2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(六)如何理理清句间结构之指代

2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(六)如何理理清句间结构之指代

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(六) 如何理理清句间结构之指代 为了简洁明了地表达事物及其逻辑关系，作者常会利用各种代词、名词来代替前面提到过的人、物或事。当指代词前后的句子结构比较复杂、指代词与其代替的人、物或事相隔较远或指代词周围出现多个事物时，这种指代关系往往不容易一下区分清楚，因而常常受到命题人的青睐。‎ ‎[高考典例1]　2018•全国卷Ⅰ•阅读七选五 Color is fundamental in home design — something you'll always have in every room. A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you'll love to live in. Do you want a room that's full of life? Professional? Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day? 36_B(Whatever_you're_looking_for),_color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.‎ Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point. __37__， they can get a little complex. But good news is that there're really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.‎ A．While all of them are useful B．Whatever you're looking for C．If you're experimenting with a color D．Small color choices are the ones we're most familiar with E．It's not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces F．So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time G．Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways ‎[分析]　空格后的“they”指代上文中的“a number of different techniques”，且与A项中的“all of them”相呼应，故A项符合语境。‎ ‎[高考典例2]　2017•全国卷Ⅰ•C篇 ‎[2]Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.‎ ‎[3]It's Jason Moran's job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.‎ Q: What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?‎ A．Jazz becoming more accessible.‎ B．The production of jazz growing faster.‎ C．Jazz being less popular with the young.‎ D．The jazz audience becoming larger.‎ ‎[分析]　第二段介绍了爵士乐不受年轻人喜欢。第三段首句承接上文，介绍了Jason Moran帮助改变这个状况，故画线词that指代上段的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量不断减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选C。‎ ‎[高考典例3]　2017•全国卷Ⅰ•D篇 ‎[2]To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the_water_catcher's productivity.Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole.Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.‎ Q: What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A．The tube.　　　　　　　　 B．The still.‎ C．The hole. D．The cup.‎ ‎[分析]　根据选段第一句“To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.”可知，画线部分the water catcher指代前句中的a working still，即自制的太阳能蒸馏器。故选B。‎ ‎[课下语篇提能练]　　　 30分钟 ‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A Accommodation at University College Cork, Ireland Oncampus Accommodation UCC Campus accommodation is more than just a place to eat and sleep — it provides social, cultural and sporting shops and the chance to develop friendships that will last a lifetime.Our accommodation services are divided into our two areas of operation, one being the safe, modern accommodation for those studying during the academic year.The other one is the excellent summer accommodation for holiday or summer course visitors who are seeking what is a very special environment to stay in with every modern convenience but dipped in history and the atmosphere of one of Europe's oldest and most highly regarded universities.‎ Rental Housing This is where the student lives with a family and 1～5 other students and you get your breakfast, evening meal and light supper.Rates are available for both single and shared rooms, five days or sevenday board.Prices are set and no landlady can charge over this agreed rate.This is a very economical and safe accommodation option and particularly well suited to freshmen.Lists of landladies are available free from the Accommodation Office by post, fax and email.‎ Shared Student Housing Available rooms are advertised in the Accommodation Office throughout the year.Updated lists of them are provided daily.Lifetime friendship is easily developed here.‎ Living with a Landlord Usually this provides more mature students with a high standard of accommodation at reasonable rents, usually a little below the market price.Vacancies are advertised in the Accommodation Office throughout the year.‎ 语篇解读：本文主要介绍了供大学生选择的一些住宿信息。‎ ‎1．What is special about the environment of oncampus accommodation?‎ A．It benefits freshmen a lot during holidays.‎ B．It is the most highly regarded accommodation in Europe.‎ C．It helps develop a lifelong friendship between roommates.‎ D．It is a perfect mix of modern equipment and historical surroundings.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据Oncampus Accommodation部分中“modern accommodation for those studying during the academic year”以及“with every modern convenience but dipped in history and the atmosphere of one of Europe's oldest and most highly regarded universities”可知校内住宿的环境的特殊之处在于它是现代化设备和历史环境的完美混合，故选D。‎ ‎2．Which is recommended to firstyear students at their university?‎ A．Oncampus Accommodation.‎ B．Living with a Landlord.‎ C．Shared Student Housing.‎ D．Rental Housing.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据Rental Housing部分中“This is a very economical and safe accommodation option and particularly well suited to freshmen.”可知，对于大一新生来说，特别推荐Rental Housing，故选D。‎ ‎3．What do we know about the Accommodation Office?‎ A．It doesn't deal with rents for students.‎ B．It serves students and gets paid for what it does.‎ C．It provides information on the accommodation choices.‎ D．It is seen as a bridge between the university and students.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Available rooms are advertised in the Accommodation Office throughout the year.”可推断出Accommodation Office提供住宿选择的信息，故选C。‎ B In the Arctic Ocean waters live the social animals — belugas, which are also known as white whales.Highly intelligent, these whales use different sounds to communicate and find their way.Belugas are also among the smallest kinds of whales.‎ More than 210 belugas, including 31 in the United States, live in aquariums (水族馆) around the world.The Georgia Aquarium has asked for permission to bring 18 more belugas into the US.The whales were caught off the coast of Russia.The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is considering the aquarium's request thoroughly.A law called the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) says the animals can only be brought into the country and put on display if they are caught without being hurt and there is an educational reason for doing so.‎ Georgia Aquarium officials say the 18 belugas will help people learn more about the species and allow scientists to better understand how to protect it.The aquarium would also breed the whales so the US aquariums can continue to display them.“When we can study and observe，we gain a better understanding of their biology and diseases that affect them，and learn how to aid populations in their natural habitats，” says William Hurley, Georgia Aquarium's chief officer.“Much of this research would be impossible in the remote locations and extreme climates where the animals live.” The Georgia Aquarium would own the 18 belugas and would rent some to aquariums across the country.‎ Meanwhile，many scientists，including Lori Marino，a whale expert, feel strongly that the whales belong in the ocean, not in tanks.These scientists say the whales are being used for entertainment and not for education, and having them in aquariums is not necessary for the species to survive.Marino said，“Not only is it unfair to the belugas but there is no educational value in putting these whales on display.” ‎ 语篇解读：白鲸是一种生活在北极的聪明的动物，现在有210多头生活在人类世界的水族馆里，美国的一家水族馆请求再引进18头，引起了专家们的争论。‎ ‎4．What can we learn about belugas?‎ A．They live in the Atlantic Ocean.‎ B．They are highly thought of.‎ C．They are very smart whales.‎ D．They are the smallest in number.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Highly intelligent, these whales ... their way.”可 得出答案。‎ ‎5．If the Georgia Aquarium's request is allowed, __________ .‎ A．there'll be 210 belugas in the world B．259 belugas in all will be kept in aquariums C．there will be 49 belugas kept in aquariums in the US D．18 belugas will be caught by Russians ‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“including 31 in the United States, live in aquariums (水族馆)”以及“to bring 18 more belugas into the US”可得出答案。‎ ‎6．According to Marine Mammal Protection Act, ________.‎ A．the request should be refused without consideration B．animals cannot be brought into the US and put on display C．animals can only be caught if they were hurt D．animals cannot be caught for commercial purposes 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第二段第三句中“is considering the aquarium's request thoroughly”可知A项错误；根据第二段最后一句中“says the animals ... for doing so”可知B、C两项错误。故选D。‎ ‎7．What does the third paragraph intend to tell us?‎ A．The reasons why Georgia Aquarium requests for the 18 belugas.‎ B．How the 18 belugas will be dealt with in Georgia Aquarium.‎ C．Belugas can live better in human care in Georgia Aquarium.‎ D．Scientific research about the belugas can be done better in the wild.‎ 解析：选A　段落大意题。本段主要介绍了乔治亚水族馆的主管说明申请引进18头白鲸的理由。故选A项。‎ C ‎(2019•郑州第三次质量预测)Since English biologist Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, scientists have vastly improved their knowledge of natural history.However, a lot of information is still the subject of speculation, and scientists can still only make educated guesses at certain things.‎ One subject that they guess at is why some 400 million years ago, animals in the sea developed limbs that allowed them to move onto and live on land.‎ Recently, an idea that occurred to the US paleontologist (古生物学家) Alfred Romer a century ago became a hot topic once again.‎ Romer thought that tide pools might have led to fish gaining limbs.Sea animals would have been forced into these pools by strong tides.Then, they would have been made either to adapt to their new environment close to land or die.The fittest among them grew to accomplish the transition from sea to land.‎ Romer called these earliest fourfooted animals “tetrapods”．Science has always thought that this was a credible theory, but only recently has there been strong enough evidence to support it.‎ Hannah Byrne is an oceanographer (海洋学家) at Uppsala University in Sweden.She announced at the 2018 Ocean Sciences Meeting in Oregon, US, that by using computer software, her team had managed to link Romer's theory to places where fossil deposits of the earliest tetrapods were found.‎ According to the magazine Science, in 2014, Steven Balbus, a scientist at the University of Oxford ‎ in the UK, calculated that 400 million years ago, when the move from land to sea was achieved, tides were stronger than they are today.This is because the planet was 10 percent closer to the moon than it is now.‎ The creatures stranded in the pools would have been under the pressure of “survival of the fittest”， explained Mattias Green, an ocean scientist at the UK's Bangor University.As he told Science, “After a few days in these pools, you become food or you run out of food ...The fish that had large limbs had an advantage because they could flip (快速翻转) themselves back in the water.”‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章就“大约4亿年前，为什么海里的动物长出了可以使它们迁移到并生活在陆地上的四肢？”这一问题列出了不同的科学家提供的不同证据。‎ ‎8．Who first proposed the theory that fish might have gained limbs because of tidal pools?‎ A．Alfred Romer.　　　　　　 B．Charles Darwin.‎ C．Hannah Byrne. D．Steven Balbus.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据文章第三段及第四段第一句可知，最先提出潮水潭导致鱼类长出四肢这一观点的是美国的古生物学家Alfred Romer，故本题选A。‎ ‎9．Why were tides stronger 400 million years ago than they are today according to Steven Balbus?‎ A．There were larger oceans.‎ B．Earth was closer to the moon.‎ C．The moon gave off more energy.‎ D．Earth was under greater pressure.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第七段最后一句“This is because the planet was 10 percent closer to the moon than it is now.”可知，4亿年前，潮汐比现在更强劲，这是因为地球离月球比现在近了10%。本题答案为B。‎ ‎10．The underlined word “stranded” in the last paragraph probably means “________”．‎ A．found B．settled C．abandoned D．trapped 解析：选D　词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“After a few days in these pools, you become food or you run out of food”可知，“The creatures stranded in the pools would have been under the pressure of ‘survival of the fittest’”表示被困在潮水潭的生物将会受到“适者生存”的压力。第四段第三句也是信息提示。故本题答案为D。trap“使落入险境，使陷入困境”。‎ ‎11．What is the focus of the article?‎ A．The arguments over a scientific theory.‎ B．The proposal of a new scientific theory.‎ C．Some new evidence to support a previous theory.‎ D．A new discovery that questions a previous theory.‎ 解析：选C　主旨大意题。根据第三段可知，最近美国古生物学家Alfred Romer一个世纪前的想法再次成为一个热门话题。根据第二段可知，这个想法正是对“大约4亿年前，为什么海里的动物长出了可以使它们迁移到并生活在陆地上的四肢？”这一问题的思考，故这个问题是以前的问题，且文章给出了不同的科学家最近提供的不同证据。故选C。‎ Ⅱ.阅读七选五 ‎(2019•四川省绵阳市诊断性考试)Stress is so common that many people choose to ignore it.But without right management, stress can be something much more serious.__1___ They allow you to continue living your life in a healthy, happy manner.‎ Breathe The stressrelief technique that pretty much everyone's heard of, the act of breathing nonetheless remains an important point as any when it comes to cooling down the angry blood that's raging (发怒) around your body.___2___‎ Write ‎__3___Scribble (涂写) your feelings onto a piece of paper.They don't even have to make sense.Just punch (按键) away at your computer on a daytoday basis for five or ten minutes, and you might be surprised at how light, and carefree you feel afterwards.‎ ‎__4___‎ Laughing allows us to take in a momentous supply of fresh oxygen from the air, stimulating (刺激) the muscles and providing our system with some healthy shock treatment that eases tension brought on by stress.Laughing is something we need to do everyday to stay healthy, and is a great way to keep the bad effects of stress at bay.‎ Sleep Sleep is absolutely essential for avoiding high stress levels.Everyone needs good amounts of rest, and by remaining glued (寸步不离) to a computer screen for the entire day without taking a break, your body will suffer the consequences, and stress will rise as a result.__5___‎ A．Cry B．Laugh C．Stress can build up in anyone.‎ D．Listed here are 4 ways to cope with stress.‎ E．Type away at your desk and channel your emotions into your harddrive.‎ F．Taking along, deep breath to calm yourself is medically proven to be beneficial.‎ G．Take frequent breaks away from the screen, get some sleep, and see your stress ease up.‎ 语篇解读：本文作者针对如何减压这一问题给出了自己的一些建议。‎ ‎1．选D　下文提到他们会让你继续以一种健康、快乐的方式生活，再结合下面几段列举的四种应对压力的方法可知，应选D。‎ ‎2．选F　根据小标题可知，本段主要介绍了呼吸减压法，F项中提到了深呼吸减压法，符合题意。‎ ‎3．选E　下文提到把自己的压力写在一张纸上，E项谈到在桌边把你的情绪打出来，符合题意。‎ ‎4．选B　根据下文可知，本段主要讲述的是大笑减压法，故选B项。‎ ‎5．选G　此段讲述的是睡眠减压法，同时还提到了坐在电脑前寸步不离会伤害身体，G项谈到远离电脑屏幕，好好睡觉让压力得以缓解，符合题意。‎