2021版新高考英语一轮复习Unit21HumanBiology同步练习北师大版

2021版新高考英语一轮复习Unit21HumanBiology同步练习北师大版

1 Unit 21 Human Biology 一、语基必备知识 (一)重点词汇——分类记忆 Ⅰ.阅读词汇——知其意 1．interval n．　　　　　　　 间隔；间歇 2．mineral n. 矿物 3．swap vi. 交换 4．supreme adj. (程度)最大的，极度的 5．doubtful adj. 怀疑的，不肯定的 6．privileged adj. 荣幸的 7．ample adj. 充足的，充裕的 8．scan n. 扫描 9．storage n. 储存 10．pause n. 停顿；暂停 11．statistics n. 统计资料；统计数字 12．symptom n. 症状 13．parallel n. 极相似之处；平行线 14．temporary adj. 临时的；短暂的 15．teamwork n. 协作；配合 16．firm n. 商行，公司 Ⅱ.核心词汇——写其形 1．seek vt. 寻找 2．compulsory adj. 强制性的，义务的 3．controversial adj. 有争议的 4．treat vt. 款待 5．postpone vt. 推迟，延期 6．unite vt. 联合；团结；统一 7．routine n. 常规；惯例 8．foresee vt. 预见 9．underline vt. 表明重要性；强调 10．faith n. 信心 11．decline vi. 下降 2 12．deadline n. 截止日期，最后日期 13．extension n. 延期 14．circumstance n. 情形；情况 15．abuse vt. 滥用 16．vote vi. 表决 Ⅲ.拓展词汇——通其变 1．circulate vi.循环→circulation n．循环 2．digest vt.消化→digestion n．消化 3．tolerate vt.容忍→toleration n．容忍；忍受→tolerant adj.宽容的，容忍的 →tolerance n．宽容；容忍 4．fundamental adj.根本的；基础的→fundamentally adv.根本上；基本上 5．annual adj.每年的，一年一次的，年度的→annually adv.一年一度地 6．oppose vt.反对→opposition n．反对；反抗→opposed adj.反对的；相对的 →opposite adj.对面的；相反的 7．contradict vt.(与其他事物)相矛盾→contradictory adj.相矛盾的 8．violate vt.违反，违背→violation n．违背；违犯；违反 9．rebuild vt.重建→build v．建造 10．prohibit vt.禁止→prohibition n．禁止→prohibitive adj.限制性的 11．rob vt.使丧失；抢劫→robbery n．抢劫 12．equip vt.使有准备→equipment n．装备；装备品 13．fortune n．大笔钱财，巨款→fortunate adj.幸运的→fortunately adv.幸运地 →unfortunately adv.不幸地 14．submit vt.提交→submission n．提交；呈递 15．concern n．担心；担忧→concerned adj.担心的→concerning prep.关于 1.“公司”有几家 ①firm n．　　　　 商行，公司 ②company n. 公司 ③corporation n. 公司；法人(团体) ④syndicate n. 企业联合 ⑤incorporation n. 法人；公司；社团 2.聚焦“状况，情况”相关名词 ①condition 3 ②state ③situation ④circumstance ⑤status 3.annual 相关形容词全扫描 ①minutely　　　　 每分钟的 ②hourly 每小时的 ③daily 每日的 ④weekly 每周的 ⑤monthly 每月的 (二)重点短语——记牢用活 1．in__vain　　　　　　　　　 徒劳，白费力气 2．at__random 随便地，随意地 3．at__all__costs 不管多大代价， 无论如何 4．straight__away 立刻，马上 5．wipe__out 毁掉；彻底毁灭 6．stop__sth.in__its__tracks 终止；消灭 7．rob__sb.of__sth. 抢劫某人某物 8．at__any__rate 无论如何；至少 9．get__down__to 开始做 10．bring__up 教育；抚养；呕吐 11．get__through 通过(考试)；完成 12．clear__up 整理；解释；澄清 13．put__off 推迟；延期 14．miss__out 遗漏；遗忘；错过机会 15．focus__on 聚焦；集中；对准 1.“at＋n.”短语全扫描 ①at liberty　　 获得自由的 ②at ease 安逸；自在 ③at present 目前，现在 ④at random 随便地，任意地 4 ⑤at fault 有责任；有错误 2.“开始做某事”短语大团圆 ①get down to (doing) sth. ②settle down to sth. ③set about doing sth. ④set out to do sth. ⑤start/begin to do/doing sth. 3.“v.＋off”短语速记 ①show off　 炫耀，卖弄 ②pay off 还清 ③take off 起飞；脱掉 ④put off 推迟 ⑤give off 发出(光、热、气味等) (三)重点句式——背熟巧用 句型公式 教材原句 句型 1：if 引导状语从句 用过去完成时，表示与过 去事实相反的假设 Many contemporary amateur athletes would__have__broken world records if__they__had__taken__part__in the first Olympic Games. 如果许多当代业余运动员参加了第一届奥运会，他们可能就打 破世界纪录了。 句型 2：have sth.done 使 某事被做 In the future, athletes who have__their__genes__changed might be able to do the 100 metres dash in just 8 seconds or the marathon in less than two hours.　将来，改变基因的 运动员可能在 8 秒内跑完 100 米或不到两小时就能跑完马拉 松。 句型 3：rather than 是一 个并列连词，表示“而不 是” The Olympic spirit—the spirit of competition which emphasises taking part rather__than winning—has been violated by the desire to succeed at all costs. 人们不惜任何代价想获胜的愿望违背了重在参与而不是获胜 的奥林匹克精神。 句型 4：sb./sth.be believed to...为固定结 构，意为“某人或某物被 认为是……” Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months, with a tendency to strike the young and fit rather than the old, the__Spanish__Flu__is__believed__to__have__been the most acute epidemic in history.　因为在 18 个月内造 5 成多达 5 000 万人死亡，且倾向于袭击年轻又健康的人群，而 非老年人，所以西班牙流感被认为是史上最严重的流行病。 二、语境强化训练 Ⅰ.语境填词——根据提示写出该词的适当形式 1．Life is a series of choices and we can’t always foresee(预知) the consequences. 2．The police have put up posters around the city with photos of the man they are seeking(寻找)． 3．She declined(谢绝) to have lunch with her friend, saying that she wasn’t feeling well. 4．He claimed to have been badly treated(款待) in the supermarket when he was doing the shopping yesterday. 5．(2018·北京卷)They tolerate(容忍，忍受) long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. 6．Fortunately(fortune), the fire was discovered soon after it broke out. 7 ． (2017· 天 津 卷 )The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment(equip), allowing more patients to be treated. 8 ． The man said that the library was temporarily(temporary) closed for repairs. 9．The new plan was strongly opposed(oppose) by the people at the meeting. 10．China and the United States have reached an agreement to import 14 extra foreign films annually(annual)． Ⅱ.派生词练习——用所给词的适当形式填空 1．The robbers robbed the old man of his bag and the police are looking into the robbery now.(rob) 2．There is a prohibitive tax on imports and in a way, some people are prohibited from importing goods and everyone must obey the prohibition．(prohibit) 3．His parents can’t tolerate his bad habit.Luckily, his aunt is tolerant of his lifestyle and he is thankful for her tolerance．(tolerate) 4．The villagers are continuing to oppose the budget and they are also opposed to the government’s new plan, but the people in towns hold the opposite view.(oppose) 5．He went to America to make a fortune and he was fortunate enough to make much money.Unfortunately，his money was lost in a fire.(fortune) 6 Ⅲ.选词成篇 straight away; cater to; get down to; at random; focus on; in despair; bring up; be responsible for; stop it in its tracks Some schools 1.focus__on the number of the students admitted to key universities.In order to 2.cater__to the request of society, they 3.get__down__to adding lessons 4.at__random ． As a result, a lot of students think they ’ re 5.in__despair and tired of being 6.brought__up at school. Some parents think that the local government should 7.be__responsible__for it and should 8.stop__it__in__its__tracks 9.straight__away． wipe out; rob...of...; at any rate; in vain; prohibit...from...; at all costs; submit to Three robbers were believed to have 10.robbed a bank of a large fortune yesterday. The government ordered that the police should find the robbers 11.at__any__rate. The police immediately blocked the main roads and 12.prohibited the suspects from escaping but 13.in__vain. The authority said that such crimes were hard to tolerate and must be 14.wiped__out 15.at__all__costs. At present, the police are seeking the information about the case and urge the criminal to 16.submit__to the police. Ⅳ.完成句子 1．如果你提前告诉我的话，我就能在机场遇到他了。 If__you__had__told__me__in__advance，I would have met him at the airport. 2．昨天在公共汽车上史密斯先生的钱包被偷了。 Mr.Smith had__his__wallet__stolen on a bus yesterday. 3．应该为此事负责的是他而不是你。 He rather__than you is responsible for the event. 4．人们认为这家报纸至少在过去 10 年中都没有盈利。 The newspaper is__believed__to__have__been unprofitable for at least the past decade. tolerate　vt.容忍；忍受 [基础练习]——单句语法填空 ①The government can’t tolerate everyone’s destroying(destroy) cultural relics. 7 ②Instead of blaming the child, she gave him a tolerant(tolerate) smile and let him go. ③When neighbors want to get along well with each other, they have to show their tolerance(tolerate)． [能力提升]——词汇升级 ④(普通表达)When he went abroad, he found the new surroundings hard to bear. ( 高 级 表 达 )When he went abroad, he found the new surroundings hard to tolerate/put__up__with． (1)tolerate (sb./sb.’s) doing sth. 容忍/忍受(某人)做某事 (2)tolerance n．　　　 宽容；容忍；忍受 tolerant adj.　　 宽容的；容忍的 [佳句背诵] ①In some experts’ opinion, living conditions on the Mars are very hard to tolerate.　在一些专家的眼中，火星上的生活条件难以忍受。 ②She could not tolerate her husband telling lies and cheating on her any longer. 她再也不能容忍她丈夫对她说谎并对她不忠了。 [名师点津] “忍受”的种种表达：tolerate, stand, bear, put up with。 seek　v．(sought，sought)寻找；寻求；企图；征求，请求 [基础练习]——单句语法填空 ① a.(2018· 北 京 卷 )More than 750 ， 000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking(seek) employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. b．(天津卷)The book inspires confidence in students who wish__to__seek(seek) their own answers. ②(江苏卷)Scientists have been seeking to__understand(understand) the mystery of the “sixth sense” of direction. ③(2017·江苏卷)On the Internet, people can seek for/after information about their favourite stars and buy tickets at a discount as well. [能力提升]——完成句子 ④Many people crowded into big cities to seek__their__fortune(寻找致富的机 会), but most of them failed. 8 seek to do sth.　　　 试图/设法做某事 seek after/for 追求；寻求 seek out 挑选出；找出 seek one’s fortune 寻找致富的机会　 [佳句背诵] They managed to seek out a quiet place where they could sit down and admirethenaturalscenery.　他们设法找到了一个可以坐下来欣赏自然风景的安静的地方。 [词块助记] seek sb.’s advice　　　　　　　 征求某人的意见 seek/go after fame and fortune 追逐名利 seek jobs/work/employment 找工作；求职 seek help/the truth/wealth 寻求帮助/寻求真理/追求财富 oppose　vt.反对；对抗，抗争 [基础练习]——单句语法填空 ①Many residents opposed the government building(build) a chemical factory near the school. ②The young parents opposed giving(give) up the life of their little baby though there was little hope for her to survive. ③a.Opposed(oppose) to the plan of raising prices, they decided not to carry it out. b.__Opposing(oppose) the plan of raising prices, they decided not to carry it out. ④(2019·浙江卷 6 月)Nowadays, parents tend to offer considerate praise to their children, hoping to boost their confidence, but it may produce the opposite(oppose) effect. [能力提升]——完成句子/句式升级 ⑤(普通表达)The government postponed the new proposal because a lot of people opposed__it/were__opposed__to__it(反对它)． ⑥ ( 高 级 表 达 )With__a__lot__of__people__opposed__to/opposing__the__new__proposal,__the government postponed it.(with 复合结构) (1)oppose doing sth.　　 反对做某事 oppose sb./sb.’s doing sth. 反对某人做某事 9 (2)opposed adj. 反对的，对抗的，敌对的 be opposed to (doing) sth. 反对(做)某事 (3)opposite adj. 相反的，对面的 adv. 在对面 prep. 在……对面 n. 对立面，对立的人或物　 [佳句背诵] To be frank, in common with Helen, I strongly oppose/am strongly opposed to the proposal.　坦率地说，与海伦一样，我坚决反对这个建议。 [名师点津] oppose 后跟表示动作的词作宾语时，后面要用动名词形式。在 be opposed to 结构中，to 是介词，其后要用动词的­ing 形式。 postpone　vt.推迟，延期 [能力提升]——完成句子/一句多译 ①恶劣的天气迫使我们推迟了运动会。 The bad weather forced us to postpone__our__sports__meeting． ②我们获得更多信息后再做决定也不迟。 Let’s postpone__making__the__decision until we have more information. ③他们已经决定把婚礼推迟到下个月。 →They have decided to__postpone their wedding until next month. →They have decided to__put__off their wedding until next month. postpone doing sth.　　 延缓做某事，推迟做某事 postpone...until/to... 把……推迟到……　 [佳句背诵] It was an unpopular decision to postpone building the new hospital. 延迟兴建新医院的决定是不得人心的。 [名师点津] 表示“推迟，延期”的单词或短语还有： delay，put off。 prohibit　vt.禁止，阻止 [基础练习]——单句语法填空 ① It is a rule prohibiting doctors from advertising(advertise) their services. ②The prohibition(prohibit) order meant that the book could not be sold in this country. ③Many firms prohibit smoking(smoke) in the office. 10 ④(天津卷)Please note that any prohibited(prohibit) items will be taken away by the Office of Residence Life. [能力提升]——完成句子 ⑤当时是我的家庭经济状况不允许我上大学。 It was my family finances that prohibited__me__from__going__to__college at the time. (1)prohibit (doing) sth.　 　　 禁止(做)某事 prohibit sb.from doing sth. 禁止某人做某事 prohibit sb.’s doing sth. 禁止某人做某事 (2)prohibition n. 禁止　 [ 佳 句 背 诵 ] The law prohibits tobacconists from selling cigarettes to children. 法律禁止烟草商向儿童出售香烟。 [名师点津] 类似于 prohibit sb.from doing sth.的表达法还有 prevent sb.from doing sth./keep sb.from doing sth./stop sb.from doing sth.阻止某人做某事；protect sb.from 保护某人不受……伤害等。 decline　vi.下降；衰落；婉拒　n．下降；减少；衰退 [基础练习]——单句语法填空 ①(2019·江苏卷)More efforts must be made, because the population of the crane in the wild is on the decline, and many other species appear headed toward extinction. ②(山东卷)In spite of many invitations, he would always decline to__visit(visit) Oxford. ③a.(2019·浙江卷 6 月)The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46，000 square miles of California forests. b．The number of the students in our school has declined to 2，500 since three years ago. (1)be in decline　　　 处于下降、衰退中 on the decline 在下坡路上；在衰退(减少) (2)decline to do sth. 拒绝做某事 decline by/to 下降了/到…… [佳句背诵] I have no alternative but to decline your invitation, because I am occupied in preparing for my final exam. 11 我只得谢绝你的邀请，因为我忙于准备期末考试。 [名师点津] 表示增加或减少的幅度通常用介词 by; 表示“增加到”或“减少到”则要 用介词 to。 equip　vt.& vi.配备；装备 [基础练习]——单句语法填空 ①It is often said that human beings are naturally equipped to__speak(speak)． ②We want our son to have a good education that will equip him for future life. ③If it were not the modern equipment(equip), such experiments would not be performed. [能力提升]——句式升级 (普通表达)He is equipped with much experience in teaching, so he is well respected by all his students. ④ ( 高 级 表 达 )Equipped__with__much__experience__in__teaching,__he is well respected by all his students.(过去分词作状语) ⑤ ( 高 级 表 达 )Equipping__himself__with__much__experience__in__teaching,__he is well respected by all his students.(现在分词作状语) (1)equip...with...　　　　 用……装备…… be equipped with 装备着…… equip...for sth./to do sth. 为了某事/做某事 而装备…… (2)equipment n. [U]装备；设备　 [佳句背诵] As our new stadium is equipped with advanced facilities, we have organized a variety of events in it.　因为新体育馆装备先进的设施，我们已在体育场 举办了各种各样的赛事。(2018·全国卷Ⅲ) [名师点津] (1)过去分词短语 equipped with...常用作状语。 (2)牢记 equipment 是不可数名词，没有复数形式。 fortune　n．运气；命运；财富 [基础练习]——单句语法填空 ①I had the good fortune to__be__chosen(choose) for a trip abroad. ② a．(北京卷)We are fortunate(fortune) that in such a large, high­pressure office we all get along so well. b．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Fortunately(fortune), after a brief stay in hospital, Ben 12 was well enough to be allowed to leave and later the family met up for dinner. [能力提升]——根据提示完成小片段 In the 1980s, Tom went to the south ③to__try__his__fortune(碰运气)．But he ④made__no__fortune(没有发财)．⑤It__was__fortunate(幸运的是) that he met with a boss who fed pigs. With his help, Tom ⑥made__his__fortune(发财) later by feeding pigs. (1)make a fortune　　　　　 发财 seek one’s fortune 寻找出路 try one’s fortune 碰运气 (2)fortunate adj. 幸运的，运气好的 be fortunate in doing/to do sth. 有幸做某事 (3)fortunately adv. 幸运地　 [名师点津] fortune 作“机会，运气”讲时，为不可数名词；作“财产”讲时，为可数名词。 vote　vi.表决；投票；选举　n．投票；票 [基础练习]——单句语法填空 ①The committee voted to__ban(ban) alcohol from the concert. ②To his disappointment, most of his colleagues voted against him. [能力提升]——完成句子 ③中国由于得到多数票而获得 2022 年冬奥会举办权。 China won the bid for the 2022 Winter Olympic Games because__she__got__most__votes． ④我认为这项计划很好，于是我投了赞成票。 I thought the plan was very good, so I voted__for__it． ⑤我建议对此事投票表决，但主席表示反对。 I suggested putting__the__matter__to__a__vote,__but the chairman demurred to it. (1)vote for/against　　　　　 投票赞成/反对 vote to do sth. 表决做某事 (2)put...to the/a vote 表决……　 [佳句背诵] People not only cast on­line votes themselves, but also urge others 13 to vote for competitions like the “Most Beautiful Teacher” and the “Cutest Baby”． 人们不仅能在网上给自己投票，还可以督促别人为像是“最美教师”和“最可爱宝宝” 这样的比赛投票。(江苏卷) wipe out　毁掉；彻底毁灭；全部摧毁 [能力提升]——完成句子 ①他们要在 2030 年之前消除他们国家的饥饿问题。 They want to wipe__out__hunger in their country by the year 2030. ②(浙江卷 6 月)妈妈温柔地擦去我的热泪，说：“你的篮子很特别，因为是你自己花钱 买的。” Mom said, gently wiping__away my hot tears.“Your basket is special because you paid for it yourself.” ③这个男的起身，把桌子上的脏东西擦掉。 The man stood up and wiped__the__dirt__from the table. wipe sth.from/off...　　　　 从……擦去某物 wipe away 除掉；清除掉　 [佳句背诵] Almost the whole town was wiped out by the earthquake; as a result, most people became homeless. 几乎整个城镇都被地震给摧毁了。因此，大多数人无家可归。 at any rate　无论如何；不管怎样；至少 [能力提升]——完成句子 ①他们两人都同意我的意见，不管怎样，玛丽是同意的。 They both agree with me—well, at__any__rate,__Mary does. ②这些动物正在以每小时 3 只的速度死亡。 The animals are dying at__a__rate__of three an hour. at this/that rate　　　 照此情形；如此下去 at the/a rate of 以……的速度或比率； 以……的价格　 have sth. done 让某事被做；使……遭遇不幸 (教材 P34)In the future，athletes who have their genes changed might be able 14 to do the 100 metres dash in just 8 seconds or the marathon in less than two hours. 将来，改变基因的运动员可能在 8 秒内跑完 100 米或不到两小时就能跑完马拉松。 [基础练习]——单句语法填空 ①a.Uncle Sam won’t have my father and me returning(return) to the farm too late. b．It was cold, and she had the fire burning(burn) day and night. ②a.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)We students have various activities to__take(take) part in after class. b．I am going to see my son next week. Do you have anything to__be__taken(take) to your son? [能力提升]——句式升级 ③(普通表达)You should take the chance to deepen your knowledge of traditional Chinese culture. (2017·全国卷Ⅱ) ( 高 级 表 达 )You should take the chance to have__your__knowledge__of__traditional__Chinese__culture__deepened．(have＋宾语 ＋宾补) (1)have sth.done 使某事完成；遭遇某种(不幸的)事情；让/叫别人做某事 (2)have sb.do sth.让某人做某事 (3)have sb.doing sth.允许某人做某事(常用于否定句中)；使某人一直做某事(多用于 肯定句中) (4)have sth.to do 有某事要做(主语自己做) have sth.to be done 有某事要做(不是主语自己做)　 [佳句背诵] ①If anyone happens to drop in while I am out, have him or her leave a message. 如果我不在时有人来访，让他/她留个口信。(福建卷) ②I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taken. 我需要一本新护照，所以我必须去照张相。(2018·天津卷) [名师点津] “have＋宾语＋宾补”结构中过去分词与前面的宾语为被动关系，而无 to 不定式和现在分词与宾语为主动关系。 rather than 而不是 (教材 P34)The Olympic spirit—the spirit of competition which emphasises taking part rather than winning—has been violated by the desire to succeed at all costs. 人们不惜任何代价想获胜的愿望违背了重在参与而不是获胜的奥林匹克精神。 15 [基础练习]——单句语法填空 ①(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing(focus) on Chinese traditions. ② Rather than discuss all of these questions at length, we prefer to__focus(focus) on the impact of the heavy snow. ③Mary, rather than you, is(be) to blame for not finishing the work on time. [能力提升]——完成句子 ④我在星期五晚上很晚见到了他，更确切地说是在星期六早晨早些时候。 I met him very late on Friday night, or__rather,__early Saturday morning. ⑤除你本人之外还有别人知道这件事吗？ Does anybody other__than__yourself know this？ ratherthan 为并列连词，意为“而不是，与其……不如……”，这一表达方式通常用在 平行结构中，连接相同的句子成分，即 rather than 前后两部分在成分和形式上应当一致。 (1){prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. would do sth. rather than do sth. would rather do sth. than do sth. 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事 (2)or rather　　　　　 更确切地说 other than 除……之外 more than 很，非常；超过，不仅仅　 [名师点津] (1)rather than 用于连接两个并列成分，后接名词、代词、介词(短语)、 形容词、副词、v.­ing 形式或不定式(rather than 之后的并列不定式可省略 to)； (2)ratherthan 连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与它前面的名词或代词在人 称和数上保持一致。 维度一　在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式 1．(2017·天津卷)Turning one’s life into a waiting game requires faith(faithful) and hope，and is strictly for the optimists among us. 2．You could answer most of the questions now if you had__reviewed(review) the lessons last night. 3 ． (2018· 全 国 卷 Ⅰ)Color is fundamental(fundamentally) in home design—something you’ll always have in every room. 16 4 ． (2018· 北 京 卷 )People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance(tolerate) are much more likely to get angry. 5．Good shoes，clothes and a backpack are the basic equipment(equip) you need for your hiking. 维度二　在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词 1．The disease robbed the girl of the chance to be a famous dancer. 2．Under no circumstances will her parents allow her to marry such a selfish man. 3．Many people spend years seeking after peace of mind, often with little success. 4．Thankfully the smoking of cigarettes is on the decline. 5．They spent a lot of money equipping the school with new computers. 维度三　语境品词(写出加黑词汇在语境中的意义) 1．Many citizens are opposed to pulling down the old building, because it dates back to the 16th century, which should be protected.反对 2 ． ( 江 苏 卷 )It makes no difference from ordinary voting events, in which candidates go around to seek supports.寻找；寻求 3．(2017·江苏卷)His not­for­profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities.配备；装备 4．The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune was to be made.运气 5．(江苏卷)Su Hua is invited by his uncle to vote for his cousin in the “Future Singer” competition.投票 提能一　语段填空(短文中黑体部分为本单元核心知识点，请补全短文，并背诵体会黑 体部分用法) It is reported that the building of a chemical factory 1.was__postponed(postpone), because the villagers living nearby 2.opposed(oppose) it. They prohibited the workers from 3.going(go) on their work, 4.because they couldn’ t tolerate the big noise. It was known to people 5.that the factory was responsible for it. They had the faith that unless 6.united(unite), their dream of living in peace will be wiped out. However, the factory didn’t want to submit 7.to the villagers. They were seeking good solutions to the matter at all 8.costs(cost). After 17 all, 9.putting(put) off the construction will not be good for them. I believe the leader of the factory will 10.unconditionally(unconditional) agree to the terms with the efforts of the villagers’ teamwork. 提能二　话题写作(用本单元词汇、句式和语法知识写满分作文) 1．补全要点句(黑体部分请用本单元所学词汇) ①流感正在我国广泛传播，我们学校正寻求有效措施，把这种疾病赶出校园。 The flu is spreading widely among people in our country and our school is seeking__effective__measures__to__wipe__out__the__disease． ②一些措施是强制性的。 Some measures are compulsory． ③在任何条件下我们都不能随意吃东西。 We won’t put some food in our mouths at__random__under__any__circumstances． ④我们每个学生应该开始着手做些事情来消除这种疾病。 Each of the students should get__down__to__the__work__to__rid__the__disease__of__our__school． 2．升级平淡句 ⑤用 so 引导结果状语从句升级句① The__flu__is__spreading__widely__among__people__in__our__country,__so__our_ _school__is__seeking__effective__measures__to__wipe__out__the__disease. ⑥用部分倒装结构升级句③ Under__no__circumstances__will__we__put__some__food__in__our__mouths__at__r andom. 3．衔接成美文(注意使用适当的过渡衔接词汇：recently, and) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 18 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ One possible version： Recently, the flu is spreading widely among people in our country, so our school is seeking effective measures to wipe out the disease. And some measures are compulsory. Under no circumstances will we put some food in our mouths at random. Each of the students should get down to the work to rid the disease of our school. 课时练 1　2 篇阅读＋1 篇完形 Ⅰ.阅读理解 A (2020·济南模拟)We humans love to stare into our smart devices. We gaze for hours—about 10 hours and 39 minutes a day—at our computers, smartphones, tablets and televisions. Is all this staring bad for us? It might be, mainly because as we stare at our devices we are exposing ourselves to blue light. Blue light is a type of electromagnetic(电磁的) radiation with a very short wavelength that produces a high amount of energy. While it’s true that light can damage our eyes under certain circumstances, there ’ s no scientific evidence suggesting that blue light is harmful to our eyes. But many people still think it is, which is why blue­light­blocking glasses are so popular. So do the glasses work? “Everyone is very concerned that blue light may be causing damage to the eye, but there’s no evidence that it may be causing serious damage，” Dr. Rahul Khurana, clinical spokesman for the American Academy of Ophthalmology, told Business Insider. Blue light exposure is nothing new. In fact, the sun is the largest source of blue light. Moreover, blue light is also present in LED light. But if blue light isn’t harmful, then why are we constantly rubbing our eyes when we’re looking at 19 our screens? The answer is eyestrain ( 眼疲劳): More than 60 percent of people experience eye problems associated with digital eyestrain. And blue light, it seems, isn’t the cause. Instead, our eyes are so strained because most of us blink less when we stare at our digital devices. So if eyestrain is the issue, blue­light­ blocking glasses are probably of little use. 【解题导语】　该文主要探讨了蓝光是否对我们的眼睛有害的问题。 1．What do we know about blue light? A．It is a kind of nuclear radiation. B．It has the shortest wavelength. C．It may come from electronic devices. D．It consumes a great deal of energy. C　解析：推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“It might be, mainly because as we stare at our devices we are exposing ourselves to blue light.”可推知，电子设备会发出蓝 光。 2．What causes the popularity of blue­light­blocking glasses? A．Evidence of their benefits to eyes. B．Belief in blue light’s harmful effect. C．Widespread use of smart devices. D．Scientific understanding of blue light. B　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“there’s no scientific evidence suggesting that blue light is harmful to our eyes. But many people still think it is, which is why blue­light­blocking glasses are so popular.”可知，防蓝光眼镜流行的原因是 人们认为蓝光会对眼睛有害。 3．What can be inferred from Paragraph 4? A．Blue light exposure is hardly avoidable. B．Eye problems are not easy to deal with. C．Blue light may connect with tired eyes. D．Rubbing eyes makes people strained. A　解析：推理判断题。根据第四段的前三句“Blue light exposure is nothing new. In fact, the sun is the largest source of blue light. Moreover, blue light is also present in LED light.”可知，阳光是蓝光最大的来源，而且蓝光也存在于 LED 灯中。由此 可推知，接触蓝光几乎是不可避免的。 4 ． According to the text, wearing blue ­ light ­ blocking glasses may be ________． 20 A．tiring　　　　　　　　　 B．harmful C．useless D．beneficial C　解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“So if eyestrain is the issue, blue ­light­blocking glasses are probably of little use.”可知，戴防蓝光眼镜可能是没有 用处的。 B (2020· 郑州摸底测试) Running is often tiring and a lot of hard work, but nothing beats the feeling you get after finishing a long workout around the track. But while it’s long been believed that endorphins(内啡肽)—chemicals in the body that cause happiness—are behind the so­called “runner’s high”， a study suggested that there may be more to this phenomenon than we previously knew. According to a recent study published by a group of scientists from several German universities, a group of chemicals called endocannabinoids(内源性大麻素) may actually be responsible for this familiar great feeling. To test this theory, the scientists turned to mice. Both mice and humans release high levels of endorphins and endocannabinoids after exercise, along with many other chemicals. After exercising on running wheels, the mice seemed happy and relaxed and displayed no signs of anxiety. But after being given a drug to block their endorphins they changed. However, when their endocannabinoids were blocked with a different drug, the runner’s high symptoms seemed to fade. “The long­held notion of endorphins being responsible for the runner’s high is false. Endorphins are effective pain relievers, but only when it comes to the pain in your body and muscles you feel after working out，” Patrick Lucas Austin wrote on a science blog. Similar studies are yet to be carried out on humans, but it’s already well known that exercise is a highly effective way to get rid of stress or anxiety. The UK’s National Health Service even prescribes(开药方)exercise for patients who are suffering from depression. “Being depressed can leave you feeling low in energy, which might put you off being more active. Regular exercise can boost your mood if you have depression, and it’s especially useful for people with mild to moderate(中等的) depression，” it wrote on its website. 21 It seems like nothing can beat that feeling we get after a good workout, even if we don’t fully understand where it comes from. At least if we’re feeling down, we know that all we have to do is put on our running shoes. 【解题导语】　本文主要探究了影响运动者情绪高涨的因素。 5．What did scientists from German universities recently discover? A．Working out is a highly effective way to treat depression. B．The runner’s high could be caused by endocannabinoids. C．Endorphins may contribute to one’s high spirits after running. D．The level of endorphins and endocannabinoids could affect one’s mood. B　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段“According to a recent study published by a group of scientists from several German universities, a group of chemicals called endocannabinoids(内源性大麻素) may actually be responsible for this familiar great feeling.”可知，德国一些大学的科学家们最近发现了跑步者情绪高涨是由内源性大麻素引 起的，故选 B。 6．The scientists gave mice drugs in their experiment to ________. A．find what reduces the runner’s high symptoms B．see the specific symptoms of the runner’s high C．identify what is responsible for the runner’s high D．test what influences the level of endocannabinoids released C　解析：推理判断题。根据对第二段和第三段的整体理解，并结合第四段“To test this theory, the scientists turned to mice.”可推知，科学家们在实验中给老鼠药物是为了 确定究竟是哪种物质会引起跑步者的情绪高涨，故选 C。 7．The underlined word “notion” in Paragraph 7 has the closest meaning to “________”． A．effect B．goal C．question D．belief D　解析：词义猜测题。根据对全文内容的理解可知，该词所在句子与第二段“But while it’s long been believed that endorphins(内啡肽)—chemicals in the body that cause happiness—are behind the so­called ‘runner’s high’， a study suggested that there may be more to this phenomenon than we previously knew.”呼应，并结合本句结构可推 知，此处 notion 与 believed 相呼应，故选 D。 8 ． According to the UK ’ s National Health Service, regular workouts ________． A．are the best way to treat depression 22 B．can help ease depression symptoms C．only work for those with serious depression D．can help people completely recover from depression B　解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第三、四段和倒数第二段第二句“Regular exercise can boost your mood if you have depression, and it’s especially useful for people with mild to moderate(中等的)depression.”可知，常规锻炼有利于情绪好转及缓解抑郁症状， 故选 B。 Ⅱ.完形填空 (2020·石家庄重点高中摸底考试)On my way back home I was stopped at traffic lights by some people who asked for help. A woman—in her attempt to give __1__ to an ambulance—had driven her car over stony obstacles that separated the bike line from the street, and, as a result, had gotten her car __2__. She couldn’t move the car in any __3__ without damaging it. A couple of people tried to __4__ the car back but the obstacles were too high. Seeing that they couldn’t do much about it, they left. The woman in the car tried to __5__ some service, and was told that it would take about 45 minutes for someone to get there. While watching the other people __6__， I realized the woman would be on her own and I imagined how __7__ that would be if I were in her shoes. After some talking, she __8__ me to sit inside her car. I wasn’t in a hurry, so I __9__ my family that I would be later and then tried to __10__ the woman who seemed to feel stressed about causing others __11__. But actually it wasn’t too much trouble __12__ they could still pass, and also there wasn’t anything she could do about it __13__. We laughed and __14__ that all we needed was some tea for our picnic. Finally __15__ came and helped her back on the street. She __16__me and asked for my phone number so she could return the __17__， but I told her it was okay. She seemed to feel much __18__ when we said our goodbyes. I believe that not having to face a difficult situation __19__ can make a lot of __20__． 【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了作者安慰并帮助一位在马路上因为给救 护车让行而陷入困境的女士的故事。 1．A.signal B．way C．time D．help B　解析：一位女士试图给一辆救护车让行。give way to...“给……让行”，为固定搭 配。故选 B。 23 2．A.stuck B．broken C．dirty D．abandoned A　解析：根据下文中的“She couldn’t move the car”可推知，因为给救护车让行， 这位女士的车卡(stuck)在那里不能动弹。 3．A.sense B．minute C．direction D．line C　解析：在不损坏车的情况下，无论往哪个方向(direction)都无法移动。 4．A.lift B．hold C．pull D．drive A　解析：根据上文中的“She couldn’t move the car”以及下文中的“but the obstacles were too high”可推知，车子卡在那里，障碍物太高，不能被抬(lift)回来。 5．A.offer B．seek C．refuse D．take B　解析：那位女士在车里试图寻求(seek)一些服务。 6．A.shout B．discuss C．stand D．leave D 　解析：根据上文中的“Seeing that they couldn’t do much about it, they left.”可知，当时其他人因为帮不了什么忙，都走开(leave)了。 7．A.amazing B．pleasant C．uneasy D．incredible C　解析：根据上文可知，那位女士的车被卡在障碍物上，其他人又帮不上忙，作者将 心比心，觉得此情此景，那位女士一定不舒服(uneasy)，与下文中的“the woman who seemed to feel stressed about causing others ______”呼应。 8．A.forced B．invited C．ordered D．allowed B　解析：根据语境可推知，那位女士邀请(invited)作者坐进她的车里。 9．A.consulted B．warned C．advised D．informed D　解析：根据语境及下文中的“I would be later”可推知，作者是通知(informed)家 人一些情况。 10．A.persuade B．comfort C．frighten D．satisfy B　解析：根据空后的“the woman who seemed to feel stressed about causing others ______”可推知，那位女士似乎感到焦虑不安，作者试图宽慰(comfort)她，这与下文“We 24 laughed and ______ that all we needed was some tea for our picnic.”呼应。 11．A.trouble B．disbelief C．anxiety D．embarrassment A　解析：根据下文中的“But actually it wasn’t too much trouble ______ they could still pass”可推知，那位女士为给他人带来麻烦(trouble)而感到焦虑不安。 12．A.though B．until C．since D．unless C　解析：根据语境可推知，此处前后内容表示逻辑上的因果关系。故 since “因为” 符合语境。 13．A.anyway B．therefore C．still D．somehow A　解析：根据上文“She couldn’t move the car in any ______ without damaging it.”可推知，无论如何(anyway)，那位女士对当时那种情况也是无能为力的。 14．A.remembered B．realized C．thought D．joked D　解析：由空前的“We laughed”可推知，作者和那位女士当时都笑了，并且开着玩 笑(joked)。 15．A.news B．my partner C．assistance D．an ambulance C　解析：根据空后的“helped her back on the street”可推知，最终援助(assistance) 到了，帮那位女士回到了路上。 16．A.greeted B．thanked C．accepted D．attracted B　解析：根据语境可知，作者去安慰那位受困的女士，那位女士在最终解困后应是感 谢(thanked)作者。 17．A.car B．company C．favor D．picnic C　解析：根据语境可推知，那位女士想要作者的电话号码，以回报作者的帮助(favor)。 18．A.nervous B．unwilling C．disappointed D．better D　解析：根据语境可知，那位女士从困境中解脱出来，感觉比之前好了许多。故 D 项 符合语境。 19．A.alone B．bravely C．bitterly D．directly 25 A　解析：根据上文可知，由于作者的帮助和安慰，最终那位女士心情变好了许多，由 此可推知，她当时不是独自(alone)面对困境。 20．A.decision B．fortune C．choice D．difference D　解析：作者认为不用独自面对困境可以产生很大影响(difference)。 课时练 2　2 篇阅读＋1 篇读后续写 Ⅰ.阅读理解 A (2020 ·泉州高三质检)We are what we eat. That is an old expression, but one worth knowing. A recent look at diets around the world shows that people who eat healthy food—and not too much of it—live longer. But which areas of the world have the best diets? Researchers found that foods in some of the healthiest diets—Mediterranean diet, New Nordic diet, Japanese diet and French diet—may be very different, but they are all heavy on local and seasonal foods, which include more vegetables and seafood and less red meat. Mediterranean diet contains lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and olive oil. The diet has proper amounts of fish and poultry(家禽肉). Red meat and foods high in sugar and salt are not big parts of this diet. New Nordic diet has whole grains like oats and rye, vegetables such as carrots, broccoli and eggs, seafood, fruits, oil, low­fat milk and cheese. Sugary desserts are not common in this diet. Japanese people are some of the longest living people on the planet, with women up to 87 years old and men up to 80. The Japanese diet is the reason for such lengths of life. The diet has many foods that are low in calories and high in nutrients. Japanese people eat a lot of seaweed, tofu, rice, vegetables and fish. The tradition there is to stop eating when your stomach feels 80 percent full. However, French people eat fatty foods but do not get fat. And they live a long time. This phenomenon is called the “French Paradox”. The reason why the French eat fatty foods without getting fat may be simple. They eat less. Serving sizes in French restaurants and of products sold in stores are smaller than those in most countries. And generally speaking, most French people do not snack. This means they do not eat food between meals. 【解题导语】　本文主要介绍了世界上四种最健康的饮食。 26 1．What do we know about the healthiest diets around the world? A．They contain abundant calories. B．They tend to be expensive. C．They share certain similarities. D．They reflect popular tastes. C　解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“may be very different, but they are all heavy on local and seasonal foods, which include more vegetables and seafood and less red meat”可知，尽管有不同之处，但世界上最健康的饮食都侧重于使用当地的和时令 的食物，包括更多的蔬菜和海鲜，以及更少的红肉。由此可推知，世界上最健康的饮食有一 定的相似之处，故选 C。 2．What is considered as a harmful eating habit in Japanese tradition? A．Going low in calories. B．Eating to the fullest. C．Having much seafood. D．Picking many foods. B　解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The tradition there is to stop eating when your stomach feels 80 percent full.”可知，日本的传统是吃八成饱。由此可推知，吃得 很饱在日本被认为是不良的饮食习惯，故选 B。 3．How does the author develop the central idea in the last 4 paragraphs? A．By building connections. B．By exploring reasons. C．By listing examples. D．By analyzing figures. C　解析：写作手法题。通读后四段可知，作者列举了这些健康饮食中的食物，故本文 后四段是通过举例子的方式来说明中心观点的。 4．Which can be the most suitable title for the text? A．What Is the Healthiest Diet on Earth? B．How Does the Old Expression Serve? C．Why Is a Healthy Diet So Important? D．Where Can We Feed Ourselves Well? A　解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了世界上四种最健康的饮食。故 A 项作文章标题最合适。 B (2020·武汉高三质量监测)The Notre Dame fire has been put out, but its spire(塔 27 尖) and a large portion of its wooden roof have been damaged. The terrible destruction causes a sudden sharp pain to people around the world. On Chinese social media network WeChat a common comment on the disaster is：“What a pity that we cannot see the damaged parts of the wonder anymore.” But the good news is that there is at least one way of seeing them, namely via a video game called Assassin’s Creed Unity. In this game, the player can travel to one city after another and enter the buildings exactly like what they are in the reality, and see Notre Dame as it was before the fire. Further, with virtual reality technology, which is already quite mature, one can even look around the undamaged Notre Dame as if it were still there. Maybe digital technology could help to better protect architectural cultural heritage. The idea of digitizing ancient buildings, making digital models of them so their data can be saved, dates back to the 1990s and the necessary technology has continued to advance since then. By scanning the ancient buildings with lasers, building 3D models with multiple images, as well as measuring everything precisely, engineers can make a copy as accurate as the real one. As computers and smartphones are hugely popular, the digital replica(复制品) has great use value. First, it allows tourists to feel the cultural relics without touching them, which helps protect them. The virtual tour of Dunhuang Grottoes in Gansu Province is a good example of this as tourists can view the paintings without standing near them. Furthermore, it can make the digitized cultural relics more famous by spreading awareness about them via the Internet. In 2000, a virtual tour of the Great Wall became very popular at the Hannover World Expo, which increased the number of foreign tourists visiting the site in the following years. Above all, it preserves all the information of the cultural relics. Even if the original ones are damaged one day, people can still know what they were like and can build replicas if desired. Of course, however precise a model is, it is not the original. Time is the biggest threat to a country’s architectural heritage, which will always become ruins with the passing of time. Maybe we will have better technologies in the future, but the digital technology offers a practical way to preserve architectural cultural heritage at the moment. 【解题导语】　巴黎圣母院的大火让人们再也无法看到其中被损坏的部分，但是利用数 字技术，可以让其原貌重现。人们利用数字化复制品，在不触碰到实物的情况下，可以让文 28 化遗产栩栩如生地展现在眼前，并且数字化复制品可以保存文化遗产的所有信息，对认识和 保护文化遗产有着非凡的意义。 5．What can we see about Notre Dame in the game? A．The damaged parts.　　 B．Its wooden shape. C．Its original look. D．The big fire. C　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“In this game, the player can...see Notre Dame as it was before the fire.”可知，在这个游戏中，我们可以看到火灾前的巴黎圣母 院的原貌，故选 C 项。 6．What will engineers do to create digital replicas of the ancient buildings? A．Improve the technology needed. B．Scan the photos of the buildings. C．Build 3D models of full size. D．Measure all the parts exactly. D　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“By scanning the ancient buildings with lasers, building 3D models with multiple images, as well as measuring everything precisely, engineers can make a copy as accurate as the real one.”可知，为了制作 数字化复制品，工程师需要精确地测量每一部分，故选 D 项。 7．How does the author prove the digital copy has vital practical importance? A．By comparison. B．By giving examples. C．By classification. D．By listing data. B　解析：写作手法题。通读第四段可知，该段列举了敦煌石窟利用数字化复制品让游 客在不接触实物的情况下体验文化遗产；列举了利用数字化复制品制作长城虚拟游并在网上 推广，让世界上更多的人了解长城，吸引了更多的游客。据此可知，作者使用了“举例”的 方法证明了数字化复制品的重要实用性。故选 B 项。 8．What is the author’s attitude towards the application of digital technology? A．Doubtful. B．Neutral. C．Supportive. D．Conservative. C 　 解 析 ： 观 点 态 度 题 。 根 据 最 后 一 段 最 后 一 句 “Maybe we will have better technologies in the future, but the digital technology offers a practical way to preserve architectural cultural heritage at the moment.”可知，作者认为当下的数字 技术为保护建筑文化遗产提供了一个实用的方法。据此可推知，作者支持数字技术的应用， 故选 C 项。 Ⅱ.读后续写 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续 29 写的词数应为 150 左右。 Though it is one of the faded memories of my life today, there are times when I remember his face clearly, especially his eyes. As he had yellow spots on his eyes we called him Spotty. He would have been a stray(流浪的) dog, until he came to me. I was seven years old. My dad had just got a new job in Nasik. We had moved into a rented house. It was raining very heavily on the day we moved. It was a cold dark night. We had our meal and went to sleep. Somehow in the midnight I heard some strange sounds outside the main door. I gathered courage and looked out through the window and I was really amused with what I saw outside. There was a small puppy lying on an old doormat which my mother had put outside the door. It was wet and trembling. At first it was difficult to see the little one. It was the yellow spots on its eyes that made me realize its presence. It was trying to get under the doormat to avoid the cold air outside and it had managed to get in as I could see only its head outside the doormat. Was it sick or injured? I felt pity for the poor soul. I went in and came out with an old towel. I went near the innocent one and held it in my hand and wiped the puppy till he became dry. I took him into my room and made a bed for him with a woolen blanket and a small pillow. He seemed very healthy and comfortable in his new bed as he went to sleep immediately. The next morning, everyone in the family came to know about the unusual guest. “Shall we keep him with us？” I questioned my mom. Like any other parents would, my parents first totally refused my idea but my sister and I convinced them to keep Spotty. Slowly Spotty got on with everyone and became one of the family members. Paragraph 1： One day, Spotty returned from his daily walk with a broken leg.____________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 30 Paragraph 2： Almost a year later, one midnight we heard Spotty barking breathlessly.______________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ One possible version： Paragraph 1： One day, Spotty returned from his daily walk with a broken leg.I called out my mother and she quickly tied a bandage around his leg and gave him food to eat. I was very upset. But the next day, Spotty was up to his usual games though his leg was injured. After this incident my relation with Spotty became more intense. I really admired him for his courage. Paragraph 2： Almost a year later, one midnight we heard Spotty barking breathlessly. We came out and saw that he was barking continuously heading somewhere. After some time Spotty became quiet. The next morning, my heart skipped a beat when I didn’t see Spotty. I searched for him in each and every corner but he was nowhere. I cried and waited for him but there were no signs of him. What would have happened to Spotty? Would he have died? These were the only questions in my mind, but they all remained unanswered forever.