【英语】2018届二轮复习定语从句考点讲与练（含有讲解）学案（6页word版）

【英语】2018届二轮复习定语从句考点讲与练（含有讲解）学案（6页word版）

‎2018届二轮复习 定语从句考点讲与练 语法知识讲解 一、基本概念 ‎（一） 定语从句 在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。‎ ‎（二） 先行词 被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。‎ ‎（三）关系代词和关系副词 定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when, where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。‎ 二、关系代词的用法 ‎（一）基本用法 根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。‎ 如下表：‎ 关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注 关系代词 who 人 主语，宾语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?‎ whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that whom 人 宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.‎ whose 人，物 定语 I like those books whose topics are about history.‎ The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate. ‎ that 人，物 主语，宾语 A plane is a machine that can fly.‎ She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.‎ which 物 主语，宾语 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.‎ The picture which was about the accident was terrible.‎ as 人，物 主语，宾语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us.‎ This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. ‎ as做宾语一般不省略 例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分）‎ ‎① Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? ‎ ‎② I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. ‎ ‎③ The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. ‎ ‎④ This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. ‎ ‎⑤ The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. ‎ 注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。‎ ‎（二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况 which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。‎ 但在有些情况下，只用 that。‎ 先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。‎ 例如：‎ ‎① This is the best that has been used against pollution.‎ ‎② English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.‎ ‎⑵ 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。‎ 例如：‎ ‎① This is the last place (that) I want to visit.‎ ‎② It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen.‎ ‎⑶ 先行词是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。‎ 例如：‎ ‎① You should hand in all that you have.‎ ‎② We haven’t got much that we can offer you.‎ ‎⑷ 先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。‎ 例如：‎ ‎① The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.‎ ‎② The little money (that) he had was stolen.‎ ‎（三）宜用who, 而不用that的一些情况 ‎⑴ 先行词是one, ones, anyone时。‎ 例如：‎ ‎① One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.‎ ‎② Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it.‎ ‎⑵先行词是those时。‎ 例如：‎ ‎① Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.‎ ‎（四）其它情况 ‎⑴ 先行词既有人又有物时。‎ 例如：‎ ‎① Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?‎ ‎② The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.‎ ‎⑵ 主句已有疑问词who 或which时。‎ 例如：‎ ‎① Which is the bike that you lost?‎ ‎② Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?‎ ‎（五）与whose有关的问题 ‎⑴ whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。‎ 例如：‎ ‎① I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.‎ ‎② Please show me the book whose cover is red.‎ ‎⑵ 当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。‎ 例如：‎ ‎① The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.‎ ‎→ The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或 ‎→ The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.‎ 三、介词前提的问题 关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。‎ 例如：‎ Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介词with的宾语）‎ ‎→Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now? ‎ 但是，要注意的是：‎ ‎⑴ 介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。‎ ‎⑵ 介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。‎ ‎⑶ 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。‎ 例如：‎ 错误：Who is the old man to that you were talking to?‎ 正确：Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to?‎ 错误：These are the sheep of which the boy took care.‎ 正确：These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.‎ 四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。‎ 例如：‎ Who is the guy that is reading over there?‎ The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000.‎ All that needs to be done has been done.‎ He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study.‎ Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.‎ 例③中的all意为“一切”，作单数。例⑤中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。‎ that与which, who, whom的用法区别：‎ 情况 用法说明 例句 只用that的情况 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。‎ 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 先行词既指人又指物时 先行词被the only, the very修饰时 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时 ‎1. He told me everything that he knows.‎ ‎2. All the books that you offered have been given out.‎ ‎3. This is the best film that I have ever read.‎ ‎4. We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.‎ ‎5. He is the only man that I want to see.‎ ‎6. Who is the man that is making a speech?‎ 只用which, who,‎ 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人 ‎1. He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.‎ ‎ whom的情况 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。‎ 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。‎ ‎2. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.‎ ‎3. Those who respect others are usually respected by others.‎ 单句语法填空 ‎1．(2016·新课标Ⅰ，65) But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s，________ I was the first Western TV reporter...‎ ‎2．(2016·新课标Ⅲ，67) Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，________ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C.，influenced the development of chopsticks.‎ ‎3．(2016·浙江，7) The study suggests that the cultures we grow up in influence the basic processes by ________ we see the world around us.‎ ‎4．(2016·浙江，11) Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of ________ has been proved.‎ ‎5．(2016·浙江，14) When the time came to make the final decision for a course，I decided to apply for the one ________ reflected my interest.‎ ‎6．(2016·北京，22) I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise.‎ ‎7．(2016·天津，9) We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，________ the weather may be better.‎ ‎8．(2015·新课标Ⅰ，64) I'd skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ________ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings．‎ ‎9．(2015·北京，24) Opposite is St. Paul's Church，________ you can hear some lovely music.‎ ‎10．(2015·福建，34) China Today attracts a worldwide readership，________ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.‎ ‎11．(2015·湖南，29) It is a truly delightful place，________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.‎ ‎12．(2015·天津，15) The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work.‎ ‎13．(2015·江苏，21) The number of smokers，________is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.‎ ‎14．(2015·四川，3) The books on the desk，________ covers are shiny，are prizes for us.‎ ‎15．(2015·陕西，15) As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent.‎ ‎16．(2014·新课标Ⅰ，67) Maybe you have a habit ________ is driving your family crazy.‎ ‎17．(2014·山东，10) A company ________ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.‎ ‎18．(2014·江苏，22) The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication，especially at work ________ a good impression is a must.‎ ‎19．(2014·湖南，31) I am looking forward to the day ________ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.‎ ‎20．(2014·北京，26) I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week，________ my classmates recommended to me.‎ ‎21．(2014·重庆，9) We'll reach the sales targets in a month ________ we set at the beginning of the year.‎ ‎22．(2014·陕西，13) Please send us all the information ______ you have about the candidate for the position.‎ ‎23．(2014·四川，4) Until now，we have raised 50，000 pounds for the poor children，________ is quite unexpected.‎ ‎24．(2014·福建，31) Students should involve themselves in community activities________ they can gain experience for growth.‎ ‎25．(2014·安徽，22) The exact year ________ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.‎ 答案及解析 ‎1．when句意：……但是我是第一个被允许拍摄一个特殊的关于照料……的单元的西方电视台记者。先行词the mid1980s在定语从句中作时间状语，故应用when引导定语从句。‎ ‎2．who句意：一些人认为生活在大约公元前551年到479年之间的中国的伟大学者孔子影响了筷子的发展进程。所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，指人，所以填who。‎ ‎3．which句意：研究表明我们成长的文化影响我们看周围世界的基本过程。这是一个定语从句，先行词为指物的the basic processes，所以介词by后面用which。‎ ‎4．which句意：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个是被证明的。这是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是theories，指物，定语从句用“代词＋介词＋关系代词which”引导。‎ ‎5．that句意：当到了最后决定课程的时候，我决定申请能反映我兴趣的课程。先行词为the one，所以引导词要用that。‎ ‎6．whose句意：我住在一对夫妻的隔壁，他们家的孩子们总是很喧闹。此处用引导词whose在定语从句中作定语修饰children。‎ ‎7．when句意：我们将把在公园里进行野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能更好。空后是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少状语，先行词是表示时间的名词next week，故用when引导。‎ ‎8．that/which句意：我没有参观附近的桂林——游客们寻找石灰岩山顶和漓江黑水的理想的地点，它们被画家画到很多中国画中。因为先行词指物，且在定语从句中作主语，所以用that或which引导。‎ ‎9．where句意：对面是圣·保罗大教堂，在那里，你可以听到美妙的音乐。因为先行词St. Paul's Church在非限制性定语从句中充当地点状语，所以这里使用where引导定语从句。‎ ‎10．which句意：《今日中国》获得全世界读者的关注，表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。which引导非限制性定语从句代替前面整句话。‎ ‎11．which句意：这真是一个令人高兴的地方，这个地方看起来和一百年前一样，有蜿蜒的街道和美丽的小屋。先行词a truly delightful place是物，且在非限制性定语从句中作主语，所以用which引导。‎ ‎12．where句意：这家公司的老板正试图创造一个员工都喜欢工作的轻松环境。先行词为抽象地点名词，定语从句中缺少状语，故用where引导。‎ ‎13．as句意：据报道，仅一年的时间，吸烟人的数量就下降了百分之十七。此处由as引导非限制性定语从句，表示“正如……”。‎ ‎14．whose句意：桌子上封面发光的那些书是给我们的奖品。引导词在定语从句中作定语修饰covers，故关系词用whose。‎ ‎15．when句意：作为家里最小的孩子，艾历克斯一直期盼他能够独立。先行词为时间名词the time，定语从句中缺少状语，所以填关系副词when。‎ ‎16．that/which句意：可能你有一个令你的家人发疯的习惯。habit后是一个定语从句，所填词引导该从句，且作主语，故用that或which。‎ ‎17．whose句意：国内市场利润下降的公司可以从国外市场上寻找机会。所填词引导定语从句，并在从句中作定语，故用whose。‎ ‎18．where句意：这本书在日常交流方面对我帮助很大，尤其是在需要有良好印象的工作中。work在此为表示地点的名词，其后是一个定语从句；要填的词引导从句并在从句中作状语，故用关系副词where。‎ ‎19．when句意：我一直都在期待我的女儿能够读懂这本书并了解我对她的感情的那一天。要填的词引导一个定语从句，先行词是表示时间的the day；从句缺少状语，故填when。‎ ‎20．which句意：上星期我从图书馆借阅了《夏洛克·福尔摩斯》一书，它是我同学推荐给我的。逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句，要填的词引导从句并在从句中作宾语，指事物，故填which。‎ ‎21．that/which句意：一个月内我们将要实现年初我们设定的销售目标。此处用that或which代替the sales targets 在定语从句中作set的宾语。‎ ‎22．that句意：请你把你手头的有关这个职位的候选人的所有信息发给我们。分析句子结构可知，空格处为定语从句引导词，定语从句先行词为all the information，故填that。注：which引导的定语从句不修饰用all修饰的先行词。‎ ‎23．which句意：直到现在，我们已经为贫困的孩子筹集到了五万英镑，这真的出乎意料。分析句子结构可知，空格处为非限制性定语从句引导词，指代上文提到的整件事情，故填which。‎ ‎24．where句意：应该让学生参与社团活动，在活动中他们能够获得成长所需要的经验。分析句子结构可知，从空格处一直到句尾为定语从句，修饰先行词activities，并且先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where。‎ ‎25．that/which句意：安吉拉和她家人一起在中国度过的确切年份是2008年。分析句子结构可知，空格处为定语从句的引导词，先行词为the exact year，在从句中作spent的宾语，指物，故填that或which。‎ 定语从句在短文改错和短文语法填空中中的运用 ‎1．首先识别该句是否为定语从句，然后根据先行词的性质，判断关系词的使用是否正确，并予以改正。‎ ‎2．确定句子的先行词，分析引导词在从句中充当什么成分，作主语、宾语、表语用关系代词which/that/who/whom/as；作定语用whose；作状语用关系副词when/where/why；作介词宾语用关系代词which/whom。根据引导词在定语从句中所作的成分来判断关系词的使用是否正确。‎ ‎3．判断定语从句是非限制性定语从句还是限制性定语从句，从而判断句中关系词的使用是否正确。‎ 解答定语从句类问题，关键是找准先行词，分析句子结构确定从句所缺的成分。如果缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语，引导词需要用关系代词；如果缺少状语，引导词则用关系副词。确定所缺成分之后，再看先行词是人还是物，是表示时间的名词还是表示地点的名词等，从而最后确定答案。‎ ‎ (2015·重庆，14) He wrote many children's books，nearly half of ________ were published in the 1990s.‎ ‎ (2014·江西，28) Among the many dangers ________ sailors have to face，probably the greatest of all is fog.‎ ‎ (2014·广东，24) The next day，my brother and I went to the beach ________ we watched some people play volleyball.‎ ‎【解析】which句意：他写了许多儿童读物，几乎一半是在20世纪90年代出版的。分析句子结构可知，该题是非限制性定语从句，先行词是books，所以填which。‎ ‎【解析】which/that句意：水手要面临的众多危险之中可能最危险的就是大雾了。所填词引导定语从句，修饰先行词dangers，并在从句中作宾语，故用which或that。‎ ‎【解析】where句意：第二天，我和弟弟去了海边。在那里，我们看到一些人在打沙滩排球。所填词引导定语从句，先行词是beach；从句缺少地点状语，故用where。‎