专题22阅读理解——科普知识-3年高考2年模拟1年备战2019高考精品系列之英语

专题22阅读理解——科普知识-3年高考2年模拟1年备战2019高考精品系列之英语

‎ ‎ ‎【19年新课标要求与考纲】‎ 普通高中英语课程强调对学生语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力的综合培养，具有工具性和人文性融合统一的特点。普通高中英语课程应在义务教育的基础上，帮助学生进一步学习和运用英语基础知识和基本技能，发展跨文化交流能力，为他们学习其他学科知识、汲取世界文化精华、传播中华文化创造良好的条件，也为他们未来继续学习英语或选择就业提供更多机会；普通高中英语课程同时还应帮助学生树立人类命运共同体意识和多元文化意识，形成开放包容的态度，发展健康的审美情趣和良好的鉴赏能力，加深对祖国文化的理解，增强爱国情怀，坚定文化自信，树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观，为学生未来参与知识创新和科技创新，更好的适应世界多极化、经济全球化和社会信息化奠定基础。‎ 学科核心素养 学科核心素养是学科育人价值的集中体现，是学生通过学科学习而逐步形成的正确价值观念、必备品格和关键能力。英语学科核心素养主要包括语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力。‎ ‎1.语言能力 语言能力指在社会情境中，以听、说、读、看、写等方式理解和表达意义的能力，以及在学习和使用语言的过程中形成的语言意识和语感。英语语言能力构成英语学科核心素养的基础要素。英语语言能力的提高蕴含文化意识、思维品质和学习能力的提升，有助于学生拓展国际视野和思维方式，开展跨文化交流。‎ ‎2.文化意识 文化意识指对中外文化的理解和对优秀文化的认同，是学生在全球化背景下表现出的跨文化认知、态度和行为取向。文化意识体现英语学科核心素养的价值取向。文化意识的培育有助于学生增强国家认同和家国情怀，坚定文化自信，树立人类命运共同体意识，学会做人做事，成长为有文明素养和社会责任感的人。‎ ‎3. 思维品质 思维品质指思维在逻辑性、批判性、创新性等方面所表现的能力和水平。思维品质体现英语学科核心素养的心智特征。思维品质的发展有助于提升学生分析和解决问题的能力，使他们能够从跨文化视角观察和认识世界，对事物作出正确的价值判断。‎ ‎4.学习能力 学习能力指学生积极运用和主动调适英语学习策略、拓高英语学习渠道、努力提升英语学习效率的意识和能力。学习能力构成英语学科核心素养的发展条件。学习能力的培养有助于学生做好英语学习的自我管理，养成良好的学习习惯，拓宽学习渠道，提高学习效率。‎ 英语学科核心素养的基础，包括六个要素：主题语境、语篇类型、语言知识、文化知识、语言技能和学习策略。主题语境涵盖人与自我、人与社会和人与自然，涉及人文社会科学和自然科学领域等内容，为学科育人提供话题和语境；语篇类型包括口语和书面语篇以及不同的文体形式，如记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文、访谈、对话等连续性文本，以及图表、图示、网页、广告、漫画等非连续性文本，为语言学习提供文体素材；语言知识涵盖语音知识、词汇知识、语法知识、语箱知识和语用知识，是构成语言能力的重要基础；语言技能分理解性技能和表达性技能，具体包括听、说、读、看（viewing)、写等，学生基于语篇所开展的学习活动即是基于这些语言技能，理解语篇和对语篇作出回应的活动；文化知识指中外优秀人文和科学知识，既包含物质文明知识，也包含精神文明知识，是学生形成跨文化意识、涵养人文和科学精神、坚定文化自信的知识源泉；学习策略包括元认知策路、认知策略、交际策略、情感策略等，有效选择和使用策略是帮助理解和表达、提高学习效率的手段，是学生形成自主学习和终身学习能力的必备条件。‎ 普通高中英语课程的内容要求按照以上六大要素，即主题语境、语篇类型、语言知识、文化知识、语言技能和学习策略，描述所规定的学习内容及要求。主题语境包括人与自我、人与社会和人与自然，涵盖整个高中阶段所涉及的主题内容，不分课程类别进行描述；其他五项内容要素均按照必修、选择性必修和选修三类课程描述具体的内容要求。本课程标准还针对每项内容要素（含子要素）给出具体的教学提示，以帮助教师在实施各项具体内容的教学中解决好常见的问题。‎ 主题语境 主题为语言学习提供主题范围或主题语境。学生对主题意义的探究应是学生学习语言的最重要内容，直接影响学生语篇理解的程度、思维发展的水平和语言学习的成效。在人与自我、人与社会和人与自然这三大主题语境中，人与自我涉及“生活与学习”“做人与做事”等两个主题群下的9项子主题；人与社会涉及“社会服务与人际沟通”“文学、艺术与体育”“历史、社会与文化”“科学与技术”等四个主题群下的16项子主题；人与自然涉及“自然生态”“环境保护”“灾害防范”“字宙探索”等四个主题群下的7项子主题。所有主题语境都应包含中外文化的范畴。‎ 主题语境 主题群 主题语境内容要求 人 与 生活与学习 做人与做事 ‎1.个人、家庭、社区及学校生活；‎ ‎2.健康的生活方式、积极的生活态度；‎ 自 我 ‎3.认识自我，丰言自我，完善自我；‎ ‎4.乐于学习，善于学习，终身学习；‎ ‎5.语言学习的规律、方法等；‎ ‎6.优秀品行，正确的人生态度，公民义务与社会责任；‎ ‎7.生命的意义与价值；‎ ‎8.未来职业发展趋势。个人职业倾向、未来规划等；‎ ‎9.创新与创业意识。‎ 人 与 社 会 社会服务与人际沟通 文学、艺术与体育 历史、社会与文化 科学与技术 ‎1.良好的人际关系与社会交往；‎ ‎2.公益事业与志愿服务；‎ ‎3.跨文化沟通、包容与合作；‎ ‎4.小说、戏剧、诗歌、传记、文学简史、经典演讲、文学名 著等；‎ ‎5.绘画、建筑等领域的代表性作品和人物；‎ ‎ 6.影视、音乐等领域的概况及其发展；‎ ‎7.体育活动、大型体育赛事、体育与健康、体育精神；‎ ‎8.不同民族文化习俗与传统节日；‎ ‎9.对社会有突出贡献的人物；‎ ‎10.重要国际组织与社会公益机构；‎ ‎11.法律常识与法治意识等；‎ ‎12.物质与非物质文化遗产：‎ ‎13.社会热点问题；‎ ‎14.重大政治、历史事件，文化渊源；‎ ‎15.社会进步与人类文明；‎ ‎16.科技发展与信息技术创新，科学精神。‎ 人 与 自 然 自然生态 环境保护 灾害防范 宇宙探索 ‎1.主要国家地理概况；‎ ‎2.自然环境、自然遗产保护；‎ ‎3.人与环境、人与动植物；‎ ‎4.自然灾害与防范，安全常识与自我保护；‎ ‎5.人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系；‎ ‎6.自然科学研究成果；‎ ‎7.地球与宇宙奥秘探索。‎ ‎【高考考纲和新课标的关系】‎ 高考考纲和新课标是统一的，因此19年的高考备考应该依据考纲，结合新课标的学科素养要求进行。高考英语的阅读理解，应该以主题语境为引领。分类训练各种主题内容的阅读语篇。通过学习语篇，不断提高自己的语言能力。‎ ‎【2019年高考命题预测】‎ 预测一 高考阅读理解所选材料通常都是国外网站上的地道的英语文章，然后经过命题专家整合、改编而成。文章主要介绍国内外的文化风俗、历史名胜、人文地理、著名人物等。‎ 预测二 文章的篇幅较短，词数多为280～330，兼顾多种体裁，通常有记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，要求考生充分利用所给信息，回答文章提出的问题。通常文章难度不大，关键是考查考生高效处理信息的能力，还要求考生对文章有更深层次的理解。但是题目并不容易，很容易出错。全国卷的命题逐渐向地方自主命题卷，尤其是新课标地区的试卷看齐，不断增加词汇量和文章长度，向新课标过渡。‎ 预测三 题目设置灵活多样，通常以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，兼顾猜测词义、句意题及目的意图题和主旨大意题。这种命题特点要求考生更好地了解文章中的有用信息，提高阅读速度。‎ ‎【考点定位】2019考纲解读和近几年考点分布 高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐｡而科普类文章往往具有跨学科､行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握｡‎ ‎【试题特点】 ‎ ‎　　① 注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象｡ ‎ ‎　　② 贴近学生的学习､生活实际,有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用｡ ‎ ‎③ 能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析､解决实际问题的能力｡‎ ‎ 科普类文章往往具有跨学科、行文逻辑性强等特点:要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以 及重要细节上全面把握。科普说明文常设置下列题型：‎ ‎(1)标题判断题 科普说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常以What would be the best title for this passage。为设问方式，解题时应特别注意因科普说明文常介绍动植物是 如何保护自身的，因此多以How do ‎ does...defend themselves(itself)为标题。‎ 生词词义判断题 科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术 性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What does the underlined word mean?或What is the meaning of the underlined word。为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。 解题时一定要认真阅读原文， 分析原文对自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理是如何解释、如何定义的，在此基础上抽象概括出生词词义。‎ 代词指代判断题 科技说明文在对自然奥秘、动植物生存侍点及产品工艺原理进行解释时，易出现动作变换多、人称转变频的现象，因此常出现代词指代判断题，这些试题常以it；they；them 等表物的代词为命题题点，要求考生裉据上下文语语境逻辑推断其指代对象。解题时应认真分析动作转换背景，区分动作不同执行者，从而准确判断代词的正确指代。‎ ‎ (4)科学方法图示判断题 ‎ 科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率。分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确判断。‎ ‎【考点pk】 名师考点透析 考点一、细节事实理解。‎ 一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。 细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。 此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问 ‎1.Which of the following statements is(not) true/correct? ‎2.Which of the following is not mentioned? ‎3.All of the following are true except... ‎4.According to the passage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc...？‎ ‎1.直接事实题 ‎ 在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。 如：‎ A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S.This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.‎ This huge dam is in the Black Canyon.It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road，which is on the top of the dam.This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside.The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom.There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco.Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.‎ This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936.Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States.Hoover Dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.‎ Q：Hoover Dam lies______ .‎ A.between Arizona and Nevada B.in the Black Canyon C.between New York and San Francisco D.both A and B ‎【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是D项。‎ ‎2.间接事实题 ‎ 解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。‎ Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian，host of the well-received TV programme“Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin，Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.‎ Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old，Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took part in the competition，she had been an air hostess in Cathay Airline for seven years.However， it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage，dancing,singing,making-up and other proper manners，designed by the Asia TV Station.‎ ‎“It’s really a hard job for me.I won’t enter for such competition any more.Anyhow，I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won ‎ the title.This time，in Shanghai，I’d love to make a deep impression on my TV audience，”said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.‎ Q：Which of the following is NOT true?‎ A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.‎ B.Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents.‎ C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.‎ D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.‎ ‎【解析】A、C和D项都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文所给的是：taken to Hongkong可判断不是moved to Hongkong with her parents，因此选B。 ‎ ‎3、数据推算。‎ If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time,you will save_______ .‎ A.$100　 B.$300　 C.$350　 D.$400 ‎ 这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：‎ ‎1.要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。‎ ‎2.弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息，那些属于干扰信息。‎ ‎3.不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。‎ 考点二、主题理解或写作意图推断。‎ 一、主旨阅读理解题考查的内容 ‎1.短文的标题（title,headline）； ‎2.短文或段落的主题（subject）； ‎3.中心思想(main idea)； ‎4.作者的写作目的(purpose)。‎ 二、此类题的设问方式 ‎1.What would be the best title for the text? ‎2.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss? ‎3.What is the passage mainly about? ‎4.The main purpose of announcing the above events is__________. 考点三、推理推断。‎ 推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。 此类题的设问常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等词，这类题的设问方式主要有： ‎1.We can infer from the Passage that__________. ‎2.What can be inferred from the Passage? ‎3.Which of the following can be inferred from the Passage? ‎4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that__________. ‎5.The author suggests in this paragraph that__________. ‎6.The writer implies that__________. ‎7.It can be inferred that__________. ‎8.It can be concluded from the Passage that__________. ‎9.On the whole,we can conclude that__________. ‎10.From the text we can conclude that__________. ‎11.After reading the Passage we may conclude that__________. ‎12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage? ‎13.The author is inclined to think that__________. ‎14.When the writer talks about,what he really means is that__________. ‎15.What’s the writer’s attitude/feeling towards...? ‎16.In the writer’s opinion,... 近年来，高考加大了对学生判断推理能力的考查。判断推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。做题时要注意题干的语言形，如According to the passage...,It can be inferred from the passage that...；It can be concluded from the passage ‎ that...等，虽然从表面上看是问有关全文的题，但实际上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根据选项中的线索找到原文中与之相关的一句话或几句话，然后得出答案。针对推理题的不同形，可以采取以下做法：1.假如题干中有具体线索，根据具体线索找到原文相关句(一句或几句话)，然后做出推理；2.假如题干中无线索，如It can be inferred from the passage that...；It can be concluded from the passage that...等，先浏览一下4个选项，排除不太可能的选项，然后根据最可能的选项中的关键词找到原文相关句，作出推理；3.如果一篇文章中其他题都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理题，如infer,conclude题型，可能与文章主旨有关，考生应该定位到文章主题所在位置(如主题句出现处)；假如其他题已经涉及文章主旨，那么要求推断出来的内容可能与段落主题有关，如果如此，应该找段落主题所在处；如果不与段落主题有关，有时与全文或段落的重要结论有关，这时可以寻找与这些结论相关的原文叙述。‎ 考点四、词义、句义猜测。‎ 词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。 此类题的设问方式主要有 ‎1.The word “...”in Line...means/can be replaced by... ‎2.As used in the passage,the phrase “...”suggests... ‎3.From the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase “...” is/referred to... ‎4.The word “...” is closest in meaning to...猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。‎ ‎1.定义法。如:‎ Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.‎ 句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即 “退火”。‎ It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is,it will break easily.‎ 从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。‎ The herdsman,who looks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year.‎ 定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧人”。‎ ‎2.同位法。如:‎ They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times.‎ 同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即“城堡”。‎ We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.—this week.‎ 两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。‎ ‎3.对比法。如:‎ She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.‎ but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。‎ ‎4.构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。如:‎ Perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.But the next hundred?‎ possibility 是 possible 的同根名词,据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是“可能性”。‎ ‎5.因果法。如：‎ The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again.‎ 从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久”。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【三年高考】 16、17、18高考试题及其解析 ‎2018年高考试题 D【2018·全国I】‎ We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.‎ To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation — Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.‎ As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house," said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices — we ‎ continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.‎ So what's the solution（解决方案）? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.‎ ‎32. What does the author think of new devices?‎ A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old.‎ C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly.‎ ‎33. Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?‎ A. To reduce the cost of minerals.‎ B. To test the life cycle of a product.‎ C. To update consumers on new technology.‎ D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.‎ ‎34. Which of the following uses the least energy?‎ A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet.‎ C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer.‎ ‎35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?‎ A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart.‎ C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them.‎ ‎【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. A ‎【解析】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。‎ ‎32. 观点态度题。根据文章第一段中的That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.可知，使用旧的电子设备对环境和我们的钱包都是坏消息。这些过时的设备做相同的事情要消耗比新设备更多的能量。由此推知作者认为新电子设备环保、节能。故选A。‎ ‎34. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低44%的耗能。故选B。‎ ‎35. 推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。故选A。‎ 点睛：熟悉比较句型是彻底理解本文的关键，也是解题的关键。本文中的比较句型：‎ ‎1. That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the news ones that do the same things 做同样的事，旧的过时的装置比新装置消耗更多能源，对环境有害，浪费钱财。‎ ‎2. According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.‎ 根据Babbitt团队的分析，旧的桌面监视器和阴极射线管箱式电视机是最差的电子设备，它们的耗能和温室气体的排放是1992到2007window的两倍还多。‎ ‎3. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.他们发现在平板电脑上看的随需变化的娱乐节目比在电视和电脑上看耗能减少了44%。‎ C【2018·天津卷】‎ There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stopping there.‎ Food production With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same,” freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant,‎ ‎ all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed,rather than farm to table.‎ Sustainability(可持续性）‎ The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock "food" that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.‎ Nutrition Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket, you’d eat something baked just for you on demand.”‎ Challenges Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.‎ ‎46. What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?‎ A. It helps cooks to create new dishes.‎ B. It saves time and effort in cooking.‎ C. It improves the cooking conditions.‎ D. It contributes to restaurant decorations.‎ ‎47. What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3?‎ A. It solves food shortages easily.‎ B. It quickens the transportation of food.‎ C. It needs no space for the storage of food.‎ D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food.‎ ‎48. According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food ________.‎ A. is more available to consumers B. can meet individual nutritional needs C. is more tasty than food in supermarkets D. can keep all the nutrition in raw materials ‎49. What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?‎ A. The printing process is complicated.‎ B. 3D food printers are too expensive.‎ C. Food materials have to be dry.‎ D. Some experts doubt 3D food printing.‎ ‎50. What could be the best title of the passage?‎ A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology B. A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing C. The Challenges for 3D Food Production D. 3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table ‎【答案】46. B 47. D 48. B 49. C 50. A ‎【解析】本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。‎ ‎46. 推理判断题。根据文章Food production中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D打印机做出复杂的巧克力雕塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出3D打印的优势是节省了做饭的时间和精力。故选B。‎ ‎47. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).可知，3D打印机可以使用可再生材料作为食物来源。故选D。‎ ‎48. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins.（食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物），从而可以推断出3D打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选B。‎ ‎49. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.可知，阻止3D打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D打印因为很容易坏。故选C。‎ ‎50. 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。所以用标题3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故选A。‎ 点睛：科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重点。本文是一篇3D打印技术在食物方面的应用，文章运用一些小标题和对一些专业词汇作了多处中文注释，降低了考生的阅读难度。文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力。最后一小题考查主旨大意，为文章选择出最好的标题。考生做此题时一定要注意选择项必须要能概括整个文章的内容，不能以偏概全。如B、C、D选择项在文章中都有所涉及，但不足以概括全文，所以需要考生正确概括全文的主旨大意。‎ C[2018•北京卷]‎ Plastic-Eating Worms Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms. ‎ Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.‎ Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂‎ Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?‎ Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂‎ ‎43. What can we learn about the worms in the study?‎ A. They take plastics as their everyday food.‎ B. They are newly evolved creatures.‎ C. They can consume plastics.‎ D. They wind up in landfills.‎ ‎44. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .‎ A. identify other means of the breakdown B. find out the source of the enzyme C. confirm the research findings D. increase the breakdown speed ‎45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .‎ A. help to raise worms B. help make plastic bags C. be used to clean the oceans D. be produced in factories in future ‎46. What is the main purpose of the passage?‎ A. To explain a study method on worms.‎ B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.‎ C. To present a way to break down plastics.‎ D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.‎ ‎【要点综述】 本文是一篇科普知识类文章。从环保理念出发，文章围绕一种可以降解塑料的虫子大蜡螟 展开，描述了研究进展及虫子能降解塑料的原理，即使用其胃中的酶降解塑料，为塑料污染问题提供了新的思路。‎ ‎43. C　细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it.”可知，这些虫子可以消耗聚乙烯购物袋，即塑料袋。故选C。‎ ‎44. B　推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes (肠道微生物)？”可知，下一步是探究酶的来源。故选C。‎ ‎46. C　写作意图题。全文都在围绕可以降解垃圾的虫子展开，文章的目的就是向读者呈现这种独特的降解塑料的方式。故选A。‎ ‎2017年高考试题 科普知识类 ‎ [2017·北京卷]‎ D Hollywood's theory that machines with evil(邪恶的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a wellknown mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics(控制论), put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”‎ A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not inborn, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by ‎ disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard. ‎ The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.‎ Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutroninduced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.‎ ‎67．Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ________．‎ A．run out of human control B．satisfy human's real desires C．command armies of killer robots D．work faster than a mathematician ‎68．Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to ________．‎ A．prevent themselves from being destroyed B．achieve their original goals independently C．do anything successfully with given orders D．beat humans in international chess matches ‎69．According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to ________．‎ A．help super intelligent machines work better B．be secure against evil human beings C．keep machines from being harmed D．avoid robots' affecting the world ‎70．What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?‎ A．It will disappear with the development of AI.‎ B．It will get worse with human interference.‎ C．It will be solved but with difficulty.‎ D．It will stay for a decade.‎ ‎【文章大意】 本文为科普类文章，讲的是随着科技的发展，人工智能 (AI)可能会超出人类的控制。‎ ‎67．A　段落大意题。第一段第二句说“人工智能虽然擅长完成任务，但这有可能不是我们真正想要的”。因此选A。‎ ‎68．A　 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句话“…a wish to preserve its own existence.”可知答案为A。‎ ‎69．D　细节理解题。根据第三段第二句话“…but never allowing them to affect the real word.”可知人们利用防火墙是为了避免机器人影响整个世界，故选 D。‎ ‎70．C　推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句话“…seems to be possible but not easy.”推出超级智能机器人的安全问题有可能得到解决但是会有困难，故选C项。‎ ‎[2017·江苏卷]‎ B Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning (胎教)，birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch (孵化). Newborn chicks can then imitate their mum's call within a few days of entering the world.‎ This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer，a ‎ biologist at Flinders University in South Australia，and her colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched，the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular “feed me！” call.‎ To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds，the researchers sought the redbacked fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analysing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity.‎ It turns out that baby redbacked fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their mums. And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies' begging calls. In addition，the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mum's voice were rewarded with the most food.‎ This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神经系统的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. “As a parent，do you invest in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need？”Kleindorfer asks. “Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”‎ ‎58．The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “________”．‎ A．be the worst B．be the best C．be just as bad D．be just as good ‎59．What are Kleindorfer's findings based on?‎ A．Similarities between the calls of mums and chicks.‎ B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.‎ C．The data collected from Queensland's locals.‎ D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.‎ ‎60．Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which ________．‎ A．can receive quality signals ‎ B．are in need of training C．fit the environment better ‎ D．make the loudest call ‎【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普说明文。文章介绍了一项新发现：幼鸟在被孵化前母鸟便教它们识别声音了。母亲呼唤它们的鸟蛋越频繁，则它们的孩子越会发出相似的声音；幼鸟的声音越像它们母亲的声音，则它们获得的食物奖励就越多。‎ ‎59. A　细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular ‘feed me！’ call.”可知，当这些幼鸟被孵化出来的时候，它们也发出了和它们的妈妈类似的鸣叫。据此可知，Sonia Kleindorfer的发现是以母鸟和幼鸟叫声的相似点为基础的，故选A项。‎ ‎60. C　推理判断题。第四段“In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mum's voice were rewarded with the most food.(一项单独的实验表明模仿母鸟声音最接近的幼鸟会得到最多的食物)”和最后一段研究人员的研究结果表明，母鸟会选择质量优良的孩子，因此可以推断，母鸟通过胎教来确定质量优良的幼鸟，即最会模仿它们声音的幼鸟。质量优良的幼鸟无需过多帮助就能更好地适应环境，故选C项。‎ ‎ [2017·江苏卷]‎ D Old problem，new approaches While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life，global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions (排放) peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today，we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.‎ When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least，the US National Climate Assessment says that：“There is no ‘onesize fits all’ adaptation.” Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.‎ Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways，especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His notforprofit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries，schools，and health clinics，and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(连接) to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level：his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.‎ Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers (冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel's inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200，000m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphel's ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.‎ Increasing Earth's reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.‎ In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the lifegiving ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its list of “100 ideas to save the planet”．‎ More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers ‎ in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it's a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.‎ Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.‎ ‎65．The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies ________．‎ A．adaptation is an everchanging process B．the cost of adaptation varies with time C．global warming affects adaptation forms D．adaptation to climate change is challenging ‎66．What is special with regard to Rezwan's project?‎ A．The project receives government support.‎ B．Different organizations work with each other.‎ C．His organization makes the best of a bad situation.‎ D．The project connects flooded roads and highways.‎ ‎67．What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?‎ A．Storing ice for future use.‎ B．Protecting the glaciers from melting.‎ C．Changing the irrigation time.‎ D．Postponing the melting of the glaciers.‎ ‎68．What do we learn from the Peru example?‎ A．White paint is usually safe for buildings.‎ B．The global warming trend cannot be stopped.‎ C．This country is heating up too quickly.‎ D．Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.‎ ‎69．According to the author, polluting industries should ________．‎ A．adapt to carbon pollution B．plant highly profitable crops C．leave carbon emission alone D．fight against carbon pollution ‎70．What's the author's preferred solution to global warming?‎ A．Setting up a new standard.‎ B．Reducing carbon emission.‎ C．Adapting to climate change.‎ D．Monitoring polluting industries.‎ ‎【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了世界各地适应如今全球变暖的气候的方法。‎ ‎65. A　句意理解题。根据第二段第二句“We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions.”可知，我们并不是在讨论适应一个新的标准，而是适应不断变化的条件。据此可以判断，这句话的意思是：适应是一个不断变化的过程。故选A项。‎ ‎66. C　细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster.”以及该段其他内容可知，Rezwan所在的组织充分利用洪水灾害为人们提供便利，故选C项。‎ ‎67. A　细节理解题。根据第四段“The loss of glaciers (冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture…Norphel's inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring.”可知，“冰人”适应全球变暖的影响的方法是冬天将水冻成冰储存起来，以备春天用，故选A项。而这种方法并没有防止冰川的融化和改变灌溉的时间，故排除B、C和D项。‎ ‎68. D　细节理解题。根据第五段“Increasing Earth's reflectiveness can cool the planet…By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.”以及第六段“…painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the lifegiving ice.”可知，提高地球对光的反射能力可以缓解气候变暖，而秘鲁农民的做法恰恰印证了这一点。故选D项。‎ ‎69. D　推理判断题。根据第七段“When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it's a nonsense designed to make ‎ the case for business as usual.”以及最后一段“But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution.”可知，一些污染企业辩解称他们无法控制碳污染，只能选择适应，这完全是胡扯，污染企业仍然要减少碳排放，与碳污染做斗争。故选D项。‎ ‎70. B　推理判断题。根据文章最后两句“But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.”可知，作者认为最合理的应对全球变暖的方法是减少碳排放，此举将避免在其他很多方面改变的需要。故选B项。‎ ‎ [2017·全国卷Ⅰ]‎ D A buildityourself solar still(蒸馏器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the US Department of Agriculture, it's an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it's all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5′×5′ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.‎ To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher's productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole.‎ Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet's centre down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45degreeangled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup. ‎ The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material, and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won't have to break down the still every time you need a drink. ‎ ‎32．What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?‎ A．It's delicate. B．It's expensive.‎ C．It's complex. D．It's portable.‎ ‎33．What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A．The tube. B．The still.‎ C．The hole. D．The cup.‎ ‎34．What is the last step of constructing a working solar still?‎ A．Dig a hole of a certain size. ‎ B．Put the cup in place.‎ C．Weight the sheet's centre down. ‎ D．Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.‎ ‎35．When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from ________．‎ A．the plastic tube B．outside the hole C．the open air D．beneath the sheet ‎【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普文章。文章主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的太阳能蒸馏器的方法和它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。‎ ‎33. B　词义猜测题。根据文章“Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher's productivity.”可知，最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。接水器指的是在潮湿的地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一个杯子，杯子上方用塑料板遮挡。整个装置构成接水器，而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错选D。就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围的环境变化而变化，杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选B。‎ ‎34. C　细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet's centre down with a rock.”可知，最后一步是weighting the sheet's centre down with a rock，即“放一块石头在塑料板的中间，把它压下去”，故选C。‎ ‎35. D　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet ‎ until small drops of water form, run down the material, and fall off into the cup.”可知，地下水蒸发，在塑料板上聚集起来直到形成小水滴落在杯子里。塑料板是在杯子上面的，所以水滴是凝聚在塑料板的下面。故选D。‎ ‎[2017·全国卷Ⅱ]‎ C Terrafugia Inc.said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight，bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year.The vehicle—named the Transition—has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car.The Transition，which flew at 1，400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.‎ Around 100 people have already put down a $10，000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don't expect it to show up in too many driveways. It's expected to cost $279，000.And it won't help if you're stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.‎ Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.‎ Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration's decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition，a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.‎ ‎28．What is the first paragraph mainly about?‎ A．The basic data of the Transition. ‎ B．The advantages of flying cars.‎ C．The potential market for flying cars. ‎ C．The designers of the Transition.‎ ‎29．Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?‎ A．It causes traffic jams. ‎ B．It is difficult to operate.‎ C．It is very expensive. ‎ D．It burns too much fuel.‎ ‎30．What is the government's attitude to the development of the flying car?‎ A．Cautious. B．Favourable.‎ C．Ambiguous. D．Disapproving.‎ ‎31．What is the best title for the text?‎ A．Flying car at Auto Show ‎ B．The Transition's first flight C．Pilots' dream coming true ‎ D．Flying car closer to reality ‎【文章大意】 这是一篇说明文。本文比较详细地介绍了新型交通工具——陆空两用汽车的独特性能和前景。‎ ‎28. A　段落大意题。第一段第三、四、五句中的各种数据总结了Transition 的各种基本性能。‎ ‎29. C　推理判断题。该款汽车投入市场后的售价将高达279 000美元，可知其价格昂贵。文中并未对其操作的难易程度给予介绍，油耗高低也并非主要原因。‎ ‎30. B　细节理解题。第三段提到政府已同意该公司使用特殊材料降低飞行难度，因此可知政府是支持的。A选项有较大干扰，但crash tests(碰撞试验)并非政府的要求，因此不能得出政府对于开发该款汽车态度谨慎的结论。ambiguous的意思是“模棱两可的，含混不清的”。政府已经同意选用特殊材料改良该车，不能说态度含混不清。‎ ‎31. D　主旨大意题。该文第一段介绍Transition 的性能指标，第二段介绍Transition 的市场愿景，第三段则在介绍陆空两用汽车的历史的基础上得出结论：Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality＝Flying car closer to reality。‎ ‎[2017·全国卷Ⅲ]‎ D The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.‎ Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and wellbeing among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.‎ Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing invehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.‎ These include custommade navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.‎ ‎“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”‎ Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.‎ ‎“For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We're looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.‎ ‎“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”‎ ‎32．What is the purpose of the DriveLAB?‎ A．To explore new means of transport.‎ B．To design new types of cars.‎ C．To find out older drivers' problems.‎ D．To teach people traffic rules.‎ ‎33．Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?‎ A．It keeps them independent.‎ B．It helps them save time.‎ C．It builds up their strength.‎ D．It cures their mental illnesses.‎ ‎34．What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?‎ A．Improve their driving skills.‎ B．Develop driverassist technologies.‎ C．Provide tips on repairing their cars.‎ D．Organize regular physical checkups.‎ ‎35．What is the best title for the text?‎ A．A new model electric car B．A solution to traffic problems C．Driving services for elders D．Keeping older drivers on the road ‎【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了老年人开车会面临的问题及相应的解决方法。‎ ‎33. A　细节理解题。题干关键词为driving important和for older people，由此可以锁定第四段末句，由该部分的“…driving is important for preserving their independence…without having to rely on others.”可知选A。‎ ‎34. B　细节理解题。由第三段可知研究者正在研发“invehicle technologies for older drivers”以帮助老年人继续开车，即研发驾驶辅助系统。‎ ‎35. D　主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了一些帮助老年人继续开车的解决方案，以确保老年人能克服一些身体上的不便，以便能继续开车。故选D。‎ ‎ [2017·浙江卷6月考]‎ B Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7 to 12yearolds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.‎ How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest: Most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most schoolage children, ten hours is ideal (理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10 to 12yearolds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.‎ ‎“More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会) to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone，” says Dr Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers' bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.‎ Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7：25 am to 8：30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.‎ ‎25．What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?‎ A. American kids' sleeping habits. ‎ B. Teenagers' sleeprelated diseases.‎ C. Activities to prevent sleeplessness. ‎ D. Learning problems and lack of sleep.‎ ‎26．How many hours of sleep do 11yearolds need every day?‎ A. 7 hours. B. 8 hours. ‎ C. 10 hours. D. 18 hours.‎ ‎27．Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?‎ A. They are affected by certain body chemicals.‎ B. They tend to do things that excite them.‎ C. They follow their parents' examples.‎ D. They don't need to go to school early.‎ ‎【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。作者主要介绍了当今美国青少年晚睡的坏习惯，以及产生的原因和应对措施等。‎ ‎25. A　推理判断题。根据文章第一段首句“Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids.”，同时结合下文“According to a new survey (调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18…60% of 7 to 12yearolds…and 15% said…”可知，该调查主要关注的是青少年的睡眠习惯，所以选A项。‎ ‎26. C　细节理解题。根据文章第二段“For most schoolage children, ten hours is ideal (理想的)．”可知，11岁左右的青少年最佳的睡眠时间是10小时，故答案选C项。‎ ‎27. B　推理判断题。根据第三段“…with more homework…She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep.”可以推断，由于青少年晚上的活动都过于使人兴奋，所以青少年们很难马上静下心来睡觉，从而导致晚睡，故答案选B项。‎ ‎2016年高考试题 ‎ 1.【2016·北京】C California Condor’s Shocking Recovery ‎ California condors are North America’s largest birds, with wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.‎ ‎ In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.‎ ‎ Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.‎ ‎ So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed condors died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.‎ ‎ Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011. ‎ ‎ Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. “Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them. ”‎ ‎63.California condors attract researchers’ interest because they .‎ A.are active at night B.had to be bred in the wild C.are found on in California D.almost died out in the 1980s ‎64. Researchers have found electrical lines are .‎ A.blocking condors’ journey home ‎ B. big killers of Califorbnia condoras C. rest places for condors at night D. used to keep condors away ‎65. According to Paraghaph 5 ,lead poisoning .‎ A.makes condors too nervous to fly ‎ B. has little effect on condors’ kidneys C. can hardly be gotten rid of form condors’ blood D. makes it different for condors to produce baby birds ‎66. The passage shows that .‎ A.the average survival time of condors is satisfactory B.Rideout’s research interest lies in electric engineering C.the efforts to protect condors have brought good results D.researchers have found the final answers to the problem ‎【答案】‎ ‎63. D64. B65. D66. C ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：加利福尼亚神鹰是北美最大的鸟类，双翼展开可达3米。由于频繁的触电和铅中毒，加利福尼亚神鹰几乎绝迹。现在，电击和药物治疗正在拯救加利福尼亚神鹰。‎ ‎64. B细节理解题。根据第三段“ Electrical lines have been killing them off...Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.”可知，神鹰不知道停在电线上会触电身亡，它们经常停在电线上休息，结果，很多被电死了，故选B。‎ ‎65. D段落大意题。根据“This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death”可知，金属铅会刺激神鹰神经系统，影响它们的生育能力，导致肾衰竭和死亡，故选D。‎ ‎66. C推理判断题。根据“just under eight years”可知，神鹰的平均寿命太短，排除A；根据“Although these measures are not effective forever”可知，目前采用的措施并不能永远有效，排除D；根据第六段“They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”可知，Rideout团队的研究兴趣在于怎样挽救这一濒危物种，故选C。‎ 考点：环保类短文阅读 ‎【名师点睛】‎ 推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了作出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，作出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下文的 逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。 推理判断题的解题方法 ： 推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系，结合自己的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。 任何一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的，读者需要知道如何去做或按照某种方式思考问题。推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，即：已知部分－推论的前提，从中推测出未知部分－推理的结论，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。‎ ‎2.【2016·浙江】C A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common.After all,the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world,and the baby is,well, just playing…right?Perhaps,but some developmental psychologists have argued that this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.‎ Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table. Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge, it falls in the ground---and, in the process, it belongs out important evidence about how physical objects interact ; bowls of rice do not flood in mid-sit, but require support to remain stable. It is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. Instead, babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact. Though their ranges and tools differ, the baby’s investigation and the scientist’s experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world ), overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what I expected?).‎ Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way---that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means. For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has. for example, unlike the child , Mommy actually doesn’t ‎ like Dove chocolate.‎ ‎ Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn ,but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort ---the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world---is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive systems that make young children feel good about feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, ”It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”‎ ‎50. According to some developmental psychologists, ‎ A. a baby’s play is nothing more than a game.‎ B. scientific research into babies; games is possible C. the nature of babies’ play has been thoroughly investigated D. a baby’s play is somehow similar to a scientist’s experiment ‎51.We learn from Paragraph 2 that ‎ A. scientists and babies seem to observe the world differently B. scientists and babies often interact with each other C. babies are born with the knowledge of object support D. babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do ‎52. Children may learn the rules of language by ‎ A. exploring the physical world B. investigating human psychology C. repeating their own experiments D. observing their parents’ behaviors ‎53. What is themain idea of the last paragraph?‎ A. The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play.‎ B. Studying babies’ play may lead to a better understanding of science.‎ C. Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.‎ D. One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.‎ ‎54. What is the author’s tone when he discusses the connection between scientists’ research ‎ and babies’ play?‎ ‎ A. Convincing. B. Confused. C. Confidence. D. Cautious.‎ ‎【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有共同之处。‎ ‎50. 【答案】D ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：根据文章第一段的but some developmental psychologists have argued that this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think，可知心理学家觉得孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有些相似，故选D。‎ 考点：考查细节理解。‎ ‎51. 【答案】D ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：根据文章第二段的句子overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world)可知孩子也会像科学家一样收集证据，故选D。‎ 考点：考查细节理解。‎ ‎52. 【答案】C ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：根据文章第三段的句子For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering and finally overturning a theory可知孩子可以通过重复自己的实验来学习语言的规律，故选C。‎ 考点：考查细节理解。‎ ‎53. 【答案】B ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：根据最后一段的句子viewing childhood development as scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.可知，研究孩子可以让人们更好的了解科学，故选B。‎ 考点：考查细节理解。‎ ‎54. 【答案】D ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：根据作者在文中的用词appear to和may来弱化绝对性的表达，和通过引用其他人的观点some ‎ psychologist suggest/argue that 可知，作者的语气是谨慎的。故选D。‎ 考点：考查推理判断。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 阅读理解有时理解文章的长难句是关键，理解不了这些句子很难理解文章的大意。下面我们分析一下这篇文章中的长句。‎ 句子1：It is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it.‎ 这句话使用分号连接两个并列分句，前面的分句使用It is likely that这个句型，还有knowing…作伴随状语，后面的分句是nor+倒装句的结构。‎ 句意：可能孩子不是天生就知道宇宙的基本事实，他们也没有被清楚的教过。‎ 句子2：For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has.‎ 这句话使用强调句，强调的是through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory,这部分比较长，考生可能没有注意这个句式。主干部分中idea后面是同位语从句，from后面还有宾语从句。‎ 句意：例如，它可能只是通过反复实验，收集证据，并最终推翻一个理论，一个婴儿会接受其他人可以和他/她有不同的意见和愿望的想法。 ‎ 考点：考查说明类短文阅读 ‎3. 【2016·江苏】 B ‎ Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children. Who are able from a young age to gather their own food.‎ ‎ In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull at random ---he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.‎ Human children, on the other hand are extremely corporative. From the earliest ages, they decide ‎ to help others, to share information and to participate a achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of expensive with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.‎ There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught .but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence. Develops in children before their general cognitive（认知的）skills,at least when compared with chimps..In tests conducted by Tomtasell, the children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests, but were considerably better at understanding the social world The cure of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t in what Tomasello calls what. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.‎ ‎58. What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?‎ ‎ A. Chimps seldom care about others’ interests.‎ B. Chimps tend to provide food for their children.‎ C. Chimps like to take in their neighbors’ food.‎ D. Chimps naturally share food with each other.‎ ‎59. Michael Tomasello’s tests on young children indicate that they____.‎ ‎ A. have the instinct to help others B. know how to offer help to adults C. know the world better than chimps D. trust adults with their hands full ‎60. The passage is mainly about ____.‎ ‎ A. the helping behaviors of young children B. ways to train children’s shared intentionality C. cooperation as a distinctive human nature D. the development of intelligence in children ‎【答案】58.A 59.A 60.C ‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能天性的原因。‎ ‎59.A 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.和第四段第一句There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught .but naturally possessed in young children.可知只有18个月的孩子就知道去帮助他人，而且帮助他人的做法并不是父母亲教的，属于人类的本能。故A项正确。‎ ‎60.C 主旨大意题。本文属于科普说明文，作者从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能天性的原因。ABD都属于文章的部分内容，并非中心思想。故C项正确。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 本文【小题60】属于主旨大意题。本文使用了正方形写作法。即中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。注意总结性的提示词和转折词，特别要注意中心句。（自然段少的文章中心句不很明显。自然段多的文章，则比较好联系中心句，找一个和中心句最贴近的选项），文章段落的中间部分则可采用略读或扫读的方式，一则省时间，二则目标明确，正确率自然也相应提高了。掌握了找主题句或中心句的方法，就可以依据主题句或中心句归纳主题。‎ 考生要特别注意： 首段陷阱。‎ 即首段虽然貌似主题句或中心句，但却没有完整概括文章全意，或只片面地说到文章的某一个层次，或者是作者设置的几个需要读者判定的文意。这样的信息用来做主题句或中心句就会落入陷阱。以本文为例：本文的第一段只是一个导入的段落，从第一段中猩猩的自私行为导入到第三段中人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能天性的原因。‎ 考点：考查科普说明文阅读 ‎4.【2016·江苏】C El Nifio, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nifio sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.‎ The weather effects both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Nifio, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Nifio in 1997 helped American’s economy grow by 15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvest, farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural in rich countries in growth than the fall in poor ones.‎ But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought (干旱）in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Nino may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.‎ The most recent powerful Nino, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Ninos come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.‎ Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施）can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道）make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Nino’s harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since ‎ the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.‎ ‎61. What can we learn about El Nino in Paragraph 1?‎ A. It is named after a South American fisherman.‎ B. It takes place almost every year all over the world.‎ C. It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.‎ D. It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.‎ ‎62. What may El Ninos bring about to the countries affected?‎ A. Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.‎ B. Droughts become more harmful than floods.‎ C. Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses.‎ D. Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.‎ ‎63. The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that_________.‎ A. more investment should go to risk reduction B. governments of poor countries need more aid C. victims of El Nino deserve more compensation D. recovery and reconstruction should come first ‎64. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?‎ A. To introduce El Nino and its origin.‎ B. To explain the consequences of El Nino.‎ C. To show ways of fighting against El Nino.‎ D. To urge people to prepare for El Nino.‎ ‎【答案】61.D 62.C 63.A 64.D ‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们诺政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后再进行重新补救和恢复。‎ ‎62.C 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句Rich countries gain more from powerful Nifio, on balance, than they lose.可知富有国家从厄尔尼诺现象中得到的好处要大于所得到的坏处。接着在第三句中列举了1997年的厄尔尼诺给美国经济带来的好处。故C项正确。‎ ‎63.A 推理判断题。根据第四段第三句According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards.根据ODI的观点，为应对厄尔尼诺政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺现象的危害而不是在出现问题以后再进行重新补救和恢复。故A项正确。‎ ‎64.D 目的意图题。本文主要介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们诺政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后再进行重新补救和恢复。再根据最后一句“Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.”各国政府要把减少损失放在优先的位置。也就是说我们要事先做好准备。故D项正确。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 本文【小题64】属于阅读理解中的目的意图题。作者在描述事实或传递信息时,不管他的意图是什么,其观点和态度都不可避免地在文章中反映出来｡常见的涉及到作者态度的词有褒义类词（approving, positive, optimistic,等），贬义类词(critical, pessimistic, doubtful, questioning)和中性类词(indifferent, serious, objective, concerned, neutral)。这就要求考生在阅读时应特别注意文章的措辞,尤其注意那些表达感情色彩的形容词如improving, encouraging, disappointing, fail, ignore等，以及作者对人物语言､行为和思想的描写,从中领悟作者的写作意图和态度｡  ‎ 本文最后一句Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.既然最贫穷的国家最不可能从厄尔尼诺这样的灾难中得到弥补，那么我们要把减少损失放在首要位置。从本句的措词中可以看出本文正是要敦促我们要为可能发生的厄尔尼诺做好准备。‎ 考点：考查科普说明文阅读 ‎2015年高考试题 专题16 科普类说明文 ‎1.【2015·湖北卷】D The oddness of life in space never quite goes away. Here are some examples.‎ First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges. The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag. If you leave your arms out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled （芭蕾）dancer. “I’m an inside guy,” Mike Hopkins says, who returned from a six-month tour on the International Space Station. “I like to be wrapped up.”‎ On the station, the ordinary becomes strange. The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars. It also has no seat. With no gravity, it’s just as easy to pedal violently. You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want. But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. Without gravity to help circulate air, the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible （隐形的）cloud around you head. You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache.‎ Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even before you float out of your seat,”Your inner ear thinks you’re falling . Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying—that’s why some people feel sick.” Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears.‎ Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous. For instance, astronauts lose bone mass. That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule. The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and, more importantly, how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round-trip to Mars.‎ ‎63.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?‎ A. Deciding on a proper sleep position B. Choosing a comfortable sleeping bag C. Seeking a way to fall asleep quickly D. Finding a right time to go to sleep.‎ ‎64.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when _____.‎ ‎ A. the y circle around on their bikes B. they use microcomputers without a stop C. they exercise in one place for a long time D. they watch a movie while pedaling ‎65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____.‎ A. their senses stop working B. they have to stand up straight C. they float out of their seats unexpectedly D. whether they are able to go back to the station ‎66.One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____.‎ A. how much exercise they do on the station B. how they can remain healthy for long in space C. whether they can recover after returning home D. whether they are able to go back to the station ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：这是一篇说明文。本文通过举例说明了太空生活的奇妙：在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势；宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛；宇航员的大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。最后告诉我们美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心是宇航员回家后的修养期和如何在太空长久地保持健康。‎ ‎63.A细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句“First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges.”可知在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势。故选A项。‎ ‎64. C细节理解题。根据第三段中“But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. …You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache”可知宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛。故选C项。‎ ‎65. D细节理解题。根据第四段中“Your inner ear thinks you’re failing. Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying-that’s why some people feel sick.”可知宇航员在大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。故选D项。‎ ‎66. B细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第一、二句“The focus on fitness is as much about science and ‎ the future as is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy…NASA is worried about two things :… and, more importantly, how maintain strength and fitness…”可知美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保持健康。故选B项。‎ ‎【考点定位】说明文阅读 ‎【名师点睛】科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重点，文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力。考生应注意：1.平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。2.熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题（高考题中一般不给出标题）、导语、背景、主体和结尾五部分构成。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这部分是命题的重点，考生应该重点把握。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。3. 在进行推理判断时，考生一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。‎ ‎2.【2015·北京卷】C Life in the Clear ‎ Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet—as far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless they’re eating it, or unless something is eating them.”‎ ‎ And they are as clear as glass. How does an animal become see-through? It’s trickier than you might think.‎ ‎ The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter(散射) light, bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.‎ ‎ But a transparent object doesn’t absorb or scatter light, at least not very much, Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn’t look very different from the surrounding air or water. You don’t see it ----you see the things behind it.‎ ‎ To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light. But a transparent animal doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.‎ Animals are built of many different materials----skin, fat, and more----and light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see—through. Others build a large, clear mass of non-living jelly-lie(果冻状的)material and spread themselves over it .‎ ‎ Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does. They need to look uniform. But how they’re doing it is still unknown. One thing is clear for these larger animals, staying transparent is an active process. When they die, they turn a non-transparent milky white.‎ ‎63. According to Paragraph 1, transparent animals_______.‎ ‎ A. stay in groups B. can be easily damaged ‎ C. appear only in deep ocean D. are beautiful creatures ‎64. The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means__________.‎ ‎ A. silently B. gradually ‎ C. regularly D. completely ‎65. One way for an animal to become transparent is to ________.‎ ‎ A. change the direction of light travel ‎ ‎ B. gather materials to scatter light.‎ ‎ C. avoid the absorption of light ‎ D. grow bigger to stop light.‎ ‎66. The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals________.‎ ‎ A. move more slowly in deep water ‎ B. stay see-through even after death ‎ C. produce more tissues for their survival ‎ D. take effective action to reduce light spreading ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章解释了生活在海洋的透明生物的特点，透明原理，以及形成机制。‎ ‎63.B 细节理解题。文章第一段第三行：Mostof them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch。得知B选项：透明动物是很容易受伤的。故选B。‎ ‎64.D 词义猜测题。该词出现在文章第三段第三行。前文提到了：你能看到的物体一种是对光线进行了散射；而另外一种是对光线的吸收。既然吸收了，那在光的传播过程中就完全阻止了，因此这里dead是完全的意思。故选D。‎ ‎66.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句中的make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does可以推断出D为正确答案。其中slowdown对应reduce。故选D。‎ ‎【考点定位】科技类说明文 ‎【名师点睛】做科技类说明文时，考生应能：理解语篇主旨要义，理解文中具体信息，根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义，根据文中事实和线索作出简单的判断和推理。此次出现了新型科技类说明文。往年科技类说明文的阅读难点在于专业类词汇，但是今年的“新型耳机”在问题设置上难度不大，属于文章难但题目不难的题目。所以要理解好文章做好此题就不是难题。‎ ‎3.【2015·江苏】B In the United States alone, over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.‎ Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver. A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste, the concentration (含量) of gold and other precious metals was higher in So-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.‎ Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals. Even when the machines are recycled ‎ and the harmful metals removed, the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries, in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment.‎ Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material, up to 100 times more, than the material contained in the finished products. Consider again the cell-phone, and imagine the mines that produced those metals, the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装) it came in. Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.‎ The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “the production, distribution, and use of products — as well as management of the resulting waste — all result in greenhouse gas release.” Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start — for instance, buying reusable products and recycling.‎ In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive (动机) for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products, would they reduce the packaging in the first place?‎ Governments’ incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money. Why, they ask, should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap (气泡垫) that encased your television?‎ From the governments’ point of view, a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.‎ ‎58.By mentioning the Swiss study, the author intends to tell us that _________ .‎ A. the weight of e-goods is rather small B. E-waste deserves to be made good use of C. natural minerals contain more precious metals D. the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste ‎59.The responsibility of e-waste treatment should be extended _________ .‎ A. from producers to governments ‎ B. from governments to producers C. from individuals to distributors ‎ D. from distributors to governments ‎60. What does the passage mainly talk about?‎ A. The increase in e-waste. ‎ B. The creation of e-waste.‎ C. The seriousness of e-waste. ‎ D. The management of e-waste.‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文是一篇科普说明文。文章主要介绍了电子垃圾的产生、危害以及相关解决措施。‎ ‎58. B推理判断题。文章第一段告诉我们，每年有大量废弃电子产品被随意丢弃。紧接着第二段首句指出：电子设备中含有有用的金属，如金和银，并用Swiss study佐证这一观点，因此可以推知电子垃圾值得充分利用。故选B项。‎ ‎59.B细节理解题。文章第六、七、八三段围绕“生产者责任延伸”展开的，最后一段做了总结， 根据“a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers ”可知B项正确，是对该句的同义压缩。故选B项。‎ ‎60.D主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章先描述了废弃电子产品被随意丢弃这一现象，接着指出电子垃圾的可以用价值和潜在风险，主要是由于对废弃电子产品的管理不善造成的，最后呼吁政府和生产商对此承担一定的责任。故选D项。‎ ‎【考点定位】科普说明文阅读 ‎【名师点睛】科普类文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的理解和推理能力。文章选材时代气息浓厚，与经济、科技的发展和变化密切相关。考生应注意：1.平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。2.熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题（高考题中一般不给出标题）、导语、背景、主体和结尾五部分构成。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这部分是命题的重点，考生应该重点把握。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。3. 在进行推理判断时，考生一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。‎ ‎4.C Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have ‎ volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.‎ Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.‎ People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g., “I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g., “I volunteer because I’m required to do so”). When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.‎ Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.‎ Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.” Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive correlation (正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again, lead to concrete advice: “Once an individual begins ‎ volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.... Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”.‎ ‎61.People volunteer mainly out of ______ .‎ A. academic requirements B. social expectations C. financial rewards D. internal needs ‎62.What can we learn from the Florida study?‎ A. Follow-up studies should last for one year. B. Volunteers should get mentally prepared.‎ C. Strategy training is a must in research. D. Volunteers are provided with concrete advice.‎ ‎63.What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?‎ A. Individual differences in role identity. B. Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts.‎ C. Role identity as a volunteer. D. Practical advice from researchers.‎ ‎64.What is the best title of the passage?‎ A. How to Get People to Volunteer B. How to Study Volunteer Behaviors C. How to Keep Volunteers’ Interest D. How to Organize Volunteer Activities ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文是一篇议论文。文章分析讲述志愿者为什么自发地去服务社会，并通过3个实验研究志愿者的意图。‎ ‎62．B推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句中“training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”可知志愿者应该从心理上做好充分的准备。故选B项。‎ ‎63.C细节理解题。根据第五段第二句中“those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work”可知志愿者身份认同会激励他们继续从事志愿者工作。故选C项。‎ ‎64.A标题归纳题。文章首段提出假设：假如你是一名组织领导人，很想得到志愿者的帮助。并指出在此之前，必须弄清志愿者为什么自发地去服务社会，并通过3个实验研究志愿者的意图。因此A项（如何使人们从事志愿者服务）是文章的最佳标题。‎ ‎【考点定位】议论文阅读 ‎【名师点睛】议论说理类文章具有以下特点：1．一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。2．以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。3．文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。考生应注意抓住作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。同时，理清作为论据的诸多事例和理由之间以及它们和观点/结论之间的内在联系，把握文章的结构。‎ ‎5.【2015·广东】C Daniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes it’s important to distinguish television’s influences on children from those of the family. We tend to blame TV, he says, for problems it doesn’t really cause, overlooking our own roles in shaping children’s minds.‎ One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a child’s ability to think and to understand the world. While watching TV, children do not merely absorb words and images (影像). Instead, they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see. Actually, children learn early the psychology of characters in TV shows. Furthermore, as many teachers agree, children understand far more when parents watch TV with them, explaining new words and ideas. Yet, most parents use an educational program as a chance to park their kids in front of the set and do something in another room.‎ Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a form of entertainment. But according to Anderson, the amount of time spent watching television is not related to reading ability. TV doesn’t take the place of reading for most children; it takes the place of similar sorts of recreation, such as listening to the radio and playing sports. Things like parents’ educational background have a stronger influence on a child’s reading. “A child’s reading ability is best predicted by how much a parent reads.” Anderson says.‎ Traditional wisdom also has it that heavy television-watching lowers IQ (智商) scores and affects school performance. But here, too, Anderson notes that no studies have proved it. In fact,‎ ‎ research suggests that it’s the other way around. “If you’re smart young, you’ll watch less TV when you’re older,” Anderson says. Yet, people of lower IQ tend to be lifelong television viewers.‎ For years researchers have attempted to show that television is dangerous to children. However, by showing that television promotes none of the dangerous effects as conventionally believed, Anderson suggests that television cannot be condemned without considering other influences.‎ ‎36. By watching TV, children learn _________.‎ A. images through words B. more than explicit meanings C. more about images than words D. little about people’s psychology ‎37. An educational program is best watched by a child _________.‎ A. on his own B. with other kids C. with his parents D. with his teachers ‎38. Which of the following is most related to children’s reading ability?‎ A. Radio-listening B. Television-watching C. Parents’ reading list D. Parents’ educational background ‎39. Anderson believed that _________.‎ A. the more a child watches TV, the smarter he is B. the younger a child is, the more he watches TV C. the smarter a child is, the less likely he gets addicted to TV D. the less a child watches TV, the better he performs at school ‎40. What is the main purpose of the passage?‎ A. To advise on the educational use of TV.‎ B. To describe TV’s harmful effects on children.‎ C. To explain traditional views on TV influences.‎ D. To present Anderson’s unconventional ideas.‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文叙述著名心理学家Daniel Anderson对孩子们看电视的看法，打破了以往人们认为看电视对孩子不好的想法。他认为孩子们看电视不知学到显现出来的东西；父母陪孩子看电视，孩子可以学到更多知识；孩子看电视并没有代替孩子阅读，并没有影响孩子的智商。‎ ‎36. B细节理解题。根据第二段的Instead, they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see.可知孩子们通过看电视，可以学到显性和隐藏的意义，因此不仅仅学到隐藏的意思。故选B。‎ ‎37. C推理判断题。根据第二段的Furthermore, as many teachers agree, children understand far more when parents watch TV with them“孩子们有父母陪着看电视理解的更多”，故推断教育节目最好是父母陪着孩子看。故选C。‎ ‎38. D细节理解题。根据第三段的Things like parents’ educational background have a stronger influence on a child’s reading.可知父母的教育背景对孩子的阅读有很强的影响。故选D。‎ ‎39. C细节理解题。根据第四段的“If you’re smart young, you’ll watch less TV when you’re older”可知如果你小时越聪明，长大看电视看得越来越少。故选C。‎ ‎40. D推理判断题。根据最后一段的Anderson suggests that television cannot condemned without considering other influences.“Anderson认为不应该按照常规，不考虑电视的其他影响而去谴责电视”故推断这篇文章的目的是呈现Anderson打破常规的想法，故选D。‎ ‎【考点定位】 教育类短文阅读。‎ ‎【名师点睛】本文侧重考查学生的细节理解能力。问题设置巧妙，根据题干要求，学生自己阅读，就能在文中找到答案。尤其第40题，充分考查了学生的语篇理解能力。同时，这篇短文提出的一种与常规不一样的看法，看电视对孩子是有好处的。‎ ‎6.【2015·陕西】C The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full-sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of, certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world’s ecological balance.‎ On a local level, the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other special(物种) that depend on the trees’ flowers and fruits. Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home.‎ ‎ As a result, many special are quickly dying out.‎ On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens(威胁)human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests' plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases. In addition, new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the world's groundwater.‎ Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations (种植园)could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world's climate, and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的) soil conditions.‎ It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.‎ ‎54. What can we learn about full-sun coffee production from Paragraph 4?‎ A. It limits the spread of new growing techniques.‎ B. It leads to air pollution and global warming.‎ C. It slows down the loss of shade trees.‎ D. It improves local soil conditions.‎ ‎55. The purpose of the text is to .‎ A. entertain B. advertise C. instruct D. persuade ‎56. Where does this text probably come from ?‎ A. An agricultural magazine.‎ B. A medical journal.‎ C. An engineering textbook.‎ D. A tourist guide.‎ ‎57.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产给环境和生态带来的种种危害，呼吁人们不要购买这种咖啡，而要买对环境有利的产品。‎ ‎55.写作意图题。根据文章最后一段的句子：But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost.可知作者的意图是劝说人们购买阴凉处种植的咖啡，这样对环境是有好处的，故选D。‎ ‎56.推理判断题。文章介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产会带来的破坏，应该是出自一本农业杂志，故选A。‎ ‎57.文章结构题。文章第一段介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产的话题，二、三、四段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产带来的破坏，第五段说服人们去购买对环境有利的阴凉处种植的咖啡，所以是总分总的结构，故选A。‎ ‎【考点定位】环保类阅读理解 ‎【名师点睛】这篇文章内容不是学生非常熟悉的，但是篇幅适中。考查比较全面，除了抓住主旨，理解细节题，还需要适当的推理，如：判断文章的出处，作者的意图，文章的结构。这些不是某个句子可以体现的，要对文章有整体把握。‎ ‎7.【2015·四川】D Their cheery song brightens many a winter's day. But robins are in danger of wearing themselves out by singing too much. Robins are singing all night一as well as during the day, British-based researchers say.‎ ‎ David Dominoni, of Glasgow University, said that light from street lamps, takeaway signs and homes is affecting the birds' biological clocks, leading to them being wide awake when they should be asleep.‎ ‎ Dr Dominoni, who is putting cameras inside nesting boxes to track sleeping patterns, said lack of sleep could put the birds’ health at risk. His study shows that when robins are exposed to light at night in the lab, it leads to some genes being active at the wrong time of day. And the more birds are exposed to light, the more active they are at night.‎ He told people at a conference, "There have been a couple of studies suggesting they are increasing their song output at night and during the day they are still singing. Singing is a costly behaviour and it takes energy. So by increasing their song output, there might be some costs of energy."‎ And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal. Dr Dominoni said, "In Glasgow where I live, gulls are a serious problem. I have people coming to me saying `You are the bird expert. Can you help us kill these gulls?'.During the breeding(繁殖)season, between April and June, they are very active at night and very noisy and people can't sleep."‎ Although Dr Dominoni has only studied light pollution, other research concluded that robins living in noisy cities have started to sing at night to make themselves heard over loud noise.‎ However, some birds thrive(兴旺)in noisy environments. A study from California Polytechnic University found more hummingbirds in areas with heavy industrial machinery. It is thought that they are capitalising on their predators(天敌)fleeing to quieter areas.‎ ‎42.According to Dr Dominoni's study, what cause robins to sing so much?‎ ‎ A. The breeding season. B. The light in modern life ‎ C. The dangerous environment. D. The noise from heavy machinery.‎ ‎43.What is the researchers' concern over the increase of birds' song output?‎ ‎ A. The environment might be polluted.‎ ‎ B. The birds' health might be damaged.‎ ‎ C. The industry cost might be increased.‎ ‎ D. The people's hearing might be affected.‎ ‎44.What does the underlined word "nocturnal" in Paragraph 5 mean?‎ ‎ A. Active at night. B. Inactive at night.‎ ‎ C. Active during the day. D. Inactive during the day.‎ ‎45.Why do some birds thrive in noisy environments?‎ ‎ A. Because there are fewer dangers.‎ ‎ B. Because there is more food to eat.‎ C. Because there is less light pollution D. Because there are more places to take shelter.‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文主要介绍了一项研究调查的结果，由于人类制造的光线问题，越来越多的鸟类如知更鸟在晚上也会唱歌，这极大地影响了鸟的健康。‎ ‎42.B 细节理解题。根据文章第二段的David Dominoni, of Glasgow University, said that light from street lamps, take away signs and homes is affecting the birds' biological clock, leading to them being wide awake可知选择B。‎ ‎43.B 细节理解题。根据文章Singing is a costly behaviour and it takes energy. So by increasing their song output, there might be some costs of energy."可知，唱歌唱得越多，就会损耗更多的能量，故选择B。‎ ‎44.A 词义辨析题。根据上文的And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being可知乌鸦和海鸥情况也一样，也就是说这两种鸟晚上也唱歌，故选择A，指晚上很兴奋。‎ ‎45.A 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的It is thought that they are capitalising on their predators(天敌)fleeing to quieter areas.可知，它们的天敌都去了安静的地方，故选择A，指在这些工业区，天敌更少，也就是危险更少。‎ ‎【考点定位】 考查说明文阅读 ‎【名师点睛】本篇文章考查了科普说明文的阅读。科普说明文是高考阅读理解中的重点与难点。在阅读此类文章时，考生会觉得篇幅长、生词多、逻辑性强、长句多、话题陌生且枯燥，表达方式专业化。因此，要求考生要掌握相对的解题技巧与能力。在读此类文章时，要弄清文章的主题，本文主题为人造光影响了鸟类的生物钟，使得它们晚上还在歌唱，影响了鸟类的健康。在设题时，此类文章常考词义辨析题，如，要求考生要从上文的具体现象中概括出生词词义。‎ ‎8.【2015·四川】E No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo. But a new study suggests they used a little rock‘n’roll. Long-ago builders could have attached wooden pole s to the stones and rolled then across the sand, the scientists say.‎ ‎“Technically, I think what they’re proposing is possible,” physicist Daniel Bonn said.‎ People have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks. And there’s no obvious answer. On average, each of the two million big stones weighed about as much as a large pickup truck. The Egyptians somehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid site from about one kilometer away.‎ The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths. Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds(滑板). Then they would have dragged them along paths. To make the work easier, workers may have lubricated the paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle. Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand.‎ Evidence from the sand supports this idea. Researchers found small amounts of fat, as well as a large amount of stone and the remains of paths.‎ However, physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way , who led the new study . West said , “I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction . I thought , ‘Why don’t they just try rolling the things?’ “A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its ‎ sides , he realized . That , he notes , should make a block of stone” a lot easier to roll than a square”.‎ So he tried it.‎ He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30-kilogram stone block. That action turned the block into somewhat a wheel. Then they placed the block on the ground.‎ They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled. The researchers found they could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths. They calculated that rolling the block required about as much force as moving it along a slippery(滑的)path.‎ West hasn’t tested his idea on larger blocks, but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over sliding. At least, workers wouldn’t have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.‎ ‎46.It’s widely believed that the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by ______.‎ A. rolling them on roads B. pushing them over the sand C. sliding them on smooth paths D. dragging them on some poles ‎47.The underlined part “lubricated the paths” in Paragraph 4 means____.‎ A. made the path wet B. made the path hard C. made the path wide D. made the path slippery ‎48.What does the underlined word “it”in Paragraph 7 refer to?‎ A. Rolling the blocks with poles attached.‎ B. Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels.‎ C. Rolling poles to move the blocks.‎ D. Rolling the blocks with fat.‎ ‎49.Why is rolling better than sliding according to West ?‎ ‎ A. Because more force is needed for sliding.‎ ‎ B. Because rolling work can be done by fewer cattle.‎ ‎ C. Because sliding on smooth road is more dangerous.‎ ‎ D. Because less preparation on path is needed for rolling.‎ ‎50.What is the text mainly about ?‎ ‎ A. An experiment on ways of moving blocks to the pyramid site.‎ ‎ B. An application of the method of moving blocks to the pyramid site.‎ ‎ C. An argument about different methods of moving blocks to the pyramid site.‎ ‎ D. An introduction to a possible new way of moving blocks to the pyramid site.‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文主要讲述的是关于金字塔的建造，不同的专家有着不同的见解。这篇文章主要讲述了两种看法。‎ ‎48.A 词义猜测题。这是考查指代词的指代内容，由于是指代词，可知内容应该在上文，根据第六段的内容可知，选择A，意为把杆绑在石块上，然后滚动石块。‎ ‎49.D 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的workers wouldn’t have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.可知，滚动石块不需要有准备工作，故选择D。‎ ‎50.D 主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章主要讲述了一种新的把石块移动到金字塔地址的方法，故选择D。‎ ‎【考点定位】 考查说明文阅读 ‎【名师点睛】本篇文章考查了科普说明文的阅读。科普说明文是高考阅读理解中的重点与难点。在阅读此类文章时，考生会觉得篇幅长、生词多、逻辑性强、长句多、话题陌生且枯燥，表达方式专业化。因此，要求考生要掌握相对的解题技巧与能力。设题时，常会考查生词词义判断题，如要求考生从上下文理解中概括出生词词义。以及代词指代判断题，如，此类试题常以it、them等代词为命题特色，要求考生推断其指代对象。通常在上文出现。‎ ‎9.【2015·天津】B Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a ‎ more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo. ‎ While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.‎ The Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesn’t just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.‎ Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces.‎ Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market. The company’s “Oshbot” robot is built to assist customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product’s location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.‎ The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns. But Oshbot, like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees. “We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us,” said Breazeal.‎ ‎41. How are social robots different from household robots?‎ ‎ A. They can control their emotions. B. They are more like humans.‎ C. They do the normal housework. D. They respond to users more slowly.‎ ‎42. What can a Jibo robot do according to Paragraph 3?‎ A. Communicate with you and perform operations.‎ B. Answer your questions and make requests.‎ C. Take your family pictures and deliver milk.‎ D. Obey your orders and remind you to take pills.‎ ‎43. What can Oshbot work as?‎ A. A language teacher. B. A tour guide.‎ C. A shop assistant. D. A private nurse.‎ ‎44. We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will ______. ‎ A. train employees B. be our workmates ‎ C. improve technologies D. take the place of workers ‎45. What does the passage mainly present?‎ A. A new design idea of household robots.‎ B. Marketing strategies for social robots.‎ C. Information on household robots.‎ D. An introduction to social robots.‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章大意：文章主要介绍了社会机器人的功能与作用。 ‎ ‎41. B细节理解题。根据文章第二段While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools.可知社会机器人更像人或不是纯粹的工具。故选B。‎ ‎42. D 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“his action to keep his balance against the strong winds made for some heart－stopping(令人担忧的)moments for the audience.”可知选D。‎ ‎43. C 细节理解题。根据第三段You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks.和It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.可知此机器人可以解答问题且可以提醒家庭成员服药和拍照片。选C。‎ ‎44. B 推理判断题。根据最后一段Breazeal 的话“We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us”可以推断出社会机器人可以和我们一起做事情。故选B。‎ ‎45. D 主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了社会机器人的功能与作用。故选D。‎ ‎【考点定位】科技类短文阅读 ‎ ‎【名师点睛】本文是一篇科技类短文阅读，整体难度中等偏易，多数考查细节理解题，只需通过关键词定位可得出答案。倒数第二题需要稍加推理才能判断出答案，最后一题是对文章的主旨大意的考查，考生做题时尤其注意切切不能以偏概全，干扰选择项要多回到原文的原句反复斟酌。‎ ‎10.【2015·浙江】C If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness ‎ happily，the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead，we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light. ‎ The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences 一 called light pollution 一 whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design，which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky. III-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels 一 and light rhythms — to which many forms of life, including, ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect or life is affected . ‎ In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark. We’ve grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit nigh, - dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadow on Earth, is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost.‎ We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further form the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing, Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet(磁铁). The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.‎ Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times righter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint including most other creatures ,we do need darkness .Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself.‎ Living in a glare of our making,we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night .In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge ‎ of our galaxy arching overhead.‎ ‎50. According to the passage, human being .‎ A. prefer to live in the darkness B. are used to living in the day light ‎ C. were curious about the midnight world ‎ D. had to stay at home with the light of the moon ‎51. What does “it”(Paragraph 1) most probably refer to?‎ A. The night. B. The moon C. The sky D. The planet ‎52. The writer mentions birds and frogs to .‎ A. provide examples of animal protection B. show how light pollution affects animals ‎ C. compare the living habits of both species ‎ D. explain why the number of certain species has declined ‎ ‎53. It is implied in the last paragraph that . ‎ A. light pollution dose harm to the eyesight of animals B. light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages C. human beings cannot go to the outer space ‎ D. human beings should reflect on their position in the universe ‎54. What might be the best title for the passage?‎ A. The Magic light. B. The Orange Haze.‎ C. The Disappearing Night. D. The Rhythms of Nature.‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章介绍了光污染对于动物和人类的影响，呼吁我们反思我们的行为。‎ ‎50. B 细节理解题 根据第一段第三行“ with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light眼睛适应了太阳的光线” 可以知道答案。其中adapted to 和used to 同义，意为习惯于。‎ ‎52. B 写作目的题 根据第二段第一句话” The benefits of this kind of engineering come with ‎ consequences 这项工程带来好处的同时也带来了坏处“和最后一句，“Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life is affected“, 此句意为无论光洒在什么地方，生活都会受到一些影响。 所以答案是show how light pollution affects animals说明光污染影响的动物 ‎53. D 推理题，最后一段的意思是” Living in a glare of our making ,we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night .In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy arching overhead.生活在一个刺眼世界，我们已经远离了进化和文化遗产：星星和昼夜节律的光。在一个非常真实的意义上，光污染使我们在宇宙中失去真我，而这些失去的正好就是最好的测量银河系银河深夜的工具。“ 根据语意，不难得出答案是D. human beings should reflect on their position in the universe人类应该反思自己的行为。但此题易错选B，之所以不选B是因为some of 的表达是扩大了说法，以偏概全。‎ ‎54. C 标题题，根据，文章出现最多的就是light和night, 我们可以知道答案是C。之所以不选A，是因为它所使用的形容词Magic意思是奇幻的，这个单词具有褒义的意思。而C选项的disappearing 是消失的，这符合本文的语境，让我们反思。‎ ‎【考点定位】这是一篇夹叙夹议的文章 ‎【名师点睛】对于这种文章，一定要读懂作者的观点是什么？留意作者看法的用词，即是文章所使用的形容词是支持还是反对。尤其要读懂第一段的内容，因为往往开头是陈述作者观点的地方。如第一段“If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness happily，the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead，we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light.如果人类真的在家里的月亮和星星的光下，我们会在黑暗中快乐，午夜的世界，我们可见的是夜间的大量在这个星球上的物种。相反，我们是日行动物，眼睛适应了太阳的光线。”‎ ‎11.【2015·安徽】C ‎ As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information, are people remember less? If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.‎ ‎ In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments. She and her research team wanted to know the Internet is changing memory. In the first experiment, they gave people ‎ ‎40 unimportant facts to type into a computer. The first group of people understood that the computer would save the information. The second group understood that the computer would not save it. Later, the second group remembered the information better. People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.‎ ‎ In another experiment, the researchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find the information on the Internet. The information was in a specific computer folder (文件夹). Surprisingly, people later remember the folder location (位置) better than the facts. When people use the Internet, they do not remember the information. Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called "transactive memory (交互记忆)".‎ ‎ According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date. This doesn't mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.‎ ‎64. The passage begins with two questions to ______. ‎ ‎ A. introduce the main topic B. show the author's altitude C. describe how to use the Interne. D. explain how to store information ‎65. What can we learn about the first experiment?‎ A. Sparrow's team typed the information into a computer. ‎ B. The two groups remembered the information equally well.‎ C. The first group did not try to remember the formation. ‎ D. The second group did not understand the information.‎ ‎66. In transactive memory, people ______.‎ A. keep the information in mind B. change the quantity of information ‎ C. organize information like a computer D. remember how to find the information ‎67. What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrow's research? ‎ A. We are using memory differently. B. We are becoming more intelligent.‎ C. We have poorer memories than before. D. We need a better way to access information.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎64. A ‎65. C ‎66. D ‎67. A ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章主要讲的是互联网给人类的记忆带来的影响。互联网使用者越来越依赖互联网储存信息，人们这样做是否会丧失记忆事物的能力呢？专家怀疑互联网可能正在改变人们的记忆内容和记忆的方式。‎ ‎64. A 写作意图题。根据第一段“Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.”可知，作者使用两个问句是为了引出要讨论的话题。‎ ‎65. C 细节理解题。根据第二段“People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.”可知答案。‎ ‎66. D 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called "transactive memory (交互记忆)"”可知，在交互记忆里，人们记得怎样找到信息。‎ ‎67. A 细节理解题。根据最后一段“but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing”可知，互联网对人们的记忆产生的影响是它改变了我们使用记忆力的方式。‎ ‎【考点定位】心理类短文阅读 ‎【名师点睛】一般来说，举例的目的是为了引出即将讨论的话题，可以从例子后面找到总结性的话语。“Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.”就是举例的意图。后三道题都属于细节理解题，可以直接从文章找到提示性的语句；最后一道题有一定的难度，需要进行一些推理和排除。‎ ‎12.【2015·湖南】B ‎ In its early history, Chicago had floods frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy that people, horses, and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs help, he replies, "No, thanks. I've got a good horse under me."‎ The city planner decided to build an underground drainage (排水) system, but there simply wasn't enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city.‎ An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced me the city that it had no choice but to build ‎ the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt. This raised the level of the city's streets by as much as 12 feet.‎ This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like Tremont Hotel, which was a six-story brick building?‎ That's where George Pullman came in. He had developed some house-moving skills successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel, Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews (螺旋千斤顶) beneath the building's foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman's signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly, the Tremont Hotel stay open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didn't even notice anything was happening. Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicago's early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicago's waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the city's next step was to clean the polluted river.‎ ‎61.The author mentions the joke to show ______.‎ ‎ A. horses were fairly useful in Chicago ‎ B. Chicago's streets were extremely muddy ‎ C. Chicago was very dangerous in the spring ‎ D. the Chicago people were particularly humorous ‎62.The city planners were convinced by Ellis Chesbrough to_______.‎ ‎ A. get rid of the street dirt ‎ ‎ B. lower the Chicago River ‎ C. fight against heavy floods ‎ D. build the pipes above ground ‎63.The underlined word "hoist" in Paragraph 4 means "_______".‎ ‎ A. change B. lift ‎ C. repair D. decorate ‎64.What can we conclude about the moving operation of the Tremont Hotel?‎ ‎ A. It went on smoothly as intended.‎ ‎ B. It interrupted the business of the hotel.‎ ‎ C. It involved Pullman turning ten jackscrews.‎ ‎ D. It separated the building from its foundation.‎ ‎65.The passage is mainly about the early Chicago's ______.‎ ‎ A. popular life styles and their influences ‎ B. environmental disasters and their causes ‎ C. engineering problems and their solutions ‎ D. successful businessmen and their achievements ‎【答案】 ‎ ‎61．B ‎62．D ‎63．B ‎64．A ‎65．C ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文讲述了芝加哥城的问题和改造方案 ‎61．B;细节推理题。根据文章的第一段第一句话：In early history, Chicago had floors frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy that people, horses, and carts got stuck.可知芝加哥因为洪水的经常泛滥导致大街上总是泥泞不堪，行人，马和车全部都堵在路上。所以作者提及那个玩笑是为了突出芝加哥这一特点，故选B ‎62．D;细节理解题。根据第三段第一句话：An engineer named Eill Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover thenwith dirt.可知以Eill Chesbrough为首的人们认为应该在地上埋下排水管道，故选D ‎63．B;细节推理题。根据后文：Small wood-frame building could be lifted fairly easily.可知另一种方法就是将建筑升高。故选B ‎65．C;主旨大意题。文章的第一段就提出芝加哥城所存在的问题，接下来的段落讨论了解决这个问题的一些方法，最后一段讲到这些方法虽然解决当前的问题，但是随之而来的又会冒出一些新的问题有待解决。故文章大致上讲述的是建造的问题与解决办法，故选C ‎【考点定位】科普类短文阅读。‎ ‎【名师点睛】这是一篇科普类的文章，主要是考查上下文理解和对文章细节的把握，明白作者的构思在文章中给出的自己想法和观点以及对文章的总结。例如最后一段：Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicago's early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicago's waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the city's next step was to clean the polluted river.可知作者觉得所有的解决办法都会解决了原有的问题后又产生出一个新的问题。这是对文章的一个总结。‎ ‎13.【2015·新课标全国II】B Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. you can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.‎ Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious(难为情) when they’re in poorly lit places – and so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn’t have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.‎ Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colors make us less hungry. So when it’s time to repaint, go blue.‎ Don’t forget the clock – or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at 30 minutes. And while you’re at it, actually sit down to ‎ eat. If you need some help slowing down, turning on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.‎ Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plants can easily makes us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.‎ ‎25. The text is especially helpful for those who care about ____.‎ A. their home comforts B. their body shape C. house buying D. healthy diets ‎26. A home environment in blue can help people ____.‎ A. digest food better B. reduce food intake C. burn more calories D. regain their appetites ‎27. What are people advised to do at mealtimes?‎ A. Eat quickly.‎ B. Play fast music C. Use smaller spoons D. Turn down the lights ‎28. What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A. Is Your House Making You Fat?‎ B. Ways of Serving Dinner C. Effects of Self-Consciousness D. Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎25. B ‎26. B ‎27. C ‎28. A ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：你家的房子对你的身材很有影响。长胖还是变瘦关键看你如何设计自己的家了。我们这里有很好的建议4条：1.房间要明亮；2.用冷色系会减少食欲；3.放一些舒缓的音乐就餐；4. 用小的碗碟。‎ ‎25. B推理判断题。根据全文第一段Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.可知，要让你的家的设计成为你减肥计划的一部分。所以这篇文章对那些在乎自己的体型的人更有帮助。故选B。‎ ‎26.B 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句话In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.可知在蓝色的房间内人吃的食物相对在黄色或者红色房间 少33%。暖色让人胃口大开，冷色让人感觉到不饿。故选B。‎ ‎27.C 推理判断题。本题是在考查考生是否理解了4条建议。第4段People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.，说明吃得慢就吃得少，吃得快就多，故A错；If you need some help slowing down, turning on relaxing music.说明放舒缓的音乐可以让人吃得慢，反之则快，故B错；第二段Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating,由此可知房间暗会增加饮食，所以D错；最后一段When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent. 用大勺和小勺吃饭，相差14%，故选C。‎ ‎28.A主旨大意题。根据文章的开头Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. you can make your environment work for you instead of against you.可知，你的家居环境既可以让你变胖也会让你变瘦。本文非常适合那些想减肥的人士来阅读。所以选A可以更好地概括全文。‎ ‎【考点定位】科普类短文阅读 ‎ ‎【名师点睛】本文的结构清楚。 主题句Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.在第一段，抓住就可以理清文章的脉络，接下来是4条建议，一段一条。题目中的第三题考查对文章的全面了解，并要求理解四个选项的意思才能做好。平时还应该多练习对文章结构的分析。‎ ‎14.【2015·新课标全国I】D Conflict is on the menu tonight at the café La Chope. This evening, as on every Thursday night, psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes, coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn’t always easy. They customers - some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per session - care quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论)，slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to ‎ say ‘one feels,’ or ‘people think’,” Lehane told them. “Say ‘I think,’ ‘Think me’.”‎ A café society where no intellectualizing is allowed? It couldn’t seem more un-French. But Lehanne’s psychology café is about more than knowing oneself: It’s trying to help the city’s troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle - longer working hours, a fast food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening.‎ ‎ The city’s psychology cafes, which offer great comfort, are among the most popular places. Middle-aged homemakers, retirees, and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love, anger, and dreams with a psychologist. And they come to Lehanne’s group just to learn to say what they feel. “There’s a strong need in Paris for communication,” says Maurice Frisch, a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church. “People have few real friends. And they need to open up.” Lehanne says she’d like to see psychology cafes all over France. “If people had normal lives, these cafes wouldn’t exist”, she says, “If life weren’t a battle, people wouldn’t need a special place just to speak.” But them, it wouldn’t be France.‎ ‎32. What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope?‎ A. Learn a new subject B. Keep in touch with friends.‎ C. Show off their knowledge.‎ D. Express their true feelings.‎ ‎33. How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?‎ A. They are less frequently visited.‎ B. They stay open for longer hours.‎ C. They have bigger night crowds.‎ D. They start to serve fast food.‎ ‎34. What are theme cafes expected to do?‎ A. Create more jobs.‎ B. Supply better drinks.‎ C. Save the cafe business.‎ D. Serve the neighborhood.‎ ‎35. Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?‎ A. They bring people true friendship.‎ B. They give people spiritual support.‎ C. They help people realize their dreams.‎ D. They offer a platform for business links.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎32. D ‎33. A ‎ ‎34. C ‎ ‎35. B ‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章主要讲述了法国精神咖啡馆（psychology cafes）的社会意义和功能特色，以及在法国越来越受欢迎。 ‎ ‎32. D细节理解题。根据文章第一段第三句Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings.可知在La Chope咖啡馆鼓励人们表达他们真正的情感。故选D。‎ ‎34. C 推理判断题。根据第二段Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation.可以得出答案。故选C。‎ ‎35. B 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第一句话“If people had normal lives, these cafes would’t exist”, she says,”If life weren’t a battle, people wouln’t need a special place just to speak.” But them, it wouldn’t be France.可知心理咖啡馆在巴黎受欢迎的原因在于他们给予人们精神上的支持。故选B。‎ ‎【考点定位】社会类短文阅读 ‎ ‎【名师点睛】这是一篇社会类短文阅读。难度中等偏上，学生不易读懂。但是第32和33题均为考查细节理解题，问题设计比较简单，考生只需通过关键词定位即可得出答案。其中第34和35‎ 题需要在原文的内容的基础之上作出推理，才能判断出正确的答案。考生做此类阅读时要注意前后之间的联系与对比，选择答案时切不可以以偏概全。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【两年模拟】2017、2018名校模拟题及其答案解析 ‎2018年模拟题 D【吉林省长春市2018届高三年级四模】‎ In the story of “The crow and the Pitcher” from Aesop’s Fables, a thisty crow (乌鸦)drops stones into a narrow jar to raise the low level of water inside so he can take a drink.‎ Now scientists have evidence to back up that story. Crows actually do understand how to make water displacement (移位) work to their advantage, experiments show. The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as first-graders.‎ Researchers, led by Sarah Jelbert at the University of Auckland in New Zealand, presented six crows with tubes filled with water. Inside the tubes, a worm or piece of meat on a piece of wood was floating, just out of reach of the crow. In front of the tubes, the researchers arranged several rubber erasers that would sink, and some plastic objects that would float. The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the water level and get their snack.‎ However, the birds handled awkwardly in experiments in which they could choose to drop objects in either a wide tube or a narrow one to get a snack, the researchers said. Dropping objects into narrow tube would lift the water level by a greater amount and put the treat within reach after just two drops; while it took around seven drops to raise the snack to the same level in the wide tube. The crows obviously didn’t realize this, and most of them went for the wide tube first.‎ Previous studies showed that chimps and human children can solve similar tasks. In a 2011 study, chimps and kids found out that they could put water into a tube to reach a peanut that was floating in a small amount of water at the bottom.‎ ‎12. How did the crows get the snack in Sarah’s experiment?‎ A. By breaking the tube.‎ B. By dropping in erasers.‎ C. By standing on the wood.‎ D. By removing the wood.‎ ‎13. What does the author mean by “the birds handled awkwardly” in paragraph 4?‎ A. They were unable to tell different shapes.‎ B. They dropped objects only into narrow tubes.‎ C. They were not aware of the snack at first sight.‎ D. They mostly avoided the easier way to get the snack.‎ ‎14. What does the text mainly focus on?‎ A. Stories of Aesop’s Fables.‎ B. The development of crows.‎ C. Crows’ intelligence.‎ D. Human-animal communication.‎ ‎15. What can we learn from the passage?‎ A. Crows are almost as clever as first-graders in some respects.‎ B. Crows understand water displacement completely.‎ C. Chimps and children are much smarter than crows.‎ D. The story of “The crow and the Pitcher” lacks evidence.‎ ‎【答案】12. B 13. D 14. C 15. A ‎【解析】这是一篇科普类文章。文章主要讲了科学家通过喝水实验对乌鸦智商的研究。‎ ‎12. 细节理解题。根据第三段“The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the water level and get their snack.”可知，乌鸦能够把橡皮擦扔到管子里，使食物浮起，然后吃到食物。所以选项B正确。‎ ‎13. 语句猜测题。从第四段可知，实验中的乌鸦在面对粗细不同的管子时，虽然细管比粗管需要更少的水和时间就可以把食物浮起来，但是乌鸦往往先去粗管那边，而没有选择更容易浮起食物的细管。由此可知，这一句话的意思应该是“鸟儿大多没有选择更容易的方式得到零食”。所以答案选D。‎ ‎14. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as ‎ first-graders.”以及后面的几个实验可知，整篇文章都是围绕乌鸦的智商问题来展开的。所以答案选C。‎ ‎【点睛】语句猜测题要求考生根据语境的意义，判断划线的短语和句子在文中的指代含义。考生虽然可能这一句话的每个单词都认识，但并不是直白的翻译出来就可以。必须结合上下文的逻辑关系和文章的语境，来判断该语句的深层含义或者说是“言外之义”。例如本文的第二题，“the birds handled awkwardly”这句话直译过来就是“鸟儿的操作很笨拙”，但是显然题目的答案中没有这一选项。这时我们就要找出它的深层含义，根据下文的实验，我们发现在面对粗细不同的两只管子时，乌鸦们大多选择粗管，而没有选择更容易的细管，也就是没有使用更容易的方式得到零食。这时我们就可以找到最符合题意的答案:选项D（它们大多避免了更容易得到零食的方式）。‎ D【河南省郑州市2018届高三下学期第三次模拟】‎ Since English biologist Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, scientists have vastly improved their knowledge of natural history. However, a lot of information is still of the speculation, and scientists can still only make educated guesses at certain things.‎ One subject that they guess about is why some 400 million years ago, animals in the sea developed limbs (肢) that allowed them to move onto and live on land.‎ Recently, an idea that occurred to the US paleontologist (古生物学家) Alfred Romer a century ago became a hot topic once again.‎ Homer thought that tidal (潮汐的) pools might have led to fish gaining limbs. Sea animals would have been forced into these pools by strong tides. Then, they would have been made either to adapt to their new environment close to land or die. The fittest among them grew to accomplish the transition (过渡) from sea to land.‎ Romer called these earliest four-footed animals “tetrapods”. Science has always thought ‎ that this was a credible theory, but only recently has there been strong enough evidence to support it.‎ Hannah Byrne is an oceanographer (海洋学家) at Uppsala University in Sweden. She announced at the 2018 Ocean Sciences Meeting in Oregon, US, that by using computer software, her team had managed to link Homer’s theory to places where fossil deposits (沉积物) of the earliest tetrapods were found.‎ According to the magazine Science, in 2014, Steven Balbus, a scientist at the University of Oxford in the UK, calculated that 400 million years ago, when the move from land to sea was achieved, tides were stronger than they are today. This is because the planet was 10 percent closer to the moon than it is now.‎ The creatures stranded in the pools would have been under the pressure of “survival of the fittest”, explained Mattias Green, an ocean scientist at the UK’s University of Bangor. As he told Science, “After a few days in these pools, you become food or you run out of food... the fish that had large limbs had an advantage because they could flip (翻转) themselves back in the water.”‎ As is often the case, however, there are others who find the theory less convincing. Cambridge University’s paleontologist Jennifer Clark, speaking to Nature magazine, seemed unconvinced. “It’s only one of many ideas for the origin of land-based tetrapods, any or all of which may have been a part of the answer,” she said.‎ ‎12. Who first proposed the theory that fish might have gained limbs because of tidal pools?‎ A. Alfred Romer. B. Charles Darwin.‎ C. Hannah Byrne. D. Steven Balbus.‎ ‎13. Why were tides stronger 400 million years ago than they are today according to Steven Balbus?‎ A. There were larger oceans.‎ B. Earth was closer to the moon.‎ C. The moon gave off more energy.‎ D. Earth was under greater pressure.‎ ‎14. The underlined word “stranded” in Paragraph 8 probably means “________”.‎ A. found B. settled C. abandoned D. trapped ‎15. What is the focus of the article?‎ A. The arguments over a scientific theory.‎ B. The proposal of a new scientific theory.‎ C. Some new evidence to support a previous theory.‎ D. A new discovery that questions a previous theory.‎ ‎【答案】12. A 13. B 14. D 15. C ‎【解析】本文为一篇科学报道。文章用一些新的证据来支持先前人们的猜测理论：即海洋中的动物是因为潮汐的作用导致鱼类发展出四肢，迁徙到陆地的。‎ ‎12. 细节理解题。根据第三Recently, an idea that occurred to the US paleontologist (古生物学家) Alfred Romer a century ago became a hot topic once again.和四段第一句“Homer thought that tidal (潮汐的) pools might have led to fish gaining limbs.”可知，是Alfred Romer最先提出了鱼类可能因为潮汐而发展出四肢的理论。故选A项。‎ ‎13. 细节理解题。根据第七段最后“…tides were stronger than they are today. This is because the planet was 10 percent closer to the moon than it is now.（过去的潮汐比现在强。这是因为地球这颗行星以前比现在离月球近了10%。）可知，B项正确。‎ ‎15. 主旨大意题。根据文章全文可知，英国生物学家达尔文的《物种起源》极大地提高了科学家对自然的认识。但仍有不少没有根据的猜测。其中的一个猜测就是为什么在4亿年前，海洋中的动物有了四肢，从而让他们迁徙到陆地上生活。一个世纪以前，美国古生物学家Alfred Romer提出的一个想法，即潮汐可能导致鱼类发展出四肢，这再次成为一个热门话题。针对此许多科学家进行的实验提供了许多新的证据来证实它。C项（一些新的证据来支持先前的理论。）是文章的关注点，故选C。‎ C【河北省石家庄市第二中学2018届高三仿真模拟（一）】‎ Could the device, smartphone or PC, which you re using affect the moral decisions you make when using it? To test it, researchers presented multiple dilemmas to a sample set of 1,010 people. The participants were assigned a device at random.‎ One case of the questions participants were asked is the classic “trolley(有轨电车) problem”: A runaway trolley is headed towards five people tied up on a-set of train tracks. You can do nothing, resulting in the deaths of five people, or push a man off a bridge, which will stop the trolley. The practical response is to kill one man to save five lives, which 33. 5 percent of smartphone users chose, compared to 22.3 percent of PC users.‎ ‎“What we round in our study is that when people used a smartphone to view classic moral problems, they were more likely to make more unemotional, reasonable decisions when presented with a highly emotional dilemma, “Dr Albert Barque-Duran, the lead author of the study, told City, University of London. “This could be due to the increased time pressure often present with smartphones and also the increased psychological distance which can occur when we use such devices compared to PCs.”‎ As for why the researchers started this study, Dr Barque-Duran noted, “Due to the fact that our social lives, work and even shopping take place online, it is important to think about how the contexts where we typically face moral decisions and are asked to engage in moral behavior have changed, and the impact this could have on the hundreds of millions of people who use such devices daily. “it’s clear that we need more research on how our devices affect our moral decision making because we’re using screens at an ever increasing rate.‎ ‎8. Why did the author mention the trolley problem?‎ A. To introduce a difficult problem to readers.‎ B. To introduce the aim of carrying out the study.‎ C. To show an example of the questions in the study D. To show the difficulty in dealing with dilemmas.‎ ‎9. How do the smartphone users of the study behave in dealing with emotional dilemmas?‎ A. Calmly. B. Cruelly.‎ C. Hesitantly. D. Enthusiastically.‎ ‎10. Dr Albert believes that compared with PCs, smartphones .‎ A. help people bear more pressure B. help people make decisions quick C. make people feel more mentally distant D. make people stay happier to solve problems ‎11. What can we infer from the text?‎ A. Shopping online has a great effect on making moral decisions.‎ B. The people using smartphones are more than those using PCs.‎ C. People who often use smartphones or PCs always meet with dilemmas,‎ D. It is common for people to be involved in making moral decisions in daily life.‎ ‎【答案】8. C 9. A 10. C 11. D ‎【解析】本文是一篇科普类文章。你所使用的手机或电脑设备能否影响你的道德决策？为此，研究者对1,010位参与者做了研究。‎ ‎8. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段One case of the questions participants were asked is the classic “trolley (有轨电车) problem”可以推断出，作者提及到电车问题，只是展示了研究中问题中的一个例子。故选C。‎ ‎9. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段What we found in our study is that when people used a smartphone to view classic moral problems, they were more likely to make more unemotional, reasonable decisions when presented with a highly emotional dilemma可知，处理情感困境，手机使用者更能够镇定的处理。故选A。‎ ‎10. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段This could be due to the increased time pressure often present with smartphones and also the increased psychological distance which can occur when we use such devices compared to PCs.可知，与电脑相比较，手机更使人感到精神上的疏远。故选C。‎ ‎11. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段It’s clear that we need more research on how our devices affect our moral decision making because we’re using screens at an ever-increasing rate可知，在日常生活中，人们参与道德决策是很普遍的。‎ D【山东省泰安市2018届高三第二次模拟】‎ Noise-cancelling audio instruments have been around for a while now，but one Berlin-based designer believes that blocking “visual noise” is as important，if not more so，as cancelling out unwanted sounds．To this end he has created a simple accessory called the Focus Cap．‎ Open work spaces definitely have their benefits，but they come with the drawback of offering employees little to no control over visual distractions(干扰)．With so many people around and so much going on，some of us can easily get disturbed by this information overload and lose focus in what’s really important．That’s where the Focus Cap comes into play．‎ ‎“As we are still cavemen or mammals kept in an unnatural environment，I believe that only by reclaiming(收回) the normal，stress-free human state through simple tools and techniques can we finally release our actual creative potential and create our meaningful work for a brighter future，”says German designer Hannes Greblin，inventor of the Focus Cap．‎ After looking at other products designed at minimizing visual distractions，Greblin decided that most of them were either too expensive or too uncomfortable to become mainstream，so he decided to go with something much simpler —a simple cap with a retractable visor(可伸缩的帽沿)．‎ Greblin’s Focus Cap is really straightforward．You just wear it like a regular cap’ with the sides of the visor retracted，and just collapse the sides whenever you need to focus on what’s ahead of you．Whether you’re trying to focus on a task in an open work office．Trying to study at university，or practicing yoga in a park and trying to ignore stares from strangers，the Focus Cap can help．‎ To be honest，this whole project sounds like a joke，but the Focus Cap does have its own website where people interested in this unusual accessory can actually sign up for updates on when it will go on sale．Greblin claims it will cost 30 euros($37)plus shipping．‎ ‎32. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?‎ A. When to use the Focus Cap B. How to operate the Focus Cap C. The Focus Cap—an ordinary accessory D. The Focus Cap—a visual-cancelling accessory ‎33. Why did Greblin create the Focus Cap?‎ A. To help people focus． B. To develop intelligence．‎ C. To make people comfortable． D. To release creative potential．‎ ‎34. What do we know about the Focus Cap?‎ A. It’s expensive． B. It’s simple． C. It’s delicate． D. It’s complex．‎ ‎35. From the text we can infer that ________．‎ A. The Focus Cap simply blocks unwanted sounds B. The Focus Cap can only be used in the office C. Greblin is confident about the future of his product D. The Focus Cap has been on sale in quantity ‎【答案】32. D 33. A 34. B 35. C ‎【解析】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了The Focus Cap——一款消除视觉污染的帽子。‎ ‎33. 细节理解题。由第二段With so many people around and so much going on，some of us can easily get disturbed by this information overload and lose focus in what’s really important．That’s where the Focus Cap comes into play．可知，Greblin发明这款帽子是为了帮助人们集中精力，选A。‎ ‎34. 细节理解题。由倒数第三段a simple cap with a retractable visor(可伸缩的帽沿)可知，这款帽子很简单，选B。‎ ‎35. 推理判断题。由最后一段To be honest，this whole project sounds like a joke，but the Focus Cap does have its own website where people interested in this unusual accessory can actually sign up for updates on when it will go on sale．Greblin claims it will cost 30 euros($37)plus shipping．可推知，Greblin对他的这款产品的未来很有信心，选C。‎ D【山东省德州市2018届高三统考二模】‎ Every day, we are inching closer to some kind of artificial intelligence. Advances in big data, machine learning and robotics are going to give us a world where computers are effectively intelligent in terms of how we deal with them. Should you be scared by this? Absolutely, but not in the usual “robot overlords” (机器人帝国) kind of way. Instead, the real fear should be about getting human beings wrong, not getting AI right.‎ The key to the technology is the ability of computers to recognize human emotions based on the ‘‘activation” of muscles in the face. A computer can identify the positions of facial muscles and use them to infer the emotional state of its user. Then the machine responds in ways that take that emotional state into account.‎ One potential application of it is to provide “emotional robots” for the elderly. Having a machine that could speak in a kind way would comfort a lonely older person. That is a good thing, right? But that won’t also relieve us from questioning how we ended up in a society that takes care of the elderly because we don’t know what else to do with them? Can’t we have more humane solutions than robots?‎ ‎“Emotion data” aren’t the same thing as the real and vivid emotional experiences we human beings have. Our emotions are more than our faces or voices. How can they be pulled out like a thread, one by one, from the fabric of our being?‎ Research programs can come with much philosophical concern, too. From the computers’ point of view, what the computing technology captures are emotions, but at its root is a reduction of human experience whose outward expressions can be captured algorithmically (计算上). As the technology is used in the world, it can reframe the world in ways that can be hard to escape from.‎ The technology will clearly have useful applications, but once it treats emotions as data, we may find that it is the only aspect of emotion we come to recognize or value. Once billions of dollars floods into this field, we will find ourselves trapped in a technology that is reducing our lives. Even worse, our “emotion data” will be used against us to make money for someone else. And that is what scares me about AI.‎ ‎12. Why does the author feel scared of the development of artificial intelligence?‎ A. The technology is developing much too slowly.‎ B. Computers can’t recognize human emotions.‎ C. Robots would get control of human beings.‎ D. People may use artificial intelligence improperly.‎ ‎13. Why does the author dislike the idea of providing “emotional robots” for the elderly?‎ A. The aged people will find it hard to live with them.‎ B. What elderly people need is much more than that.‎ C. It can’t relieve us of the pressure from modern society.‎ D. It’s impossible to use them to keep the elderly healthy.‎ ‎14. What does the author intend to conclude in Paragraphs 4 and 5?‎ A. Emotional data can’t be equal to human emotions.‎ B. AI technology itself has fewer and fewer faults.‎ C. AI-built-in robots won’t have the ability to understand human beings.‎ D. The information computers get can reframe human emotions.‎ ‎15. How does the author think about ‘‘emotion data” according to the last paragraph?‎ A. It can arouse people’s sense of value.‎ B. It can improve people’s human experience.‎ C. It may be misused as a tool to make profits.‎ D. It may push the AI technology forward.‎ ‎【答案】12. D 13. B 14. A 15. C ‎【解析】本文讲述我们正在接近某种人工智能。大数据、机器学习和机器人技术的进步将给我们带来一个世界，在这个世界里，计算机在处理它们的方式上是非常聪明的。同时文章介绍了一个潜在的 “情感数据”，它将被用来对付我们，为别人赚钱，这就是作者对人工智能的恐惧。‎ ‎12. 细节理解题。根据第一段中Absolutely, but not in the usual “robot overlords” (机器人帝国) kind of way. Instead, the real fear should be about getting human beings wrong, not getting AI right. 作者对人工智能的发展感到害怕是因为人们可能不恰当地使用人工智能。故选D。‎ ‎13. 推理判断题。根据第三段中But that won’t also relieve us from questioning how we ended up in a society that takes care of the elderly because we don’t know what else to do with them? Can’t we have more humane solutions than robots?由此可知，作者不喜欢为老年人提供“情感机器人”的想法是因为老年人所需要的远不止这些。故选B。‎ ‎14. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Emotion data” aren’t the same thing as the real and vivid emotional experiences we human beings have.由此可知，情感数据不可能等同于人类的情感。故选A。‎ ‎15. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中Even worse, our “emotion data” will be used against us to make money for someone else. And that is what scares me about AI.可知，作者认为‘‘emotion data” 可能被滥用作一种盈利的工具。故选C。‎ C【山东省淄博市实验中学2018届高三4月教学诊断】‎ Robotic surgery is one thing, but sending a robot inside the body to carry out an operation quite another, which has long been a goal of some researchers to produce tiny robotic devices being capable of traveling through the body to deliver drugs or to make repairs without the need for a single cut, the possibility of which has just got a bit closer.‎ However, unlike the plot of one film—which featured a microscopic crew and submarine traveling through a scientists bloodstream — this device could not be inserted into blood vessels (管) because it is too big. While other types of miniature swallowable robots have been developed in the past, their role has mostly been limited to capturing images inside the body. In a presentation this week to the International Conference, Daniela Rus and Shuhei Miyashita of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology described a robot they have developed that can be swallowed and used to collect dangerous objects accidentally taken in.‎ To test their latest version, Dr Rus and Dr Miyashita designed a robot as a battery hunter, which might seem to he an odd task, but more than 3,500 people in America alone, most of them children, swallow the tiny button cells used in small electronic devices by accident every year. To start with, the researchers created an artificial esophagus (食道) and stomach made out of silicone (硅胶). It was closely modeled on that found in a pig and filled with medical liquid; the robot itself is made from several layers of different materials, including pig intestine (肠), and contains a little magnet. This is folded up and encased in a 10mm×27mm capsule of ice. Once this reaches the stomach the ice melts and the robot unfolds which is moved and guided with the use of a magnetic field outside the body. In their tests, the robot was able to touch a button battery and draw it with its own magnet, and during dragging it along, the robot could then be directed towards the intestines where it would eventually be gotten rid of through the anus(肛门). After it, the researchers sent in another robot loaded with medication to deliver it to the site of the battery bum to speed up healing.‎ The artificial stomach being transparent on one side, the researchers were able to see the batteries and visually control the robots. If not, that will require help with the help from imaging system, which will be a bit more of a challenge, but Dr Rus and Dr Miyashita are determined to succeed.‎ ‎8. According to the passage, the robot operation will probably be able to ________.‎ A. travel through a scientist’s bloodstream B. photograph the body to convey to the doctor C. enter the body to deliver drugs or make repairs D. operate on a person outside the body completely ‎9. We learn from Paragraph 3 that ________.‎ A. the researchers did the experiment on a chosen animal B. one robot took necessary drugs besides a little magnet C. digesting the swallowed batteries is difficult for children D. the actual size of the robot may he larger than the capsule of ice ‎10. What may the experiment mean to the medical world?‎ A. The surgeries will cost patients much money.‎ B. Patients will suffer less for sonic surgeries.‎ C. Fewer children will swallow the button cells.‎ D. A robot will be invented travelling blood vessels.‎ ‎11. Which can be the most suitable title for the passage?‎ A. An Experiment on Robot B. Tiny Robot, Great Researchers C. The Exploration of Robot Technology D. The Fantastic Robotic Voyage ‎【答案】8. C 9. D 10. B 11. D ‎8. Ｃ ‎ 推理判断题。根据第二段第句“unlike the plot of one film—which featured a microscopic crew and submarine traveling through a scientists bloodstream — this device could not be inserted into blood vessels (管) because it is too big.”根据内容可知，电影里的情节，特点把一组显微镜进入科学家的血液流动，因为太大而不能进入血管，可知A是错误的。根据“While other types of miniature swallowable robots have been developed in the past, their role has mostly been limited to capturing images inside the ‎ body.”可知B是错误的。D项文中没有提及。文章提到研究学者长久以来希望可以研制出能够灵活穿梭于人体的小型机器人设备，用以输送药物，或无须动刀就能完成治疗。此项技术研发明已小有突破。Rus和Miyashita博士设计了一款用于取回人体内电池的机器人。通过被折叠并包裹于胶囊内，被吞下进入人体，在体外磁场的操控下工作，引导电池通过肛门排出。再由另一个装有药物的机器人送到电池灼烧处，加快伤口愈合。。最后一段说这将是一个更大的挑战，但Rus博士和宫崎骏博士志在必得。由此可知机器人手术进入人体运送药物或修复是有可能的。即C项是正确的。‎ ‎9. Ｄ ‎【解题剖析】此题属于推理判断题中的（4）根据事实细节，推断合理信息。答案需要从文章的his is folded up and encased in a 10mm×27mm capsule of ice. Once this reaches the stomach the ice melts and the robot unfolds which is moved and guided with the use of a magnetic field outside the body.进行推断。‎ ‎【答案定位】根据第三段中的“This is folded up and encased in a 10mm×27mm capsule of ice. Once this reaches the stomach the ice melts and the robot unfolds which is moved and guided with the use of a magnetic field outside the body.” 这是被折叠和包裹在一个10mm×27毫米冰胶囊里。一旦到达胃部，冰胶囊融化，机器人打开，利用体外的磁场移动和引导操控机器人。因为它进入人体时是被折叠的，到了胃部冰融化后机器人打开，由此可判断机器人的实际大小比冰胶囊大。。‎ ‎【推理关系】题干We learn from Paragraph 3 that ________. ☞文章内容folded up and encased in a 10mm×27mm capsule of ice ‎【答案】folded up and encased in a 10mm×27mm capsule of ice.☞D选项the actual size of the robot may he larger than the capsule of ice ‎ ‎【名师点睛】）根据事实细节，推断合理信息。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。‎ ‎10. Ｂ ‎ 推理判断题。本实验是测试最新版本的机器人用于取回人体内的异常物。在第三段中提到在测试中机器人可通过被折叠在冰胶囊里被吞下进入人体，通过体外操控把异物拖到肠道通过肛门排出，再由另一个装有药物的机器人送到电池灼烧处，加快伤口愈合。如果没有，这将需要帮助的成像系统的帮助，这将是一个更大的挑战。由此可判断这个实验会让病人减少超声手术之痛。分析选项可知B项正确。‎ ‎11. Ｄ ‎ 主旨大意题。机器人手术是一回事，但是要将机器人送入人体做一台手术，输送药物，或无须动刀就能完成治疗。此项技术研发现已小有突破。Rus和Miyashita博士设计了一款用于取回人体内电池的机器人。通过机器人被折叠并包裹于胶囊内，被吞下进入人体，在体外磁场的操控下工作，引导电池通过肛门排出。再由另一个装有药物的机器人送到电池灼烧处，加快伤口愈合。由此可知这是一件多少令人不可思议的人体旅行。分析选项可知D项作为题目最好。故选D项。‎ A【山东省泰安市2018届高三第一轮复习质量检测】‎ If you’ve ever noticed uneasiness in your puppy around an unwelcome houseguest，you might be onto something．A new study found that dogs can really sense bad behavior in humans，and are less likely to accept treats from those people．‎ For the study，which was published in the January edition of Neuroscience & biobehavioral Reviews，researchers set up a scene in which a dog watched his owner try to open a container while two actors were on set．In a series of three tries one of the actors would help the owner open the container，respond neutrally(中立地)，or refuse to help open the container．The other actor responded passively in all three tries．At each end of the try，both actors would offer the dog a treat at the same time．In the tries where the working actor had responded either helpfully or neutrally，the dog was equally likely to accept a treat from either of the two actors．In the third try where he had responded rudely，the dog was more likely to choose the passive actor．‎ James Anderson，a psychologist who worked on the study at Kyoto University，told the New Scientist that the dogs most likely have a similar ability to notice bad behavior in humans as human babies do．“If somebody is behaving badly，they probably end up with some sort of emotional reaction to it,”he says．Babies have been shown to begin to make these types of connections around age one．‎ So while you can’t ask your dog’s opinion every time you’re facing a difficult situation，you can consider his judgment of your new friends when thinking about whether they are kind or not．Of course，we’11 suggest doing so according to the situation and your own consideration，but it wouldn’t hurt to take note!‎ ‎1. What does the new study mainly show?‎ A. Dogs can read humans’thoughts．‎ B. Dogs are unwilling to accept treats from people C. Dogs can sense unfriendliness of humans．‎ D. Dogs feel uneasy around strange people．‎ ‎2. In the third try，why was the dog more likely to choose the passive actor?‎ A. The dog wanted to please him．‎ B. His treats appeared more attractive．‎ C. His action stayed the same during three tries．‎ D. The dog considered the other actor rude．‎ ‎3. What does the underlined word”they”in Paragraph 3 refer to?‎ A. Humans． B. Dogs．‎ C. Babies． D. Psychologies．‎ ‎【答案】1. C 2. D 3. B ‎【解析】本文是一篇科普方面的文章。文章主要讲述了一项新的研究发现，狗可以感觉到人类的不良行为。‎ ‎2. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句In the third try where he had responded rudely，the dog was more likely to choose the passive actor．可知，狗认为其他演员粗鲁，故选D。‎ ‎3. 词义推测题。根据前一句old the New Scientist that the dogs most likely have a similar ability to notice bad behavior in humans as human babies do．可知，这里的they指代前句中的dogs。故选B。‎ C【山东省泰安市2018届高三第一轮复习质量检测】‎ The most powerful rocket to leave Earth since the Apollo missions launched(发射)from Florida on February 6．‎ What was the launch trying to achieve?‎ The Falcon(猎鹰)Heavy test flight was mostly a proof-of-concept，showing the world it is possible to successfully fly a rocket with three re-usable boosters(助推器)beyond orbit．SpaceX billionaire Elon Musk said that the company planned to aim the rocket so the electric car reached Mars’(火星)orbital path around the sun about six months after launch．‎ He added that the car could pass close to the red planet as it crossed its orbit，though he ‎ ‎ admitted this was‘extremely unlikely’．‎ What does SpaceX gain from the flight?‎ SpaceX was built around the idea that reusable rockets could greatly reduce the cost of carrying cargo(货物)into space for paying customers，such as satellites or space station resupplies．‎ Showing that the huge Falcon Heavy rocket actually works is important if SpaceX plans to sell cargo space on the craft in future，with the company planning to charge customers $90 million per flight．‎ Has SpaceX achieved its goals?‎ Musk repeatedly warned Falcon Heavy would likely explode on the launch station as a result of its huge power．SpaceX had slightly overcooked one of the rocket’s booster burns，sending the main capsule out of its planned track．The car will likely end up further into the solar system than intended，missing Mars．‎ In short，the rocket made it beyond Earth’s orbit—SpaceX’s primary goal—but missed its targets to re-land all three boosters and send Musk’s Tesla to Mars．‎ Does that matter?‎ SpaceX’s failure to re-land all three of its boosters will be a concern for potential customers．Despite the faults，the launch has still been praised by industry experts as a game—changer because of its potential to motivate the company to the very forefront of the modern day space race．‎ Once it irons out the errors，SpaceX will offer cargo rides aboard the most powerful operational rocket in the world．‎ ‎8. Why did SpaceX launch the Falcon Heavy—the most powerful rocket?‎ A. To fly a rocket with three re-usable boosters beyond orbit．‎ B. To test the function of his eclectic car—Tesla．‎ C. To send the electric car to the orbital path of Mars．‎ D. To help the government to explore the Mars．‎ ‎9. What effect will the reusable rockets bring?‎ A. The cost of satellites or space station resupplies will be reduced．‎ B. More customers can afford the space flight in the future．‎ C. SpaceX will gain less profit from the flight．‎ D. They would likely cause explosion．‎ ‎10. What goal did SpaceX achieve in the last?‎ A. It sent the main capsule into its planned track．‎ B. The car ended up further into the solar system as intended．‎ C. The rocket made the car beyond Earth’s orbit．‎ D. It re-landed all three boosters and sent Musk’s Tesla to Mars．‎ ‎11. How would the professionals feel about the future of SpaceX?‎ A. It’s unexpected． B. It’s ambiguous．‎ C. It’s discouraging． D. It’s hopeful．‎ ‎【答案】8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D ‎【解析】本文是一篇科普类阅读短文。文章主要叙述了自从２月６日阿波罗号发射以来，又一个最强大的火箭离开地球。‎ ‎8. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段SpaceX billionaire Elon Musk said that the company planned to aim the rocket so the electric car reached Mars’(火星)orbital path around the sun about six months after launch．可知，SpaceX发射猎鹰重型火箭的原因是将电动汽车送到火星轨道。故选C。‎ ‎9. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段SpaceX was built around the idea that reusable rockets could greatly reduce the cost of carrying cargo(货物)into space for paying customers，such as satellites or space station resupplies．可知，可重复使用的火箭可以大大降低运载货物的成本，从而可以推断出更多的客户可以负担得起未来的太空飞行。故选B。‎ ‎10. 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段In short，the rocket made it beyond Earth’s orbit—SpaceX’s primary goal—but missed its targets to re-land all three boosters and send Musk’s Tesla to Mars．可知火箭使汽车越过了地球的轨道。故选C。‎ ‎11. 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段Despite the faults，the launch has still been praised by industry experts as a game—changer because of its potential to motivate the company to the very forefront of the modern day space race．可知，尽管有失误，不过专业人士仍然认为SpaceX未来仍然给人以希望。故选D。‎ D【山东省枣庄市2018届高三第二次模拟】‎ As self — driving cars come closer to being common on American roads, much of the rhetoric ‎ (说辞) promoting them has to do with safety. About 40,000 people die on U. S. roads every year, and driver errors are linked to more than 90 percent of crashes. But many of the biggest advocates of autonomous vehicles aren’t car companies looking to improve the safety of their existing products. Huge backing for self - driving technologies is coming from Silicon Valley giants like Google and Apple.‎ Those of us who have studied the relationship between technology and society tend to look more carefully at the motivations behind any technological push. In this case, it’s clear that in addition to addressing safety concerns, Silicon Valley firms have a strong incentive (动机) to create a new venue for increasing the use of their digital devices. Every minute people spend on their mobile phones provides data - and often money - to tech companies.‎ At present, digital devices and driving are in conflict: There are serious, often fatal, consequences when drivers use smartphones to talk or to text. Regulators and safety advocates look to resolve dial conflict by banning phone use while driving - as has happened in virtually every state. But the tech companies are taking a different approach. The obvious answer for Silicon Valley is creating an antomobile in which continuous cellphone use no longer poses a threat to anyone.‎ In recent years, the amount of time adults spend on their mobile devices has grown rapidly. At the moment, it’s around four hours a day for the average adult in the U. S. However, that rapid growth is likely to slow down as people run out of time that ’ s available for them to use their devices. Unless, of course, there’s a new block of time that suddenly opens up. The average American now spends about 48 minutes in a car every day, a sizable opportunity for increased cellphone use.‎ So as the public conversation around autonomous cars highlights the safety advantages, don’t forget the tech industry ’ s powerful desire for more profits, which goes well beyond simply saving us from ourselves.‎ ‎12. Who are responsible for most traffic accidents in America?‎ A. Car companies. B. Tech companies.‎ C. Drivers. D. Self - driving cars.‎ ‎13. What is Silicon Valley’s motive for promoting self - driving technologies?‎ A. To make more money. B. To reduce traffic accidents.‎ C. To limit the use of digital devices. D. To support car companies.‎ ‎14. What is the present - day solution to the conflict between digital devices and driving?‎ A. Teaching people traffic rules. B. Improving self-driving technologies.‎ C. Fixing digital devices in cars. D. Banning phone use while driving.‎ ‎15. What does the underlined phrase “a new block of time” possibly refer to?‎ A. The working time. B. People’s spare time.‎ C. The time spent in the car. D. The time spent on mobile devices.‎ ‎【答案】12. C 13. A 14. D 15. C ‎【解析】这篇文章主要对未来无人驾驶汽车的详细情况进行了介绍。‎ ‎12. 细节理解题。由About 40,000 people die on U. S. roads every year, and driver errors are linked to more than 90 percent of crashes.可知在美国，司机是造成大多数车祸的原因，故选C。‎ ‎14. 细节理解题。由Regulators and safety advocates look to resolve dial conflict by banning phone use while driving - as has happened in virtually every state.可知现在处理电子设备和驾驶的冲突之间的方法是开车时，禁止使用手机，选D。‎ ‎15. 词义猜测题。由The average American now spends about 48 minutes in a car every day, a sizable opportunity for increased cellphone use.可知“a new block of time”指的是花费在汽车上的时间，选C。‎ D【辽宁省辽南协作校2018届高三下学期第一次模拟】‎ Drive through any suburb in the U.S. Today, and it’s hard to miss the recycling bins that have become companions to America’s trash cans. Recycling has become common, as people recognize the need to care for the environment. Yet most people’s recycling consciousness extends only as far as paper, bottles, and cans. People seldom find themselves facing the growing problem of e-waste.‎ E-waste rapidly increases as the techno- fashionable frequently upgrade to the most advanced devices, and the majority of them end up in landfills (垃圾填埋地). Some people who track such waste say that users throw away nearly 2 million tons of TVs, VCRs, computers, cell phones, and other electronics every year. Unless we can find a safe replacement, this e-waste may get into the ground and poison the water with dangerous toxins (毒素), such as lead, mercury, and arsenic. Burning the waste also dangerously contaminates the air.‎ However, e-waste often contains reusable silver, gold, and other electrical materials. Recycling these materials reduces environmental problems by reducing both landfill waste and the need to look for such metals, which can destroy ecosystems.‎ A growing number of states have adopted laws to ban dumping e-waste. Still, less than a quarter of this waste will reach lawful recycling programs. Some companies advertising safe disposal in fact merely ship the waste to some developing countries, where it still ends up in landfills. These organizations prevent progress by unsafely disposing of waste in an out- of- sight, out- of- mind location.‎ However, the small but growing number of cities and corporations that do handle e- waste responsibly represents progress toward making the world a cleaner, better place for us all.‎ ‎12. What can we infer from the first paragraph?‎ A. Many Americans now have access to recycling bins.‎ B. E-waste cannot be put into trash cans in the U.S.‎ C. Most Americans have realized the dangers of e-waste.‎ D. Most of America’s trash cans are made of recycled material.‎ ‎13. What can best replace the underlined word “contaminates” in Paragraph 2?‎ A. pollutes. B. heats.‎ C. absorbs. D. reduces.‎ ‎14. How does the author feel about burying e-waste in landfills?‎ A. It’s important. B. It’s unsafe.‎ C. It’s acceptable. D. It’s uncommon.‎ ‎15. What’s the author’s purpose in writing this text?‎ A. To tell us how to recycle e-waste.‎ B. To talk about the future of e-waste.‎ C. To discuss if it’s necessary to recycle e-waste.‎ D. To encourage us to deal with e-waste properly.‎ ‎【答案】12. A 13. A 14. B 15. D ‎【解析】本文是一篇科教类阅读。随着技术的不断更新，人们对垃圾的回收普遍关注，回收普通垃圾已经成为习惯。电子垃圾的增加，处理它们存在着问题，如何合理回收，是现代回收垃圾的重点．‎ ‎12. A　‎ 推理判断题。根据第一段Re cycling has become commonplace，as people recognize the need to care for the environment．回收利用变得很普遍，因为人们已经意识到需要关注环境．可知A项（很多美国人已经会用回收箱）符合题意，故选A．‎ ‎13. A　‎ 词义猜测题。A．pollutes污染；B．heats加热；C．absorbs吸收；D．reduces减少．根据“this e-waste may get into the ground and poison the water with dangerous toxins (毒素), such as lead, mercury, and arsenic.”可知，这些电子污染会进入土地，污染到水源，那么燃烧污染物可能会污染空气。．由此可推断出contaminates可能是“污染”，故选A。‎ ‎14. B　‎ 推理判断题．根据文章第二段和第四段内容" Some companies advertising safe disposal in fact merely ship the waste to some developing countries, where it still ends up in landfills. These organizations prevent progress by unsafely disposing of waste in an out- of- sight, out- of- mind location." 一些公司的广而告之说安全处置实际上只是把废物运送到一些发展中国家那里，它最终仍然在垃圾填埋场。这些组织通过把电子垃圾不安全处理方式，即掩埋在一个眼不见为净的地方的，阻止了进一步的处理。分析句意可知，只是把电子垃圾放在看不见的垃圾填埋场，但仍旧不安全，因为它还在那里，分析选项可知 B正确．‎ ‎15. D　‎ 主旨大意题．通读全文可知，人们对垃圾的回收普遍关注，回收普通垃圾已经成为习惯。电子垃圾的增加，处理它们存在着问题。能合理回收，是现代回收垃圾的重点．故本文的目的是鼓励我们合理处理电子垃圾．故选D．‎ ‎【名师点睛】本文是一篇科教类阅读，题目涉及到词义猜测题，观点态度题，主旨大意题，推理判断题．做题时学生应仔细阅读原文，把握文章主要内容，联系文章上下文内容并结合所给选项含义，从中选出正确答案，一定要做到有理有据，切忌胡乱猜测．‎ C【辽宁省瓦房店市2018届高三下学期第一次模拟】‎ Young sunflowers turn and swing every day. New findings add to evidence that the plants are animal-like.‎ Harmer, a professor in the University of California at Davis, Department of Plant Biology, carried out a series of experiments on sunflowers in the field, in pots outdoors and in indoor growth chambers.‎ By staking plants so that they could not move, Harmer showed that he could destroy their ability to track the sun. He also noticed that sunflowers prevented from moving were not as tough and leafy as those that were free to move. When plants were moved indoor with a settled overhead light, they continued to swing back and forth for a few days.‎ The indoor plants did start tracking the “sun” again when the apparent source of lighting was moved across the room. The plants could reliably track the movement and return at night when the artificial day was close to a 24-hour cycle, but not when it was closer to 30 hours.‎ When sunflowers track the sun, the east sides of their stems grew more rapidly than the west sides. At night, the west sides grew faster as the stem swung the other way. The team identified a number of genes that were expressed at higher levels on the sunward side of the plant during the day or on the other side at night. A plant growth-regulating hormone (激素), called auxin, appears to be a key driver.‎ The “dance” to the sun cycle obviously slows when the sunflower matures (成熟) and its flowers open up. At that point, the plants stop moving during the day and settle down facing the sun in the east.‎ ‎“Bees like warm flowers.” Harmer said, adding that the bees are cold-blooded, so landing on a warm flower saves them energy and perhaps feels really good.‎ ‎“The morning warmth changes the flowers in a way to make them more appealing to insects, perhaps causing them to release more attractive scents earlier in the day.” he said “We’re currently testing this idea.”‎ ‎9. Why did Harmer do the experiment on sunflowers?‎ A. To see how sunflowers grow up B. To show what sunflowers’ genes are.‎ C. To study why sunflowers track the sun.‎ D. To check if sunflowers swing in cloudy days.‎ ‎10. What does the underlined word “staking” probably mean in Paragraph 3?‎ A. tracking B. fining C. growing D. searching ‎11. What is the result of sunflowers being stopped from moving?‎ A. They will produce a number of new genes.‎ B. They will grow faster than usual.‎ C. They won’t swing back though set free.‎ D. They won’t grow well.‎ ‎12. What is the advantage of sunflowers’ dance to the sun?‎ A. They attract more insects. B. They save more energy.‎ C. They mature more rapidly. D. They produce more flowers.‎ ‎【答案】9. C 10. B 11. D 12. A ‎【解析】年轻的向日葵每天都在旋转和摇摆。新的发现进一步证明了这些植物是动物类的。本文介绍向日葵随着太阳转动的原因。‎ ‎9. C 推理判断题。根据第五段中When sunflowers track the sun, the east sides of their stems grew more rapidly than the west sides. At night, the west sides grew faster as the stem swung the other way. The team identified a number of genes that were expressed at higher levels on the sunward side of the plant during the day or on the other side at night. A plant growth-regulating hormone (激素), called auxin, appears to be a key driver.可知，Harmer对太阳花做实验是为了研究向日葵为什么要追踪太阳。故选C。‎ ‎11. D 推理判断题。根据第三段第二句He also noticed that sunflowers prevented from moving were not as tough and leafy as those that were free to move.可知，向日葵被阻止移动后不能很好地生长。故选D。‎ ‎12. A 细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“The morning warmth changes the flowers in a way to make them more appealing to insects,可知，他们吸引更多的昆虫。故选A。‎ D【辽宁省葫芦岛市2018届高三下学期第一次模拟】‎ According to new research from the University of Cambridge in England, sheep are able to recognize human faces from photographs.‎ The farm animals, who are social and have large brains, were previously known to be able to recognize one another, as well as familiar humans. However, their ability to recognize human faces from photos alone is novel.‎ The recent study, the results of which were published in the journal Royal Society; Open Science, show the woolly creatures could be trained to recognize still images of human faces, including those of former President Barack Obama and actress Emma Watson.‎ Initially, the sheep were trained to approach certain images by being given food rewards. Later, they were able to recognize the images for which they had been rewarded. The sheep could even recognize images of faces shown at an angle, though their ability to do so declined by about 15 percent—the same rate at which a human’s ability to perform the same task declines,‎ ‎“Anyone who has spent time working with sheep will know that they are intelligent and individual animals who are able to recognize their handlers.” said Professor Jenny Morton, who led the Cambridge study. “We’ve shown with our study that sheep have advanced face-recognition abilities, close to those of humans and monkeys.”‎ Recognizing faces is one of he most important social skills for human beings, and some disorders of the brain, including Huntington’s disease, affect this ability.‎ ‎“Sheep are long-lived and have brains that are similar in size and complexity to those of some monkeys. That means they can be useful models to help us understand disorders of the brain, such as Huntington’s disease that develop over a long time and affect cognitive (认识的) abilities. Our study gives us another way to monitor how these abilities change.” Morton said.‎ ‎12. According to the new research, what’s unusual about sheep?‎ A. They have large brains.‎ B. They can recognize their owners.‎ C. They can tell animals from humans.‎ D. They can recognize human faces from photographs.‎ ‎13. How did the researchers train the sheep?‎ A. By giving food rewards.‎ B. By showing photos of famous people.‎ C. By guiding them to follow their handlers.‎ D. By showing photos of humans and monkeys by tums.‎ ‎14. What can be inferred from the passage?‎ A. Sheep have a higher face-recognition ability than monkeys.‎ B. The new discovery is of great benefit to the study of cognitive ability changes.‎ C. The sheep’s face-recognition ability may prevent some disorders of the brain.‎ D. The sheep’s face-recognition ability stays the same when shown photos at any angle.‎ ‎15. What’s the best title of the passage?‎ A. A Wonderful Scientist.‎ B. The Life of Sheep.‎ C. A New Discovery about Sheep.‎ D. How Sheep Recognize Each Other.‎ ‎【答案】12. D 13. A 14. B 15. C ‎【解析】这篇文章主要讲了新的研究表明绵羊能够从照片中识别人脸。‎ ‎12. 细节理解题。由sheep are able to recognize human faces from photographs.可知绵羊的不同之处在于它们能够从照片中识别人脸，选D。‎ ‎13. 细节理解题。由Initially, the sheep were trained lo approach certain images by being given food rewards.可知研究人员通过给绵羊食物奖励来训练绵羊，所以选A。‎ ‎14. 推理判断题。由Our study gives us another way to monitor how these abilities change,可知从这篇文章中我们可以推断出新的发现有益于对认知能力改变的研究，选B。‎ ‎15. 主旨大意题。由According to new research from the University of Cambridge in England, sheep ‎ are able to recognize human faces from photographs.可知这篇文章主要讲了新的研究表明绵羊能够从照片中识别人脸，选C。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ D【江西省临川一中2018届高三模拟考】‎ Dodder is an unusual and unwanted plant that attacks other plants. Except for its flowers, the plant looks like spaghetti, a kind of noodles in the shape of long thin pieces that look like string when they are cooked. Its almost leafless, thread-like stems hang down on top of other plants that dodder needs to stay alive. Dodder does not produce its own food. Instead, it steals food from other plants. It feeds by sucking juices from the plant which is wrapped around, often making its host very weak or even killing it.‎ Dodder can find other plants by their smell. When a young dodder plant starts growing, it follows the smell of plants it prefers, like tomato plants, potato plants, or other farm crops. Unlike most plants that usually grow in the direction of light or warmth, a dodder plant will grow in the direction of, for example, tomato smell—if a tomato happens to be growing nearby.‎ However, a young dodder plant must find a host plant quickly. It no longer needs its root once it is attached to the host and wrapped around it. If it cannot catch a smell of a potential host within a few days, it will dry up and vanish even if there is plenty of water around. Once it finds a host, the young dodder plant will attach itself to it and start growing faster. At that point the dodder plant will drop its root.‎ Dodder is thus a difficult weed to manage and a real headache for farmers. When it does get out of hand, dodder can greatly reduce a farmer’s harvest or even destroy crops completely. Before sowing their produce, especially farmers in warm parts of the world often check to make sure no ‎ unwanted dodder seeds have mixed with their crop seeds. This is a good way to stop dodder plants from making their way to a crop field secretly.‎ ‎12. Why does the author mention spaghetti in the first paragraph?‎ A. To analyze the content of some food.‎ B. To introduce the topic of this passage.‎ C. To tell the usage of the dodder plants.‎ D. To describe the shape of dodder plants.‎ ‎13. What does the underlined word “vanish” in the third paragraph mean?‎ A. invade. B. grow.‎ C. escape. D. disappear.‎ ‎14. What can be inferred from the passage?‎ A. Dodder doesn’t produce its own food.‎ B. Dodder gives off smell to attract plants.‎ C. Dodder can affect farmers’ income.‎ D. Dodder can only survive in the shade.‎ ‎15. What is the purpose of the passage?‎ A. To introduce a new variety of farm crops.‎ B. To introduce plants that are harmful to humans.‎ C. To introduce the special abilities of a dangerous plant.‎ D. To introduce recent improvements in farming methods.‎ ‎【答案】12. D 13. D 14. C 15. C ‎【解析】试题分析：这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了寄生一种植物——菟丝子，包括其特殊生长习性以及对农作物的危害。‎ ‎12. 推理判断题。由第一段的“Except for its flowers, the plant looks like spaghetti, a kind of noodles in the shape of long thin pieces that look like string when they are cooked.”可推断，作者把菟丝子和意大利面条相比是用人们熟悉的东西来说明它的形状，故选D。‎ ‎13. 词义猜测题。由画线词所在句“If it cannot catch a smell of a potential host within a few days, it will dry up”可知，菟丝子如果不能很快找到可以寄生的植物，它就会变干，因此推断即使周围有许多水它也会消失死亡。故画线词“vanish”与D项disappear“消失”意义相近。故选D。‎ ‎15. 推理判断题。由第一段的“Dodder is an unusual and unwanted plant that attacks other plants.”和下文对菟丝子特殊的生长习性和危害的叙述可知，文章的写作目的是主要介绍这种特殊又有危害的植物——菟丝子。故选C。‎ ‎【点睛】‎ 词义猜测题主要考查考生根据上下文推测词义和语义的指代等，突出考查根据上下文语境进行分析和把握的能力。考查的内容主要有猜测某个生词、熟词生义、短语或句子的意思以及猜测代词的指代等，要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的推理判断，从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。例如小题2，由画线词所在句“If it cannot catch a smell of a potential host within a few days, it will dry up and vanish even if there is plenty of water around. ”可知，菟丝子如果不能很快找到可以攀附的植物，它就会变干，因此推断即使周围有许多水它也会消失死亡。故画线词“vanish”与D项disappear“消失”意义相近。故选D。‎ C【2018·江西名校一模】‎ Reducing plastic waste isn’t easy because the cheap material is found in almost every household item. Now, a delicious and nutritious solution has come up to help reduce our dependence on this environmental hazard.‎ David Christian, the co-founder of Evoware, says the idea of creating the biodegradable (生物降解的) products came from concern at the country’s high pollution rate. Indonesia is home to four of the world’s worst polluted rivers. Since single-use packaging is a large contributor to the problem, Evoware decided to deal with that first.‎ After investigating various materials, the company settled on seaweed. Unlike com, commonly used for biodegradable containers, seaweed does not require resources like water or large amounts of space. Since Indonesian farmers already harvest more seaweed than they can sell, it’s easy for the company to find the material.‎ Though they will not reveal their production process, Evoware says the seaweed packaging contains no chemicals and is safe to consume. The company has also invented single-use cups, which can break down 30 days after they’re thrown away.‎ While replacing plastic with the seaweed products may seem appealing to most of us, it is a hard-sell in Indonesia. According to Christian, “The awareness to reduce single-use plastic is still very low. This makes our bioplastic unnecessary.” Also a factor is the cost, which is higher than using plastic. Hopefully, Evoware will succeed in convincing Indonesians and people worldwide that switching to their products will be helpful to protecting our beautiful planet. 246‎ ‎8. What problem did Evoware decide to deal with first?‎ A. Ways to clean the four worst polluted rivers.‎ B. Means to contribute to the country’s economy.‎ C. How to deal with single-use packaging.‎ D. What nutritious materials for people to use.‎ ‎9. Why did Evoware choose seaweed?‎ A. It didn’t require much space and was easy to get.‎ B. It could be found everywhere in his country.‎ C. It was most commonly used for packaging.‎ D. It grew thickly in most of the polluted rivers.‎ ‎10. What can we infer from Christian’s words?‎ A. Their seaweed products have won government support.‎ B. Their new products have received wordwide popularity.‎ C. The cost of making seaweed products will be lowered soon.‎ D. Sometimes it’s hard to get people to reduce the use of plastics.‎ ‎11. What does the underlined word “hard-sell” (in Para. 5) refer to?‎ A. Something lasting long.‎ B. Something hard to accept.‎ C. Something easy to get.‎ D. Something commonly seen.‎ ‎【答案】8. C 9. A 10. D 11. B ‎【解析】本文主要讲了塑料制品污染环境，科学家们研发了一种营养且美味的替代品，用海藻产品取代塑料制品。‎ ‎8. 细节理解题。由Since single-use packaging is a large contributor to the problem, Evoware decided to deal with that first.可知Evoware决定首先处理一次性的包装，选C。‎ ‎9. 细节理解题。由Unlike com, commonly used for biodegradable containers, seaweed does not require resources like water or large amounts of space.可知Evoware选择海藻是因为海藻不需要太多的空间，并且容易获得，选A。‎ ‎10. 推理判断题。由According to Christian, “The awareness to reduce single-use plastic is still very low. This makes our bioplastic unnecessary.”可知Christian的话暗示出有时候让人们减少塑料的使用很困难，选D。‎ ‎11. 词义猜测题。由According to Christian, “The awareness to reduce single-use plastic is still very low. This makes our bioplastic unnecessary.”可知While replacing plastic with the seaweed products may seem appealing to most of us, it is a hard-sell in Indonesia. 这句话的意思是虽然用海藻产品取代塑料制品对我们来说很有吸引力，但是在印度尼西亚很难被接受，所以选B。‎ C【江西省新余市第一中学2018届高三全真模拟】‎ Over a hundred years ago in 1911, something strange was found in the glaciers of Antarctica. Grilffith Taylor—an Australian geologist, had discovered a blood red steam pouring out of the ice cascades（瀑布）of Talor Glacier! Popularly known as the Blood Falls, scientists had not been able to find the reason behind the blood red liquid flowing through the ice---until recently. The mystery of the Blood Falls had finally been solved.‎ When these falls were first discovered, scientists had believed that the red colour came from a large amount of red algae（海藻）concentrated in the water. Red algae contain a pigment（色素）which reflects red light, making the algae appear red.‎ This theory made sense, until it was later found that algae do not play a part in the red color of the flowing liquid at all. What really causes Talor Glacier’s waters appear blood red, is the presence of iron oxide in the liquid. The waters of the blood falls are rich in salt and iron content, and when this water comes in contact with the air, it turns red—just like rust! The water in these falls is often referred to as “brine” by scientists because of the high salt content in the water.‎ This reasoning behind the red colors of the falls was found back in 2003. However, the entire mystery had not yet been solved. How is it then, that the Blood Falls are not frozen?‎ Researchers at the University of Colorado and University of Alaska found that inside the glacier, there was a network of channels and reservoirs that move the water around. Salt water has a lower freezing temperature. In addition, when any substance undergoes a change in state, it gives off heat. Therefore, the brine actually warm itself up while it’s freezing! How this works, is that when the brine is flowing through the Talor Glacier, some of it does freeze. As a result of changing state from liquid to ice, the brine gives off heat. This heat is enough to keep the rest of the rest of the brine in liquid form, which is why it flows out of the glacier.‎ Incredible new chemistry facts found, any mystery solved!‎ ‎8. According to the text, the red algae theory was once considered ________.‎ A. ridiculous B. reasonable C. impractical D. complex ‎9. Why does the Blood Falls look red in colour?‎ A. Because there is too much salt and iron in its water.‎ B. Because its liquid is rich in red algae.‎ C. Because the following liquid reflects and sunlight D. Because the air is thin and rare in Antarctica.‎ ‎10. What is the main reason for the Blood Fall’s not freezing?‎ A. The water continued flowing constantly.‎ B. There is too much salt in the water.‎ C. The brine gives off heat while freezing D. Temperatures aren’t high enough for flowing water.‎ ‎11. What is the passage mainly about?‎ A. The discovery of the blood glacier.‎ B. The birth of the Talor Glacier.‎ C. The flowing red water in Antarctica.‎ D. The mystery of the Blood Falls.‎ ‎【答案】8. B 9. A 10. C 11. D ‎8. B ‎【解题剖析】此题属于推理判断题中的（4）根据事实细节，推断合理信息。答案需要从文章的This theory made sense, until it was later found that algae do not play a part in the red color of the flowing liquid at all 进行推断。‎ ‎【答案定位】根据第三段第一句“This theory made sense, until it was later found that algae do not play a part in the red color of the flowing liquid at all.” 这个理论是有道理的，直到后来才发现海藻在流动的液体的红色中不起作用。分析句子可知这个红藻理论曾经被认为是合理的。make sense，有道理，有意义，讲的通。与reasonable（合理的，适当的）是同义词。‎ ‎【推理关系】题干According to the text, the red algae theory was once considered _____.☞文章内容This theory made sense, until it was later found that algae do not play a part in the red color of the flowing liquid at all.‎ ‎【答案】This theory made sense.☞B选项reasonable ☞关键词make sense和reasonable。‎ ‎【名师点睛】推理判断题之根据事实细节，推断合理信息 根据事实细节，推断合理信息。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。‎ ‎9. A ‎ 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The waters of the blood falls arc rich in salt and iron content, and when this water comes in contact with the air, it turns red—just like rust!”可知是因为富含盐分和铁，当水接触空气时，就会像铁锈一样变红。分析选项可知A项符合题意，故选A项。‎ ‎10. C ‎11. D 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，一百年前的1911年澳大利亚地质学家在南极洲的冰川中发现了一些奇怪的东西----血瀑布。众所周知，血瀑布，科学家一直无法找到血液中的红色液体流过冰的原因。直到最近，血瀑布的秘密终于被解决了。分析选项可知D项“血瀑布之谜”符合题意，故选D项。‎ D【江西省重点中学协作体2018届高三下学期第一次联考】‎ Scientists in Rome have unveiled the first bionic(仿生的) hand with a sense of touch that can be worn outside a laboratory. The recipient, Almerina Mascarello, who lost her left hand in an accident nearly 25 years ago, said “It’s almost like it is back again”.‎ In 2014 the same international team produced the world’s first feeling bionic hand. But the sensory and computer equipment it was linked to was too large to leave the laboratory. Now the technology is small enough to fit in a backpack, making it portable.‎ The prosthetic hand (假肢) has sensors that detect information about whether an object is soft or hard. These messages are linked to a computer in a backpack that converts these signals into a language the brain will understand. The information is relayed to Almerina’s brain via tiny electrodes(电极) implanted in nerves in the upper arm. In tests Almerina - who was blindfolded - was able to tell whether the object she was picking up was hard or soft.‎ Professor Silvestro Micera, a neuroengineer at EPFL in Lausanne and Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa told me, “We are going more and more in the direction of science fiction movies like Luke Skywalker's bionic hand in Star Wars - a fully controlled, fully natural, sensorised prosthesis, identical to the human hand.” A robotic prosthesis better than the human hand is still a long way off, but the team believe it might eventually be a reality.‎ Almerina was able to keep the bionic hand for six months, but it has now been removed, as it is still a prototype. The scientific team say they hope to miniaturise（使小型化）the technology even further so that a sensory bionic hand can be commercialised. Almerina said that when the ‎ bionic hand is perfected, she would like it back for good.‎ ‎32. What did the underlined word “it” in Para.1 refer to?‎ A. The bionic hand B. her lost hand C. the sense of touch D. the accident ‎33. What does Para.3 mainly talk about?‎ A. How the bionic hand is developed. B. How Almerina feels in the experiment.‎ C. How the bionic hand works. D. How to use the bionic hand.‎ ‎34. Which of the following is true according to the passage?‎ A. The world’s first bionic hand is not practical in terms of size.‎ B. The researchers believe a robotic prosthesis will be better than the human hand.‎ C. The researchers got the idea after being inspired by the film, Star Wars.‎ D. We can hardly distinguish the bionic hand from a real one.‎ ‎35. What can we infer from the last paragraph?‎ A. Almerina is still wearing the experimental hand.‎ B. We can buy the bionic hand in the market.‎ C. The scientific team is skeptical about the future of the bionic hand.‎ D. Almerina will buy one after the bionic hand is perfected.‎ ‎【答案】32. B 33. C 34. A 35. D ‎【解析】这是一篇科技说明文。科学家们研制出了可在实验室之外佩戴的有触觉的仿生手。文章介绍了这种仿生手的特点和工作原理。‎ ‎32. 词义猜测题。由第一段中的“Scientists in Rome have unveiled the first bionic(仿生的) hand with a sense of touch that can be worn outside a laboratory. The recipient, Almerina Mascarello, who lost her left hand in an accident nearly 25 years ago, said “It’s almost like it is back again””可知，罗马科学家们研制出一种仿生手。它是第一个可以在实验室之外佩戴的有触觉的仿生手。该仿生手的接受者Almerina Mascarello说佩戴了这个仿生手之后，感觉好像自己25年前失去的那只手又回来了。由back again可知，it应指她25年前失去的左手。故B选项正确。‎ ‎33. 段落大意题。第三段提到：这个假肢有感应器，这些感应器可以检测有关物体软硬的信息。这些信息与背包里的计算机相连。计算机可以将这些信号转变为人脑可以理解的语言。通过植入上臂的微小电极，这个信息可以被传递到Almerina 的大脑。在测试中Almerina 可以辨别出她所拿地物体是软的还是硬的。很明显，该段介绍了这种仿生手的工作原理。故C选项正确。‎ ‎【名师点睛】主旨大意题的解题策略：找出主题句，抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心。要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。‎ ‎34. 细节理解题。由第二段中的“In 2014 the same international team produced the world’s first feeling bionic hand. But the sensory and computer equipment it was linked to was too large to leave the laboratory”可知，2014年，同一团队创造了世界上第一个有触觉的仿生手。但是与之相连的感应器和计算机设备过于庞大以至于这个仿生手无法离开实验室。故结合选项，A选项正确。‎ ‎35. 推理判断题。由最后一段中的“”Almerina was able to keep the bionic hand for six months, but it has now been removed, as it is still a prototype”可知，Almerina只佩戴了仿生手六个月，因为它仍然是一个雏形，还不完美。结合该段最后一句 “Almerina said that when the bionic hand is perfected, she would like it back for good”可知，当仿生手完美化之后，她会重新佩戴仿生手。由此可以推知，当完美化的仿生手上市之后，她会购买仿生手。故D选项正确。‎ ‎【名师点睛】推理判断题的解题策略：根据事实细节，推断合理信息。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。‎ C【江西省八所重点中学2018年高三下学期联考】‎ For those concerned about wrinkly old skin, It might be a creative solution: an elastic(有弹性的) “second skin” that can be smoothed on to make aged tissue look more youthful.‎ The wearable film, developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has shown promise in a series of small experiments where it was applied to wrinkles, under-eye bags and areas of dry skin. When applied to the face or body, the thin, transparent layer sticks to the skin and supports the tissue, making it look and behave like younger skin, its producers claim.‎ ‎“What we’ve been able to do is create a cream that you can put on the skin, and then when it's on the skin it can actually form, essentially, an elastic second skin,” said Bob Langer, who led the research. Tests in the lab found that the polymer film (高分子膜), which is only 70‎ ‎ thousandths of a millimetre thick, reduced the appearance of wrinkles and under-eye bags, and helped keep moisture in areas of dry skin.‎ The layer is designed to be applied in the morning, then peeled off at night, In previous studies, the second skin withstood normal daily wear, and the stresses and strains of exercise and swimming, without falling off or causing irritation. It also survived exposure to rain.‎ ‎“It's something you can wear for a whole day or longer, depending on the physical forces that get applied to the area where it is worn, "said Daniel Anderson, who helped develop the product at MIT. “You can't tell you're wearing it.”‎ While normal cosmetics can mask imperfections on the skin, the new coating changes the way skin behaves by giving it the elasticity of young skin. It was developed with help from two companies.‎ ‎8. According to the text, the “second skin”__________.‎ A. was developed by two companies B. has not been tested by scientists C. is developed to remove under-eye bags D. is a transparent covering for the skin ‎9. Compared with normal cosmetics, the new product_____________.‎ A. can make the skin appear younger B. can fully mask imperfections on the skin C. doesn't cause any problems in the skin D. must be used in a more complicated way ‎10. What can we learn from the Daniel’s words?‎ A. You can recognize if people wear the “second skin.”‎ B. The “second skin” should be peeled off at night.‎ C. How long people can wear the layer varies.‎ D. The product can provide skin with a lot of water.‎ ‎11. What is the main idea of the text?‎ A. MIT has made a breakthrough in cosmetics.‎ B. The“ second skin” helps renew one’s youth.‎ C. Masks will soon become a thing of the past.‎ D. How the“ second skin” is used to improve skin.‎ ‎【答案】8. D 9. A 10. C 11. B ‎【解析】本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。想让肌肤焕发第二次生命吗？在麻省理工研究人员的努力下，这已经不再是梦想！‎ ‎8. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段When applied to the face or body, the thin, transparent layer sticks to the skin and supports the tissue, making it look and behave like younger skin, its producers claim.可知，当被使用到脸部或者皮肤上时，这种薄而透明的层面会附着在皮肤上。故选D。‎ ‎9. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段While normal cosmetics can mask imperfections on the skin, the new coating changes the way skin behaves by giving it the elasticity of young skin.可知，正常化妆品可以掩盖皮肤的瑕疵，但是新的涂层可以改变皮肤的状态。故选A。‎ ‎10. 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段It's something you can wear for a whole day or longer, depending on the physical forces that get applied to the area where it is worn可知，这种东西可以戴一天甚至更久。故选C。‎ ‎11. 主旨大意题。根据文章大意可知，文章主要讲述研究人员发明的可戴薄膜可以让你焕发青春。故选B。‎ ‎【江西省红色七校2018届高三第一次联考】D Imagine looking at something and being able to move it just by using your brain!That is exactly what the new technology called BrainGate can do —with the help of a robotic arm,anyway.‎ BrainGate is the idea of Professor John Donoghue and his team of researchers at the Brown Institute for Brain Science,USA. BrainGate is attached directly to the brain. First of all,gold wires are put into the part of the brain that controls movement. These are then connected to a small computer chip(芯片) . When the person thinks about different movements,this creates electrical signals,which are picked up by the chip. After this,the signals that are created by the brain are sent back to a computer,which changes the signals into movements. Finally,the computer uses the robotic arm to carry out these movements. BrainGate can already be used to write an e-mail or play computer games,just by brain power.‎ The technology has already cost millions of dollars to develop and when it is available for use,it will probably cost thousands of dollars per person. There are still many challenges ahead for Donoghue and his team. They are currently planning a mini wireless version,which will allow people to be connected to the computer at all times. Donoghue also dreams of using this technology ‎ to help disabled people who can't move their arms or legs. He plans to connect BrainGate directly to their own paralysed limbs(瘫痪的胳膊或腿) .This will mean that the person can control their own body again,without relying on a robotic arm.‎ This research is attracting the military's (军方的) attention as well. However,it is easy to understand why scientists might be concerned about how thought-controlled machines could be used by the military.‎ ‎32. What does the underlined word “These” refer to?‎ A. Movements. B. Thoughts. C. Brains D. Wires.‎ ‎33. What is one of BrainGate's disadvantages?‎ A. It needs improvement. B. It produces few movements.‎ C. It is too expensive. D. It is difficult to control.‎ ‎34. How will Donoghue help disabled people?‎ A. By developing a wireless version.‎ B. By replacing their limbs with robotic ones.‎ C. By making BrainGate smaller.‎ D. By attaching BrainGate to their bad limbs.‎ ‎35. What does the military think of thought-controlled machines?‎ A. They could lead to disasters. B. They would face fierce competition.‎ C. They could be useful. D. They would be in mass production.‎ ‎【答案】32. D 33. C 34. D 35. C ‎【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了思想控制器——大脑之门。利用该装置，人们可以通过大脑直接控制机械手臂的运动。‎ ‎33. C推理判断题。根据第三段中的The technology has already cost millions of dollars to develop and when it is available for use,it will probably cost .thousands .of dollars per person 不难 看出，该技术十分昂贵，可能会限制它的使用。故选C。‎ ‎34. D细节理解题。稂据第三段中的Donoghue also dreams of using this technology to help disabled ‎ people who can* t move their arms or legs. He plans to connect BrainGate directly to their own paralysed limbs 可知，Donoghue 打算把 大脑之门直接连接到残疾人瘫痪的四肢上。故选D。‎ ‎35. C推理判断题。根据最后一段中的This research is attracting the military’s attention as well 及 how thought-controlled machines could be used by the military可推测，军方对思想控制 器感兴趣是因为认为它们有用。故选C。‎ ‎2017年模拟题 ‎1. [2017·四川省广安、遂宁、内江、眉山高三一诊]‎ It is true that the tea comes from a plant known as camellia sinensis.The different types of tea depend upon the region in which it is grown, harvesting time and the procedure of processing.Basically，there are four major classes of tea：white，oolong，green and black tea.‎ ‎ One of the least processed and the purest forms of tea is the white tea.This tea type has very low content of caffeine and appears a light colour, as the name also indicates, and a mild flavour.Due to the presence of high amount of healthy chemicals, it is helpful in fighting skinrelated health problems and in getting a fair colour of skin.‎ ‎ Another tea type is the oolong tea, also called as wulong tea at some places which has very rich flavour and has a sweet fragrance.It is fermented (酝酿) but to a limited level because of which，the caffeine content in it is about 15% of what is in a cup of coffee.Drinking this tea proves to be useful in treating obesity, which is reducing the weight.‎ ‎ As opposing to oolong tea, the black tea is fully fermented，as a result of which it has caffeine of approximately 200/o of what is present in a cup of coffee.If you consume black tea every day, you will be able to regulate the cholesterol (胆固醇) levels in the body and also keeping your circulatory system healthy.It also adjusts cardiovascular (心血管的) function.‎ ‎ The last tea type is the green tea that is mostly preferred by many people owing to its multiple health benefits.Similar to the white tea，this tea also has less caffeine that is only 5%—10% of caffeine in one cup of coffee.This type of tea is also good to maintain the cholesterol and blood sugar levels within the acceptable range.In addition, they help in preventing tooth rot and other teethrelated illness.So, you can choose that variety that you find good with regard to its taste and health benefits.‎ ‎1. Which are you advised to drink if you want to become more beautiful?‎ A．White tea. B．Oolong tea.‎ C．Black tea. D．Green tea.‎ ‎2. What does the underlined word “regulate” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?‎ A．Decrease. 　B．Increase. 　C．Improve. 　D．Adjust.‎ ‎3. The similarity of white tea and green tea is that________．‎ A．they can prevent tooth rot ‎ B．they can keep the cholesterol levels C．they can contribute to losing weight ‎ D．they can contain low doses of caffeine ‎4. What is the best title of the passage?‎ A．The benefits of tea B．Main varieties of tea C．The differences of tea D．Main functions of tea ‎【文章大意】 本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了几类茶。‎ ‎1．A　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“One of the least processed and the purest forms of tea is the white tea…Due to the presence of high amount of healthy chemicals, it is helpful in fighting skinrelated health problems and in getting a fair colour of skin.”可知，白茶能有助于健康和皮肤的保养。故选A。‎ ‎2．D　词义猜测题。根据本段中的“…also keeping your circulatory system healthy.It also adjusts cardiovascular (心血管的) function.” (也能保持你循环系统的健康。它也会调整心血管功能)可推知，此处指“如果你每天都喝红茶，你将能够调节你的胆固醇水平”。故选D。‎ ‎3．D　细节理解题。根据倒数第一段中的“Similar to the white tea, this tea also has less caffeine that is only 5%—10% of caffeine in one cup of coffee.”可知，白茶和绿茶的相似性在于它们含有的咖啡因量都比较低。故选D。‎ ‎4．B　主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Basically, there are four major classes of tea: white, oolong, green and black tea.”及下文对这几种茶的介绍可知，本文主要介绍了主要的几类茶。故选B。‎ ‎2. [2017·江西省赣中南五校高三第一次模拟]‎ The government of Norway is planning to build an unusual storage centre on an island in the ‎ Arctic Ocean.The place would be large enough to hold about two million seeds.The goal is to present all crops known to scientists.The British magazine New Scientist published details of the plan last month.The structure will be designed to protect the world's food supply against nuclear war, climate change and other possible threats.It will be built in a mountain on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen.The mountain is less than one thousand kilometres from the North Pole, the northernmost position on earth.‎ ‎ An international group called the Global Crop Diversity Trust is working on the project.The director of the group, Cary Fowler, spoke to New Scientist.He said the project would let the world rebuild agriculture if, in his word, “the worst came to the worst”．Norway is expected to start work next year.The project is expected to cost three million dollars.Workers will drill (钻孔) deep in the side of a sandstone mountain.Temperatures in the area never rise above 0℃.The seeds will be protected behind walls a metre thick and highsecurity door.‎ ‎ The magazine report says the collection will represent the products of ten thousand years of farming.Most of the seeds at first will come from collections at seed banks in Africa, Asia and Latin America.To last a long time, seeds need to be kept in very low temperatures.Workers will not be present all the time.But they plan to replace the air inside the storage space each winter.Winter temperatures on the island are about eighteen degrees below 0℃.The cold weather would protect the seeds even if the air could not be replaced.‎ ‎ Mr Fowler says the proposed structure will be the world's safest gene bank.He says the plant seeds would only be used when all other seeds are gone for some reason.Norway first put forward the idea in the 1980s.But safety concerns delayed the plan.At that time, the Soviet Union was meeting in Rome of the Food and Agriculture Organization.‎ ‎1. The project is meant to________．‎ A．increase the world's food output in the future ‎ B．carry out some scientific experiments on plant genes ‎ C．build an exhibition centre of the world's plant seeds ‎ D．protect crop seeds from dying out in case of possible disasters ‎2．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the above passage?‎ A．The government of Norway will perform the project alone.‎ B．Seeds to be collected there were produced ten thousand years ago.‎ C．Spitsbergen is chosen because it is free of the nuclear war forever.‎ D．Temperature is a major consideration when choosing the storage place.‎ ‎3. We can infer from the text that________．‎ A．Norway had meant to build the storage centre about 30 years before.‎ B．the storage centre will greatly promote world agriculture ‎ C．people will get newlydeveloped seeds from the centre every year.‎ D．there haven't been any seed storage centres in the world before.‎ ‎4. What is probably the best title of the passage? ‎ A．The best place to store seeds B．Noah's Ark (诺亚方舟) of plant seeds in plan C．Concerns of world food supply D．A new way to feed the world ‎【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普说明文。文章主要讲述了如何通过建立“种子储存中心”来储存农作物的种子。‎ ‎2．D　细节理解题。第三段中提到“To last a long time, seeds need to be kept in very low temperatures.”可知为储存长点时间，种子需要在极低的温度下储藏。故选D。‎ ‎3．A　推理判断题。最后一段提到“Norway first put forward the idea in the 1980s.”挪威最早是在八十年代提出这个议案的。迄今已有三十年左右的历史了。故选A。‎ ‎4．A　主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了如何通过建立“种子储存中心”来储存农作物的种子，故A项最合适。‎ ‎3.[2017·河南省中原名校豫南九校高三第四次质量考评]‎ Some of the world's most significant problems never hit headlines.One example comes from agriculture.Food riots (暴乱) and hunger make news, but the trend lying behind these matters is rarely talked about.This is the decline in the growth in yields of some of the world's major crops.A ‎ new study by the University of Minnesota and McGill University in Montreal looks at where，and how far, this decline is occurring.‎ The authors take a vast number of data pointing for the four most important crops：rice，wheat，corn and soybeans.They find that on between 24% and 39% of all harvested areas, the improvement in yields that took place before the 1980s slowed down in the 1990s and 2000s.‎ There are two worrying features of the slowdown.One is that it has been particularly sharp in the world's most populous (人口多的) countries, India and China.‎ Their ability to feed themselves has been an important source of relative stability both within the countries and on world food markets.That selfsufficiency cannot be taken for granted if yields continue to slow down or reverse.‎ Second, yield growth has been lower in wheat and rice than in corn and soybeans. This is problematic because wheat and rice are more important as foods accounting for around half of all calories consumed.Corn and soybeans are more important as feed grains.The authors note that we have preferentially focused our crop improvement efforts on feeding animals and cars rather than on crops that feed people and are the basis of food security in much of the world.‎ The report qualifies the more optimistic findings of another new paper which suggests that the world will not have to dig up a lot more land for farming in order to feed 9 billion people in 2010, as the Food and Agriculture Organization has argued. Instead，it says，thanks to slowing population growth, land currently ploughed (耕) up for crops might be able to revert to forest or wilderness.This could happen.The trouble is that the forecast assumes continued improvements in yields, which may not actually happen.‎ ‎1. Which crops are mentioned in the text?‎ A．Rice，corn，soybeans and wheat.‎ B．Rice，corn，wheat and peas.‎ C．Wheat，corn，soybean and potatoes.‎ D．Corn，wheat，tomatoes and soybeans.‎ ‎2. What does the author try to draw attention to?‎ A．Food riots and hunger in the world.‎ B．The decline of the grain yield growth.‎ C．News headlines in the leading media.‎ D．The food supply in populous countries.‎ ‎3. Why does the author mention India and China in particular?‎ A．Their selfsufficiency is vital to the stability of world food markets.‎ B．Their food yields have begun to decrease sharply in recent years.‎ C．Their big populations are causing worldwide concerns.‎ D．Their food selfsufficiency has been taken for granted.‎ ‎4. What does the underlined word “revert” mean in the last paragraph?‎ A．Grow worse.‎ B．Put in the place of another.‎ C．Gain through experience.‎ D．Go back to a previous state.‎ ‎【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普文章。文章作者分析了明尼苏达大学和蒙特利尔麦克吉尔大学的一项新研究，并指出了关于粮食方面的一些问题。‎ ‎1．A　细节理解题。根据第二段就可以知道是水稻、小麦、玉米和大豆四种作物。故选A。‎ ‎2．B　目的意图题。根据第一段“This is the decline in the growth in yields of some of the world's major crops.”可知作者关注粮食产量增长率的下降。故选B。‎ ‎3．A　细节理解题。根据第四段“Their ability to feed themselves has been an important source of relative stability both within the countries and on world food markets.”可知，两国粮食自足是世界粮食市场稳定的至关重要的基础。故选A。‎ ‎4．D　词义猜测题。根据句意及上文可知此处是指“退耕还林”，故选D项。‎ ‎4. 【浙江省杭州市第二中学2017届高三考前热身】B The answer to protecting and saving marine(海洋) wildlife can start with cutting back on something Americans use every day—plastic drinking straws. Actor Adrien Grenier, best known for playing Vincent Chase in 2015 movie Entourage, has launched a campaign to reduce the amount of single-use plastic usage in this country in order to protect and save marine wildlife and the environment. Plastic drinking straws are among many single-use plastic products contributing to the shocking loss of marine life, but they’re a great place to start because they’re something Americans are using by the hundreds of millions without any awareness that they’re so damaging.‎ According to Ecocycle, an international environmental organization, Americans use more than 500 million straws daily, which are enough to fill 127 school buses each day, and they can’t be recycled. They means plastic straws end up in landfills or oceans, where fish and other marine wildlife mistake the small bits for food and swallow them. After seeing a photo of a whale beached on the shore with a belly full of plastic, Grenier felt the inspiration to launch the Lonely Whale Foundation, hoping to inspire and educate others on the challenges facing marine life.‎ Along with stopping the use of straws, Grenier hopes to educate consumers on the dangers of other single-use plastic items such as grocery bags and water bottles. While many Americans use these plastic products in their daily life, there are more sustainable alternatives that can help protect the environment. Ecocycle recommends the use of straws made from stainless steel, glass, and even bamboo instead of plastic. You can buy a number of these environmentally friendly straws online and in stores.‎ ‎4.What initially contributed to the start of Grenier’s campaign?‎ A. Plastic straws in landfills.‎ B. A picture of a dead whale.‎ C. The severe damage done to the sea.‎ D. The disappearance of some species under the sea.‎ ‎5.What is the primary purpose of the Lonely Whale Foundation?‎ A. To advocate a green lifestyle.‎ B. To promote Grenier’s latest movie.‎ C. To save precious natural resources.‎ D. To encourage people to protect ocean life.‎ ‎6.Ecocycle advises people to use straws that are ________.‎ A. easy to recycle B. convenient to use C. special to marine life D. harmless to the environment ‎【答案】4.B5.D6.D ‎4.细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句话After seeing a photo of a whale beached on the shore with a belly full of plastic, Grenier felt the inspiration to launch the Lonely Whale Foundation, hoping to inspire and educate others on the challenges facing marine life.可知，Grenier是看到一只肚子里全是塑料搁浅在岸的鲸鱼的照片后，才受到激励发起“孤独的鲸基金会”，故答案选B。‎ ‎5.细节理解题。根据第一段第二行Actor Adrien Grenier, best known for playing Vincent Chase in 2015 movie Entourage, has launched a campaign to reduce the amount of single-use plastic usage in this country in order to protect and save marine wildlife and the environment.以及第二段最后一句话Grenier felt the inspiration to launch the Lonely Whale Foundation, hoping to inspire and educate others on the challenges facing marine life.可知，“孤独的鲸基金会”的主要目的是鼓励人们保护海洋生命。故选D。‎ ‎6.细节理解题。根据最后一段Ecocycle recommends the use of straws made from stainless steel, glass, and even bamboo instead of plastic.可知，Ecocycle建议使用不锈钢、玻璃甚至竹子代替塑料制作成吸管，即使用对环境无害的材料，故选D。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 细节理解题是阅读理解中较容易的题，一般解题方法是：找到题干的关键词，然后根据所找到的关键词在原文中定位，答案一般出现在关键词所在句子及其周围。‎ 但有些细节理解题并没有这么简单，需要通过同义词近义词或反义词转换关键词，或者在关键词所在位置并不能找到答案。比如本题中的关键词应该是Grenier’s campaign，根据这个关键词我们能在文中定位到第一段第二行Actor Adrien Grenier, best known for playing Vincent Chase in 2015 movie Entourage, has launched a campaign to reduce the amount of single-use plastic usage in this country in order to protect and save marine wildlife and the environment.，但本句只讲了Grenier发起这一活动的目的，并未提及是何事促使他发起这项活动，因此只能再往下找，下文出现launch the Lonely Whale Foundation，是题干中Grenier’s campaign的另一种说法，因此可知答案可在此处找，从而选出答案。‎ ‎5【四川省泸州市2017届高三四诊（临考冲刺模拟）】C A bite from a tsetse fly is an extremely unpleasant experience.To make matters worse,several species of tsetse fly can transmit diseases.One of the most dangerous is a parasite（寄生虫）that causes "sleeping sickness".‎ After the initial bite,sleeping sickness symptoms often start with a fever,headaches and aching muscles.As the illness goes on,those infected become increasingly tired,which is where it gets its name.‎ It is worth noting that sleeping sickness is no longer as deadly as it once was.In the early 20th Century several hundred thousand people were infected each year.By the 1960s the disease was considered "under control" and had reached very low numbers,making its spread more difficult.But in the 1970s there was another major infection,which took 20 years to control.Since then,better screening programs and earlier treatments have reduced the number of cases dramatically.In 20is this figure dropped to fewer than 3,000.The World Health Organization (WHO) hopes the disease will be completely removed by 2020.More problematically,a series of new studies have shown that the parasite is more complicated than previously believed.‎ Sleeping sickness has always been considered—and analyzed—as a blood disease,because the parasites can readily be discovered in the blood of its victims.However,in a recent study found that the parasite can stay in the skin and fat,as well as in the blood.There may even be a higher density（密度）of the parasite in the skin than in the blood. That means a person can have no symptoms but still both harbor the disease and spread it.The finding could explain the mysterious 1970s infection,and why the disease can spring up in areas that had previously been cleared.‎ ‎8.What's the danger of a tsetse fly bite?‎ A. It makes people sleepy.‎ B. It causes skin disease.‎ C. It brings about deaths.‎ D. It transmits deadly parasites.‎ ‎9.What can we infer about sleeping sickness from Paragraph 3?‎ A. It's still a threat to human health.‎ B. It's not that dangerous at present.‎ C. It's incurable in the early 20th century.‎ D. It's completely under control in the 1960s.‎ ‎10.What does the underlined "harbor" most probably mean?‎ A. carry B. resist C. exchange D. hide ‎11.What does the latest research indicate according to the passage?‎ A. Sleeping sickness is a blood disease.‎ B. Skin is more suitable for the parasite to grow.‎ C. Sleeping sickness can be spread with no signs.‎ D. Parasites in the skin caused the 1970s infection.‎ ‎【答案】8.B9.D10.A11.D ‎【解析】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了以前人们认为被采采蝇叮咬后最危险的是会导致人得昏睡病，后来研究表明寄生在皮肤和脂肪，以及血液中，甚至有可能是一个更高的密度（密度）在皮肤比血液中的寄生虫，这意味着一个人可能没有症状，但仍然怀有疾病并传播它。‎ ‎8.细节理解题。根据文中“in a recent study found that the parasite can stay in the skin and fat,as well as in the blood.There may even be a higher density（密度）of the parasite in the skin than in the blood.”在最近的一项研究发现，寄生在皮肤和脂肪，以及血液中，甚至有可能是一个更高的密度（密度）在皮肤比血液中的寄生虫。推断可知它会引起皮肤病。故选B。‎ ‎9.细节理解题。根据文中“By the 1960s the disease was considered "under control" and had reached very low numbers,making its spread more difficult.”到了20世纪60年代，这种疾病被认为“处于控制之下”，并且已经达到了很低的数量，使其传播更加困难。可知它在20世纪60年代完全控制住了。故选D。‎ ‎10.词义猜测题。根据文中“That means a person can have no symptoms but still both harbor the disease and spread it.”这意味着一个人不能有任何症状，但仍然怀有疾病并传播它。可知harbor意为怀有，携带。A符合题意，故选A。‎ ‎11.细节理解题。根据文中“in a recent study found that the parasite can stay in the skin and fat,as well as in the blood.There may even be a higher density（密度）of the parasite in the skin than in the blood.”在最近的一项研究发现，寄生在皮肤和脂肪，以及血液中，甚至有可能是一个更高的密度（密度）在皮肤比血液中的寄生虫。可知最新的研究发现了1970年代感染的皮肤寄生虫。故选D。‎ ‎6. 【山西省孝义市2017届高三下学期考前热身训练】D Every human being, no matter what he is doing, gives off body heat. The usual problem is how to get rid of it. But the designers of the Johnstown campus (校园) of the University of Pittsburgh set themselves the opposite problem — how to collect body heat. They havedesigned a collection system which uses not only body heat, but the heat given ‎ off by such objects as light bulbs and refrigerators as well. The system works so well that no fuel is needed to make the campus’s six buildings comfortable.‎ Some parts of most modem buildings — theaters and offices as well as classrooms, are more sufficiently heated by people and lights and sometimes must be air-conditioned (使用空调的) even in winter. The technique of saving heat and redistributing (再分配) it is called “heat recovery”. A few modern buildings recover heat, but the University’s system is the first to recover heat from buildings and reuse it in others.‎ Along the way, Pittsburgh has learned a great deal about some of its producers. The harder a student studies, the more heat his body gives off. Male students send out more heat than female students, and the larger a student is, the more heat he produces. We may conclude that the hottest prospect for the Johnstown campus would be a hard working overweight mate genius.‎ ‎12.The heat in the heating system of the Johnstown campus is supplied ________.‎ A. by human bodies B. by both human bodies and other heat-giving objects C. by both human bodies and commonly used fuel D. by human bodies, commonly used fuel and other heat-giving objects ‎13.According to the passage, the technique of heat recovery is used ________.‎ A. to find the producers of heat B. to provide heat for the hot water system C. to make the campus more beautiful D. to collect heat and reuse it ‎14.The underlined phrase “the hottest prospect” in this passage refers to ________.‎ A. the person who suffers most from heat B. the person who needs more heat than others C. the person who gives off most heat D. the person who makes better use of heat ‎15.Which of the following may be the best title for this passage?‎ A. A New Heat Recovery System in Pitt B. Modern Building’s Heat System C. Body Heat and Its Producers D. Ways of Heating Building ‎【答案】12.B13.D14.C15.A ‎【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Pittsburgh大学通过收集人体以及其他物体释放出的热量，并将收集到的热量进行再分配来对建筑进行供暖的技术。‎ ‎13.细节理解题。根据第二段The technique of saving heat and redistributing (再分配) it is called “heat recovery”可知，“热回收”这种技术是储存热量，然后在重新分配热量。故选D。‎ ‎14.词义猜测题。根据最后一段We may conclude that the hottest prospect for the Johnstown campus would be a hard working overweight mate genius.可知，前文对释放热量多的特征进行了说明，所以我们可下结论，Johnstown校园的the hottest prospect将是个勤奋学习、身材臃肿的男性天才，由此可知the hottest prospect的意思是“释放最多热量的人”。故选C。‎ ‎15.主旨大意题。根据全文可知，通篇文章都是在介绍Pittsburgh大学的一种“热回收”系统，这种系统可以收集人体以及其他物体释放出的热量，然后将这种热量重新分配用于建筑的供暖。A项“Pittsburgh大学的新型热回收系统”最适合作文章题目。故选A。‎ ‎7. 【辽宁省鞍山市第一中学2017届高三下学期最后一次模拟】C Vitamin B could help reduce the effects of the dangerous type of air pollution, according to a new study published on Monday. In the first study of its kind, a team of international researchers looked into the damage caused by one of the pollutants that have the severest impact on health—PM2.5.‎ They found that Vitamin B supplement could effectively reduce the impact of the tiny particles     （颗粒）on the human body, although they stressed that the research was in its early stages. According to the WHO, 92% of the world's people are living in places where the PM2.5 level goes beyond the recommended level. So it’s urgent to find a solution to the problem.‎ According to this study, published in the PNAS, 10 volunteers were initially exposed to clean air and given a placebo (安慰剂）to check their baseline responses. The group then kept on taking placebos tor tour weeks before being exposed to heavily polluted air from downtown Toronto, where an estimated 1,000 cars passed every hour. The bad air was delivered to the volunteers through an "oxygen type" face mask. The experiment was then repeated, with each volunteer taking a Vitamin B supplement daily, made up of 2.5mg of folic acid, 50mg of Vitamin B6, and l mg of Vitamin B12.‎ Vitamin B6 can be found in liver, chicken, nuts and other things, and Vitamin B12 in fish, meat, eggs, milk and some cereals. The researchers found that four weeks of Vitamin B supplements — the damage of PM2.5 effects by 28-76%. The results emphasized how prevention at an individual level could be used to fight against the damage of PM2.5, the researchers said.‎ ‎9.What's the newly discovered effect of Vitamin B in Paragraph 1?‎ A. It can be used to replace other vitamins in our daily life.‎ B. It can help lower the air pollution level in the open air.‎ C. It can reduce the impact of PM2.5 on human bodies.‎ D. It can get rid of the pollutants remaining in our body.‎ ‎10.What can be learned from the second paragraph?‎ A. Further study about the effect of Vitamin B needs to be done.‎ B. Vitamin B is the most important to human's health.‎ C. The tiny particles in the air are made up of PM2.5.‎ D. 92% of the world's people are affected by PM2.5.‎ ‎11.How did researchers draw the new conclusion about Vitamin B?‎ A. By referring to a journal.‎ B. By performing experiments.‎ C. By interviewing scientists.‎ D. By comparing vitamins.‎ ‎12.You may read the passage on a website about          .‎ A. environment B. medicine C. education D. health ‎【答案】9.C10.A11.B12.D ‎【解析】本文主要通过一些实验告诉我们维他命B对减轻PM2.5对身体的伤害有什么样的功效。‎ ‎9.细节理解题，根据第一段“Vitamin B could help reduce the effects of the dangerous type of air pollution, according to a new study published on Monday.”，可知维他命B可以减少造成空气污染的危险物质的影响，而后一句又提到了对健康危害最大的危险物质是PM2.5，故选C.‎ ‎10.细节理解题，根据第二段“, although they stressed that the research was in its early stages.”可知关于维他命B的功效的研究还处于初期阶段，所以仍需进一步的研究探索，故选A.‎ ‎11.推理判断题，根据倒数第二段“The experiment was then repeated, with each volunteer taking a Vitamin B supplement daily, made up of 2.5mg of folic acid, 50mg of Vitamin B6, and l mg of Vitamin B12.”，中的experiment表明研究者是通过做实验得出新的结论的，故选B.‎ ‎12.推理判断题，本文主要通过一系列实验告诉我们维他命B可以减轻PM2.5对我们身体的伤害，主题围绕着健康展开，故选D.‎ ‎8. 【湖北省武昌区2017届高三5月调研】C Kanda really doesn't like to walk alone. The scientist from a research institute of intelligent robots finds the experience so boring that he'd rather drive—even though he lives close to his lab and knows that walking us healthy. "I enjoy walking with someone, like with my wife, with my daughter," Kanda said. "But they are not always available."‎ So Kanda, who specializes in human-like bots, developed a robotic walking partner that could make small talk based on its surroundings, which, he hopes, might motivate people to get out and exercise more. The bot rests on a person's shoulder like a boxy parrot. It weighs about a pound and a half and sits roughly 8.5 inches high, 3.5inches wide, and 10 inches long. A microphone, speaker, and internal camera allow it to communicate. It's even equipped with a smile.‎ Kanda and his team collected video form five different locations, including a garden and a shopping mall, and created a dataset of small talk topics related to each location. Then they programmed the robot to associate visual cues with specific topics. A special speech software provided the robot with a voice. Near a group of parked cars, for example, it might say, "In a big parking lot, sometimes I forget where I parked."‎ They tested the robot on 15 volunteers, 10 males and 5 females, who were paid and averaged about 26 years old. "Have you ever blown a puff of dandelion（蒲公英）seeds into the air?" The robot asked a participant, who smiled and responded, "Yes, I often did that when I was a child."‎ ‎ Although several participants noted the robot's weight, Kanda was surprised that no one considered the experience as strange or funny. "I guess people enjoy new technologies," he said.‎ Just like a human partner, Kanda's bot isn't perfect. It's not able to go for walks in heavy rain and, while the robot can make expressions, it can't really hold a conversation, about which Kanda is most worried. Despite its limits, Kanda was comforted by the bot's presence. "I felt a kind of sense of being with someone, "he said, "particularly when it spoke."‎ ‎8.Why does Kanda have the idea of developing a robotic walking partner?‎ A. Because he wants someone to accompany him while walking.‎ B. Because he has never developed a robot like a parrot.‎ C. Because his family are unwilling to walk with him.‎ D. Because he is crazy about developing robots.‎ ‎9.What characteristic does the robot have?‎ A. It can "speak" and "see".‎ B. It can walk like a human being.‎ C. It can communicate with people freely.‎ D. It is much more humorous than a real person.‎ ‎10.What is necessary for the robot to function?‎ A. A small size.‎ B. A boxy shape.‎ C. A human partner.‎ D. A speech software.‎ ‎11.What is Kanda most likely to do about his robot next?‎ A. To make it more convenient to carry.‎ B. To improve its conversational skills.‎ C. To enable it to walk in heavy rain.‎ D. To better its sound system.‎ ‎【答案】8.A9.A10.D11.B ‎【解析】本文主要讲述了科学家Kanda因不喜欢自己一个人走路，需要有人陪伴而产生灵感，发明了可以陪人走路的机器人。这个小机器人还可以根据场合的不同发出简单的句子，让人有种被陪伴的感觉。‎ ‎9.细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句＂A microphone, speaker, and internal camera allow it to communicate.＂以及第三段＂A special speech software provided the robot with a voice. Near a group of parked cars, for example, it might say, "In a big parking lot, sometimes I forget where I parked."可知，这个机器人可以“说话”也可以“看”。故选A。‎ ‎10.细节例题题。根据最后一段中"I felt a kind of sense of being with someone, "he said," particularly when it spoke."可知，当机器人说话的时候最能让人有陪伴感，所以他的声音系统是必不可少的。故选D。‎ ‎11.推理判断题。根据最后一段中＂while the robot can make expressions, it can't really hold a conversation, about which Kanda is most worried.＂可知，不能进行对话是Kanda最担心的事情，所以他接下来会改进这一方面。故选B。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。‎ 例如：本题中的第4小题：What is Kanda most likely to do about his robot next?‎ 句意：Kanda接下来最可能对机器人做什么。再了解文章大意以后，推测接下来会对机器人做什么，要在文章最后一段寻找相关信息，Just like a human partner, Kanda's bot isn't perfect. It's not able to go for walks in heavy rain and, while the robot can make expressions, it can't really hold a conversation, about which Kanda is most worried.此句提到Kanda最担心的是不能进行对话，由此可以判断接下来会改进交谈这方面的功能。‎ ‎9. 【河南省天一大联考2017届高三上学期期末】C Standing in line for the latest iPhone at the Apple store, queueing for tickets to Wimbledon or even just waiting  at the post office might just have got a lot easier.  Japanese car- maker Nissan announces that it has just the thing to relieve the painful legs of tired queuers.‎ The new system of“self-driving,”chairs is designed to detect when someone at the front of the queue is called, and automatically move everyone else one step forward in line.  The new invention is shown off in a company video, which shows a busy restaurant with customers waiting outside.‎ In the video, diners are sitting in a row of chairs, but will not have to stand when the next hungry diner is called to a table. Instead; the chairs, equipped with autonomous technology that detects the seat ahead, move along a path toward the front of the line. When the person at the front of the queue is called, the empty chair at the front can sense it is empty and so moves out of pole position.  Cameras on the remaining chairs then sense the m07yfement and follow automatically.‎ The system, which is similar to the kin used in Nissan' s autonomous vehicle technology,‎ will be tested at select restaurants in Japan this year, Nissan said. It appeals to anyone who has queued for hours outside a crowded restaurant: it eliminates the boredom and physical pain of standing in line," Nissan added.‎ Although Tokyo has some 160,000 restaurants, long queues are not uncommon. Chosen restaurants that meet the criteria will be able to show the chairs outside their restaurants next year. Nissan also released a short video showing the chairs being used in an art gallery, moving slowly in front of the various paintings to let viewers appreciate the art without the need to stand up.‎ ‎8.What can we know about the “self-driving"  chairs from the text 7‎ A. They are in hot demand like iPhones.‎ B. They are intended for queueing diners.‎ C. They are the invention of a car company.‎ D. They are completely different, from vehicle technology.‎ ‎9.What enables the chairs to detect the seat ahead?‎ A. Pole position.‎ B. Autonomous technology.‎ C. Cameras equipped on them.‎ D. Sensors equipped along the path.‎ ‎10.Which of the following can replace  the underlined word“ eliminates"  in Paragraph 4?‎ A. rids B. ignores C. steals D. hides ‎11.What can Joe inferred from the last two paragraphs?‎ A. Queueing is a rare scene outside Japanese restaurants.‎ B. “Self-driving" chairs are the most useful in art galleries.‎ C. Japanese people prefer eating in restaurants to at home.‎ D. "Self-driving" chairs haven' t, been in official use in restaurants.‎ ‎【答案】8.C9.B10.A11.D ‎【解析】试题分析：文章介绍了一种能消除长时间排队带来的无聊和身体上痛苦的一种新型发明装置“Self-driving ” chairs及其具体使用。‎ ‎8.C推理判断题。根据第一段Japanese car-maker Nissan announces that it has just the thing to relieve the painful legs of tired queuers.可知C项正确；根据第二段The new system of 'self-driving' chairs is designed to detect when someone at the front of the queue is called, and automatically move everyone else one step forward in line.可知A、B两项错误；根据第四段The system, which is similar to the kind used in Nissan's autonomous vehicle technology,可知D错误。故选C.‎ ‎9.B细节推理题。根据第三段the chairs, equipped with autonomous technology that detects the seat ahead, move along a path toward the front of the line.可知B正确，故选B.‎ ‎10.A猜测词义题。划线词所在的句子指这种装置能消除排队带来的无聊和身体上的痛苦，划线词语eliminate“消除”，与A项同义，故选A.‎ ‎11.D推理判断题。最后两段讲的是“Self-driving ” chairs的具体运用，根据Chosen restaurants that meet the criteria will be able to show the chairs outside their restaurant next year.可知这种椅子还没有被正式在饭店使用，故选D.‎ 考点：考查科技发明类短文阅读。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 关于词义猜测题 做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。‎ 下面结合文本及近几年高考试题，对词义猜测的技巧加以解读。‎ ‎1.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测 有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is, it will break easily.从后面that is(也就是说)的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。‎ ‎2.根据同位关系进行猜测 阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：The “Chunnel”, a tunnel(隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.此句中a tunnel connecting England and France是Chunnel的同位语。因此，The “Chunnel”就是英法之间的海底隧道。‎ ‎3.根据构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)进行猜测 在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10,” Anaclerio said, “and they’re very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”文中interactive是由前缀inter-(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)而构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。‎ ‎4.根据转折或对比关系进行猜测 根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.从前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun肯定是近乎相反的意义。所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。‎ ‎10. 【甘肃省兰州第一中学2017届高三冲刺模拟】Ｃ It is said that if you want to stay young, sit down and have a good think. This is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise — and as a result, we are growing old unnecessarily soon.‎ Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of aging could be slowed down. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University,‎ ‎ he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side parts of the brain, which controls functions like eating and breathing, does not contract with age, and one can continue living without intellectual on economical faculties. Contraction of front and side parts — as cells die off — was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty-and seventy-year-olds. Matsuzawa concluded from his tests that there is a simple way to the contraction normally connected with age — using the head.‎ The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the town. Those least at risk, says Matsuzawa, are lawyers, followed by university professors and doctors. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking (萎缩) brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.‎ Matsuzawa's findings show that thinking can prevent the brain from shrinking. Blood must circulate properly in the head to supply the fresh oxygen the brain cells need. “The best way to maintain, good blood circulation is through using the brain.” he says. “Think hard and engage in conversation. Don’t rely on pocket calculators.”‎ ‎8.The team of doctors wanted to find out ______.‎ A. the size of certain people's brains B. how to make people live longer C. which people are most intelligent D. why certain people are aging sooner than others.‎ ‎9.On what are their research findings based?‎ A. The study of brain volumes of different people.‎ B. The study of brain volumes of old people.‎ C. The latest development of computer technology.‎ D. A survey of farmers in northern old people.‎ ‎10.The doctors’ tests show that _______.‎ A. our brains shrink as we grow older B. the front section of the brain does not shrink C. sixty-year-olds have better brains than thirty-year-olds D. some people's brains have contracted more than other people's ‎11.According to the passage, which people seem to age more slowly than the others?‎ A. Lawyers.‎ B. Farmers.‎ C. Clerks.‎ D. Shop assistants.‎ ‎【答案】8.B9.A10.D11.A ‎【解析】想要保持年轻吗？单从头脑上来说，越是乐于思考、使用大脑的人，越不容易脑衰老，这是日本一个医学研究团队的研究结果。‎ ‎9.细节理解题。根据第二段he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations. 可知他通过测量一千个不同年龄不同职业的人的脑容量来做实验，故选A。‎ ‎10.推理判断题。根据第三段The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the town.研究发现大脑的萎缩在农村的人比在城镇的人开始得快，然后后面又举例不同职业的对比，脑萎缩最慢的是律师，紧接着是大学教授，医生，然后又举例其它职业。这些说明有些人的脑萎缩就比较多，比较快，有些人就比较慢，比较少，因此答案为D。‎ ‎11.细节理解题。根据第三段Those least at risk, says Matsuzawa, are lawyers, followed by university professors and doctors.可知脑萎缩最慢的是律师，故选A。‎ ‎11. 【安徽省六安市第一中学2017届高三6月适应性考试】C Hummingbirds(蜂鸟) are one of nature’s most energetic fliers and the only birds to hover(盘旋) in the air by relying on their strength alone.‎ Now scientists have found that it is the ratio(比值) of the bird’s wing length to its width that makes them so efficient. The discovery is helping experts compete with 42 million years of natural selection to build helicopters that are increasingly efficient.‎ David Lentink, an assistant professor at Stanford University in California, tested wings from 12 different species of hummingbirds, which he sourced from museums. He placed them on a machine used to test the aerodynamics(气力学) of the helicopter blades(桨叶). Professor Lentink’s team used the same machine to test the blades from an advanced micro-helicopter used by the UK’s army. They found that the micro-helicopter’s blades are as efficient at hovering as the average hummingbirds.‎ But while the micro-helicopter’s blades kept pace with the average hummingbird wings, they could not keep up with the most efficient hummingbird’s wing. The wings of Anna’s hummingbird were found to be about 27 percent more efficient than the man-made micro- helicopter’s blades.‎ While Professor Lentink wasn’t surprised at nature’s superiority, he said that helicopter blades have come a long way. “The technology is at the level of an average hummingbird,” he said. “A helicopter is really the most efficient hovering device that we can build. The best hummingbirds are still better, but I think it’s amazing that we’re getting closer. It’s not easy to match their performance, but if we build better wings with better shapes, we might match hummingbirds.”‎ Professor Lentink said that we don’t know how hummingbirds maintain their flight in a strong wind, how they navigate(确定方向) through branches, or how they change direction so quickly. He thinks that great steps could be made by studying wing aspect ratios-the ratio of wing length to wing width. Understanding these abilities and characteristics could be a benefit for robotics and will be the focus of future experiments.‎ ‎9.What did the scientists find about hummingbirds?‎ A. Their wings are long and wide B. They can hover in the air for a long time C. The ratio of their wing length to wing width is very important D. They are the most energetic flier in nature ‎10.Which is the right order of Professor Lentink’s research?‎ ‎①Tested wings from different species of hummingbirds ‎②Got resources from museums ‎③Analyzed the results and drew a conclusion ‎④Tested the blades from a micro-helicopter A. ①②③④‎ B. ②①③④‎ C. ②④①③‎ D. ②①④③‎ ‎11.According to Professor Lentink, what will be the focus of future experiments?‎ A. To know how hummingbirds can fly in a strong wind B. To know how hummingbirds change direction so quickly C. To develop a new kind of helicopter D. To study the secrets of hummingbirds ‎【答案】9.C10.D11.D ‎【解析】本文主要讲述了科学发现是蜂鸟的翅膀的宽度与长度的比例使它飞翔更有效率。‎ ‎9.细节理解题。根据文章第二段Now scientists have found that it is the ratio (比值) of the bird’s wing length to its width that makes them so efficient.可知C正确。‎ ‎10.细节理解题。根据第三段的内容David Lentink, an assistant professor at Stanford University in California, tested wings from 12 different species of hummingbirds（①）, which he sourced from museums. （②）He placed them on a machine used to test the aerodynamics (气力学) of the helicopter blades (桨叶)（④）. Professor Lentink’s team used the same machine to test the blades from an advanced micro-helicopter used by the UK’s army. They found that the micro-helicopter’s blades are as efficient at hovering as the average hummingbirds.（③）‎ ‎11.行文结构题。根据最后一段的内容Understanding these abilities and characteristics could be a benefit for robotics and will be the focus of future experiments.可知D正确。‎ 名师点睛：‎ 文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息，或准确地寻求所需的细节，并对细节进行直接或间接辨认和理解。文章细节的理解可以细化为：（1）一一对应型。答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合，一一对应，一目了然。属于浅层次的阅读试题，分数比例较少。（2）语言转述型。这是一类间接事实细节题，答案与题目在意义上从分运用了词义之间的转述关系，即正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的另类表达。属于中档难度题，分数比例较大。（3）语意理解型。这是一类深层事实细节理解题，答案与题目之间存在着一定的逻辑联系，这种联系需要建立在事实的基础上通过上、下文来进行判断、分析、归纳和整合，才能得出正确答案。属于较高难度的事实细节题。（4）是非辨别型。这是一类综合事实细节题，出题形式常常是“三正一误”(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或“三误一正”（三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)。（5）事实排序型。这是一类运用多项事实进行排序的事实细节题，要求根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序或者句子之间的逻辑关系，找出时间发生，发展的正确顺序。‎ 此题的第一题为（1）一一对应型。答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合，一一对应，一目了然。属于浅层次的阅读试题，分数比例较少。此题根据文章第二段Now scientists have found that it is the ratio (比值) of the bird’s wing length to its width that makes them so efficient可知信息句与选项C一一对应。‎ 此题的第3小题为（5）事实排序型。这是一类运用多项事实进行排序的事实细节题，要求根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序或者句子之间的逻辑关系，找出时间发生，发展的正确顺序。此题根据第三段的内容David Lentink, an assistant professor at Stanford University in California, tested wings from 12 different species of hummingbirds（①）, which he sourced from museums. （②）He placed them on a machine used to test the aerodynamics (气力学) of the helicopter blades (桨叶)（④）. Professor Lentink’s team used the same machine to test the blades from an advanced micro-helicopter used by the UK’s army. They found that the micro-helicopter’s blades are as efficient at hovering as the average hummingbirds.（③）可以判断出正确顺序。‎ ‎12. 【湖北省华中师范大学第一附属中学2017届高三5月押题】C Science textbooks around the world have become suddenly out of date. Four new chemical elements(元素)have been added to the periodic table. A big decision now lies ahead-elements 113,115,117 and 118 need to be given their official names and symbols.‎ New elements can be named after a mythical(神话的) concept, a mineral, a place or country, a property(性质) or a scientist. The names have to be unique and maintain “historical and chemical consistency”. This means a lot of “-iums”.‎ ‎“They’re Latinising the name,” explains chemist Andrea Sella. “The most recent tradition is to name them after places or people.” The places chosen tend to be where the element was discovered or first produced.‎ No one has yet named an element after themselves but many elements are named in honour of important scientists. Albert Einstein was given einsteinium. This can also be a way of righting the wrongs of the past. “Lise Meitner was really the chemist who spotted nuclear fission(核裂变)but ‎ she was never really recognised for it because she was Jewish and a woman, ” says Sella. “Giving an element a name that reminds us of her is greatly important. ”‎ The naming process isn’t quick. The scientists who discovered them will start things off by suggesting a name. But it will be down to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to approve it. A special division of the US-based group has to accept the suggestion. Then there is a public review period of five months before the IUPAC gets the final approval. Once it’s ready, the name is announced in the scientific journal Pure and Applied Chemistry.‎ Naming an element is not just about functionality. Names are always important.‎ ‎8.What is the function of Paragraph 1?‎ A. To introduce the topic.‎ B. To present a finding.‎ C. To point out a problem.‎ D. To call for a decision,‎ ‎9.Why was Lise Meitner mentioned in the naming process in Paragraph 4?‎ A. To praise her.‎ B. To build her reputation.‎ C. To correct the wrongs of the past.‎ D. To end racial discrimination ‎10.Who has the final say in the naming process of an element?‎ A. The scientist who discovered them.‎ B. The special division of US-based group.‎ C. The scientific journal Pure and Applied Chemistry,‎ D. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.‎ ‎11.What i$ the passage mainly about?‎ A. How elements get their names.‎ B. Why science textbooks are out of date.‎ C. How new elements are discovered.‎ D. How functional naming an element is.‎ ‎【答案】8.A9.C10.D11.A ‎【解析】本文为一篇科普题材的说明文，文章主要介绍了 每当一个新元素被发现之时我们该如何对其进行命名，该用什么对其进行命名，文章中介绍了我们可以用某段神话故事，某种物质或是某个地名对其进行命名文章的最后部分介绍了当一个元素被发现之后又当如何将其命名的名字得到许可。‎ ‎8.主旨大意题，同归题目我们可以将答案定位到文章的第一段，A选项意为引出话题， B选项意为展示发现，C选项意为指出问题，D选项意为寻求建议，通过综合分析该题应当选择A项引出话题。‎ ‎9.细节理解题，通过问题我们可以将答案定位到文章的第四段“ This can also be a way of righting the wrongs of the past.”这句话意为“这也可能是一种纠正过去错误的方式”因而该题选择C项。‎ ‎10.细节理解题，通过分析问题“对于元素的命名过程谁具有最终得话语权？”可以将答案定位到文章的第五段“But it will be down to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to approve it.”故该题选择D项。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 本文是一篇科普类的说明文，这类文章除了要考查考生对于文章内容的理解之外也要懂得通过上下句之间的关联来弄懂生僻词的意思在本文当中就多次出现这种情况。对于科普类文章来讲文章本身的结构较为易懂 难点就在于科普雷说你明文存在有大量的生词，这就要求考生出了在平日里多积累之外，也要在阅读时通过对上下文的理解推测出某些单词的含义。例如文章中的““They’re Latinising the name,” explains chemist Andrea Sella. ”的latinising，通过上文“New elements can be named after a mythical(神话的) concept”通过上文便可得知该词与神话相关在通过单词的发音可以得知该词是与拉丁相关。因而推测出本词的意思。‎ ‎13. 【河北省衡水中学2017届高三下学期二模】D The more hours young children spend in child care, the more likely they are to turn out aggressive and disobedient by the time they are in kindergarten, according to the largest study of child care and development ever conducted. Researchers said this correlation(相关性) held true regardless of whether the children came from rich or poor homes, were looked after by a relative or at a center, and whether they were girls or boys.‎ What is uncertain, however, is whether the child care actually causes the problem or whether children likely to turn out aggressive happen to be those who spend more hours in child care.‎ ‎ It also remains unclear whether reducing the amount of time in child care will reduce the risk that a child will turn into a mean person. What's more, quality child care is associated with increased skills in intellectual ability such as language and memory, leading some academics to suggest that child care turns out children who are "smart and naughty".‎ The government-sponsored research, which has tracked more than 1,300 children at 10 sites across the country since 1991, is bound to cause the debate over child care again: How should people balance work and family? And how should parents, especially mothers, resolve the demands that are placed on them to be both breadwinners and supermoms?‎ That debate was already on display at a new briefing yesterday, where researchers themselves had different opinions about the data and its implications（含义）. "There is a constant relationship between time in care and problem behavior, especially those involving aggression and behavior," said Jay Belsky of Birkbeck College in London, one of the lead investigators of the study who has previously annoyed women's groups because of his criticisms of child care. "On behalf of fathers or mothers?" interrupted Sarah Friedman, a developmental psychologist at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and one of the other lead scientists on the study. "On behalf of parents and families," responded Belsky.‎ ‎"NICHD is not willing to get into policy recommendations," said Friedman, contradicting her colleague. "There are other possibilities that can be entertained. Yes it is a quick solution—more hours in child care is associated with more problems. The easy solution is to cut the number of hours but that may have implications for the family that may not be beneficial for the development of the children in terms of economics." In an interview after the briefing, Friedman said that asking parents to work fewer hours and spend more time with their children usually meant a loss of family income, which adversely（不利地）affects children.‎ Scientists said that the study was highly reliable. But the researchers said they had no whether the behavioral difficulties persisted as the children moved to higher grades.‎ ‎13.Children who spend more time in quality child care will ________.‎ A. develop greater ability in language B. be easy to manage and less naughty C. possess great risk-taking spirit D. be greedy and mean to their classmates ‎14.What is still unknown about higher level of aggressiveness in kindergarten children?‎ A. Whether higher level of aggressiveness can be avoided with longer child care.‎ B. Where longer child care equally affects children from different families.‎ C. Whether aggressiveness is a direct result of longer child care.‎ D. Whether longer child care improves intellectual ability in children.‎ ‎15.In the fifth paragraph the word "it" probably mean “________”.‎ A. NICHD is unwilling to give parents recomme ndations B. NICHD is willing to give policy advice concerning child care C. the number of hours in child care should be reduced significantly D. parents should discipline the behavior of their children more strictly ‎【答案】13.A14.C15.C ‎【解析】研究显示，儿童早期在托管所呆的时间越长，对孩子的心理负面影响越大。很多细节相互之间的关联关系还需进一步的证实。‎ ‎13.细节理解题。题干：在优质托管所呆更长时间的孩子们会…根据文章中第二段的内容What’s more, quality child care is associated with increased skills in intellectual ability such as language and memory(更重要的是，高质量的儿童护理与提高智力技能如语言和记忆有关。)可知，A项（发展语言方面更强的能力）表述正确，故选A。‎ ‎14.推理判断题。根据第二段内容对研究不确定内容的表述What is uncertain, however, is whether the child care actually causes the problem or whether children likely to turn out aggressive happen to be those who spend more hours in child care. It also remains unclear whether reducing the amount of time in child care will reduce the risk that a child will turn into a mean person.（不确定的是，是否托管所真能导致这些问题，以及是否可能有攻击性的孩子刚好是那些在托管所里呆时间长的孩子。也不清楚减少孩子在托管所的时间是否会减少孩子变成邪恶的人的危险。）可知，答案C（是否攻击性是长时间呆在托管所的直接结果。）和上文表述一致，故选C。‎ ‎15.词义猜测题。根据上文Jay Belsky的观点“There is a constant relationship between time in care and problem behavior, especially those involving aggression and behavior,”（托管时间和问题行为有不间断的联系，特别是涉及到攻击性以及问题行为。）Sarah Friedman 陈述的观点中说：也有其他需要考虑的可能性。是的，这是一个快速的解决方法，托管更长时间和更多的问题有联系，简单的方法就是减少孩子托管的时间。故这里的it指的是“托管时间应该减少”，故选C。‎ ‎14. 【广东省惠州2018届高三第一次调研】D Following the crowd may not always be in a person’s best interest．But new research suggests that teens who go along with their friends may end up healthier as adults．‎ Scientists have known that close friendships help boost health．That’s true for both teens and adults．The finding inspired Joseph Allen，a psychologist at the University of Virginia，and his team to study whether experiences during teen years would influence adult health．‎ So they followed 171 teens，starting when the kids were just 13．They interviewed each one every year for five years，and also spoke to these teens’closest friends，who provided additional information about the quality of their friendships．The same 171 people were interviewed again at ages 25，26 and 27．This time，the questions surveyed each person’s overall health．When the researchers analyzed the data they found a strong connection between a teen’s behavior and adult health．Teens who had close friends grew up to be the healthier adults．Whether teens held back their feelings or expressed them to a close friends also influenced later health．Those who held back were more likely to be sick as adults．The connection held up even after the scientists accounted for other possible influences on health．Weight，family income and drug use were all examined．So were mental health issues，such as anxiety and depression．And in these people，such other factors did not explain adult health as well as teen friendships did．‎ Going along with the crowd may have benefits，says Allen，but there are also drawbacks．Teens who are more independent tend to do better at school and work．And peer pressure may lead some kids to engage in risky behavior，such as smoking，drinking or using drugs．Dealing with it is an ongoing challenge，Allen acknowledges．“Finding the right balance is the key．Teens shouldn’t lose heart for not finding this easy．”And，he adds，“Parents need to be understanding about the pressures teens face.”‎ ‎12.Where can you probably read this passage?‎ A. Science fiction B. Health column C. Fashion magazine D. Entertainment newspaper ‎13.We can learn from Allen’s study that _______________.‎ A. many other factors have a greater influence on adult health than teen friendships B. mental health issues have nothing to do with adult health C. the same 171 teens were interviewed each year from 13 to 27‎ D. the teens who couldn’t express themselves grew up to be unhealthier ‎14.According to what Allen said，we can know that _______________.‎ A. in order to do better at school，teens should not follow the crowd B. though it’s challenging for teens to deal with peer pressure，they should not give up C. teens will engage in smoking，drinking or using drugs when facing peer pressure D. parents should understand their teens and stop them going with friends ‎15.What can be inferred from the passage?‎ A. There is nothing bad for teens to follow the crowd．‎ B. Close friendships are the most important for people’s health．‎ C. Teen friendships may turn out healthier adults．‎ D. Adult health is only influenced by teen friendships．‎ ‎【答案】12.B13.D14.B15.C ‎【解析】本文主要介绍了一个朋友关系对健康的影响的调查研究。研究表明，朋友较少、没有朋友的青少年相比，有朋友的青少年在长大后更健康些。当然，加入周围的朋友圈也有坏处。‎ ‎13.推理判断题。根据第二段Whether teens held back their feelings or expressed them to a close friends also influenced later health.Those who held back were more likely to be sick as adults.可知青少年是否向他们的好朋友表达情感也会影响到成年时期的健康。那些压抑情感的青少年长大后更容易生病。故选D。‎ ‎14.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知参加周围的朋友圈使得人们在成年后更加健康的同时也会带来“peer pressure”，也就是周围同龄人带来的压力，即“同行压力”。 peer pressure会导致许多问题，如何应对同行压力对于青少年来说成为了一个挑战。分析Allen 的话Finding the right balance is the ‎ key.Teens shouldn’t lose heart for not finding this easy.可知，青少年要应对同行压力，找到正确的平衡是关键。青少年不能因为很难找到平衡就灰心丧气。故选B。‎ ‎15.推理判断题。根据文章第一段But new research suggests that teens who go along with their friends may end up healthier as adults.可知，加入朋友圈的青少年在长大为成年人后会更加健康。C选项Teen friendships may turn out healthier adults.“青少年时期的友谊会使得人们成年后更加健康”符合文章要表述的意思，故选C。‎ ‎15. 【广东省华南师范大学附属中学2017届高三第三次模拟】D The exact work of ancient astronomers has led to a modern observation --- our days are longer than they used to be. Not that you’d noticed: The new research in the Proceedings of the Royal Society A shows that it takes the Earth a tiny bit longer these days to complete a single rotation (转动) than it did millions of years ago. It’s the kind of stuff that’s measured in milliseconds per century, but those milliseconds add up. Over the last thousands of years, they’d totaled several hours, which the Los Angeles Times puts this way, “If humanity had been measuring time with an atomic clock that started running back in 700 BC, today that clock would read 7 p.m. when the sun is directly overhead rather than noon. The atomic clock won’t lose a second for 15 billion years.” Maybe more remarkable is that the work is the result of a tireless 40-year research into ancient timekeeping records dating back 2,700 years.‎ Scientists led by Richard Stephenson of the UK’s Durham University have been studying Babylonian clay tablets, Chinese observations made through the use of water clocks, and Arab astronomical records that tracked solar and lunar eclipses(日/月食). “The most astonishing thing about this study is the fact that we have this information at all,” said a geographer not involved in the study. Researchers are still hoping to find observations from the Incas and the Maya, and to fill in their largest hole between 200 and 600 AD, but they’ve measured the Earth’s deceleration at 1.8 milliseconds per day per century. Given the moon’s gravitational effect on our oceans, the discovery that Earth is decelerating isn’t a surprise, notes the Christian Science Monitor, though astronomers had previously estimated a higher rate.‎ ‎12.Why are days longer than before according to the text?‎ A. The earth rotates more and more slowly.‎ B. Humanity has got incorrect timekeeping records.‎ C. It takes longer for the earth to turn around the sun.‎ D. The lost milliseconds for centuries are added to our present days.‎ ‎13.How did researchers come to the conclusion of the study?‎ A. By resetting the rotating time of the earth.‎ B. By referring to ancient timekeeping records.‎ C. By studying the moon’s gravitational effect on the oceans.‎ D. By measuring time again with an atomic clock.‎ ‎14.What can we infer about the study from what the geographer said?‎ A. Geography theory supports the result of the study.‎ B. The geographer disagrees to the research conclusion.‎ C. The scientists’ research is meaningless.‎ D. It’s right to get geographers involved in the study.‎ ‎15.What is the meaning of the underlined word “deceleration” in Paragraph 2?‎ A. Evolution.‎ B. Slowdown.‎ C. Enlargement.‎ D. Development.‎ ‎【答案】12.A13.B14.A15.B ‎【解析】这是一篇科普文，主要讲述了有关时间变化的研究，由于地球自转速度逐渐变慢导致天数变长，研究者们通查阅古代时间记载得出相关结论。通过这篇科普文，我们了解到更多有关科学的知识。‎ ‎12.细节理解题。由文章第一段中“The new research in the Proceedings of the Royal Society A shows that it takes the Earth a tiny bit longer these days to complete a single rotation (转动) than it did millions of years ago.”可得地球转动需要花费更长的时间，地球转动速度变慢，故选A。‎ ‎13.细节理解题。由文章第一段中“Maybe more remarkable is that the work is the result of a tireless 40-year research into ancient timekeeping records dating back 2,700 years.”以及下文中多次提及古代记录数据可知研究者们通过查阅古代时间记录得到调研结果。故选B。‎ ‎14.推理判断题。由文章第二段中“ “The most astonishing thing about this study is the fact that we have this information at all,” said a geographer not involved in the study. ”可得该地理专家认为地理为调查结果提供了理论基础。故选A。‎ ‎15.词义辨析题。A. Evolution.进化B. Slowdown.减速C. Enlargement.扩大 D. Development.发展。结合上下文可知地球自转速度一直在慢慢变慢，故选B。‎ ‎16. 【福建省漳州市2017届高三5月质量检查】D Dangers from Outer Space What is the greatest threat to life on our planet? Is it climate change? Shortages of food or water? Or might an altogether bigger danger come from somewhere further away: space?‎ We’re not talking about an attack by little green men here. Instead, how about being hit by a large falling star, beat by deadly universal rays or fried by the energy of an erupting star?‎ It wouldn’t be the first time that our Earth has had a rough ride over the last 3.7 billion years, with some disastrous events. The most famous mass extinction（灭绝）was 66 million years ago, when it’s widely believed that a meteorite（陨石）killed off the dinosaurs. A 110-mile-wide crater in Mexico with the same geological age supports this theory.‎ Believe it or not, this wasn’t the worst catastrophe in our planet’s history. That was when 96% of life was wiped out at the end of the Permian period, 252 million year ago. Scientists don’t know for sure why this happened, but any potential explanations carry with them the possibility that similar events could happen again.‎ Some experts believe that our Sun has a twin star which is too far away to observe directly. This huge sleeping star could twist the paths of orbiting icy rocks and cast them towards the rest of the Solar System.‎ Is this what happened 252 million years ago? Or is there instead, perhaps, a distant, ninth plant in our Solar System which pulls in passing comets（彗星）and sends them dashing our way?‎ The Sun that has given us the warmth is gradually turning into a deadly enemy. Like all stars, it is slowing dying, burning through its energy supplies. As it does so, it expands, and in about 2 billion years it will have grown so much that the heat will make life on planet Earth unbearable.‎ While all this sounds a little horrible, take comfort from the fact that the chance of being hit by a huge interstellar projectile（星际碰撞物）is unbelievably slim, and that 2 billion years is a very long time.‎ ‎12.When did dinosaurs die out according to the passage?‎ A. 3.7 billion years ago.‎ B. 252 million years ago.‎ C. 66 million years ago.‎ D. 2 billion years ago.‎ ‎13.Why was 96% of life destroyed at the end of the Permian period?‎ A. The cause is still unknown.‎ B. A huge falling star hit the earth.‎ C. A twin star cast icy rocks towards the Solar System.‎ D. A ninth planet pulled in passing comets.‎ ‎14.What can we learn from the passage?‎ A. All stars will eventually run of energy.‎ B. Our planet will be attacked by little green men.‎ C. We will be fried by the energy of an erupting star.‎ D. A huge sleeping star will hit the earth in millions of years.‎ ‎15.What is the author’s attitude toward the dangers from outer space?‎ A. Frightened.‎ B. Relieved.‎ C. Worried.‎ D. Doubtful.‎ ‎【答案】12.C13.A14.A15.B ‎【解析】本文主要介绍了地球从过去到现在所经历过的危险和灾难以及今后可能会遇到的危险。‎ ‎14.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段Like all stars, it is slowing dying, burning through its energy supplies.可知所有的星星都会逐渐地消亡，将所有的能量燃烧殆尽，故选 A。‎ ‎15.推理判断题。根据最后一段the chance of being hit by a huge interstellar projectile（星际碰撞物）is unbelievably slim, and that 2 billion years is a very long time.可知地球被星级碰撞物撞到的可能很小，而且也是在20亿年之后，作者认为没有必要担心那么长时间以后的事情，故作者的态度是很放松的，故选B。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【一年原创】 原创试题及其解析 ‎1‎ Birds 'shout' to be heard over the noise produced by human-made activities, new research has ‎ shown.‎ The study led by Dr Caitlin Kight looked at how bluebirds changed their songs in response to increases in nearby background noise caused by human activities.‎ In the research Dr Kight found that, as background noise increased, male bluebirds produced songs that were louder and lower-pitched. The results suggest that birds are able to perceive increases in noise and respond accordingly -- not unlike humans do when in noisy settings.‎ Dr Kight said that the research could help improve our understanding of environmental effects on animal communication, as well as raise our awareness of what sorts of human modifications can impact animals, and how we might be able to reduce any negative effects of these disturbances.‎ Dr Kight said: "Although much human- made noise is often different from that found in nature, there can be surprising similarities in certain features. Sounds caused by traffic, for example, may not be hugely different from those produced by waterfalls or heavy winds. Animals that evolved in habitats with those natural features may therefore already have the flexibility to respond to noise pollution. This certainly seems to be the case with bluebirds."‎ Although it has previously been shown that birds in noisier areas tend to sing differently than those in quieter surrounds, it was not immediately clear whether birds were able to make vocal adjustments in real time -- that is, an immediate shift in response to increased noise made by a passing car, for example. Real-time adjustments have now been observed in five different bird species. The current study is the first to describe this behaviour in a member of the thrush （画眉）family.‎ Co-author Dr John Swaddle cautions against interpreting these findings as evidence that noise pollution has no bad impacts on wild animals.‎ Dr Swaddle said: "Unfortunately, the world is getting so noisy that even the most flexible of species will eventually reach a threshold beyond which they will have difficulty communicating--which will impact their ability to breed successfully. "‎ ‎28.Why did scientists carry out the study?‎ A. To prove noise pollution is harmful to people.‎ B. To show how sensitive birds are to loud noise.‎ C. To explain why birds “shout” instead of singing.‎ D. To find out how birds react to the increased noise.‎ ‎29. What does the underlined word “perceive” in Paragraph 3 mean?‎ A. Switch. B. Realize. C. Admire. D. Reduce.‎ ‎30. How did bluebirds develop the ability to respond to noise pollution?‎ A. By comparing different noise. ‎ B. By learning from other species. ‎ C. By living in habitats with natural noise. ‎ D. By facing man-made noise day by day.‎ ‎31. What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph?‎ A. The significance of the study. ‎ B. The disturbances caused by human. ‎ C. The effect of human activities on birds. ‎ D. People’s understanding of the environment.‎ ‎【文章大意】一项新的研究表明鸟类在噪音污染的情况下会意识到噪音的变化，从而通过改变自己的叫声来做出反应。这和人类行为没有什么不同。‎ ‎28. D【命题意图】细节理解题。【解题思路】根据文章第二段内容可知这项研究的目的是想了解鸟类是如何应对周围不断增加的噪音的，故答案选D。‎ ‎29. B【命题意图】词意猜测题。【解题思路】根据上文内容可知知更鸟会随着噪音水平的上升而改变它们的“歌声”，由此推断鸟儿会意识到噪音程度的增强，故答案选B。‎ ‎30. C【命题意图】细节理解题。【解题思路】根据第五段最后两句内容可知一些生活在嘈杂地方的动物在进化过程中就形成了对噪音灵活反应的能力，故答案选C。‎ ‎31. A【命题意图】段落大意题。【解题思路】本段主要介绍了这项研究带来的意义，由此判断选A。‎ ‎2‎ Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo. ‎ While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.‎ The Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesn’t just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on what it learns ‎ about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.‎ Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces.‎ Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market. The company’s “Oshbot” robot is built to assist customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product’s location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.‎ The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns. But Oshbot, like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees. “We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us,” said Breazeal.‎ ‎32.Which is the typical character of social robots? ‎ A. They are more like human beings.‎ B. They can control their emotions. ‎ C. They do the normal housework. ‎ D. They respond to users more slowly.‎ ‎33. According to Paragraph 3 we can know a Jibo robot can _______?‎ A. Communicate with you and perform operations.‎ B. Obey your orders and remind you to take pills.‎ ‎ C. Answer your questions and make requests.‎ D. Take your family pictures and deliver milk.‎ ‎34. We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will ______. ‎ A. train employees B. take the place of workers C. improve technologies D. be our workmates ‎35. Which can be the best title of the passage?‎ A. A new design idea of household robots.‎ B. An introduction to social robots.‎ C. Information on household robots.‎ D. Marketing strategies for social robots.‎ ‎32---35 A B D B ‎ ‎【语篇解读】文章主要介绍了社会机器人的功能与作用。 ‎ ‎32.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools.可知社会机器人更像人或不是纯粹的工具。故选A。‎ ‎34.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段Breazeal 的话“We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us”可以推断出社会机器人可以和我们一起做事情。故选D。‎ ‎35.B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了社会机器人的功能与作用。故选B。‎ ‎【考点定位】科技类短文阅读 ‎3‎ While your pet fish may appear to be unaware of your presence, chances are that it knows you extremely well and can probably even identify you from a crowd of human faces! ‎ To test if this was accurate, some scientists decided to study archerfish(喷水鱼). These animals don’t have a sophisticated(复杂的) brain that is necessary to recognize the slight differences between human facial features.‎ They began by presenting four archerfish with images of two human faces. Initially, the fish spit at both. However, they soon learned spitting water at the one selected by the researchers earned them a food treat. After that, they focused primarily on that image. The researchers then took the experiment one step further by introducing 44 other human faces to the mix.‎ To the researcher’s astonishment, the trained archerfish were able to recall the learned image almost 81% of the time. And this accuracy improved to 86% when the researchers made the identification even harder, by replacing the colored photos with a set of black and white images and hiding the shape of the head.‎ The results of the study suggest that though having tiny brains, archerfish may have developed high visual discrimination abilities. While it is contrary to the previous theory that a ‎ sophisticated brain is necessary to recognize human faces, the researchers believe they do not recognize faces by recalling complex facial information like gender and identity, but more likely by discriminating between detailed patterns. Even so, the fact that these archerfish could “remember” those faces demonstrates that they have an impressive memory for details that lasts much longer than the originally- thought 3 seconds!‎ This is not the first time researchers have realized how “smart” fish are. Previous studies have shown that fish can recognize those fish they have “socialized” with previously, and even recall complex three-dimensional maps of their surroundings.‎ ‎32. What is the purpose of the study?‎ A. To describe archerfish are easy to teach.‎ B. To tell people archerfish like to be rewarded.‎ C. To prove archerfish can recognize human faces.‎ D. To show archerfish can easily develop a habit.‎ ‎33. Why did the researchers use black and white images?‎ A. They could get these images easily.‎ B. Archerfish got tired of color images.‎ C. They wanted to make the task more difficult.‎ D. These images wouldn’t get ruined by water.‎ ‎34. What conclusion did researchers draw in the study?‎ A. Archerfish have a 3-second memory.‎ B. Archerfish could distinguish detailed patterns.‎ C. Archerfish have a special form of communication. ‎ D. Archerfish could remember complex facial information.‎ ‎35. What can we infer from the text?‎ A. Fish are social animals. ‎ B. Fish are as clever as humans.‎ C. Fish are able to tell different shapes.‎ D. The results shocked the researchers.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了科学家对喷水鱼做的实验。实验表明鱼也很“聪明”‎ ‎，它们没有的复杂大脑但是却具有辨认面孔的能力。‎ ‎32. C 【命题意图】细节理解题。【解题思路】根据文章第一段以及第二段首句可知，实验的目的是为了证明喷水鱼能够识别人的面孔，故选C。‎ ‎33.C【命题意图】细节理解题。【解题思路】根据第四段末句可知，为了让喷水鱼的识别任务更加困难，研究人员把彩色照片换成了黑白在照片，故选C。‎ ‎34. B【命题意图】细节理解题。【解题思路】根据第五段中the researchers believe they do not recognize faces by recalling complex facial information like gender and identity, but more likely by discriminating between detailed patterns.可知，研究人员认为喷水鱼识别人脸是靠区分细微的图案，而不是靠回忆面部信息，故选B。‎ ‎35. D【命题意图】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第四段首句可知，研究人员对实验结果非常吃惊，也就说明实验结果是他们没有想到的，故选D。‎ 字数：315‎ ‎4‎ DNA mutations (变异) cause cancer cells to grow out of control, but they also produce the variety that enables organisms (有机体) to adapt to their environments and grow. Until now, biologists have only had immature methods for calculating the average rates and effects of mutations. But in a new study, biophysicists have kept record of unique mutations as they happen in bacterial cells.‎ These mutations occur at about the same rate over time and only about 1% are deadly, the researchers report today in Science. Moreover, all bacteria in a given strain (菌株) seem to have about the same change rate—about one change per 600 hours in normal bacteria, and about 200 changes per 600 hours in bacteria engineered (转基因的), they note.‎ To see the mutations, the team built 1000 microscopic channels into a computerlike chip and placed a single bacterial cell at the closed end of each channel. The bacteria carried a DNA repair protein (蛋白) that caused any mutation to shine yellow. Then, for 8 hours up to 3 days, the researchers took a picture every few minutes as new bacterial cells were formed, pushed down the channel, and then swept away by liquid flowing across the ends of these channels. Automated picture processing let them count the number of mutations and calculate how well the cells were doing. Dead cells meant a deadly mutation; slower growing cells meant a harmful mutation.‎ According to its developers, the technique can be applied to calculate mutation energy in other types of cells, even human cancer cells. And the researchers eventually hope to be able to observe mutation rates in entire organisms, such as zebra fish, to see whether different parts of organisms have different mutation rates.‎ ‎32. What is the latest scientific achievement in DNA mutations?‎ A. Knowing how to record unique mutations as they happen in bacterial cells.‎ B. Applying the technique to calculate mutation energy in other types of cells.‎ C. Having accurate methods for calculating the average rates and effects of mutations.‎ D. Knowing that mutations occur at about the same rate over time and only about 1% are deadly.‎ ‎33. What contributes to the sharp increase in the rate at which bacteria mutates?‎ A. Cancer cells. B. Engineered bacteria.‎ C. A given strain. D. A DNA repair protein.‎ ‎34. For what final purpose did the researchers take a picture of new bacterial cells every few minutes?‎ A. To see how they formed. B. To see what they looked like.‎ C. To know better about the mutations. D. To count the number of the mutations.‎ ‎35. What is the last paragraph mainly about?‎ ‎ A. The future of the new technique. B. The usage of the new technique.‎ C. The benefit brought by the new technique. D. How the new technique cures cancer.‎ ‎【解题导语】本文是一篇科技报道。科研人员有办法在细菌在细胞内变异时对其进行观察、记录进而得出转基因细菌的变异频率极高。他们希望这种方法将用来估算癌症细胞的变异活力，也可用来观察整体有机体内的变异频率。‎ ‎33. B【命题意图】细节理解题。‎ ‎【解题思路】根据第二段中的 “about one change per 600 hours in normal bacteria, and about 200 changes per 600 hours in bacteria engineered”可知B项正确。‎ ‎34. C【命题意图】推理判断题。‎ ‎【解题思路】根据第三段中的 “Automated image processing let them count the number of mutations and calculate how well the cells were doing自动成像过程使科研人员数清变异的数量并判断细胞运行的良好程度，这是他们拍照的目的，但D项只是其中的部分目的，C项更全面。因此可推测出C项正确。‎ ‎35. A【命题意图】短落大意题。‎ ‎【解题思路】根据最后一段中的关键词“can be applied，hope to be able to observe ” 知A项正确。B项(新技术的用法)没提到。‎ ‎5‎ ‎ Dating apps can be tricky to navigate, particularly when you’re trying to make out someone’s credibility. How do you know that Ben from London is really 25-years-old? Is his profile picture recent? Does he really have a puppy? Is his name even Ben? One thing you can’t cheat is your genetics, which is why a new dating app is using DNA compatibility（兼容性） as a basis for its matchmaking algorithm（算法）.‎ ‎ Pheramor requires all users to submit a cheek swab using a specially-created kit from which a team of in-house scientists can sequence the specific genes associated with attraction and identify which users might be sexually compatible.‎ ‎ The process works by isolating the 11 genes that link to our pheromones, the chemical signals that are believed to trigger sexual attraction. Combining this data with the personal information stated on users’ profiles allows the app to make very specific matches.‎ ‎ "Pheramor uses both your biology and your social technology; we collect your genetic data through a q-tip-like cheek swab and acquire your like, dislikes, and interests from your social media profiles like Facebook, Twitter, etc,” the app’s website explains, "All of this information will be used in our proprietary algorithm, which is designed to learn your preferences.”‎ ‎ The Houston-based app is already up and running but hopes to officially launch in February with 3,000 members.‎ ‎ "When we smell pheromones, what we're actually smelling is how diverse someone's immune system is compared to our own,” explains co-founder Brittany Barreto, who has a PHD in genetics, "Evolution is very strong. So we're smelling each other, trying to figure out who is the best person to mate with,” she told the Houston Chronicle.‎ ‎ She added that Pheramor's advanced technology digs deeper than traditional dating apps by moving past the basic info listed on most profiles, making it almost impossible for people to cheat their way to a date. Imposters might have trouble catfishing their way out of this one.‎ ‎【文章大意】文章主要介绍了一款最科学的用基因进行配对的交友应用APP。‎ ‎58. Which of the following is NOT concluded in Pheramaor's working process?‎ ‎ A. 11 genes related to pheromones should be separated first.‎ ‎ B. Individual info are to be collected visa social media tools. ‎ ‎ C. Genetic samples are usually collected by medical operation. ‎ ‎ D. Special method of calculation is used to guarantee the accuracy. ‎ C 细节理解题 依据文章第四段的内容可知：交友应用Pheramor运用了生物科技和社会科技；我们通过采集口腔内膜样本的棉签收集了你的基因数据，又通过你的脸书、推特等社交媒体资料获取了你的喜好和兴趣等信息，故C项有错误。‎ ‎59. According to Brittany Barreto, we can conclude that _________.‎ ‎ A. pheromone is actually something behind different immune systems.‎ ‎ B. smelling is the best way for people to find companions.‎ ‎ C. Pheramor's advanced technology is just based on the basic info of people.‎ ‎ D. some traditional date apps also put an end to cheaters online.‎ A 细节理解题 依据文章倒数第二段中的“When we smell pheromones, what we're actually smelling is how diverse someone's immune system is compared to our own”可知：当我们闻到费洛蒙时，我们所闻到的其实是对方的免疫系统和我们自己的免疫系统的不同之处, 故A项正确。‎ ‎60. The real purpose of writing this passage is to _________.‎ ‎ A. crack down on cybercrime. B. introduce a scientific research ‎ ‎ C. promote a new app D. conduct a genetic experiment C 目的意图题 依据文章的主要内容可知文章主要介绍了一款最科学的用基因进行配对的交友应用APP，故C项正确。‎ ‎6‎ With a flock of birds, a group member can often be seen high in the tree acting as a lookout while the rest feed on the ground below. When a predator approaches, the lookout sounds the alarm.‎ To the casual observer, it may appear that the lookout is acting for the good of the greater group, but a new study suggests that the lookout – called a sentinel(哨兵) – may actually be working for itself.‎ While sentinel behavior among groups of birds has been observed, Dr. Roni Ostreiher and Professor Aviad Heifetz recently began researching the sentinel behavior of floaters –birds that have either been cast out or for other reasons decide to go it alone. What they found was that floaters also have similar lookout activities and will sound an alarm call if an enemy approaches.‎ This suggests that while the group benefits from having a lookout, the instinct to act as the lookout is motivated not by the group but by self-preservation. The sentinel may simply be trying to scare away its enemy instead of warning other birds down below.‎ It might be easy to understand that when a floater displays sentinel behavior, the bird is acting for itself. However, birds in groups may have less selfish motives since the birds appear to alternate as lookouts. “There are some adult group members who act as sentinels more often than others. As far as we understand, acting as a sentinel is not a duty. Those who sentinel less often are not punished,” Ostreiher said.‎ He also noted that the sentinel's primary purpose is to gather information about its surroundings – the presence of a neighboring group, changes in food sources and even weather – not keeping lookout for approaching enemies.‎ ‎“We do not know what motivates them to stop eating and climb up to a tree branch and start to sentinel,” Ostreiher added. He and Heifetz are now focused on understanding what happens after an alarm call is sounded.‎ ‎28. What is the finding of the study?‎ A. Birds look out just for their own safety. B. Sentinel behavior is unique to birds.‎ C. Birds have a strong sense of danger. D. Birds react quickly when hearing an alarm.‎ ‎29. What can we infer about a floater?‎ A. It is often a selfish bird. ‎ B. It benefits from other birds.‎ C. It lives and feeds on its own.‎ D. Its duty is to protect other birds.‎ ‎30. What is Ostreiher's opinion on birds' sentinel behavior?‎ A. It is unnecessary for a floater. ‎ B. It is every bird's responsibility. ‎ C. Birds seem to watch out in turn. ‎ D. It is completely selfless behavior.‎ ‎31. In which part of a newspaper can you find this passage?‎ A. Life. B. Health. C. Technology. D. Nature.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家对鸟类的放哨行为的研究。研究表明鸟类的哨兵行为是出于对自身的保护而并非为了保护其他成员。‎ ‎28. A【命题意图】推理判断题。‎ ‎【解题思路】本文主要介绍了鸟的哨兵行为，研究人员发现哨兵行为并非为了其他鸟的安全，而是一种为己的行为。故选A。‎ ‎30. C 【命题意图】推理判断题。‎ ‎【解题思路】根据第五段中the birds appear to alternate as lookouts.可知，鸟似乎是轮流当哨兵。故选C。‎ ‎31. D 推理判断题。‎ ‎【解题思路】文章主要介绍了鸟类的行为，由此推断应该出现在自然部分。故选D。‎ ‎7‎ Chinese researchers say they have come up with a simple way to find out a person’s biological age —how much the body has aged physically – through a urine (尿) test.‎ Their findings will help researchers conduct numbers of ageing studies and even predict a person’s risk of age-related diseases, according to a paper published in the journal Frontiers in Ageing Neuroscience.‎ Another paper by researchers at the Beijing Hospital and the West China Hospital in Chengdu, Sichuan province, said on Tuesday that people aged at different rates due to changes in their ‎ genetic make-up and their environment.‎ Chronological age – which is based on one’s birth date —was an inaccurate measure of biological age so a more accurate method was needed, the team said.‎ Ageing is driven by the lifelong gradual accumulation of a broad variety of molecular (分子) faults in the body’s cells. The team said they had identified a matter —8-oxoGsn — that indicated increases in oxidative (氧化性) damage in urine as people’s bodies aged.‎ Cai Jianping, a co-author at the Beijing Hospital, said: “As we age, we suffer increasing oxidative damage and so the levels of oxidative matters increase in our body.” The team tested the levels of 8-oxoGsn in urine samples from 1,228 Chinese people aged two to 90 and concluded the marker helped accurately determine the stage of biological ageing in adults.‎ They had previously found that 8-oxoGsn levels also increased with age in the urine of animals such as mice.‎ The team has also developed a rapid analysis technique called ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, which can process up to 10 urine samples an hour, according to the study.‎ ‎32. Scientifically speaking, by what does a doctor judge the stage of a person getting old? ‎ A. His condition. B. His biological age. C. His psychology. D. His chronological age.‎ ‎33. What are the outer factors the speed of one’s ageing physically depend on?‎ A. One’s birth date.‎ B. The increases in oxidative damage in urine.‎ C. The changes in their genetic make-up and their environment.‎ D. The accumulation of various molecular faults in the body’s cells.‎ ‎34. Which can take the place of the underlined word “marker” in the sixth paragraph?‎ A. 8-oxoGsn.‎ B. Molecular faults.‎ C. Oxidative damage.‎ D. Stage of biological ageing in adults.‎ ‎35. What is the passage about?‎ A. Why people are ageing.‎ B. How to delay people’s ageing physically.‎ C. What determines the stage of people’s ageing physically.‎ D. A rapid method with which to judge how much people are aging physically.‎ ‎【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。中国科学家发明一种新方法：通过检测尿液中的名叫“8-oxoGsn”的物质来确定“氧化损伤”量从而知道被检测者的衰老程度。‎ ‎32. B【命题意图】细节理解题。‎ ‎【解题思路】根据第一段中的“a person’s biological age —how much the body has aged physically”和第四段中的“Chronological age – which is based on one’s birth date — was an inaccurate measure of biological age so a more accurate method was needed”可知B项正确，因为医生是根据身体上衰老程度来确定人衰老达到了什么程度。‎ ‎33. C【命题意图】细节理解题。‎ ‎【解题思路】根据第三段中的 “people aged at different rates due to changes in their genetic make-up and their environment.”可知：影响人衰老的速度的外部因素是基因组成的变化和环境的变化。‎ ‎34. A【命题意图】推理判断题。‎ ‎【解题思路】“marker”的本意是“标志物”，再根据第六段中的 “The team tested the levels of 8-oxoGsn in urine samples from 1,228 Chinese people aged two to 90 and concluded the marker helped accurately determine the stage of biological ageing in adults.”可知。marker指代8-oxoGsn。‎ ‎35. D【命题意图】主旨大意题。‎ ‎【解题思路】根据第一段中的“they have come up with a simple way to find out a person’s biological age”和最后一段中的“The team has also developed a rapid analysis technique called ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, which can process up to 10 urine samples an hour,”可知本文主题是：中国科学家发明一种新方法：通过检测尿液中的名叫“8-oxoGsn”的物质来确定“氧化损伤”量，从而知道被检测者的衰老程度。‎ ‎8‎ Whether a cup of java will leave you craving more could be chalked up to your genes.‎ People with a newly identified genetic variant in their DNA, called PDSS2, may be inclined to drink fewer cups of coffee than others, according to a small study published in the journal Scientific Reports.‎ ‎"I actually was very surprised to find a new gene for coffee consumption," said Nicola Pirastu,‎ ‎ a chancellor's research fellow at the University of Edinburgh's Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, and lead author of the study.‎ ‎"We believe that this PDSS2 genetic variant is impacting coffee drinking through the regulation of the speed at which caffeine is metabolized," he said. "It has been observed before that higher levels of PDSS2 inhibits the expression of the genes metabolizing caffeine and thus the speed at which caffeine is degraded."‎ About 64% of American adults drink at least one cup of coffee a day, according to a 2015 Gallup poll For the new study, researchers analyzed medical and genetic data on 370 people from a small village in southern Italy, and 843 people from six villages in northeast Italy.‎ The researchers discovered that people with the PDSS2 variant reported consuming fewer cups of coffee than people without the variant.‎ When the researchers replicated the study with a group of 1,731 study participants from the Netherlands, they noticed similar results.‎ ‎"This variant is very common, and around 50% of the European population has either one or two copies of it," Pirastu said. "More research is needed to determine the variant's prevalence in other populations as well as to clarify its biological link with caffeine."‎ ‎【文章大意】文章主要讲述的是从遗传基因角度探究影响成年人喝咖啡数量的原因。‎ ‎56. Which of the following statements is True according to the passage?‎ ‎ A. People with PDSS2 are more likely to drink coffee than others.‎ ‎ B. PDSS2 genetic variant functions by regulating the speed of caffeine metabolization.‎ ‎ C. Over half of the adults drink a cup of coffee a day worldwide.‎ D. Of 1,731 study participants from the Netherlands, 843 people dad the same PDSS2.‎ ‎57. In which section of a website can you most probably find this passage?‎ ‎ A. Lifestyle B. Education C. Biology D. Medicine C 推理判断题 依据文章的主要内容可知文章主要讲述的是从遗传基因角度探究影响成年人喝咖啡数量的原因，故可以判断出文章属于生物学范畴，选C正确。‎ ‎9‎ Women are friendly. But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have found it’s all down to the hormone oxytocin(荷尔蒙催生素). Although known as the love hormone, it affects the sexes differently.‎ ‎“Women tend to be social in their behavior. They often share with others. But men tend to be competitive. They are trying to improve their social status,” said Professor Ryan.‎ Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions such as falling in love or giving birth.‎ But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.‎ Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship.‎ Professor Ryan’s recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37. Half of the participants received oxytocin. The other half received placebo（安慰剂）.After a week, the two groups switched with participants. They went through the same procedure with the other material.‎ Following each treatment, they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions. Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions. The questions were ‎ about telling friendship from competition. And their answers should be based on gestures, body language and facial expressions.‎ The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men’s ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.‎ Professor Ryan thus concluded: “Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people’s abilities to better distinguish different social interactions. And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factor（因素）that are mainly hormonal.”‎ ‎8. Which of the following causes men and women to behave differently ?‎ A. Social situations. B. The social status. ‎ C. Placebo. D. Biological factors.‎ ‎ 9. What can we learn from Professor Ryan’s previous experiment?‎ A. Oxytocin affects our behavior in a different way.‎ B. During the experiment the participants received different materials ‎ C. Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others’ success.‎ ‎ D. Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people’s behavior differences.‎ ‎10. Professor Ryan conducted the recent experiment______.‎ ‎ A. by using 144 participants in total.‎ ‎ B. after a week conducted a previous experiment.‎ C. To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions.‎ ‎ D. to test the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations ‎11. Where does this text probably come from?‎ A. A newspaper advertisement. B. A science magazine. ‎ C. Science fiction. D. A news report.‎ 文章大意：本文是一篇科普文。文章通过Professor Ryan所做的调查实验发现，荷尔蒙催生素能提高人们更好辨认不同的社会交往的能力；男女之间行为的差异是由主要是荷尔蒙的生物因素所引起的。‎ ‎8. D 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors（因素）that are mainly hormonal.”‎ 可知，男女之间行为的不同是由于生物因素导致的，故选D。‎ ‎9. C 细节理解题。根据文章第四段But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.可知，人们情绪不佳时会产生荷尔蒙催生素。‎ ‎ 10. C 判断推理题。根据Professor Ryan所做的实验的过程及最后所得出的实验结论Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people’s abilities to better distinguish different social interactions可知，最近这次实验是想测试一下荷尔蒙催生素对辨认社交能力的效果，而结果证实了荷尔蒙催生素能提高人们的这种能力。故选C。‎ ‎11. B判断推理题。本文是一篇科普文，文章介绍的是Professor Ryan进行的两次科学实验来测试荷尔蒙催生素对于不同性别的人的行为的能力的影响，所以这篇文章应该出现在科学杂志上，故答案为B。‎ 科普类（改编自2014四川卷E）‎ 字数：349‎ ‎10‎ New mercury(汞) threat to oceans from climate change Rising temperatures could boost mercury levels in fish by up to seven times the current rates, said Swedish researchers in an article published in Science Journal. They’ve discovered warming increases levels of the toxin (毒素) in sea creatures. In experiments, they found that extra rainfall drives up the amount of organic material flowing into the seas. This alters the food chain, adding another layer of complex organisms which boosts the concentrations of mercury up the line.‎ Mercury is one of the world’s most toxic metals, and according to the World Health Organization, is one of the top ten threats to public health. The substance at high levels has been linked to damage to the nervous system, paralysis and mental impairment in children.‎ The most common form of exposure to mercury is by eating fish containing methylmercury(甲基水银), an organic form of the chemical which forms when bacteria react with mercury in water, soil or plants. Levels of mercury in the world’s ecosystems have increased by between 200% and 500%, since the industrial revolution say experts, driven up by the use of fossil fuels such as coal.‎ In recent years there have been concentrated efforts to limit the amount of mercury entering the environment, with an international treaty, called the Minamata Convention, signed by 136‎ ‎ countries in place since 2013.‎ Researchers hope that the Minamata treaty will be successful and countries reduce the amount of mercury that is being produced. Otherwise this discovery of a previously unknown source could have impacts for human health.‎ Other researchers in the field say that the new study highlights important issues that have previously been little known.‎ ‎“This work experimentally proves that climate change will have a significant effect of methylmercury budgets in coastal waters and its accumulation in fish,” said Milena Horvat from the Jozef Stefan Institute in Slovenia.‎ ‎“This work will also help us understand the formation of mercury in fish and help reduce mercury from emission sources (primarily industrial).”‎ ‎32. Where did Swedish researchers find warming increases levels of the toxin?‎ A. In the Pacific Ocean. B. On the Continent. C. In Red Sea. D. In sea creatures.‎ ‎32. D【命题意图】细节理解题。‎ ‎【解题思路】根据第一段第二句“They’ve discovered warming increases levels of the toxin in sea creatures.” 可知，D项正确。‎ ‎33. What can cause damage to the nervous system?‎ A. Exposure to mercury. B. Mercury at high levels. C. Methylmercury. D. The use of fossil fuels.‎ ‎33. B【命题意图】细节理解题。‎ ‎【解题思路】根据第二段第二句“The substance at high levels has been linked to damage to the nervous system”可知，这种物质的含量过高会损伤神经系统，所以B项正确。‎ ‎34. How does methylmercury form?‎ A. By limiting the amount of mercury entering the environment.‎ B. By reducing the amount of mercury.‎ C. When bacteria react with mercury in water, soil or plants.‎ D. When climate change returns to normal.‎ ‎34. C【命题意图】细节理解题。‎ ‎【解题思路】根据第三段第一句“The most common form of exposure to mercury is by eating fish containing methylmercury, an organic form of the chemical which forms when bacteria react with mercury in water, soil or plants.”可知：C项正确。所以答案为C。‎ ‎35. What can we know from Milena Horvat’s words?‎ A. Climate change will increase the levels of mercury in food.‎ B. Levels of mercury in the world’s ecosystems have increased by between 200% and 500%.‎ C. The Minamata Convention has been signed by 136 countries in place since 2013.‎ D. Mercury reduction from emission sources can be beneficial to fish.‎ ‎35. D【命题意图】细节理解题。‎ ‎【解题思路】根据最后两段中的内容可知，D项正确。A项中的food应为fish。B项和C项均不是Milena Horvat所说的内容。由此可知，正确答案为D。‎ ‎11‎ Some of us feel well-rested after a solid eight hours of sleep. For others, closer to nine feels best. For others still, a little less will do. How much sleep we prefer to get is highly subjective. But how much sleep we need is a bit more concrete.‎ ‎“Sleep time was one of the most visited pages on the NSF website, but it wasn't really clear how those recommendations had been arrived at.” Max Hirshkowitz, a sleep expert said.‎ To reassure that the information provided there was the most accurate and up to date, a group of 18 experts conducted a formal literature review. They focused on the body of research surrounding sleep duration in healthy human subjects that had been published in peer-reviewed journals between 2004 and 2014. Then they were able to fine-tune existing sleep duration recommendations as detailed below :‎ Newborns (0-3 months): 14-17 hours (range narrowed from 12-18)‎ Infants (4-11 months): 12-15 hours (range widened from 14-15)‎ Toddlers (1-2 years): 11-14 hours (range widened from 12-14)‎ Preschoolers (3-5): 10-13 hours (range widened from 11-13)‎ School-Age Children (6-13): 9-11 hours (range widened from 10-11)‎ Teenagers (14-17): 8-10 hours (range widened from 8.5-9.5)‎ Young Adults (18-25): 7-9 hours (new age category)‎ Adults (26-64): 7-9 hours (no change) ‎ ‎“It’s the first time that any professional organization has developed age-specific recommended sleep durations” Hirshkowitz said, "It's not an exact science, but it's a start. Like most things, it's successive approximation that gets you to the goal. The first time somebody built a wristwatch, it wasn't very good, but after hundreds of years of making precise changes, to have a timepiece that doesn't tell time is pretty unusual." As more and more research is conducted around sleep duration, subsequent minor changes will be made, he said, helping experts to zero in on the absolute best recommendations to give to patients.‎ ‎25. What can we know from the first paragraph?‎ A. The sleep we need is different from person to person.‎ B. The sleep we need is inaccurate in amount. ‎ C. The sleep we need is uncertain in length. ‎ D. The sleep we need is unimportant in significance.‎ ‎26. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “duration” in Paragraph 3?‎ A. habit B. period C. quality D. problem ‎27.The example of the wristwatch shows that_______.‎ A. nothing is perfect B. everything is difficult at the beginning ‎ C. continuous efforts makes perfect D. practice makes perfect ‎28. What is the writer’s purpose of writing this passage?‎ A. To tell people how important sleep quality is.‎ B. To tell people how much sleep we need. ‎ C. To tell people how sleep experts do experiments D. To tell people how sleep affects health 文章大意：人们都需要睡眠，那么究竟多长时间的睡眠是人体所需要的呢？本文中作者介绍了一些专家通过对发表在2004年到2014年期间杂志上的同行评议进行综合分析研究而得出的一组较为确切的数字，这给了人们更多的科学依据。‎ ‎25.A 推理判断题。前面内容提出人们需要不同长度的睡眠时间，有的人睡8小时就会精力充沛，有的人则更多，也有的人会更少，由此可判断出我们需要的睡眠长度是因人而异的，故选A。‎ ‎26. B 词义猜词题。根据下文列出的不同人群的睡眠时间可知该词指“期间，持续的时间”，故选B。‎ ‎27. C 推理判断题。根据本段中的Like most things, it's successive approximation that gets you to the goal.和下文的解释可知是人们对手表进行不断地改进和完善才有了如今精准的手表，这说明事物都需要一个逐步完善和改进的过程，故选C。‎ ‎28.B 目的意图题。文章开头介绍了人们需要不同长度的睡眠时间，然后介绍了NSF网站对不同年龄群体所需睡眠时间的建议，由此判断选B。‎ ‎12‎ Restaurant chefs, home cooks, and foodies — people who love good food — often say that we eat with all of our senses.‎ First, we use our sense of sight to appreciate how a meal is presented, either on a dinner plate or a dining table. Our sense of touch can also be important when preparing or sharing food.‎ Next, with our sense of smell, we breathe in the mouth-watering aromas (香味) rising up from the meal. Finally, we enjoy the food with our sense of taste.‎ But what about our sense of hearing? Does sound also affect our dining experience? A new report answers, “yes, it does.”‎ That answer comes from researchers at Brigham Young University in the United States. They found that hearing is important in the eating experience.‎ Hearing is often called “the forgotten food sense,” says Ryan Elder, “if people notice the sound the food makes as they eat it, they might eat less.”‎ On the other hand, watching loud television or listening to loud music while eating can hide such noises. And this could lead to overeating.‎ The researchers admit that the effects may not seem like much at one meal. But over a week, a month, or a year, all that food can really add up.‎ But besides not overeating, there is another upside.‎ Hearing the noises of your meal as you eat, could help you to be more mindful of the experience and perhaps help you to enjoy it more.‎ ‎【文章大意】 ‎ 本文告诉人们享用食物时，会用到五种感觉：视觉、触觉、听觉、嗅觉和味觉；并着重说明了听觉对人们进食量的影响。‎ ‎25. How many senses are involved in enjoying foods?‎ A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 6.‎ ‎25. C【命题意图】归纳总结题。‎ ‎【解题思路】根据第二段、第三段和第四段可知：人们享用食物时，涉及到五种感觉——the sense of sight, the sense of touch, the sense of hearing, the sense of smell和the sense of taste。故C项正确。‎ ‎26. The underlined phrase “such noises” in the seventh paragraph refers to _______.‎ ‎ A. the noises food being eaten makes B. the noises people hear while eating ‎ C. the loud music people hear while eating D. the noises from TV while people eat ‎27. Which sense does the passage mainly analyze when it comes to appreciating food?‎ A. The sense of taste B. The sense of hearing C. The sense of touch D. The sense of smell ‎27. B【命题意图】归纳理解题。‎ ‎【解题思路】从第四段开始至最后一段都在分析听觉对人们享用食物的影响。故B项正确。‎ ‎13‎ Robots industry is developing so rapidly that there is no denying that we may one day find ourselves surrounded by robots.‎ The humanoid (human like) robots with two legs such as Honda Motor Co. Ltd’s ASIMO would likely have an easier time climbing up stairs inside homes than a robot that moves on wheels, developers say. ‎ But it will be some time before such devices make their way into people’s homes. ‎ ‎“They may look smart, but they are still quite stupid,” Shimoyama said. “I don’t think they will ever be as smart as humans.” ‎ While safety is an obvious concern, robots also need to be sensitive to people’s needs. Researchers at Fujitsu Frontech Ltd and Fujitsu Laboratories responsible for developing “Enon”, ‎ a guide and patrol (巡逻) robot designed for use in shopping malls and corporate facilities (公共场所), are working on this. ‎ Enon, which has a humanoid upper body but no legs, is equipped with a touch screen on its chest and space in its stomach to carry loads weighting up to 10 kg. ‎ In guide mode, it will check a newcomer and approach the person with a nod and a greeting: “Are you a visitor? Hello.” ‎ Visitors requiring directions can point to icons (图标) displayed on Enon’s chest screen. If the restroom icon is pressed, the screen will display a map that shows the way. ‎ The robot will then face and point in the direction of the restroom, although it won’t actually walk the visitor there. ‎ Enon is now in use at four locations in Japan, including a shopping mall near Tokyo. The main goal is to make it more helpful for the elderly. ‎ ‎“People who work in the transportation sector often ask whether we can build a robot that will find elderly people who look lost in train stations, and ask them if they are all right,” said Toshihido Marita, director of Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd’s autonomous system laboratory. “Actually that is hard to do, very hard,” he said. ‎ 文章大意：机器人产业发展的如此迅速，不可否认我们有一天会发现自己会身处于机器人的包围之中。在本文中作者介绍了名叫“Enon”的机器人，它被广泛应用在商场、医院等公众场所。‎ ‎29. What can we know about robots according to the text?‎ A. They will replace human one day. ‎ B. They are difficult to control. ‎ C. They can do whatever humans do. ‎ D. They will be widely used in our life.‎ D推理判断题。文章首段提出Robots industry is developing so rapidly that there is no denying that we may one day find ourselves surrounded by robots.然后在下文详细介绍了几种机器人，由此判断选D。‎ ‎30. What does Shimoyama think of robots?‎ A. Safe. B. Friendly. C. Stupid. D. Kind-hearted.‎ C细节理解题。根据第四段“They may look smart, but they are still quite stupid,”‎ 可知他认为机器人很愚笨，故选C。‎ ‎31. What is people’s concern about robots?‎ A. Safety. B. Appearance. C. Weight. D. Size.‎ A细节理解题。根据第五段While safety is an obvious concern, robots also need to be sensitive to people’s needs. 可以判断安全是人们关注的一个问题，故选A。‎ ‎32. What can be the best title of the passage?‎ A. The disadvantages of robots. B. The development and use of robots. ‎ C. The benefits that robots bring. D. The history of robots.‎ B主旨大意题。文章首先介绍了机器人的迅速发展，然后介绍了几种用来帮助人们的机器人，由此判断文章主要介绍机器人的发展和使用，故选B。‎ ‎14‎ If you pluck someone off the street, whether in New York or Seattle or Sacramento, and ask them how many steps people should aim for per day in order to get enough physical activity, they’ll probably tell you 10, 000.‎ But is there any medical reason to embrace this number? Not really. That’s because the 10, 000-step-a-day recommendation has nothing to do with sedentary, fast-food-drenched circa-2015 America. Rather, the recommendation first popped up in a very different food and environment: 1960s Japan.‎ ‎“It basically started around the Tokyo Olympics” in 1964, said Catrine Tudor-Locke, a professor who studies walking behavior at LSU’s Pennington Biomedical Center. “A company over there created a man-po-kei, a pedometer. And man stands for ‘10, 000, ’ po stands for ‘step, ’and kei stands for ‘meter’or ‘gauge.’” Whatever the reason for the adoption of this particular number, “It resonated with people at the time, and they went man-po-kei-ing all over the place,” said Tudor-Locke.‎ The problem, which barely needs stating, is that circa-1964 Japan was markedly different from the circa-2015 U.S. Data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations shows that the average per-capita food supply for Japanese people in 1964 was 2, 632 calories, while the average for Americans in 2011 was 3, 639. That’s a difference of about 1, 000 calories —or, about 20, 000 steps for an average-sized person.‎ More broadly, 10, 000 steps is just a bit too simplistic a figure, say nutrition researchers. All the ones I spoke to agreed that there’s nothing wrong with shooting for 10, 000 steps, and that walking more is better than walking less. But Tudor-Locke said that “The one-size-fits-all approach doesn’t necessarily work.”‎ ‎“Focusing exclusively on how many steps you’re getting and neglecting those other aspects isn’t going to lead to an overall improvement in health, unless you’re addressing those other factors simultaneously,” said Jeff Goldsmith, a biostatistics professor at Columbia’s Mailman School of Public Health.‎ Maybe it’s time, given just how unhealthy so many people are and how much they’d benefit from moving around just a little more, to embrace an improvement approach to exercise. “Stand rather than sit, walk rather than stand, jog rather than walk, and run rather than jog,” wrote Ulf Ekelund, lead author of the European mortality study, in an email. Tudor-Locke concluded even further: “Just move more than before,” she said.‎ ‎【文章大意】文章主要通过探究日行一万步是否真的有益来说明锻炼对人的健康是有益的。‎ ‎58. What do the first two paragraphs mainly tell us?‎ A. There is no evidence showing it is a must for us Americans to take 10,000 steps a day.‎ B. To get enough physical activity, people should take 10,000 steps a day.‎ C. The recommendation has something to do with Japan rather than America.‎ D. Any American will tell you it is necessary for us Americans to take 10,000 steps a day.‎ A 主旨大意题 依据文章前两段的意思可知主要讲解了事实上没有明确的证据表明日行一万步对于美国人来说是必须的，故A项正确。‎ ‎59. What does the underlined expression “resonate with” (Para 3) most probably mean?‎ A. had link with B. brought benefit to C. became popular with D. perfectly applied to ‎ C 词义猜测题 依据上下文可知划线部分表示的是“流行”的意思，故C项正确。‎ ‎60. Which of the following sentences is incorrect according to the passage?‎ A. Nowadays, a lot of people are unhealthy due to lack of exercise.‎ B. To improve overall health, we should exercise as much as possible.‎ C. It is better to take as many steps as your overall health condition can allow.‎ D. Walking more is better than walking less.‎ ‎15‎ We spend a lot of time on our mobile devices these days and automakers have taken note, rolling out connected cars that make it easy to do nearly everything from your phone.‎ ‎“We all enjoy those kinds of experiences where you want something and by the push of a button everything gets taken care of for you.‎ You don’t have to go here and there and piece a bunch of things together by yourself.”‎ Ford recently introduced FordPass, a mobile platform that lets car owners access services like finding and paying for a parking spot.‎ ‎“Here’s the details of what charges will be in sign, and then I submit (点击接受), and then I receive a QRphoto allowing me entry access to that parking location.”‎ Over at Buick, the OnStar RemoteLink app connects owners to their cars no matter how faraway they are.‎ ‎“This car in Detroit, I could start from here in New York. Or let us say I have the only key to it and my wife in Detroit needs to get in the car, I can unlock it for her from here.”‎ The feature harnesses the car’s 4G LTE connectivity (连接性).‎ Up to seven mobile devices can connect to it at any given time.‎ ‎“We want people to feel as if they are at home within the car, which a lot of people want to be in just for the driving experience, now they can be in there as well, the passengers can be in there as well for the connectivity experience.”‎ But what does that connectivity mean for your privacy?‎ ‎“It is important to have personal information to create that individualized, personalized experience, but certainly it will be a customer’s option.”‎ For certain consumers, it may not even be an issue.‎ ‎“There certainly is a factor where a younger consumer is much more comfortable giving up a lot more privacy and data than an older consumer is, and more likely than not, you are going to see a similar behavior to how they handle their personal privacy within the vehicle.”‎ Considering how capable our mobile devices have become, perhaps the only question left to answer is: “Who's driving?” ‎ 试题分析：由于移动设备的广泛应用，制造商推出了装配有车载移动设备的轿车。这使轿车主人通过它与外界和车本身取得联系，进而可从事由智能手机发出指令的动作。‎ ‎21. Which of the following helps the owner to unlock his car faraway?‎ A. QRphoto B. FordPass, a mobile platform C. The Internet D. OnStar RemoteLink app D。细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句可知A项是指允许车主进入停车位置、短文没提到C项，因此A、C两项都不正确。根据第四段可知B项是寻找停车场和支付停车费用的移动平台，也不正确。根据第六、七段可知D项是远程控制车辆的软件，因此D项正确。‎ ‎22. What does the underlined phrase “rolling out” mean?‎ A. moving by rolling B. leaving C. bringing out D. running C。词义猜测题。四个选项的语义分别是：A. 滚动； B. 离开； C. 推出，生产出； D. 奔跑。根据画线词前后句意可知，只有C项“推出，生产出”，符合题意。‎ ‎23. Connected cars in the passage refer to those __________.‎ A. where the drivers and passengers can do everything through their phones B. equipped with mobile devices through which to keep you connected C. equipped with Fordpass connecting connects owners to their cars D. equipped with OnStar RemoteLink app helping their owners to find and pay a parking spot B。细节理解题。根据下文可知connected cars指的是装配有移动设备的轿车，这样的轿车不仅使你在车内与外界保持联系，也可使车主远程与轿车保持联系。因此B项正确。‎ ‎24. Judging from the last paragraph, we can conclude that mobile devices installed in cars ______.‎ A. are quite capable to do everything except driving B. can do almost everything, let alone drive C. are so capable that they are able to drive D. are so capable that they might drive soon ‎ ‎