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【英语】江苏南京市玄武高级中学2020届高三下学期模拟训练试题
江苏南京市玄武高级中学2020届高三下学期模拟训练 英语试题 第一部分 听力(共两节,满分20分) 第一节(共5小题;每小题1分,满分5分) 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题,从试题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 1. What is the man going to buy? A. $ 5.5 for a red one. B.$11 for two red ones. C. $13.6 for two green ones. 2. What was the feeling of the man? A. He was tired of listening. B. He stayed awake. C. The work was important. 3. What is the man going to do for his holiday? A. Stay at home. B. Collect coins. C. Volunteer in the west. 4. Where does the conversation probably take place? A. In a train. B. In a plane. C. In a restaurant. 5. Why didn’t Mary sleep well? A. She had a headache. B.She was troubled by noise. C. She had a stomachache. 第二节(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分) 听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。 听第6段材料,回答第6至8题。 6. When will the man go to see the doctor? A. On Tuesday. B. On Wednesday. C. On Thursday. 7. What’s wrong with the man? A. He hurt his foot. B. He broke his leg. C. He was hit by a ladder. 8. What do we know from the dialogue? A. The man can’t go to the hospital. B. The appointment time is quite fit for the man. C. The man would prefer to visit the doctor earlier. 听第7段材料,回答第9至11题。 9. What does the woman believe? A. Mahjong is a beneficial hobby. B. Mahjong can become an addiction. C. Mahjong is too boring to play. 10. What are they going to do now? A. Teach their partners. B. Learn old card games. C. Play mahjong games. 11. What used to be the man’s hobbies? A. Playing old card games. B. Stamp collecting and reading. C. Playing old card games and Mahjong. 听第8段材料,回答第12至14题。 12. What does the man probably do? A. A manager. B. A salesman. C. A cleaner. 13. What is NOT needed for his job? A. Copying machine. B. wax(蜡). C.Floor-polishing machine. 14. What’s the possible relationship between them? A. Workmates. B. Teacher and student. C. Employer and employee. 听第9段材料,回答第15至17题。 15. Why is the woman worried? A. There’s something wrong with her car. B. The mechanic(机修工) might try to overcharge her. C. Good mechanics(机修工) are not available. 16. What does the woman think of her mechanic? A. He overcharges her. B. He takes advantage of her. C. He is reliable. 17. Where does the conversation probably take place? A. In a shop. B. In a school. C. In a park. 听第10段材料,回答第18至20题。 18. What were the students going to do? A. They were going to read news on TV. B. They were going to celebrate the writer’s sister’s birthday. C. They were going to read their articles before a video camera. 19. Why was the writer so nervous? A. She had never stood before a video camera. B. She had never read her own article before a video camera. C. This camera was different from the one he had once faced. 20. What was the writer’s feeling to her class teacher? A. Nervous. B. Afraid. C. Thankful. 第二部分 英语知识运用(共两节,满分35分) 第一节 单项填空(共15小题:每小题1分,满分15分) 请认真阅读下面各题,从题中所给的A、B、C. D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。. 21. It is widely believed that an apple fell from its branches were the ________ for Newton's discovery of gravity. A. intelligence B. acquaintance C. application D. inspiration 22. We students had better ________ some sports because sports can give us a perfect figure and protect us from getting illness easily. A. take up B. make up C. pick up D. build up 23. ——H hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday. ——Oh, how nicc! Do you know when she, ________? A. was leaving B. had left C. has left D. left 24. In this article, the author is going to discuss some of the job choices ________ to us and which jobs are best suited to us. A. artistic B. available C. unconscious D. tentative 25. ——Tom. your foreign teacher speaks Chinese fluently! ——Oh, she has lived in China for six years, otherwise she. ________ such good Chinese. A. didn't speak B. would not have spoken C. hadn't spoken D. would not speak 26. There arc many famous cultural relics in our country many, ________ thousands of years ago. A. date back to B. dating back to C. dated back to D. were dated back to 27. It is graceful grief and sweet sadness 1o think of you, but in my heart, there is a kind of soft warmth that can't be ________with any choice of words. A. advocated B. conveyed C. analyzed D. concluded 28. His conduct was considered to be quite ________ , because it deepened the gap between two parties and caused more conflicts. A. out of place B. out of mind C. out of order D. out of question 29. The ship s generator broke down, and the pumps had to be operated ________ instead of mechanically. A. artificially B. automatically C. manually D. systematically 30. The couple have decided to go to France for holiday, even if air fares ________ again betwccn now and next summer. A. went up B. go up C. will go up D. will have gone up 31. At the beginning of the class, the noise of the desks ________ could be heard out in the street. A. having been opened and closed B. opened and closed C. being opened and closed D. to be opened and closed 32. At ________ he thinks is the appropriate moment, he will tell them all ________ he has suffered these years. A. when; that B. when; what C. what; what D. what: which 33. Without sufficient support from the consumers. this company failed to stay ________ last year. A. tickled pink B. in the red C. in the black D. whitc as a sheet 34. TV's influence should be measured not only in terms of immediate change in behavior, but also by the extent ________ it develops a certain view of life. A. which B. by which C. in which D. to which 35. ——Daring, make a careful budget for our son at university. ——________.he wasn't born yesterday. A. Come on B. Look out C. That's settled D. That's great 第二节 完形填空(共20小题:每小题1分,满分20分 请认真阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 How Running Helped Me Turn My Life Around I've never been an athlete. Aside from excelling at all academic disciplines at school, my main goal was to_36_ PE at all costs. In my twenties, I went for an occasional yoga or Zumba class, but that was really the summary of all my athletic accomplishments. That was until the end of 2016. when I was unexpectedly laid off. The__ 37__ of getting a new job soon were not in my favor and_ 38_ thoughts of not being good enough started to kick in. I was feeling quite depressed but pushed myself to go and_ 39_ for the TCS NYC Marathon runners as the course was going through our neighborhood. However, while being there, I got phenomenal_ 40_ from all the runners, smiling, applauding and high-fiving constantly. Not a runner myself, I thought maybe I could give runninga_41_, just to try, to use my neglected gym membership and see where it_ 42_ me. And so I tried. I went 10 my local gym the next morning and got on a treadmill(跑步机). I was out of breath by minute five, but 1_ 43_ down, walked for a bit and then restarted. I came back the next day, hoping to_ 44_ a few minutes longer. By the end of two weeks, I could run for 30 minutes, which was a huge_ 45__ While I saw my body starting to look more toned. I also noticed my negative thoughts didn't occur that_46_ _ And it sparked a thought- what if l could set a running_ 47_ and sign up for my first-ever race? I did and races sort of became a new hobby. In the meantime. I was able to_ 48_ a few freelance( 自由职业的) projects. They offered me a good _49_ , and, most importantly, the time to work out for the big race. Also, when I was going for interviews, I started to feel very_ 50_ in my abilities, experience and skills. . I got my full-time job_ 51_ at my dream company just a couple of weeks before the halfmarathon. Although I got an_ 52__ of overtraining right before the race, I still went for it and still finished within my _53_ time. I still have a long running__ 54__ shcad of me- -I'd love to work on my speed, my technique and I dream of running a marathon outside of the US. Running gives me__ 55__ that I can do anything I set my mind to. 36. A. attend B. avoid C. pursue D. postpone 37. A. options B. plans C. hopes D. odds 38. A. dark B. deep C. critical D. random 39. A. call B. look C. cheer D. stand 40. A. sympathy B. pleasure C. luck D. energy 41.A. lift B. shot C. break D. choice 42. A. meets B. leaves C. takes D. drops 43. A. came B. fell C. went D. slowed 44.A. last B. walk C. rest D. function 45. A. credit B. impact C. success D. opportunity 46. A. readily B. frequently C. normally D. occasionally 47. A. goal B. limit C. record D. standard 48. A. create B. secure C. approve D. continue 49. A. service B. position C. future D. income 50. A. absorbed B. interested C. confident D. confused 51. A. offer B. permit C. schedule D. application 52. A. award B. honor C. iniurv D. issue 53. A. anointed B. exnected C. original D. snare 54. A. show B. route . C. distance D. journey 55. A. faith B. consideration C. evidence D.guidance 第三部分 阅读理解(共15小题;每小题2分,满分30分) 请认真阅读下列短文,从短文后各题所给的A、B、C. D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。 A Get Your Unlimited Card at Cineworld Cinemas Enjoy Unlimited Films Watch all the films you want at any Cineworld for just one monthly price. Being an Unlimited card holder gives you access to all the 2D fiIms you can handle for one monthly price. Watch what you want, when you want, as many times as you want. Plus, save money when watching films in 3D and others. After you've been with us for more than I year we Il upgrade you to a Premium Card and you'll get into 3D films completely free too! Start enjoying today by using a temporary pass while you wait for your card t0 arrive in the post. 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You can earn a maximum of 12 Free Months with your Recommend a Friend code. so recommend Unlimited to 12 friends and you could get a full year of free Unlimited cinema! 56. The cinema names its membership card “Unlimited" because A. one can have the benefits for good upon joining the membership B. Cineworld members can enjoy as many 2D and 3D films as they like for free C. it frees a member from any regular payment lo the movie tickets at Cineworld D. card holders can share limitless discounts and offers with friends and relatives 57. This passage is probably written to A. secure the loyalty of potential customers B. introduce the latest movies and discounts C. promote the popularity of Cineworld cinemas D. give away movie cards to readers for free B A rare hole has opened up in the ozone layer above the Arctic, in what scientists say is the result of unusually low temperatures in the atmosphere above the north pole. The hole, which has been racked from space and the ground over the past few days, has reached record dimensions, but is not expected t0 pose any danger to humans unless it moves further south. If it extends further south overpopulated areas, such as southern Greenland, people would be at increased risk of sunburn. However, on current trends the hole is expected to disappear altogether in a few weeks. Low temperatures in the northern polar regions led to an unusual stable polar vortex( 极地漩涡),and the presence of ozone-destroying chemicals such as chlorine(氯) in the atmosphere - from human activities – caused the hole to form. “The hole is principally a geophysical curiosity" said Vincen1-Henri Puech, director of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service. "We monitored unusual dynamic conditions, which drive the process of chemical depletion of ozone. Those dynamics allowed for lower temperatures and a more stable vortex than usual over the Arctic. which then triggered the formation of polar stratospheric(平流层的) clouds and the catalytic(催化的) destruction of ozone. The hole is not related to the Covid-19 shutdowns that have dramatically cut air pollution and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. It is also too early t0 say whether the unusually stable Arctic polar vortex conditions are linked with the climate crisis. or part of normal stratospheric weather variability. Peuch said there were no direct implications for the climate crisis. Temperatures in the region are already increasing. slowing the depletion of 0zone, and the hole will start to recover as polar air mixes with ozone-rich air from lower latitudes. The last time similar conditions were observed was in spring 2011. While a hole over the Arctic is a rare event, the much larger hole in the ozone layer over the Antarctic has been a major cause for concern for more than four decades. The production of ozonc-depleting chemicals has been dramatically reduced, under the 1987 Montreal Protocol(蒙特利尔协议),but some sources appear still to be functioning- -in 2018 unauthorized emissions were detected from some areas. New sources of ozone-depleting chemicals were not a factor in the hole observed in the Arctic, said Peuch. "However. this is a reminder that one should not take the Montreal Protocol measures for granted. and that observations from the ground and from satellites are central 10 avoid a situation where the ozone-destroying chemical level in the stratosphere could increase again." 58. What is the possible meaning of the underlined word “depletion" in paragraph 4? A. Replacement B. consumption C. increase D. production 59. What can be learned from the last two paragraphs? A. The hole over the Arctic shares the same causes as the one over the Antarctic. B. Human activities arc highly responsible for producing ozone-destroying chemicals. C. The Montreal Protocol has successfully prevented new emissions. D. Some new illegal emissions are to blame for the hole over the Arctic. 60. The best title for the passage is probably__________ A. Record-size Hole Opens in Ozone Layer above the Arctic B. Actions Urgently Needed for a New Hole in Ozone Layer C. Environmental Disaster and International Cooperation D. How a Hole in Ozone Affects our Life on Earth C No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing the order of the words and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs (助动词), we are able t0 communicate variations in meaning. We can tum a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to Lake place, and perform other word tricks to convey delicate differences in meaning. Besides, grammar is universal and plays a part in every language. no matter how widespread it is. So the question which has confused many linguists is: who created grammar? At first, this question would appear impossible to answer. To find out how grammar is created,someone needs to be present at the time of a language' 's creation, documenting its emergence. Some linguists are able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but to know the forming of complex languages, the researcher needs to observe how languages are started from scratch. Amazingly, however, this is possible. Some recent languages evolved due 1o the Atlantic slave trade. At that time, slaves from different nations were forced to work together. Since they could not learn each other 's languages. they developed a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowners. Little grammar is found in them, and in many casks it is difficult for a listener to infer when an event happened, and who did what to whom. Speakers need to use circumlocution (迂回曲折的说法) in order to make themselves understood. Interestingly. however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be exposed to it. Slave children did not simply copy words from their elders. they adapted them to create a language. It included new word orders and grammatical markers. Cormplex grammar systems merging from pidgins are termed creoles. which arc invented by children. Some linguists believe that many of the world's most established languages were creoles at first. The –ed ending in English past tense may have evolved from “did". "It ended". which was first used by kids, may once have been ““It end-did". Therefore. it would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created by children. Children appear to have been born with grammatical machinery in their brains, which can serve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy. 61. W hat does paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A. Languagc learners know that grammar is of complexity. B. One cal do a lot with his good command of grammar. C. Grammar is both complex and universal in languages. D. Linguists face a question in creating confusing grammars 62. The underlined expression “from scratch" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to. A from the very beginning B. in ancient cultures C. by copying something else D. by using written information 63. What can be inferred about the slaves' pidgin language? A. It contained a complex grammar system. B. It was first created by the slaves' landowners. C. It was based on a lot of different languages. D. It was difficult to understand, even among slaves. 64. What can be concluded from the last paragraph? A. The English past tense system is inaccurate. B. English was probably once a kind of creole. C. Linguists have proven that English was created by children. D. Children use English past tenses differently from adults. D Yet again, I won't be moving up at my high school ①The high school graduation season is ended on Long Island. Summer's moving into high gear. The seniors have moved on, ready to begin the next stages of their lives. All the students in my junior English class are looking forward to senior year. All of them, but not mc. I've been left back. Again. Stuck in junior English for the 32nd time. ②I've been close to advancement a few times. One year I even spoke al graduation. It was a great honor. People applauded. And sill, they didn't let me graduate. September came around, and 1 was in the same classroom, reading the same books, knowing all the endings. Everybody else was a stranger. Everything was new for everyone else. I had no friends. Didn't know a soul except Gatsby and Hamlet and Emily Webb. ③At the start of the school year, everybody else talked so much that the noise reminded me of an orchestra . (交响乐队) warming up. Looking round the classroom, I felt alone and hopeful. I comforted myself with the thought that this might be the year. This might be my June. I might finally move up and get out of junior English class. ④But it didn't happen. And now all the people in my class whom I gradually came to know and even like are gone. Moved ahead without me. I've been left back. Again. ⑤So, a strange thing has happened. I' ve grown old in high school. I've become an old man. True. far from decrepit - I'm not ready for the Guinness Book of Records - but sill, unnaturally old for high school. ⑥I mean, isn't high school supposed to be a passage? A journey rather than a destination? You endure it. You overcome it. Nowadays, before they even leave it, students become nostalgic (怀旧), remembering the good times. ⑦But what if you' ve never left? How can I look back when it's right here all round me each and every year? Again. Over and over. ⑧'The people changed, but the place remains basically the same. ⑨Oh, I've endured the cosmetic changes: celluloid film (胶片电影) to VHS to DVD; the evolution of chalkboard to white board to Smart Board; the transformation from handwritten grade books and pocket calculators to online grade book programs; and the rise of the ubiquitous smartphone. But the bell schedule, the calendar, the cheers at athletic events, the applause at concerts and plays, the snow days,the meetings, the crowded hallways. the excited chatter, the lines of yellow school buses in the mornings and afternoons. The American flag flapping atop the pole in front of the building, these things don't change. After all these years, that sameness provides comfort. ◎So. July and August will heal my bruised ego (自我). I have not been promoted. Again. No matter. A couple of trees in the backyard need trimming. A new path off the back deck needs building. I can awaken to the sound of the birds rather than before them. Sit by the fire pit and watch the stars appear in the darkening sky . Hopefully, by September I'll be ready to meet some new faces. And I'll start renewed. I'll work real hard and do my best. I guess I'll be OK, even if l get left back again. 65. The author didn' t graduate because,___________ A. he didn't do well in his lessons B. he was not given a chance to C. he liked the junior English class D. he didn't behave well enough 66. Paragraphs 2-4 convey the sense that___________ A. the author was not good at communicating with others B. the author treasured the friendships with other students C. the author was sad to stay in the same grade year after year D. the author treasured the friendship with Gatsby, Hamlet and Emily Webb 67. What docs the underlined word “it” in paragraph 7 refer to? A. the life in the high school B. the junior English class C. memory of the good times D. being alone in high school 68. What does the author intend to convey by Paragraph 9? A. The reality of an American high school. B. His nostalgia for the life in the school. C. His change in attitude toward the life in the school. D. What has changed and what has not in the school. 69. What will "heal the bruised ego" of the author? A. The chance for him to speak at graduation B. The belief that he will eventually be promoted. C. The hope that he will soon meet some new faces. D. Things that he can do during the summer vocation. 70. What might the author most probably be? A. A teacher who is trapped in his communication problems B. A teacher who has been teaching at junior grade for many years. C. A student who is bitter about being unfairly treated in his school. D. A student who has been struggling to graduate from high school. 第四部分 任务型阅读(共10小题;每小题1分,满分10分) 请认真阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。 Many personality psychologists believe that there are five basic dimensions that make up a person's personality. Experts call them the“Big 5". One of them is conscientiousness (勤勉认真),which is the character trait of being purposeful, careful, and giving careful attention 10 what is happening. The presence of consciousnesses is the basic personality trait that influences people 1o set and schematically chase goals. It is what makes people keep their word, fulfill their responsibilities and remain firm and loyal in the face of opposition. In other words. it is the ability to live purposefully. How do you know if you are conscientious or not? A person with low levels of conscientiousness can be described as easily distracted, unfocused and unmotivated. If you often can't keep focused on what you are doing and find yourself constantly failing to achieve your personal goals or giving up projects midway. you may need 10 work hard to live in a more conscientious fashion. But if you always have things neat, tidy and well organized. and if you establish routines and then stick to them as much as possible, then you are probably conscientious. Conscientious people have several great common habits that are worth studying. They always look at the advantages and disadvantages of a situation and consider the consequences of their actions. Because of the conscientious think before they act, they are able to commit to things they know they can deliver. They provide exactly what they promise. They consider the cost before they make a promise and then work hard to do what they say they are going to do. Taking mental notes is great and we all do it. But there is one major problem with using your mental notes to recall information- you won't remember it sometimes. Conscientious people write things down. They add dates to their calendar. They are schedulers and note-takers. They intentionally make taking notes a part of their routine and standard operating procedure. Moreover, a conscientious person is neither a coward nor a victim. They take responsibility for their part in failures and don't run away from problems. They stand firmly and face the issues, and then think up a plan and attack. They are brave, tough and wise. They seek out solutions to their problems and refuse to ““sweep things under the carpet" or blame others. Conscientiousness is an act of one's will. It is intentional and requires purposeful actions, an organized mind and an industrious attitude. It is challenging to internalize the above key habits of conscientious people. However, if you succeed in doing it, you will set yourself up to be a reliable, productive and wildly successful version of yourself. A conscientious mind The definition of conscientiousness It is a personality trait that influences whether people set and pursue long-range goals, think carefully about their choices and take their responsibilities. The(71)_ of conscientiousness It enables people to live systematically and intentionally, doing what they have (72). _ taking on their responsibilities and standing firm even when facing opposition. The (73)___ of conscientious people ●They are quite able to (74)_ on their tasks, work towards their goals and spare no effort to finish their projects instead of quitting halfway. ●They always organize and keep things in (75) _ __ . put themselves on a schedule and do things as planned. (76)_ _ learned from conscientious people ●(77)__ comprehensively and deeply before taking action and always keep a promise. ●Don't (78)_ _on mental notes, because it is far from helpful for us to recall the information later. ●Develop a habit of taking notes, specify things you have to do by the date and then do them as scheduled. ●Bravely accept responsibility for the failures and problems. and try to figure out how to solve them without (79)____ them or blaming the failure on others. Conclusion ●A combination of purposeful actions. an organized mind and an industrious attitude is the key to conscientiousness. ●Leading a conscientious life is not easy, but is (80) _ it, because it helps to make you more dependable and do things more efficiently. 第五部分 书面表达(满分25分) The 2020 Host Competition is well received among the audience. Ever since its first debut in 1988, six fabulous shows have not only exhibited superior talents of performers, but also served as platforms where all Chinese aspire to appreciate and discuss a variety of heated topics. One of the hos---Dong Qing. referred by the public as “cainv",a Chinese word of admiring a lady's intellectual and emotional capabilities, always capture both our attention and heart by her witty words. Recent show once again witnessed her moment when she commented on a picture after a contestant s performance. “No winner after a gunshot. " She called forth people’s strong sense of protecting wildlife. Then the numbers of remarks hit a new high on Weibo. A netizen named Mai Tian said that to ensure the prosperity of future generations, balance must find its way between humanity and nature. Lin Xiao also made a remark that with the recent Covid-19 going global, isn' t it the best example of what human beings broke the delicta balance with nature? When humans violate the nature law, we are nothing but a doomed species, left to be judged by the future. So proper balance must be found and maintained. [写作内容] 1.用约30个词概括上述材料内容; 2.就"人与自然的平衡”话题,请谈谈你的看法,并用2-3个理由或论据支撑你的看法。 [写作要求] 1.作文中可以利用了解到的经历.也可以参照阅读材料的内容,但不得直接引用原文中的句子: 2.文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称; 3.不必写标题。 【参考答案】 听力选项 01-05 BAABB 06-10AACBC 11-15BCAAA 16-20CBCBC 单项填空 21-25 DADBD 26- 30 BBACB 31-35 CCCDA 完形填空 36- 40 BDACD 41-45 BCDAC 46-50 BABDC 51- 55 ACBDA 阅读理解 56-57 CA 58-60 BBA 61-64 CADB 65-70 BCACDB 任务型阅读 71. importance/significance 72. Promised 73. qualities/ characteristics/features 74. focus/ concentrate 75. order 76. Lessons 77. Think 78. rely/ depend/count 79. hiding 80. worth 书面表达 One possible version: Boasting witty remarks and great popularity, 2020 Host Competition brought people's attention on the relationship between men and nature, which gave rise to a strong appeal among netizens of preserving their balance. Personally speaking, I strongly advocate that the delicate balance between men and nature should be handled with great care. Firstly, nature, as we all admit, serves as the basis of all men's living and thriving, giving birth to diverse splendid civilizations. If nature is trampled at will, what we humans have achieved for centuries will be wiped out as well. Secondly, all nations around the globe have no option but to make joint efforts to issue strict bans on protecting and strengthening the bond between nature and human, which will greatly prevent the destruction of the balance. Mostly importantly, since every one of humans matters in this protection campaign, a consensus that raising people' s awareness is crucial to nature protection ought to be reached in no time. To conclude, it goes without saying that preserving proper balance is a difficult problem concerning all mankind, but one that can be addressed by laws and individuals' consciousness.查看更多