专题19 阅读理解——说明文类-2019年高考英语备考艺体生百日突围系列（解析版）

专题19 阅读理解——说明文类-2019年高考英语备考艺体生百日突围系列（解析版）

专题19 阅读理解——说明文类 方法与技巧 题型介绍：‎ 材料特点这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。具体说来它有以下几个特点：1. 文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。2. 句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。3. 常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。‎ 命题形式：‎ 命题特点科普类阅读的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。‎ 方法概述 高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐｡而科普类文章往往具有跨 络(Sustainable Development Solutions Network)周三发布的这份报告，根据收入、自由、信任、预期寿命、慷慨和社会支持六种不同的幸福程度对世界各国进行了排名。‎ ‎【28题详解】‎ 推理判断题。根据第三段中的The U.S. dropped four spots from 2017 and landed in 18th place,可知，美国2018年排名18，比2017年下降了4个名次。故A选项正确。‎ ‎【29题详解】‎ 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的The most striking finding of the report is the remarkable consistency between the happiness of immigrants and the locally born可知，这份报告最令人震惊的发现是，移民和本地出生的人的幸福程度惊人地一致。故D选项正确。‎ ‎【30题详解】‎ 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的the UN declared to recognize “the relevance of happiness and well-being as ‎ universal goals and aspirations in the lives of human beings around the world and the importance of their recognition in public policy objectives”（联合国宣布承认“幸福和福祉作为全世界人类生活的普遍目标和愿望的重要性及其在公共政策目标中的重要性”）可知，在决策时要考虑人民的幸福和福祉。故B选项正确。‎ ‎【31题详解】‎ 推理判断题。本文主要介绍了联合国可持续发展解决方案网络(Sustainable Development Solutions Network)周三发布的一份2018年世界幸福报告，根据收入、自由、信任、预期寿命、慷慨和社会支持六种不同的幸福程度对世界各国进行了排名。由此可知，D项“2018年世界幸福报告”适合做本文最佳标题。故D选项正确。‎ ‎4. C【广东省茂名市化州市2019届高三高考二模】‎ Did you know that people who live in different parts of China have different habits and preferences？‎ For example， people from southern China prefer to eat vegetables， while people from north China like to eat meat． But what causes these differences？‎ According to a new study published in the journal Cell in October， gene variations （基因变异） might be responsible for these differences， Xinhua reported．‎ In the study， researchers from Chinese genome-sequencing （基因组测序） firm BGI collected genetic information from 141，431 Chinese women． The women came from 31 provinces and consisted of 36 ethnic minority groups．‎ The researchers found that there are six gene frequencies that are different among people from both northern and southern China． They found that natural selection has played an important role in the ways that people living in different regions of China have evolved， affecting their food preferences， immunities （免疫性） to illness and physical traits （特点）， the New York Times reported．‎ The researchers reported that a variation of the gene FADS2 is more commonly found in northern people than it is in southern people． It helps people metabolize （新陈代谢） fatty acids （脂肪酸）， which suggests a diet that is rich in meat． According to Xinhua， this is due to climate differences． Northern China is at a higher latitude， which means it's cold and dry throughout the whole year． This weather is difficult to grow vegetables in． Therefore， northerners tend to eat more meat．‎ The study also found differences in the immune systems of both groups． Most people in southern China carry the gene CR1， which protects against malaria （疟疾）． This is because malaria was once quite common in southern China． In order to survive， the genes of people in the south evolved to fight against this disease． However， people in the south are also more vulnerable to certain blood-borne illnesses， as they lack ‎ the genes to stop them．‎ Genes can also cause physical differences between northerners and southerners． Most northerners have the ABCC11 gene， which causes dry earwax （耳屎）， less body odor and fewer sweat secretions （分泌）， The New York Times reported． These physical differences are also more beneficial to living in cold environments． Southerners are less likely to have this gene， as it did not evolve in their population．‎ ‎8. What's the new study mainly about？ ______‎ A. The genes of Chinese minority groups．‎ B. Habits of people from different regions of China．‎ C. Differences in the genes of people from different parts of China．‎ D. Physical differences between northerners and southerners．‎ ‎9. A variation of the gene FADS2can help our body ______ ．‎ A. store fat B. digest meat C. fight disease D. control body temperature ‎10. The underlined word "vulnerable" in Paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to ______ ．‎ A. unprotected B. uninterested C. generous D. responsible ‎11. Compared with people in south China， most northerners ______ ．‎ a．are immune to malaria b．catch blood-borne illnesses easily c．have less body odor d．sweat less frequently A. ab B. bc C. bd D. cd ‎【答案】8. C 9. B 10. A 11. D ‎【解析】‎ 本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要讲述了基因变异可能是导致中国北方和南方人在饮食、免疫系统和身体上的差异。‎ ‎【8题详解】‎ 细节理解题。根据第三段According to a new study published in the journal Cell in October， gene variations ‎ ‎（基因变异） might be responsible for these differences，Xinhua reported.可知据新华社报道，10月份发表在《细胞》杂志上的一项新研究表明，基因变异可能是导致这些差异的原因。由此可见，中国不同地区人的基因差异。故选C。‎ ‎【9题详解】‎ 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段The researchers reported that a variation of the gene FADS2 is more commonly found in northern people than it is in southern people． It helps people metabolize （新陈代谢） fatty acids （脂肪酸），which suggests a diet that is rich in meat．可知研究人员报告说，FADS2基因的变异在北方人中比在南方人中更常见．它帮助人们代谢肉类中富含的脂肪酸。由此可见，基因FADS2的变异可以帮助我们的身体消化肉类。故选B。‎ ‎【10题详解】‎ 词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段 However， people in the south are also more vulnerable to certain blood-borne illnesses， as they lack the genes to stop them．可知，然而，南方人也更容易受到某些血液传播疾病的影响，因为他们缺乏阻止他们的基因。由此可猜测出，vulnerable易受攻击的，易受伤的。故选A。‎ ‎【11题详解】‎ 细节理解题。根据最后一段 Most northerners have the ABCC11 gene， which causes dry earwax （耳屎）， less body odor and fewer sweat secretions （分泌）， The New York Times reported．可知据《纽约时报》报道，大多数北方人都有ABCC11基因，该基因可导致耳垢干燥、体味降低和汗液分泌减少。由此可见，故选D。‎ ‎5. C【山东省临沂市2019届高三2月教学质量检测】‎ The Spanish sculptor Isaac Cordal sees the city as his playground.He specializes in miniature，a street art often representing a social commentary as a critical observation on capitalism，power and so on.‎ Cordal first models the sculptures in clay then reproduces them in cement(水泥)about 15cm in height.‎ ‎“As a material，cement seems very symbolic because it is one of our most recognizable footprints against nature.”he says.“Today we have been too used to cement city habitat.”‎ For several years he’s been working on the project，Cement Eclipses，referring to the state when a building covers the sun:“It’s a critical reflection on the idea of progress.”‎ These tiny cement figures have appeared in cities across Europe，found sitting on top of bus shelters or drowning in the grass land of the big city.“The street became a perfect setting in which I could find enough landscapes for them.Due to their small size and color，they go really well into the urban environment.They even normally go unseen by passersby.I’m very interested in that moment of surprise when someone accidentally ‎ discovers them.”he says.‎ ‎“Nowadays there is a fear of not being seen in the public area，so everything is always big and bold.We become a product of this and do not focus in as much.I think it is good to pay attention to small details.My work is a reward for those who do and it allows us to understand and change the world we have created in a different angle.”Cordal says.‎ ‎28. Which of the following best explains“miniature”Underlined in paragraph 1 ?‎ A. Tiny sculpture. B. Small playground.‎ C. Social comments. D. Critical observation.‎ ‎29. What’s Cordal’s attitude toward cement city habitat?‎ A. Indifferent. B. Critical.‎ C. Neutral. D. Supportive.‎ ‎30. What does Cordal intend to tell us in the last paragraph?‎ A. Everything big in public is attractive.‎ B. Being small may be a fear in public.‎ C. We need to focus on the details of the products.‎ D. His work helps us to see the world differently.‎ ‎31. What does the text mainly talk about?‎ A. Cordal and his street art. B. Ways to be a sculptor.‎ C. Materials used for sculptures. D. Reflections on city progress.‎ ‎【答案】28. A 29. B 30. D 31. A ‎【解析】‎ ‎【分析】‎ 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍Cordal和他的街头艺术。‎ ‎【28题详解】‎ 词义猜测题。根据第一段中He specializes in miniature，a street art often representing a social commentary as a critical observation on capitalism，power and so on.“他的专长是微型画，是把社会评论作为一种关于资本主义、权利等的批评观察的街头艺术。”由此推知划线词的意思是“微型雕塑”。故答案为A。‎ ‎【29题详解】‎ 推理判断题。根据第四段For several years he’s been working on the project，Cement Eclipses，referring to the ‎ state when a building covers the sun:“It’s a critical reflection on the idea of progress.”可知，Cordal持批评的态度。故答案为B。‎ ‎【30题详解】‎ 推理判断题。根据最后一段中My work is a reward for those who do and it allows us to understand and change the world we have created in a different angle.可知，他的工作帮助我们以不同的方式看世界。故选D。‎ ‎【31题详解】‎ 主旨大意题。根据第一段The Spanish sculptor Isaac Cordal sees the city as his playground.He specializes in miniature，a street art often representing a social commentary as a critical observation on capitalism，power and so on.可知作者介绍Cordal和他的街头艺术。故选A。‎ ‎【点睛】做推理判断题时，要求考生在阅读时，要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。在进行推理时，考生一定要仔细阅读短文，千万不可脱离原文而仅凭个人的看法，主观臆断。本题第3小题，根据最后一段中My work is a reward for those who do and it allows us to understand and change the world we have created in a different angle.可知，他的工作帮助我们以不同的方式看世界。故选D。‎