎ A. c-a-b-d   B. a-b-c-d   C. b-a-d-c   D. a-c-b-d B When Boris left school, he could not find a job. He tried hard and pestered (纠缠)his relatives, but they had problems of their own. He answered advertisements until he could not afford to buy any more stamps. Boris grew annoyed, then depressed, then a little hardened. Still he went on trying and still he failed. He began to think that he had no future at all.‎ ‎“Why don't you start your own business?” one of his uncles told him. “The world is a money-locker. You'd better find a way of opening it.”‎ ‎“But what can I do？”‎ ‎“Get out and have a look round,” advised his uncle in a vague sort of way. “See what people want; then give it to them, and they will pay for it.”‎ Boris began to cycle around the town and found a suitable piece of a waste ground in the end. Then he set up his business as a cycle repairer. He worked hard, made friends with his customers and gradually managed to build up his goodwill and profit. A few months later, he found that he had more work than he could deal with by himself. He found a number of empty shops but they were all no good：in the wrong position，too expensive or with some other snag(障碍)．But at long last, he managed to find an empty shop on a new estate（土地，地区） where there were plenty of customers but no competition.‎ Boris and his assistant taught themselves how to repair scooters and motorcycles. Slowly but surely the profits increased and the business developed. At last, Boris had managed to open the moneylocker and found bank notes and gold coins inside. ‎ 25. Which of the following would be the BEST title for the passage?‎ A. Goodwill is the key to success B. The world is a moneylocker C. No education, no future D. Difficulty of starting a small business ‎26. Boris started his career by________.‎ A. cycling around the town B. developing a waste ground C. repairing cycles D. buying empty shops ‎27. Boris finally chose an empty shop on a new estate because________.‎ A. it was not so expensive B. he had a lot of old customers there C. he could make good use of his skills there D. there were good opportunities there ‎28. We can infer from the last paragraph that Boris______.‎ A. still couldn't make good profits B. set off in a successful career C. found a lot of gold coins by accident D. had great difficulty running his business C ‎“Friendly doctors are bad for their patients’ health,” researchers have warned as a new study revealed two thirds of young doctors struggle to be truthful with patients they like.‎ ‎ Blurring(使…变得模糊不清) the lines between social and professional relationships can affect the level of care offered and prevent patients from being honest about important side effects.‎ ‎ ”Doctors should avoid adding patients as friends on Facebook, they should not hug or allow patients to call them by their first names.” regulators have warned.“Those who break the boundaries will face some punishment.”‎ ‎  It comes as a survey of 338 oncologists(肿瘤科医生) under the age of 40, found 59 percent said they found it difficult to tell the truth to those patients they liked. Sixty percent of respondents(调查对象) said if doctors felt too close to their patients, it could prevent them from making objective decisions about a person’s care.‎ ‎  Lesley Fallowfield, of Brighton and Sussex Medical Schoo1, said: “Oncology is a profession that can be enormously rewarding but is filled with many challenges. Young oncologists have to master dealing with anxious patients who are facing a life-threatening disease; conveying the true prognosis(预断); discussing the ‎ complexity of modern treatments; and explaining the unavailability of some drugs, the side-effects of treatment, and likely treatment aims.”‎ ‎ But she said,“Those doctors who have entered the profession in the age of the ‘Internet world’ are more likely to fall victim to(成为...的牺牲品/受害者) blurring the professional boundaries（界限） with patients.‎ ‎ She said: “The difficulty, if you hug and kiss patients, if you allow them to call you by your first name, is that quickly the relationship can become confused as a social one rather than a professional one. Doctors become confused, ‘I really like this person, how can I bear to tell them that they’re going to die?’They find it more difficult to be objective.”‎ ‎29. Why are friendly doctors bad for their patients’ health?‎ A. They don't like to cheat patients.‎ B. They are not good at treating patients.‎ C. They find it not easier to be objective to the patients.‎ D. They seldom blur the relationship with patients.‎ ‎30. What should doctors do according to the regulators?‎ A. Add patients as friends on Facebook.‎ B. Have close connection with patients in life.‎ C. Always be cold to patients.‎ D. Keep a proper distance to patients.‎ ‎31. Which opinion will Lesley Fallowfield agree with?‎ A. Oncology is a rewarding profession without challenges.‎ B. The Internet makes it easier for young doctors to break the boundaries.‎ C. It’s not the duty of doctors to deal with patients’ anxiety.‎ D. Becoming friends with patients will help them recover soon.‎ ‎32. Young oncologists will face the following challenges except   .‎ A. dealing with a lot of life-threatening diseases B. discussing difficulties of treatment with patients C. explaining the reason for the lack of some medicine D. informing patients of the possible results of the treatment D ‎  College graduation brings both the satisfaction of academic (学术的) achievement and the expectation of a well-paying job. But for 6,000 graduates at San Jose State this year, there’s uncertainty as they enter one of the worst job markets in decades.‎ ‎    Ryan Stewart has a freshly new degree in religious studies, but no job chance of success. “You look at everybody’s parents and neighbors, and they’re getting laid off and don’t have jobs,” said Stewart. Then you look at the young people just coming into the workforce ...it’s just scary(恐怖的).”‎ ‎    When they entered college the future never looked brighter. But in the four years when they’ve been here, the world outside has changed dramatically.‎ ‎   “Those were the exciting times, lots of dot-com opportunities, exploding offers, students getting top dollar with lots of benefits," said Cheryl Allmen-Vinnidge, of the San Jose State Career Center. “Times have changed. It’s a new market.” Cheryl Allmen-Vinnidge ought to know. She runs the San Jose State Career Center. It is sort of a crossroads between college and the real world. Allmen-Vinnidge says students who do find jobs after college have done their homework.‎ ‎  The typical graduate who does have a job offer started working on it two years ago. They’ve postured(表现) themselves well during the summer. They’ve had several internships(实习期),”she said. And they’ve majored in one of the few fields that are still hot--like chemical engineering, accounting, or nursing--where average starting salaries have actually increased over last year. Other popular fields (like information systems management, computer science, and political science) have seen big declines in starting salaries.‎ ‎     Ryan Stewart (he had hoped to become a teacher) may just end up going back to school.‎ ‎  “I’d like to teach college some day and that requires more schooling, which would be great in a bad economy,” he said.‎ ‎     To some students a degree may not be ticket to instant wealth. For now, they can only hope its value will increase over time.‎ ‎33. The first paragraph mainly tells us that               .‎ A. college graduates are content with their academic achievements B. college graduates have good job prospects C. college graduates are in face of a severe job situation D. excellent achievements help them find a well-paying job ‎34. What does the underlined word “its” in the last paragraph refer to?‎ A. a degree’s B. a job’s C. a ticket’s D. a graduate’s ‎35. How is the passage organized?‎ A. By telling stories. B. By giving examples.‎ C. By time orders. D. By explaining reasons.‎ 第二节 （共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）‎ 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 ‎ How to Prepare for the First Time at Anything There are no unchanged things in the world, and everything is developing and changing at anytime. 36 Using the following tips you'll have a much better chance to enjoy the experience the next time you face something new.‎ Don't pursue the perfection On very rare occasions can you manage to do something perfectly the first time you do it, so when you do something for the first time, it is time to give up the goal of perfection. In general, it is useless to struggle for perfection when you do something for the first time. Trying to be perfect is just a waste of time. 37 ‎ The time you spend doesn't matter ‎ One common characteristic of doing something for the first time is that it is most likely to be more time-consuming. If you are inexperienced, the first few times you are just going to be learning anyway--and hopefully getting better in the process. 38 You will realize that the second time is much easier, since you already have some experience in your pocket.‎ ‎ 39 ‎ ‎ Once you have gone through your “first time experience”, you'll have broken the biggest barrier of all. The excitement and fear is most likely gone and the next time won't be that scary any more. To make the next time even a smoother experience, you'd better write things down during your first time. You can go through them when preparing for the second time. 40 ‎ A. Prepare for the second time B. Forget what others think C. You'll feel bad when you are not able to meet the level you have set D. Just take your time and try to learn as much as possible as you go E. So you'll never be fully prepared for the first time at everything F. This way can help you to feel more confident before the actual event begins G. Remember that others have also started from “zero” as well 第三部分 完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）‎ ‎ 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从41-60各题所给的四个选项中，选出最佳选项。‎ One October morning, the sky was clear and the sun was shining. Bethany Hamilton decided to go   41   with some friends in Hawaii. ‎ ‎ As one of the best teenage surfers in the world, the 13-year-old American girl was planning to become a    42   surfer. Cheerfully, she was lying on her surfboard, waiting for the next big wave. Suddenly, a big shark   43   her left arm and shook her backwards and forwards. Bethany held onto her board and the shark eventually swam away-- but it took her   44  away with it.    45   it attacked only once. It happened so fast that she didn’t even    46. As Bethany started to swim back to the beach with one arm, her friends thought she was joking. But to their horror, they saw the   47   and rushed to help.‎ Having lost almost half the blood, Bethany’s    48   was a miracle(奇迹), according to doctors, but she wanted to do   49   just survive. “It never crossed my mind that I might never get on a surfboard again,” she recalled later. “I wondered whether I would actually be   50   to do it or not. But   51  I left hospital, I had decided that I was going to surf.”‎ With the support of her family, Bethany   52   to get back on her board only one month after the attack. Her dad fixed a handle on her surfboard to help her paddle(划水) through and into waves. When she returned to surfing at a competition in Hawaii, Bethany was   53   in dangerous waves that broke her surfboard. As a result, she gave away her remaining boards and quit. She tried using an artificial arm, but it turned out to be   54  while surfing.‎ After  55  in Thailand in the 2004 earthquake and helping homeless survivors who had lost everything, Bethany   56   her decision to give up the sport she loved and   57   to try professional surfing again. Less than a year after the accident,‎ ‎ she won first place in a surfing competition in Hawaii. And all her struggles and efforts   58   when she won in a world championship years later.‎ She also received several    59  , including a special award for courage at the MTV Teen Choice Awards in 2004 and the Woman of the Year Award from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia in 2006. Her   60  , true story gained wider attention with the release(发行)of the film “Soul Surfer”.‎ ‎41. A. swimming  B. surfing C. sailing  D. boating ‎42. A. dream B. free  C. professional D. special ‎43. A. touched  B. struck C. bit  D. took ‎44. A. hand B. surfboard  C. friend  D. arm ‎45. A. Fortunately   B. Especially  C. Surprisingly  D. Strangely ‎ ‎46. A scream B. fight  C. think D. escape ‎47. A. shark  B. blood C. attack   D. scene ‎48. A. injury  B. courage  C. accident D. survival ‎49. A. rather than B. better than  C. more than  D. instead of ‎50. A. able B. strong   C. lucky D. suitable ‎51. A. before B. while    C. after D. until ‎52. A. offered B. managed C. hoped D. agreed ‎53. A. lost   B. driven   C. caught D. noticed ‎54. A. wonderful  B. helpful   C. meaningless D. useless ‎55. A. volunteering B. settling  C. traveling  D. training ‎56. A. reconsidered B. recalled   C. recognized D.‎ ‎ remembered ‎57. A. refused B. continued C. decided D. started ‎58. A. paid in B. paid for C. paid off D. paid out ‎59. A. rewards B. respects C. gifts D. honors ‎60. A. dangerous B. inspiring C. exciting D. adventurous 第II卷（非选择题）‎ 第四部分 ‎ 语法填空（15分）‎ We high school students do have some growing pains, 61 we can get rid of them correctly and wisely. First, some of us are upset about their body styles and looks. It’s 62 (necessary) and it’s not important at all. We needn’t care about it. It is one’s inner beauty 63 matters. Second, we sometimes seem to be misunderstood by our teachers, parents and classmates. 64 (face) with this, we can find 65 proper time to have a hear-to-heart talk with them, 66 (try) to remove the misunderstanding. Some of us have fewer friends. I think 67  (be) open-minded and friendly will do you good. Third, we may fall behind others, 68 makes us stressed. ____69 (actual) we can encourage ourselves to work efficiently, full of 70 (determine). Last, some of us don’t have much pocket money, so they feel unhappy. Isn’t it strange? So long as we have some, that’s enough. And we can learn how to spend money.‎ 第五部分 短文改错（满分10分） (请按要求改错，否则不得分!)‎ 英语课上，老师要求同桌同学相互修改作文。假设以下书信为你同桌所写，请你对其进行修改。文中共有10处错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 ‎ 增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号（∧），并在此符号下面写出该加的词。‎ 删除：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉。‎ 修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。‎ 注意： 1、每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；‎ ‎2、只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。‎ Dear Tom, ‎ ‎ It was greatly to receive your email. Now, I would like to tell you something that takes place in my school yesterday. We held “growing-up” ceremony for our ‎ up-coming eighteenth birthdays. First, we both made promises that we would have a sense of duty. Beside, we showed our thanks to our parents who have gone through hardships to bring you up and teachers who have educated us patiently. Finally, we put on some wonderful performance, singing and dance happily. I think the activity is important to us, that I will remember it for the rest of my life.‎ Yours, ‎ Li Ming 第二节 书面表达（满分25分）‎ ‎ 国庆假期即将来临，不少同学打算去上海迪士尼乐园（Shanghai Disney Resort）游玩，请你根据以下提供的游览要求，写一篇英语短文，谈谈我们在游览期间应注意的礼仪，并就这些礼仪要求简单表达你的看法及理由。‎ ‎1.排队等候，不要大声喧哗，听从园区工作人员指挥；‎ ‎2.在场馆观看表演时，关闭手机，不吃零食；‎ ‎3.就餐后，不在餐厅长时间停留，带走垃圾。‎ 注意：1. 词数100词左右； ‎ 2. 可适当发挥，以使行文连贯；‎ 3. 开头已给出，不计入总词数。 ‎ 参考词汇：排队等候 wait in line 场馆pavilion 餐厅cafeteria With the National Day holiday drawing near, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 高二英语试题第二次考试答案 第一部分 听力（共两节，20小题，每题1.5分，满分30分）‎ ‎1-5 ACBCA 6-10 CBBAC 11-15AABAB 16-20 CBCBA 第二部分 阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）‎ A篇21-24 CADC B篇25-28 BCDB C篇29-32 CDBA D篇33-35 CAB 七选五36-40ECDAF 第三部分 完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）‎ ‎41-45 BCCDA 46-50 ABDCA 51-55 ABCDA 56-60 ACCDB 第四部分 语法填空 ‎61. but; 62. unnecessary; 63. that; 64. Faced; 65. a;‎ ‎66. trying; 67. being; 68. which; 69. Actually; 70. determination 第五部分 写作（共两节，满分35分）‎ 第一节 短文改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）‎ 第一句 greatly-great； 第二句 takes-took; 第三句held后加a; 第四句both-all; ‎ 第五句Beside-Besides, you-us; 第六句performance-performances, dance-dancing; 第七句that-which, 去掉it ‎ 第二节 书面表达（满分25分）‎ With the National Day holiday drawing near, a large number of students are going to pay a visit to Shanghai Disney Resort, which will make us relax and broaden our horizons. However, some travelers have some bad behaviors and habits, so good manners are expected during the visit.‎ First and foremost, do not jump the queue. We should be patient to wait in line and follow the workers’ directions in the resort. It is a bad thing to shout in public places. In addition, while watching shows in pavilions, we’d better keep our cell phones off and not eat any snacks. What’s more, the cafeterias may be very busy, so it is not a good idea to stay too long after finishing the meal. In the meanwhile, don’t forget to take the rubbish away.‎ If everyone who visits Shanghai Disney Resort is careful with the rules, the resort can go smoothly and we will all benefit from it.‎ 答案解析：‎ B 主人公Boris毕业后，在寻找工作的过程中展中屡屡受挫，十分失望。在叔叔的建议下，他从修理自行车开始，逐渐地走向成功。‎ ‎25．B　标题判断题。纵观全文可以看出，文章通过主人公求职屡遭拒绝，然后经过调整思路赚得第一桶金，最后把自己的生意越做越大，从而打开了世界这把锁钱的锁的故事，由此可知，B项作为本文的标题最合适。‎ ‎26．C　细节理解题。由倒数第二段的“Then he set up his business as a cycle repairer.”可知答案。‎ ‎27．D　推理判断题。由倒数第二段的“But at long last，he managed to find an employ shop on a new estate where there were plenty of customers but no competition.”可以看出，那里顾客较多、没有竞争，也就是说那里机会好，所以选D。‎ ‎28．B　推理判断题。最后一段前半部分告诉我们Boris的生意越做越大，利润越来越可观，最后一句对此作了总结，由此可以看出，他的事业取得了成功。‎ C ‎ ‎29.C 细节理解题。通过文章第一段和最后一段可知答案。 注意对首段中struggle to be truthful with的理解.‎ ‎30.D. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段可以推断选D。‎ ‎31.B. 细节理解题。文章的最后三段都是Lesley Fallow-Held的观点。B选项可从倒数第二段的内容推知。故选B。‎ ‎32.A 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段的叙述可知,肿瘤科医生面临的挑战不包含A项。‎ D ‎ ‎33.C 主旨大意题。文章第一段主要讲述今年圣何塞州立大学6 000个毕业生面临最严峻的就业形势,就业存在着不确定因素,所以答案选C项。‎ ‎34.A 词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“他们只能希望学位的价值能随时间推移而提高”可得知,its应该是指a degree’s, 故答案为A项。‎ ‎35.B 推理判断题。根据文章第二段的“Ryan Stewart”和第四段的"Chery1 Allmen-Vinnidge"可得知,答案为B。‎ 完形填空【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述的是冲浪女孩Bethany ‎ Hamilton在一次冲浪中，突然遭到一头凶猛的鲨鱼的攻击，左臂被咬掉。在经历了几次尝试后，她曾经一度放弃梦想，但是在参加了一次志愿活动之后，又决心为梦想而奋斗，最终她的努力得到了回报。‎ ‎41. B根据第二段第一句中的“the best teenage surfers in the world”可知，Bethany应该是去冲浪。‎ ‎42. C根据倒数第二段第一句中的“to try professional surfing again”可知，她的梦想是当一名专业的冲浪手。professional 专业的 ‎43. C根据上下文情景可知，鲨鱼应该是“咬”住Bethany的胳膊。bite-bit-bitten 咬 ‎44. D根据第三段第一句可知，她用一条胳膊往回游，是因为另一条胳膊被鲨鱼咬掉了。‎ ‎45. A根据空格前后的语境可知，鲨鱼只攻击了她一次，所以她应该是幸运的，如果鲨鱼再次攻击，她可能会有生命危险。‎ ‎46. A根据上文内容可知，鲨鱼攻击速度之快，她甚至连呼救的机会都没有。A项意为“呼喊，呼救”；B项意为“战斗，打”；C项意为“思考”；D项意为“逃跑，逃脱”。‎ ‎47.B根据下文“Having lost almost half the blood”可知，她的朋友本以为她在开玩笑，但看到她流血后才匆忙赶去营救。‎ ‎48.D根据下文内容及常识可知，在流了身体里一半的血后，Bethany Hamilton能够“活下来”或“幸存下来”是一个奇迹。‎ ‎49.C根据下文内容可知，活下来并不是她唯一的念头，她还想要追求自己的冲浪梦想。C项意为“不仅仅，不只是”，符合语境。A项意为“而不是”；B项意为“好于，超过”；D项意为“代替”。‎ ‎50.A根据语境可知，由于自己的身体缺陷，Bethany开始怀疑自己是否有能力再去冲浪。be able to do...意为“能够做……”，符合语境。‎ ‎51.A根据下文“had decided”为过去完成时可知，“decided”发生在“left”之前，因此此处应该选before，即在出院之前就已经下定决心了。‎ ‎52.B句意：在她家人的支持下，仅仅在受到袭击一个月后，Bethany又成功地回到了冲浪板上。manage to do sth意为“设法做成某事”，符合语境。hope to do sth意为“希望做某事”；agree to do sth意为“同意做某事”；offer to do sth意为“提出要做某事”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎53.C此处指她遭遇巨浪，帆板被冲断。be caught in意为“遭遇……”，符合语境。‎ ‎54.D句意：她尝试用假肢，但是结果证明在冲浪时不管用。根据“but”可知，假肢不管用。‎ ‎55.A根据下文中的“helping homeless survivors”可知，她是去泰国当志愿者，即自愿帮助地震中的那些无家可归的幸存者。‎ ‎56.A根据语境可知，以前她放弃了自己所热爱的运动，但是在当志愿者时帮助那些在地震中无家可归的幸存者后，她又重新考虑了这个决定。reconsider 重新考虑 recall 回忆 ‎57.C句意：……她决心再次尝试专业冲浪。decide to do sth意为“决心去做某事”，符合语境。‎ ‎58.C根据空格后的“when she won in a world championship years later”可知，此处指她所有的努力和付出都获得了回报。pay off意为“得到好结果，得到回报或成功”，符合语境。pay out意为“付出，报复”；pay for意为“为……付款”；pay in意为“存款”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎59.D根据空格后的具体奖项可知，此处是说她获得的荣誉。honor意为“荣誉，光荣的事”。‎ ‎60.B根据上文内容可知，残疾女孩Bethany为梦想而努力奋斗并最终获得成功，这样真实的故事是“激励或鼓舞人心的(inspiring)”。adventurous 冒险的