专题15阅读理解（专题）-2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破

专题15阅读理解（专题）-2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破

专题15阅读理解（专题）‎ ‎2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破 ‎【2017年高考考纲解读】‎ 要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：‎ ‎①理解主旨和要义；‎ ‎②理解文中具体信息；‎ ‎③根据上下文推断生词的词义；‎ ‎④作出判断和推理；‎ ‎⑤理解文章的基本结构；‎ ‎⑥理解作者的意图、观点和态度。‎ ‎【重点、难点剖析】‎ 一、选题特征 分析近几年的高考阅读试题，可以看出高考选题具有以下四个特征：‎ ‎1．时代新颖性 每年的高考试卷中都有一定的文章，讲某一领域的新知识或介绍一些新观念、新方法或新事物，如：浙江卷介绍具有触摸屏导购装置的超市购物车。‎ ‎2．人文实用性 每年的高考试卷中都有一定的新闻和广告方面的应用文，注重人文与学生生活、社会生活的结合，尽可能体现语言的实用性与工具性。如：全国卷的(英国)路透社对于美加边界居民跨国界做礼拜的报道。‎ ‎3．体裁多样性 高考阅读的体裁包括人物传记、叙述文、说明文、应用文和议论文。如：江苏卷的A篇是人物传记，介绍英国作家Jane Austen；B篇是应用文，书店导购；C篇是叙述文，讲述the Sahara Festival庆祝活动相关内容；D篇是说明文，介绍植物自我保护功能；E篇是议论文，论述了20世纪科学上的 进步给人类带来的影响。可以说，如果语言输入量没有一定的广度，是不能适应这种选材上的多样化的。‎ ‎4．考查综合性 为了能够考查学生较高层面上的阅读技能，所选语篇在结构上都较复杂。作者在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上，运用了较高的组篇手段。这些语篇内容一般有逻辑、有层次、有深度，因而，试题的命制也有相应的层次。另外，每年都有一定比例的试题是考语言以外的背景知识，会涉及到人文、地理、历史、政治、自然科学等方面。‎ 二、题干设计 总体来说，其干扰项目的设置具有一定的科学理论模糊性，正确答案项与干扰项差异不明显，因而干扰项具有很大的迷惑性。供选项少则每项为一个词，多则每项为一个长句，多数是每项为一个短语。‎ 阅读理解题设计从题干到选项都具有灵活、巧妙、含蓄、迂回、曲折等特点，干扰性体现在：脱离原文、以偏概全、扩缩范围、偷换概念、正误并存。因此，必须在明确题意、排除干扰、找出文章依据的前提下，经过深刻思考才能确定答案。‎ ‎【题型示例】‎ 题型一 细节理解 例1、(2016·全国Ⅰ，A片段)‎ Rosa Parks (1913－2005)‎ On December 1,1995，in Montgomery，Alabama，Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger.Her simple act landed Parks in prison.But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott.It lasted for more than a year，and kicked off the civilrights movement.“The only tired I was，was tired of giving in，” said Parks.‎ ‎23．Who made a great contribution to the civilrights movement in the U．S.?‎ A．Jane Addams. 　　 B．Rachel Carson.‎ C．Sandra Day O’Connor. 　　 D．Rosa Parks.‎ 答案　D ‎ 【举一反三】 (2015·全国Ⅰ，A)‎ Monthly Talks at London Canal Museum Our monthly talks start at 19：30 on the first Thursday of each month except August.Admission is at normal charges and you don't need to book.They end around 21：00.‎ November 7th The Canal Pioneers，by Chris Lewis.James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early ‎ canal engineers.He was also a major player in training others in the art of canal planning and building.Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early “civil engineers”．‎ December 5th Ice for the Metropolis，by Malcolm Tucker.Well before the arrival of freezers，there was a demand for ice for food preservation and catering.Malcolm will explain the history of importing natural ice and the technology of building ice wells，and how London's ice trade grew.‎ February 6th An Update on the Cotswold Canals，by Liz Payne.The Stroudwater Canal is moving towards reopening.The Thames and Severn Canal will take a little longer.We will have a report on the present state of play.‎ March_6th Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands，by Miranda Vickers.The Thames has many islands.Miranda has undertaken a review of all of them.She will tell us about those of greatest interest.‎ Online bookings：www.canalmuseum.org.uk/book More info：www.canalmuseum.org.uk/whatson London Canal Museum ‎1213 New Wharf Road，London NI 9RT www.canalmuseum.org.uk　www.canalmuseum.mobi Tel：020 7713 0836‎ 文章大意：本文是一则关于伦敦运河博物馆月度讲座安排的广告。‎ ‎1．When is the talk on James Brindley?‎ A．February 6th. B．March 6th.‎ C．November 7th. D．December 5th.‎ ‎ 2．What is the topic of the talk in February?‎ A．The Canal Pioneers.‎ B．Ice for the Metropolis.‎ C．Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands.‎ D．An Update on the Cotswold Canals.‎ 答案：D　细节理解题。根据题目中的February定位到第四段，该日期对应的讲座是本段的第一句An Update on the Cotswold Canals, by Liz Payne.故选D项 ‎3．Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames?‎ A．Miranda Vickers. B．Malcolm Tucker.‎ C．Chris Lewis. D．Liz Payne.‎ 答案：A　细节理解题。根据第五段第一句Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands, by Miranda Vickers.可知应选A项。‎ 题型二 主旨大意 例2、(2016·全国Ⅱ，C片段)‎ Reading can be a social activity.Think of the people who belong to book groups.They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them.Now，the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.‎ Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share.BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book.Then the person leaves it in a public place，hoping that the book will have an adventure，traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.‎ Bruce Pederson，the managing director of BookCrossing，says，“The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read.BookCrossing combines both.”‎ ‎32．What is the best title for the text?‎ A．Online Reading：A Virtual Tour B．Electronic Books：A New Trend C．A Book Group Brings Tradition Back D．A Website Links People Through Books 答案　D ‎【举一反三】(2016·江苏，B)‎ Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways，like gathering in war parties to protect their ‎ territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings，they have little instinct(本能) to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children，who are able from a young age to gather their own food.‎ In the laboratory，chimps don’t naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or，with no greater effort，a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage，he will pull at random—he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.‎ Human children，on the other hand，are naturally cooperative.From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door，almost all will immediately try to help.‎ There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help，inform and share are not taught，but naturally possessed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially.Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded.A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills，at least when compared with chimps.In tests conducted by Tomasello，the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.‎ The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality.Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But beyond that，even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose.They actively seek to be part of a “we”，a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.‎ ‎60．The passage is mainly about .‎ A．the helping behaviors of young children B．ways to train children’s shared intentionality C．cooperation as a distinctive human nature D．the development of intelligence in children 答案　C ‎【变式探究】(2015·全国Ⅱ·D)‎ Choose Your OneDay Tours!‎ Tour A—Bath & Stonehenge including entrance fees to the ancient Roman bathrooms and Stonehenge—￡37 until 26 March and ￡39 thereafter.‎ Visit the city with over 2,000 years of history and Bath Abbey，the Royal Crescent and the Costume Museum.Stonehenge is one of the world's most famous prehistoric monuments dating back over 5,000 years.‎ Tour B—Oxford & Stratford including entrance fees to the University St Mary's Church Tower and Anne Hathaway's house—￡32 until 12 March and ￡36 thereafter.‎ Oxford：Includes a guided tour of England's oldest university city and colleges.Look over the “city of dreaming spires(尖顶)”from St Mary's Church Tower.Stratford：Includes a guided tour exploring much of the Shakespeare wonder.‎ Tour C—Windsor Castle & Hampton Court including entrance fees to Hampton Court Palace—￡34 until 11 March and ￡37 thereafter.‎ Includes a guided tour of Windsor and Hampton Court，Henry Ⅷ's favourite palace.Free time to visit Windsor Castle(entrance fees not included)．With 500 years of history，Hampton Court was once the home of four Kings and one Queen.Now this former royal palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction.Visit the palace and its various historic gardens，which include the famous maze(迷宫)where it is easy to get lost!‎ Tour D—Cambridge including entrance fees to the Tower of Saint Mary the Great—￡33 until 18 March and ￡37 thereafter.‎ Includes a guided tour of Cambridge，the famous university town，and the gardens of the 18th century.‎ 文章大意：本文向我们介绍了英国境内一日游的四条路线，其中包括每条路线的价格。‎ ‎4．Which tour will you choose if you want to see England's oldest university city?‎ A．Tour A. B．Tour B.‎ C．Tour C. D．Tour D.‎ 答案：B　细节理解题。由题干中的England's oldest university可以定位到原文Tour B中Oxford: Includes a guided tour of England's oldest university city and colleges.可直接锁定答案，故选B项。‎ ‎5．Which of the following tours charges the lowest fee on 17 March?‎ A．Windsor Castle & Hampton Court.‎ B．Oxford & Stratford.‎ C．Bath & Stonehenge.‎ D．Cambridge.‎ 答案：D　细节理解题。根据每一部分的价格可知：3月17日Tour A为37英镑，Tour B为36英镑，Tour C为37英镑，Tour D为33英镑，故选D项。‎ ‎6．Why is Hampton Court a major tourist attraction?‎ A．It used to be the home of royal families.‎ B．It used to be a wellknown maze.‎ C．It is the oldest palace in Britain.‎ D．It is a worldfamous castle.‎ 答案：A　细节理解题。由题干中的Hampton Court和a major tourist attraction可以定位到Tour C，根据Hampton Court was once the home of four Kings and one Queen. Now this former royal palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction.可知，Hampton Court成为著名旅游景点是因为它过去是皇家之地，故选A项。‎ 题型三 推理判断 例3、(2016·四川，B片段)‎ Our own experience working together on health，development，and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives.It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.‎ ‎27．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?‎ A．The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better.‎ B．Much more progress will be made in the near future.‎ C．The work on health is the most valuable experience.‎ D．People’s efforts have been materially rewarded.‎ 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据本段最后提到的“It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.”可知穷人的生活将会变得更好。故选A。‎ ‎【举一反三】(2016·全国Ⅲ，C)‎ If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what’s around.It’s called Apple Day but in practice it’s more like Apple Month.The day itself ‎ is on October 21，but since it has caught on，events now spread out over most of October around Britain.‎ Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see，and often taste，a wide variety of apples.To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets，it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence，such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.Although it doesn’t taste of anything special，it’s still worth a try，as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.‎ There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette，but you’ll need a warm，sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it，so it’s a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.‎ At the events，you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions，and because these are family affairs，children are well catered for with applethemed fun and games.‎ Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit，including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果园)．If you want to have a real orchard experience，try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale，near Faversham in Kent.‎ ‎31．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?‎ A．To show how to grow apples.‎ B．To introduce an apple festival.‎ C．To help people select apples.‎ D．To promote apple research.‎ 答案　B ‎ 【变式探究】(2014·山东·A)‎ One morning, Ann's neighbor Tracy found a lost dog wandering around the local elementary school.She asked Ann if she could keep an eye on the dog.Ann said that she could watch it only for the day.‎ Tracy took photos of the dog and printed off 400 FOUND fliers(传单), and put them in mailboxes.Meanwhile, Ann went to the dollar store and bought some pet supplies, warning her ‎ two sons not to fall in love with the dog.At the time, Ann's son Thomas was 10 years old, and Jack, who was recovering from a heart operation, was 21 years old.‎ Four days later Ann was still looking after the dog, whom they had started to call Riley.When she arrived home from work, the dog threw itself against the screen door and barked madly at her.As soon as she opened the door, Riley dashed into the boys' room where Ann found Jack suffering a heart attack.Riley ran over to Jack, but as soon as Ann bent over to help him the dog went silent.‎ ‎“If it hadn't come to get me, the doctor said Jack would have died，” Ann reported to a local newspaper.At this point, no one had called to claim the dog, so Ann decided to keep it.‎ The next morning Tracy got a call.A man named Peter recognized his lost dog and called the number on the flier.Tracy started crying, and told him, “That dog saved my friend's son.” ‎ Peter drove to Ann's house to pick up his dog, and saw Thomas and Jack crying in the window.After a few moments Peter said, “Maybe Odie was supposed to find you, maybe you should keep it.” ‎ 文章大意：本文讲述了一只走失的狗和收留它的人家之间发生的感人故事。‎ ‎7．What did Tracy do after finding the dog? ‎ A．She looked for its owner.‎ B．She gave it to Ann as a gift.‎ C．She sold it to the dollar store.‎ D．She bought some food for it.‎ 答案：A　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Tracy took photos of the dog and printed off 400 FOUND fliers, and put them in mailboxes.”可知，Tracy拍了狗的照片，并且印了400份招领传单来寻找狗的主人。‎ ‎8．How did the dog help save Jack?‎ A．By breaking the door for Ann.‎ B．By leading Ann to Jack's room.‎ C．By dragging Jack out of the room.‎ D．By attending Jack when Ann was out.‎ 答案：B　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“When she arrived home from work, ...where Ann found Jack suffering a heart attack.”狗通过撞门并且疯狂大叫引起Ann 的注意，然后又冲进孩子们的房间，让Ann及时发现了生病的杰克。学科&网 ‎9．What was Ann's attitude to the dog according to Paragraph 4?‎ A．Sympathetic. B．Doubtful.‎ C．Tolerant. D．Grateful.‎ ‎ 10．For what purpose did Peter call Tracy? ‎ A．To help her friend's son.‎ B．To interview Tracy.‎ C．To take back his dog.‎ D．To return the flier to her.‎ 答案：C　细节理解题。根据上文Tracy发出了招领传单，而在第五段中“A man named Peter recognized his lost dog and called the number on the flier.”彼得认出了他丢失的狗，所以打了电话。‎ ‎11．What can we infer about the dog from the last paragraph?‎ A．It would be given to Odie.‎ B．It would be kept by Ann's family.‎ C．It would be returned to Peter.‎ D．It would be taken away by Tracy.‎ 答案：B　推理判断题。在最后一段中，当彼得看到两个孩子的反应时，他的话暗示了他的Odie(宠物狗)就应该由Ann及她的孩子们饲养。‎ 题型四 词句猜测 例4、(2016·全国Ⅰ，C片段)‎ I am Peter Hodes，a volunteer stem cell courier.Since March 2012，I’ve done 89 trips—of those,51 have been abroad，I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞) in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last.In all，from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient，we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.‎ ‎29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1?‎ A．provider B．delivery man C．collector D．medical doctor 答案　B 解析　词义猜测题。根据本段第二句中的“I have done 89 trips”及“carry stem cells”可知，作者是运送干细胞的人，所以选B项。‎ ‎【变式探究】(2015·浙江，D片段)‎ They didn’t.From day two (everyone wanted to walk the cute puppy that first day)，neither thought to walk the dog.While I was slow to accept that I would be the one to keep track of her shots，to schedule her vet appointments，to feed and clean her，Misty knew this on day one.As she looked up at the three new humans in her life (small，medium，and large)，she calculated，“The medium one is the sucker in the pack.”‎ Quickly，she and I developed something very similar to a Vulcan mind meld(心灵融合)．She’d look at me with those sad brown eyes of hers，beam her need，and then wait，trusting I would understand—which，strangely，I almost always did.In no time，she became my fifth appendage(附肢)，snoring on my homeoffice couch as I worked，cradling against my feet as I read，and splaying across my stomach as I watched television.‎ ‎56．Which of the following is the closest in meaning to “The medium one is the sucker in the pack.”？‎ A．“The middleaged person loves me most.”‎ B．“The mediumsized woman is the hostess.”‎ C．“The man in the middle is the one who has the final say.”‎ D．“The woman is the kind and trustworthy one in the family.”‎ 答案　D 解析　句意猜测题。根据前面的内容可知，在狗Misty眼里，small指女儿，medium指作者，large指丈夫，再结合从第二天起照看狗就成了作者的工作可知，这句话的意思是“女人在家庭中是友好而又值得信任的”。故选D项。需要注意的是这句话是狗的心理活动。‎ ‎【举一反三】(2015·湖北·C)‎ Hilversum is a mediumsized city between the major cities of Amsterdam and Utrecht in the Gooi area of North Holland, the Netherlands. Unlike most of the Netherlands，Hilversum is actually in a hilly area with the soil mostly consisting of sand.Once called the Garden of Amsterdam，it still attracts travelers to come over to cycle and walk through the surrounding forests. They visit it for a relaxing day off from the urban madness.For Dutch people, Hilversum is all about textile(纺织) and media industries，and modern architecture. ‎ In history, Hilversum was largely an agricultural area.Daily life was marked by farming, sheep raising and wool production.A railway link to Amsterdam in 1874 attracted rich traders from Amsterdam to Hilversum.They built themselves large villas(别墅)in the wooded surroundings of the town.One of the families moving in was the Brenninkmeijers，currently the wealthiest family of the Netherlands.They moved in after big success in the textile industry and aided a substantial textile industry in Hilversum.But the textile boom lasted only several decades.The last factory closed in the 1960s. ‎ The change to a media economy started in 1920，when the Nederlandse Seintoestellen Fabriek(NSF) established a radio factory in Hilversum.Most radio stations settled in the large villas in the leafy areas of the town.Television gave another push to the local economy.Hilversum became the media capital of the Netherlands，and Dutch television stars moved into the leafy neighborhoods surrounding the town.‎ In the early 1900s，modern architects W．M.Dudok and J．Duiker placed hundreds of remarkable buildings in Hilversum.These modern architectural masterpieces(杰作) are so many that Hilversum almost feels like an open air museum.Dudok alone shaped most of 20th century Hilversum and approximately 75 buildings still bear his unique characteristies.His masterpiece.Hilversum Town Hall，was built in 19281931.It has wide international fame and is included in many architecture textbooks.The building has a remarkable shape and looks like a combination of “blocks”．Actually，one may start his journey of modern architecture by walking or biking the W．M.Dudok Architectural Route in Hilversum.‎ 文章大意：本文讲述了荷兰的中等城市希尔弗瑟姆在纺织业、传媒业和现代建筑上的历史变迁。‎ ‎12．Hilversurn is different from most of the Netherlands in that ________.‎ A．it has a large population B．it is cut off from big cities C．it has many beautiful gardens D．it is in a hilly area with sandy soil 答案：D　细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句可知，与荷兰大部分地区不同，希尔弗瑟姆实际上位于一片主要为沙地的山区。故选D项。‎ ‎13．What was the greatest contribution of the Brenninkmeijers to Hilversum?‎ A．Building a railway link to Amsterdam.‎ B．Helping its textile industry to develop.‎ C．Constructing large villas for the poor.‎ D．Assisting its agricultural industry.‎ ‎ 14．The beginning of the media industry in Hilversum was marked by the establishment of ________.‎ A．a radio factory B．the media capital C．a radio station D．a TV station 答案：A　细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一句可知，当NSF在希尔弗瑟姆建立无线电厂时，传媒经济就于1920年开始了。故选A项。 ‎ ‎15．What is known about W．M.Dudok's Hilversum Town Hall?‎ A．It consists of approximately 75 buildings.‎ B．It looks like an open air museum in the city.‎ C．It is a classic example in architecture textbooks.‎ D．It has shaped most of 20th century Hilversum.‎ 答案：C　细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句及第三句可知，杜伊克和杜多克在希尔弗瑟姆建了数百栋举世瞩目的大楼，大约有75栋大楼仍然有杜多克独特的建筑风格，故A项错误；根据文章第四段第二句可知，有这么多现代建筑杰作，希尔弗瑟姆感觉像一个露天的艺术博物馆，故B项错误；根据文章第四段第三句可知，杜多克塑造了大部分的20世纪的希尔弗瑟姆，故D项错误；根据文章第四段第五句可知，希尔弗瑟姆市政厅享誉世界，并被收录入许多建筑学教科书里，故选C项。‎ 题型五、抓特定信息，逆向或正向推理 ‎(2015·课标全国Ⅰ·D)‎ Conflict is on the menu tonight at the cafe La Chope.This evening，as on every Thursday night，psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France's favorite pastimes，coffee drinking and the “talking cure”．Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings.It isn't ‎ always easy.The customers—some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per session—are quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论)，slow to open up and connect.“You are forbidden to say ‘one feels，’ or ‘people think’，”Lehanne told them.“Say ‘I think，’ ‘Think me’．”‎ A cafe society where no intellectualizing is allowed? It couldn't seem more unFrench.But Lehanne's psychology cafe is about more than knowing oneself: It's trying to help the city's troubled neighborhood cafes.Over the years，Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours，a fastfood boom and a younger generation's desire to spend more time at home.Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation.Cafes focused around psychology，history，and engineering are catching on，filling tables well into the evening.‎ The city's “psychology cafes”，which offer great comfort，are among the most popular places.Middleaged homemakers，retirees，and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love，anger，and dreams with a psychologist.And they come to Lehanne's group just to learn to say what they feel.“There's a strong need in Paris for communication，”says Maurice Frisch，a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church.“People have few real friends.And they need to open up.”Lehanne says she'd like to see psychology cafes all over France.“If people had normal lives，these cafes wouldn't exist，”she says.“If life weren't a battle，people wouldn't need a special place just to speak.”But then，it wouldn't be France.‎ 文章大意：本文主要讲述了在法国“精神咖啡馆”的社会意义和特色功能。‎ ‎1．What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope?‎ A．Learn a new subject.‎ B．Keep in touch with friends.‎ C．Show off their knowledge.‎ D．Express their true feelings.‎ ‎ 2．How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?‎ A．They are less frequently visited.‎ B．They stay open for longer hours.‎ C．They have bigger night crowds.‎ D．They start to serve fast food.‎ ‎ 3．What are theme cafes expected to do?‎ A．Create more jobs. ‎ B．Supply better drinks.‎ C．Save the cafe business. ‎ D．Serve the neighborhood.‎ 答案：C　细节理解题。根据文章第二段第五句Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation.可知，很多新主题咖啡馆的出现似乎改变了现状，也就是拯救了咖啡业，故选C项。‎ ‎4．Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?‎ A．They bring people true friendship.‎ B．They give people spiritual support.‎ C．They help people realize their dreams.‎ D．They offer a platform for business links.‎ 答案：B　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第一句The city's“psychology cafes”，which offer great comfort，are among the most popular places.可知，精神咖啡馆在巴黎成为最受欢迎的地方之一，是因为它们给予人们很大的安慰，即给予了人们精神上的支持，故选B项。‎ 题型六 根据文意结论推断作者意图或态度 ‎(2015·课标全国Ⅱ·C)‎ More students than ever before are taking a gap year (间隔年)before going to university.It used to be called the “year off”between school and university.The gapyear phenomenon originated(起源) with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year.‎ This year,25,310 students who have accepted places in higher education institutions have put off their entry until next year，according to statistics on university entrance provided by the University and College Admissions Service(UCAS)．‎ That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year.Tony Higgins from UCAS said that the statistics are good news for everyone in higher education.“Students who take a wellplanned year out are more likely to be satisfied with，and complete，their chosen course.Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible，”he said.‎ But not everyone is happy.Owain James，the president of the National Union of Students(NUS)，argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship—young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education.“New students are now aware that they are likely to leave university up to ￡15,000 in debt.It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree.NUS statistics show that over 40% of students are forced to work during term time and the figure increases to 90% during vacation periods，”he said.‎ 文章大意：本文讲述了在美国，越来越多的高中毕业生通过休学一年的方式(gap year)来积累经验，为未来的大学生活做准备，但是也有人认为，在这一年里很多学生不得不被迫打工赚取上学的费用。‎ ‎5．What do we learn about the gap year from the text?‎ A．It is flexible in length.‎ B．It is a time for relaxation.‎ C．It is increasingly popular.‎ D．It is required by universities.‎ ‎ 6．According to Tony Higgins，students taking a gap year______.‎ A．are better prepared for college studies B．know a lot more about their future jobs C．are more likely to leave university in debt D．have a better chance to enter top universities 答案：A　推理判断题。由题干中的人名Tony Higgins定位到文章第三段，根据他所说的话“Students who take a wellplanned year out are more likely to be satisfied with，and complete，their chosen course.Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible，”可知，他认为，花费一年时间计划的学生更成熟和有责任感，由此可以推断出他认为他们能更好地为大学学习做准备，故选A项。‎ ‎7．How does Owain James feel about the gapyear phenomenon?‎ A．He's puzzled. B．He's worried.‎ C．He's surprised. D．He's annoyed.‎ ‎ 8．What would most students do on their vacation according to NUS statistics?‎ A．Attend additional courses.‎ B．Make plans for the new term.‎ C．Earn money for their education.‎ D．Prepare for their graduate studies.‎ 答案：C　细节理解题。根据文章最后一句NUS statistics show that over 40% of students are forced to work during term time and the figure increases to 90% during vacation periods...可知此处应选C项。‎ 题型七 根据上下文的逻辑得出结论 ‎(2015·湖北·E)‎ Science has a lot of uses. It can uncover laws of nature, cure diseases, make bombs, and help bridges to stand up. Indeed science is so good at what it does that there's always a temptation(诱惑) to drag it into problems where it may not be helpful. David Brooks, author of The Social Animal: The Hidden Sources of Love, Character，and Achievement, appears to be the latest in a long line of writers who have failed to resist the temptation.‎ Brooks gained fame for several books. His latest book The Social Animal, however, is more ambitious and serious than his earlier books. It is an attempt to deal with a set of weighty topics.‎ ‎ The book focuses on big questions: What has science revealed about human nature? What are the sources of character? And why are some people happy and successful while others aren't?‎ To answer these questions, Brooks surveys a wide range of disciplines(学科)．Considering this, you might expect the book to be a dry recitation of facts. But Brooks has structured his book in an unorthodox(非常规的)，and perhaps unfortunate, way. Instead of introducing scientific theories, he tells a story, within which he tries to make his points，perhaps in order to keep the reader's attention.So as Harold and Erica, the hero and heroine in his story, live through childhood, we hear about the science of child development, and as they begin to date we hear about the theory of sexual attraction. Brooks carries this through to the death of one of his characters.‎ On the whole，Brooks's story is acceptable if uninspired. As one would expect, his writing is mostly clear and, to be fair, some chapters stand out above the rest. I enjoyed, for instance，the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own. While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters, the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere. These problems partly involve Brooks's attempt to translate his tale into science.‎ 文章大意：本文讲述了当今许多作家如布鲁克斯喜欢往他们的书里插入并不适用的科学理论，以增加书的吸引力，同时对其作品进行了评论。‎ ‎9．The author mentions the functions of science at the beginning of the passage to________.‎ A．illustrate where science can be applied B．demonstrate the value of Brooks's new book C．remind the reader of the importance of science D．explain why many writers use science in their works 答案：D　推理判断题。根据文章第一段第三句及第四句可知，科学功能强大，以至于人们很容易将科学和那些与之无关的问题扯到一起，许多作家就没能抵制住科学的诱惑而往他们的书里插入科学理论。故选D项。‎ ‎10．According to the author, which of the following could be a strength of the book?‎ A．Its strong basis. B．Its convincing points.‎ C．Its clear writing. D．Its memorable characters.‎ ‎ 11．What is the author's general attitude towards the book?‎ A．Contradictory. B．Supportive.‎ C．Cautious. D．Critical.‎ 答案：D　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第四句及第五句可知，布鲁克斯对书中的主人公刻画不够深刻，部分更严重的问题在于他试图将他的故事译成科学语言。从作者的语气可看出作者对该书持批判态度，故选D项。‎ ‎12．What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph?‎ A．Problems with the book.‎ B．Brooks's life experiences.‎ C．Death of the characters.‎ D．Brooks's translation skills. ‎ 答案：A　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第五句可知，布鲁克斯的书中部分更严重的问题在于他试图将他的故事译成科学语言，故接下来作者会阐述该书其他的问题。故选A项。‎ 题型八 据逻辑，猜词义 ‎(2015·北京·C)‎ Life in the Clear Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet—as far as most light can reach.Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch.Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone.They never touch anything unless they're eating it, or unless something is eating them.”‎ And they are as clear as glass.How does an animal become seethrough? It's trickier than you might think.‎ The objects around you are visible because they interact with light.Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter(散射)light, bouncing it away from its original ‎ path.Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks.Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.‎ But a transparent object doesn't absorb or scatter light, at least not very much. Light can pass through it without bending or stopping.That means a transparent object doesn't look very different from the surrounding air or water.You don't see it—you see the things behind it.‎ To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light.Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light.But a transparent animal doesn't have pigments, so its tissues won't absorb light.According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy.The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.‎ Animals are built of many different materials—skin, fat, and more—and light moves through each at a different speed.Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters.Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering.Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat.Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be seethrough.Others build a large, clear mass of nonliving jellylike(果冻状的)material and spread themselves over it.‎ Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does.They need to look uniform.But how they're doing it is still unknown.One thing is clear：for these larger animals, staying transparent is an active process.When they die, they turn a nontransparent milky white.‎ 文章大意：你见过透明生物吗？本文介绍了透明的海洋生物。作者为我们介绍了物体之所以不能透明的原理，从而让我们理解没有什么器官组织的透明生物能够保持透明的奇特性。‎ ‎1．According to Paragraph 1, transparent animals________.‎ A．stay in groups B．can be easily damaged C．appear only in deep ocean D．are beautiful creatures 答案：B　细节理解题。根据文章第一段第三句Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch.可知，透明生物非常脆弱，轻轻的触碰都可能使其致命，故选B项。‎ ‎2．The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means________.‎ A．silently B．gradually C．regularly D．completely ‎ 3．One way for an animal to become transparent is to________.‎ A．change the direction of light travel ‎ B．gather materials to scatter light C．avoid the absorption of light D．grow bigger to stop light 答案：C　细节理解题。根据第五段第一句To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light.可知，动物要想变透明就需要阻止身体吸收或散射光线，故C项是变透明的一个方法。‎ ‎4．The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals ________.‎ A．move more slowly in deep water B．stay seethrough even after death C．produce more tissues for their survival D．take effective action to reduce light spreading 答案：D　推理判断题。文章最后一段第一句说较大的透明动物面临巨大挑战，因为它们必须尽可能让所有身体组织像水一样降低光线传播的速度。故选D项。‎ ‎ ‎