专题05+名词-2019届高考英语热门考点全攻略

专题05+名词-2019届高考英语热门考点全攻略

命题探究 命题探究 命题解读 命题规律 题型 ‎2016课标1‎ ‎2016新课标2‎ ‎2015课标1‎ ‎2015课标2‎ ‎2014课标1‎ ‎2014课标2‎ 考法说明 名词 ‎1.名词的“数”及复数名词的构成；‎ ‎2.名词所有格及名词构词法 语篇型语法填空 attraction ‎(attract)‎ days ‎(day)‎ achievement ‎(achieve)‎ studies ‎(study)‎ paintings ‎(painting)‎ ability ‎(able)‎ changes ‎(change)‎ ‎---‎ 1. 考查复数名词的构成规则；‎ ‎2.考查名词的构词法。‎ 短文改错 honest→‎ honesty knowledges→knowledge airs→air parent→parents year→years hour→hours 考查名词的数，即考查考生根据上下文判断名词用单数形式还是用复数形式。‎ ‎2017 新课标：‎ 全国 1：语法填空：effects (effect) 短文改错：word--words 全国 2：语法填空：introduction (introduce) 短文改错：informations--information ‎2018 新课标：‎ 全国 1：语法填空：cause--causes 短文改错：chicken--chikens 全国 2：语法填空：pollute--pollution 短文改错：sort—sorts; Friday’s--Friday ‎【考情分析】‎ 名词除了独立考查其词义辨析外，还常结合其他项目一起考查，题型以单项填空、短文改错、完形填空及单词拼写等形式出现，考查要点主要包括：‎ ‎1.考查名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。名词词义辨析包括同义词辨析、近义词辨析、同形词辨析和不同词义的名词在语境中的辨析。另外，高考还考查容易混淆的名词的辨形、辨义以及名词的惯用法等。‎ ‎2.考查名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。‎ ‎3.考查名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象。这种现象主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。如：shelter n.庇护，避难所→vt.保护，躲避，避难； storm n. 暴风雨，大动荡→vi.& vt.横冲直撞，猛攻； shoulder n. 肩，肩膀，肩部→vt.肩负，承担； trail n.小径，痕迹→vt.追踪。‎ 考点精讲 一、 单数名词变复数形式规则 1. 规则变化 规则 例词 ‎（1）一般情况下，在词尾直接加-s book-books, cap-caps, tree-trees ‎（2）以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词，在词尾加-es glass-glasses, box-boxes, watch-watches, brush-brushes ‎（3）以辅音字母加-y（即倒数三个字母顺序为辅元辅），把y改为-i，再加-es story-stories, country-countries ‎（4）以-o结尾的名词变复数时，常在词尾后加-s。但有些名词需要加-es，常见的是：黑人吃土豆，英雄吃番茄。‎ Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes, radio-radios, photo-photos ‎（5）以-f或-fe self-selves, life-lives, thief-thieves, wife-wives, knife-knives,‎ 结尾的名词变复数时，一般直接加-s，但有些以-f或-fe词尾的名词需要把f或fe去掉，加-ves，常见的有：为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半。‎ ‎ loaf-loaves, leaf-leaves, shelf-shelves, wolf-wolves, half-halves ‎（6）合成名词变复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。‎ son-in-law---sons-in-law, storyteller--storytellers ‎（7）“man/woman+n”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变成复数。 ‎ man teacher-men teachers woman engineer-women engineer 1. 不规则变化 ‎（1）变内部元音 foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, man-men, woman-women, mouse-mice, gentleman-gentlemen ‎（2）单复数同形 sheep, deer, spacecraft, aircraft, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, means, crossroads, headquarter, series, species,works（工厂）, head（头，量词）‎ ‎（3）外来名词的复数形式 criterion-criteria, phenomenon-phenomena, analysis-analyses, basis-bases, crisis-crises, thesis-theses, bacterium-bacteria, medium-media （4） fish表示鱼的种类是复数形式是fishes，而表示条数时复数形式是fish，表示鱼肉时是不可数名词。‎ There are many different fishes in this river.‎ I bought five fish today.‎ ‎（5）penny当作便士的“价值”时复数是pence，常与数词搭配来表示钱数：five pence, ten pence；当作便士的“个数”时复数是pennies。‎ （6） people指“人”时是person的一种复数形式，指“民族”时其复数形式是peoples。‎ one people一个人； two people两个人 a people一个民族； two peoples两个民族 一、 名词的格 1. ‎’s 所有格：主要用在表示有生命的名词及时间、自然现象、工作群体、度衡量、价值、国家、城市等名词的后面。‎ 构成 举例 单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加’s the boy’s bag the children’s rooms 以s结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加’‎ the workers’ struggle 在复合名词中，在最后一个词的 her brother-in-law’s car 不定代词后加else，在else后加’s somebody else’s possessions 1. of所有格 用法 举例 表示无生命的东西 the window of the room 表示“有关，关于…”‎ a story of love and hatred 表示同位关系 the city of Dalian 表示部分或全体的关系 the bottom of the sea the majority of people 表示抽象概念 the costs of living the news of success 后跟含后置定语的名词或表一类人或物的“the+形容词”形式 the name of the boy crying under the tree the housing problem of the poor ‎3. 双重所有格 双 重 构成和用法 举例 所 有 格 构成 名词+of+名词’s the watch of my father’s 名词+of+名词性物主代词 two cousins of Xiaoming’s some students of mine 用法 表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，突出局部。在of短语所修饰的名词前往往有一个表示数量的词，如a, some, any, few, no等 a friend of tom’s any work of Qi Baishi 表示赞扬、批评或延厌恶等感情色彩。一般of所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词。如：this, that, these, those等 i hated those words of Mary’s.‎ i like this bike of my brother’s.‎ 一、 名词构词法（构成名词的后缀）‎ 英语中构成名词的后缀包括：-ence, -ance, -tion, -sion, -ment, -ness, -age, -th, -ure, -dom, -ce 存在 exist--existence 快乐 please--pleasure 接受 accept--acceptance 离开 depart--departure 生产 produce--production 暴露 expose--exposure 表达 express--expression 压力 press--pressure 发展 develop--development 失败 fail--failure 盲目 blind--blindness 混合 mix--mixture 婚姻 marry--marriage 签名sign--signature 温暖 warm--warmth 智慧 wise--wisdom 重要的 important--importance 自由 free--freedom 注：1. 常见的以t结尾的形容词变名词都是将t改为ce；‎ ‎2. 要熟记一些以y结尾但却是名词的词，这类词经常会在短文改错中出现。‎ 如：safe--safety, difficult--difficulty等 专项精练 一、单句填空 ‎1. Mr. Lester hates the ballet, but when his _______ (employ) invited him and his wife, he could not get out of it.‎ ‎2. In the final year of high school, they complete ________ (apply) and send them to the universities that interest them most.‎ ‎3. Now every time I want to cry, I remind myself that _______ (laugh) is better than tears and anger.‎ ‎4. The conversation soon turned into _______ (complain) about stress in work and life.‎ ‎5. He walked in carrying his _______ (belong) in a torn plastic bag.‎ ‎6. It was his picture of a loyalist soldier falling to his _______ (die) that brought him international reputation and became a powerful symbol of war.‎ ‎7. My grandma told me that the secret of _______ (marry) was never to argue.‎ ‎8. And the most famous _______ (treat), having someone scare you, also helps beat the hiccups(打嗝).‎ ‎9. This time, she gave me a smile with ________ (satisfy) and gratitude in her eyes.‎ ‎10. It is as if a single unimportant event set up a chain of ________ (react).‎ ‎11. This is the same as the price we pay for keeping our pain and ________ (happy) with us!‎ ‎12. If you teach your children not to fear a mistake of ________ (fail), they will learn faster and achieve success at last.‎ ‎13. How amazing it is for the gecko(壁虎) to have lived in the wall in complete _______ (dark) for ten years!‎ ‎14. I hope you’ll have a good _______ (fly).‎ ‎15. The _______ (excite) wears off quickly, especially after you see how much homework you get.‎ ‎16. Learning to drive is usually a nervous experience for _______ (begin).‎ ‎17. You’ve been very understanding. I really don’t know how to express my _______ (grate).‎ ‎18. I heard recently that the _______ (own) of the factory have promised to take measures to reduce their factory’s pollution.‎ ‎19. Friendship gives us a feeling of security and ______ (warm), and friendship encourages us to go ahead all the time.‎ ‎20. There are fifty-six __________________ (people) in China.‎ ‎21. We need much ______________ (room) for all the furniture.‎ ‎22. This kind of dress was popular in the ___________________ (1980).‎ ‎23. ______________ (girl) students and _________________ (woman) teachers are in the majority in our school.‎ ‎24. There used to be a lot of milu ______________ (deer) in China.‎ ‎25. These are art _______________ (work) of the Tang Dynasty.‎ ‎26. _____________ (child) shoes are on the second floor of this store department.‎ ‎27. We can see many _________________ (editor-in-chief) present at the conference.‎ ‎28. I had my hair cut short at the _____________ (barber) nearby yesterday.‎ ‎【答案解析】‎ employer, 考察名词变形，根据his形容词性物主代词后接名词可知需要填入名词。但是employ有多个名词，需要根据句义判断填入“雇主”，故填入employer. ‎ 小题3:考查代词在语境中的运用。A somebody：有人、某人；B. nobody：没人； C. everybody：所有人；D. anybody：任何人。因为没有人告诉过她商店里的规定，作者将油墨放进塑料袋且将袋口扎起。这是与商店规定不相符的，因此后来才遭遇店员的无礼。选择B项。‎ 小题4:考查语境理解。A bargaining：讨价还价； B. storing：储存；C. loading：装载；D. shopping：购物。作者将装有油墨的塑料袋放进购物车，开始购物。购物有一个选择过程，不可能推起购物车直接往里面装货，排除C项。故D项正确。‎ 小题5:考查副词在语境中的运用。A. across：（从表面）穿过；B. up：往上；C. through：（从中间）穿过；结束（一个过程）；D. down：往下。作者购物过程中，一个店员走过来拦住她。 be midway through (shopping)：（购物）中途。选择C项。‎ 小题6:考查动词在语境中的运用。A. carry：携带；B. show：展示；C. move：移动；D. push：推。商店里购物时不准带包。“移动”、“推”的是购物车，不是包。故选择A项。‎ 小题8:考查语境理解。A. Depressed：情绪低落的；B. Shocked：震惊的；C. Amused：高兴的；D. Stressed：压力大的。作者没有想到店员像对待小偷一样，要她打开塑料袋让她查看，感到震惊。B项正确。‎ 小题9:考查语境理解。A. poured：倒、倾倒；B. mixed：混合；C. showed：展示；D. fell：倒下、掉下。‎ 作者按照要求，将油墨拿给店员看。show sth. to sb.：将某物展示给某人看。C项正确。‎ 小题10:考查语境和固定搭配。A. exit：出口、退出；B. admission： 接纳、录取；C. entry：入口、进入；D. departure：离开。按照商店规定，进入商店时应该将塑料袋交给店员。upon entry/entering：进入时。故C项正确。‎ 小题11:考查语境理解。 A. even though：即使；B. as if：似乎、好像；C. so that：以便；D. in case：以防。作者向四周张望、非常尴尬，好像每个人都在嘲笑她。B项正确。‎ 小题12:考查名词在语境中的运用。 A. lines：队列；行；B. borders：边界；C. regulations：规章、制度；D. permissions：许可、允许。店员要作者今后遵守商店规定。C项正确。‎ 小题13:考查语境理解。A criminal：罪犯；B. blue-collar：蓝领、体力劳动者；C. beggar：乞丐； D. colleague：同事。作者很是气愤，因为店员将她当成罪犯一样对待。A项正确。 ‎ 小题14:考查语境理解。A. number：工号；B. career：职业；C. explanation：解释；D. name：姓名。从店员咕哝的Ursula以及后来商店总部找不到该店员来判断，作者打算投诉该店员，于是问她姓名，而非工号。D项正确。‎ 小题15:考查短语动词在语境中的运用。A. calmed down：冷静下来； B. thought aloud：自言自语；C. found out：发现；D. got through：顺利度过。从This employee is about to become unemployed一句判断，作者到家后依然愤怒，排除A项。因为过于愤怒，就把心里的想法脱口说了出来。B项正确。‎ 小题17:考查语境理解。A. patient：耐心的；B. clever：聪明的；C. polite：礼貌的；D. hardworking：勤奋的。因为作者投诉店员的粗鲁无礼，总部代表回应说他们要求店员应该“礼貌”。选择C项。‎ 小题18:考查语境理解。A. recognize：认出；B. inform：通知；C. describe：描述；D. forgive：原谅。因为店员报了假名，总部没能查出该店员是谁，所以让作者描述其体貌特征。C项正确。[：原谅 小题19:考查语境理解。A. yelling：叫喊、吼叫；B. pointing：指着；C. talking：谈话；D. lying：说谎。 总部代表说他们不能容仍店员的粗鲁行为（排除A项），同样不能容忍对顾客撒谎（他们未能查到叫做Ursula的人，说明店员报了假名）。D项正确。‎ 小题20:考查语境理解。A. job：工作；B. way：道路；C. chance：机会；D. business：生意。作者开头非常气愤，投诉就是想要店方总部解雇该店员。经过这番周折，作者已经平静下来，意识到她并非真要让店员丢掉工作。选择A项。‎