2020届二轮复习英语专题辅导专题1阅读理解教师课件3

2020届二轮复习英语专题辅导专题1阅读理解教师课件3

第 3 讲　 主旨大意题 　　主旨大意题考查考生对文章内容的深层次理解 , 它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下 , 对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象 , 既考查细节理解能力 , 又考查深层次的推理、概括能力 , 难度较大。 【明命题方式 】 把握主旨大意题常见的命题方式 : 1. What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text? 2. The main idea/The general idea/The main theme of this passage is _________.   3. The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _________.   4. What is mainly discussed in the text? 5. What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? 6. Which of the following statements is best supported by the text? 7. The passage mainly focuses on _________.   【晓解题捷径 】 题型 特点 解题技巧 主题类 ( 内容 ) 考查文章或段落的主旨大意 找主题句四窍门 : (1) 段落中出现表示转折的词语 ( 如 however, but, in fact, actually 等 ) 时 , 该句很可能是主题句。 (2) 首段出现疑问句时 , 对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 (3) 作者有意识地重复的观点 , 通常是主旨 ; 反复出现的词语 , 一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 (4) 表示总结或结论的句子常包含 therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion 等词。 题型 特点 解题技巧 标题类 要求考生选出文章的最佳标题 文章标题三特点 : (1) 形式一般为单词、短语或句子 , 短语居多 ; (2) 短小精悍 , 精确性强 ; (3) 涵盖性强 , 能覆盖全文大意。 技法 1 　依据文章正三角形写作法 , 锁定文首 , 找出主题句 　　中心主题句出现在文首。开门见山 , 提出主题 , 随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式 , 即由一般到特殊 , 先提出观点 , 后举例论证 , 主题句则出现在文首。大意题、标题一般可在第一段找到答题依据。 【典例 】 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅲ · B) 　　 For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative. “It’s no secret that China has always been a source( 来源 )of inspiration for designers, ” says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion( 时尚 )shows. 　　 Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics( 美学 )on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences. 　　“ China is impossible to overlook, ” says Hill. “Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement. ”Of course, not only are today’s top Western designers being influenced by China — some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese. “Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz , Marc Jacobs — and beating them hands down in design and sales, ” adds Hill.   　　 For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. “The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers, ” she says. “China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China — its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways. ” What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Young Models Selling Dreams to the World B. A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics D. Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends 【技法点金 】 通读全文 , 定位原文第一段 For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative. 可知 , 中国及其丰富的文化一直是西方创意的灵感源泉。 仔细对比选项 , 故选 __ 。 D 技法 2 　依据文章倒三角形写作法 , 锁定文尾 , 找出主题句 　　主题句出现在文尾。在细节后 , 归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果 , 以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式 , 即细节表述的句子在前 , 概括性的句子居后 , 主题句则常位于末段。 【典例 】 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅰ · D) 　　 During the rosy years of elementary school( 小学 ), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself. 　　 Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein , a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables ’ plays-well- with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior. 　　 Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage( 从事 )in dangerous and risky behavior”. 　　 In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys( 调查研究 ). “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us. ” 　　 Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date — sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others. 　　 In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. “Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said. 1. What is the best title for the text? A. Be Nice — You Won’t Finish Last B. The Higher the Status, the Better C. Be the Best — You Can Make It D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness 【技法点金 】 通读全文 , 定位原文最后一段 Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. “Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, 可知 , 文章主要讲了受欢迎、讨人喜欢 , 对人的各个方面都有着深远的、有益的影响。 仔细对比选项 , 故选 __ 。 A 2. What is the second paragraph mainly about? A. The classification of the popular. B. The characteristics of adolescents. C. The importance of interpersonal skills. D. The causes of dishonorable behavior. 【技法点金 】 根据第二段内容以及第二句的句式中冒号的特点 , 可知 第二句是本段的主旨句。另外其中的关键词 sorts. . . into 与选项 A 中的 classification 相呼应 , 故选 __ 。 A 技法 3 　依据文章圆形写作法 , 注重首尾呼应的写作方法 　　首尾呼应的写作方法。为突出主题 , 作者先提出主题 , 结尾时再次点出主题 , 这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常 , 前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复 , 后面的往往有进一步地引申或发展的意味。 【典例 】 (2019 · 全国卷 Ⅱ · D) 　　 Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms( 微生物 ) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York. 　　 HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution( 解决方案 ). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers, ” says Florence Gold, a project manager. 　　“ There are no tests, ” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than‘Are you working towards your goal? ’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year, present it to NASA. ’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and. . . it’s not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your product. ” 　　 Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact( 影响 ) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach. ” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space. What is the best title for the text? A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom D. HUNCH: A College Admission Reform 【技法点金 】 阅读原文 , 定位原文第一段和最后一段可知 , HUNCH 项目将中学研究项目和美国国家航空和航天局的问题联系在一起 , 学生研究解决方法并在太空得以验证。故可称之为太空是检验学生研究项目的前沿阵地。 仔细对比选项 , 故选 __ 。 B 技法 4 　依据文章菱形写作法 , 注重文章中间 , 锁定主题句 　　主题句出现在文章的中间。通常前面只提出问题 , 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出 , 而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。 【典例 】 　　 The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past. The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates each year, but generally takes place in November or December. It is well attended by tourists, but even better attended by locals. 　　 During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from the government leaders, people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the sands. Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship. One following another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture. Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs. On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance. 　　 . . . This passage mainly tells readers _________.   A. what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival B. how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival C. what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival D. how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival 【技法点金 】 从文中第二段第一句“ During the opening 　 ceremonies, ” 可以看出 , 本文主要是介绍“撒哈拉节”开幕式上的活动。 故选 __ 。 A 技法 5 　依据文章正方形写作法 , 仔细研读 , 根据文章的细节归纳全文之中隐含的主题句 　　中心主题隐含在全文之中 , 没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章 , 就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析 , 概括出段落的主题 , 从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是 , 先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容 , 这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系 , 然后加以归纳形成主题 , 该类型的试题则迎刃而解。 【典例 】 　　 Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed ( 无武器的 ) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each other’s hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Let’s shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached. 　　 Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet? No. Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite. It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or her. Even if, for politeness, he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly. There is generally a misunderstanding ( 误解 ) among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved ( 保守的 ) in manner. But in fact some people in western countries are more reserved than some Chinese today. So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you. The first paragraph mainly tells us _________.   A. where handshaking was first practised B. how handshaking came about C. about the relationship between handshaking and trade D. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China 【技法点金 】 文章第一段说明了握手的来历 , 实际上也就是谈论握手 是怎样产生的。故选 __ 。 B