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【英语】2018届二轮复习名词考点典题讲与练学案(11页word版)
2018届二轮复习 名词典题讲与练 一 名词考点解读 在阅读理解和完形填空中,名词的一词多义、熟词新意也经常涉及。因此,在备考中一定要结合具体的语境去感悟、理解名词的辨析、名词的一词多义以及名词的习惯用法。 一、名词的分类 二、名词的数:可数与不可数 学习名词,首先要分清名词的可数与不可数。可数名词是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西,因此它有复数形式。不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它一般没有复数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a/an修饰,若要表示它的个体意义时,必须与一个名词短语连用,相当于中文里的(数词+量词+名词),其中的量词意义视具体的名词搭配而定。如:a piece of bread/paper/furniture/news/advice/information。 一般来说,名词是可数还是不可数,其分类方法与汉语相似,但又不完全相同,因此不能完全凭汉语的感觉去分类,如:同样为“建议”,advice是不可数名词,而suggestion却是可数名词。因此,在学习名词时,要注意积累那些和我们汉语感觉不同的词。 三、名词的转化 1.一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下: (1) 抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如: 抽象名词(不可数) in surprise 惊讶地win success 获得成功win honor 赢得荣誉Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母.have pity on sb. 怜悯某人with pleasure 乐意 具体化(个体名词,可数名词)a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事a success 一个(件)成功的人(事)an honor 一个(件)引以为荣的人(事)a failure 一个(件)失败的人(事)a pity 可惜的事情a pleasure 乐事 (2) 抽象名词与a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。请对比: After several years' self study he acquired a great deal of knowledge. A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. Have you had any experience of teaching English? I had a rather different experience the other day. Walk is a good form of exercise. Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me? It is a waste of time reading such a novel. There is too much waste in this factory. 【易错警示】 有些抽象名词不能具体化使用,即使有形容词修饰,也不能和不定冠词连用。这类名词有:fun,advice,information,health, progress, wealth, news, weather,homework等。 2. 物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词。如: (1) 物质名词有形或数的相应物体,有单、复数。some coffee 一些咖啡 a coffee 一杯咖啡some drink 一些饮料 a drink 一杯饮料his hair 他的头发 a few white hairs 几根白发 glass 玻璃 a glass 一只玻璃杯 (2) 物质名词有形容词修饰时,前面要使用不定冠词。 have breakfast、have a wonderful breakfast The road is covered with snow. 、They have a heavy snow every year. Time and tide wait for no man. 、We had a wonderful time last night. 3. 有复数形式的不可数名词 (1) 有些抽象名词有时以复数形式出现,表示具体化,意义发生变化或构成固定短语。如: use one's brains 动脑筋 meet with difficulties 遇到各种困难make preparations 做准备in high spirits 情绪高涨good manners 有礼貌Many thanks. 非常感谢。No pains,no gains. 不劳无获。congratulations 祝贺possessions 所有物,财产surroundings 环境 (2) 有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。如: burst into tears 大哭起来miles of golden sands 绵延几英里的金黄色沙滩 burn to ashes 烧成灰烬 四、名词的格 1. 's所有格的特殊表达形式 (1) 用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后。如:today's newspaper, five minutes' walk(drive),five pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth of apples。 (2) 用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如:the earth's plant, the world's population, China's industry, New York's parks。 (3) 表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。如:the tailor's 裁缝店,the barber's理发店,go to the doctor's上诊所。 2. of所有格 (1) 基本形式:a friend of Tom's;some/two students of mine (2) 表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时,of 所修饰的名词前通常有指示代词that/this/these/those, 但不能用the。如: That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的。(表赞赏) 五、名词作定语 名词作定语是现代英语较为简洁的修饰语表达方式,根据习惯搭配可归为以下几类: 表示中心词的用途、功能、材料。stone wall, shoe shop, coffee cup 表示中心词的时间、地点、称呼。summer school, evening dress, street light 表示中心词的类别、对象、身份。bike key, animal trainer, woman driver 注意:1. 名词作定语时,一般用其单数形式,且不随后面的名词的单复数产生变化。如: two pencil boxes, girl friends 但是,少数的名词作定语却用复数形式,如:sports shoes 运动鞋clothes shops 服装店a sales girl女销售员a greetings card 贺卡a customs officer 海关人员 2. man和woman作定语要注意其单复数形式的变化。 a man doctor—men doctors; a woman engineer—women engineers 3. 名词作定语和所有格作定语的区别。 the girl friend女朋友—the girl's friend那位女孩的朋友 the woman driver女司机—the woman's driver那位妇女的司机 4. 名词作定语和形容词作定语的区别。 名词作定语主要说明物质的材料、来源或对象;形容词作定语主要起修饰、限定的作用。 gold watch金表; golden sunshine金色的阳光heart trouble心脏病;hearty welcome热忱的欢迎 convenience food快餐;convenient food制作方便的食品 六、名词在具体语境中的辨析 由于现在的高考越来越注重在语境中考查词汇的使用能力,因此在语境中对名词进行辨析使用已成为单项填空和完形填空对名词的热点考查项目。如: 1. [2010·天津卷] James took the magazines off the little table to make _______ for the television. A.room B.area C.field D.position 2. [2010·安徽卷] I haven't seen Sara since she was a little girl,and she has changed beyond ________. A.hearing B.strength C.recognition D.measure 3. [2010·湖北卷] For two weeks,Mark accompanied Susan to and from work each day. He taught her how to rely on her other 40 , specifically her hearing, to determine where she was and how to adapt to her new 41 . 40.A. feelings B.organs C.skills D.senses 41.A. position B.environment C.status D.role 二 名词难点点击 句子改错 1. There is fierce competition between the three shoes shops in the street. 2.Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy return of the day! 3.He works in a child hospital. 4.The manager has got a good business idea, so the company is doing well. 1. A make room for 腾地方。room 意为“空间”等于space,为不可数名词。 2. C 句意为:Sara是小孩子的时候我见过,后来就没见过她,她变得让人认不出来了。 beyond recognition变得面目全非。3. 40.D 41.B (Susan失明之后,)丈夫教她如何依靠她的其他感觉尤其是听觉来判断她身处何处和如何适应新的环境。 1.shoes-shoe,此处指商店的性质,用单数形式。2.这是一句固定的生日祝福语, “祝你生日快乐,长命百岁”。returns 在此处便是约定俗成的用法。3.child--children's 有些名词作定语表示名词的适用范围时,习惯上用名词复数的's所有格形式,如:a children's magazine (= a magazine for children);men's clothes (= clothes for men)。 4.idea---senseidea指对某件具体事物的看法或想法,显然不符合语境。sense意识,……感。 实战演练 1. —Don't be so naughty! Be your ________. —Got it. A.manners B.age C.behavior D.politeness 2. —How can I use this MP5? —Well, just refer to the __________. A.directions B.explanations C.expressions D.introductions 3. In Rome, it's a common _______ to have a shot of espresso after breakfast. A.practice B.taste C.sense D.customs 4.The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly __________. A.atmosphere B.state C.situation D.phenomenon 5. —Hi,this way, please. —OK. I sometimes have no sense of _________ when I arrive at the crossroads. A.position B.direction C.situation D.condition 6.Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _______. A.intention B.attempt C.purpose D.desire 7. Mr. Brown thought it would be a good idea to have ___from his workers to improve his plan. A.summaries B.Inquiries C.comments D.connections 8. Don't try to persuade your boss,and he won't have the __ of employing me-a fresh student. A.intention B.attention C.sense D.attraction 9. What's the ________ having a public open space where you can't eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while? A.sense B.matter C.case D.opinion 10.I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale;it was a real ________. A.exchange B.bargain C.trade D.business 11.If you ask why I plan to study in the United States,the only answer is that it is a (n) __ for me. A.puzzle B.advantage C.challenge D.average 12.—Shall we go out for a walk? —Sorry. This is not the right ________ to invite me. I am too tired to walk. A.moment B.situation C.place D.chance 13.To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their ________ and weaknesses. A.strengths B.benefits C.techniques D.values 14.It is well known to us all that in China pigeons stand for peace. However, in India the wheel in its national flag is also a ________ of peace. A.example B.sign C.mark D.symbol 15.One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but will help cover my living ________. A.bills B.expenses C.prices D.Charges 答案: 1. B be one's age行为和年龄相称。此处意为:你成熟点。2. A 依据题意可知,表达“参照说明书”应用refer to the directions。directions指示, 用法, 说明(书);explanations解释,说明;expressions表达;introductions介绍。故选择A项。 3. A 本题考查名词词义辨析。practice惯例,侧重习惯性做某事;taste味道,品味;sense感觉,观念;customs海关。由语境可知,在罗马,早餐后喝杯浓咖啡是个惯例。common sense常识。选A4.A 句意为:两国领导人在一种友好的氛围中进行交谈。B和C都有“情形,情况”的意思,D 是“现象”,只有A“氛围”符合题意。5.B have no sense of direction 意为“没有方向感”。6.B attempt在此表示“尝试”。7. C comment意见。句意为:布朗先生认为听取工人的意见来改进工作计划是一个好办法。而不是 summary“总结”;enquiry “询问,打听”;connection“联系”。8.A 句意为:别费力说服你的老板了,他不想雇用我这个大一学生的。have the intention of doing sth.意为“打算做某事,有做某事的意图”,是固定搭配。9. A sense在此处指“意义,含义”;matter事件,问题,原因;case事,案例;opinion意见,看法,主张。What's the sense of…?有什么意义。10.B 句意为:我仅花10美元买了一件甩卖的裙子;真是一件便宜货。bargain廉价货,便宜货。exchange交换, 交流; trade贸易;business商业,买卖;事情。11.C challenge意为“挑战”,即选择在美国学习的理由是因为这样做具有挑战性。其他选项不合语境:puzzle意为“困惑”;advantage意为“优点,优势”;average意为“平均数”。12.A 从语境可知“我累得不能走了”,因此“这不是邀请我的最佳时刻”。13.A strength在此处指“优势,优点”,与weakness(弱势,弱点)相对。14. D 句意为:众所周知在中国鸽子代表和平,而在印度国旗上的车轮也是和平的象征。symbol 意为“象征;符号”,故D项符合题意。sign记号;符号;标牌;征兆;mark记号;符号;标记;痕迹;example例子;样本;范例;榜样。15. B句意为:每月一千美元不是一笔大数目的钱,但却足够支付我的生活费用。living expenses生活开支/费用。bill账单,清单;price价格;charge要价,收费。 查看更多