专题03+阅读理解说明文-备战2018年高考英语之阅读类试题解题妙招

专题03+阅读理解说明文-备战2018年高考英语之阅读类试题解题妙招

要求考生阅读5篇短文，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容。体裁多样，以记叙文、议论文、说明文为主。‎ 考查主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、篇章结构等题型。‎ ‎【备考启示】‎ ‎ 在复习中应着重加大语篇分析的训练，提高学生语篇分析能力和语言的综合运用能力，要精选一些短文阅读试题进行渐进式的强化练习，注重做题时间的控制和阅读速度的定量提高。从练入手强化知识的运用，从分析入手注重能力的提高，从结果入手寻找适应的差距。要尽可能使自己始终处于积极的思维状态，充分调动大脑中的语言知识，在训练中不断地加以分析、辨异、综合、深化，使整个复习过程处于不断变化、提高、求新、向高考目标接近的运动状态之中。 ‎ ‎ 要做好阅读理解，提高阅读能力，就必须扩大阅读量，探求阅读方法。对于这方面我们主要加强对以下四个方面的模块训练，一是＂理解主旨要义＂，二是＂理解文中具体信息＂，三是＂根据上下文推断生词的词义＂，四是＂做出简单的判断和推理＂。学生复习阅读，首先要对照《考纲》对阅读提出的六点能力要求，（1）理解主旨和要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断生词的词义； （4）作出判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。检查一下自己在这六个方面中存在的缺陷。要求学生做到持之以恒，要求每天阅读三到四篇，限时21-28分钟。 ‎ ‎ 在训练中努力培养学生的学科意识和学科思维能力。提高＂识别考点，寻找已知条件、排错求证＂的思维能力。因为复习本身也是一种再创造活动。‎ 一、方法概述 ‎ ‎ 所谓科技说明文，就是指研究自然科学与技术的文章。说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。‎ 二、命题方式 考点一 细节理解题 ‎ ‎ 说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(1y)、second(1y)、third(1y)finally、not only„but also、then、in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as、such as、for example、for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、not so much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。  ‎ 细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。      ‎ 考点二 语意猜测题 ‎ ‎ 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to…或what does the underlined word mean?或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。解题时考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。      ‎ 考点三 主旨大意题 ‎    说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以this passage mainly talks about ____.what is the main idea of the passage?为设问方式。这种试题多以this passage mainly talks about …  ‎ ‎ 答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。  ‎ 考点四判断推理题  ‎ 这种试题常以(1)the passage is intended to...(2) the author suggests that...(3) the story implies that…(4) which point of view may the author agree to?(5) from the passage we can conclude that...(6) the purpose of the passage is to...为设问方式。这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。     观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实,但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏,或对某个事物的批判。这类题目常见的题干表达方式有what was the author’s attitude towards ...? 等。‎ 高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。‎ 一、词义猜测类题型 阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：‎ ‎（一）内在逻辑关系 根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。‎ ‎1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词 通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思.这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：‎ The word ＂secure＂ in paragraph 5 line is closest in meaning to_________.‎ A.freefromanxiety B.anxious C.nervous D.happy 根据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案A。‎ 二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于＂行星＂这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊,不漂亮的意思。‎ ‎2.根据因果关系猜测词义 通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：‎ You shouldn’t have blamed him for that，for it wasn’t his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。‎ ‎3.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义 例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought.‎ 从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。‎ ‎4.通过句法功能来推测词义 例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.‎ 假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。‎ ‎5.通过描述猜词 描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。‎ ‎（二）外部相关因素 外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。‎ ‎（三）构词法 在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。‎ ‎1.根据前缀猜测词义 例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there，semi-conscious，for a few minutes.根据词根conscious（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate about such things.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。‎ ‎2.根据后缀猜测词义 例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapor may change into droplets.后缀let表示＂小的＂，词根drop指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。‎ ‎3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义 例如：Growing economic problems were high-lighted by a slowdown in oil output.Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是＂以强光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull ‎（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动—斗牛。‎ 二、主旨大意类题型 主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：‎ ‎（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题 文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。‎ ‎（二）寻找文章的主题句 分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。‎ 总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想,作者意图及关键词语，运用联想,比较,归纳,推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划,有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。‎ 题组一(2017年高考真题)‎ Passage 1（2017·新课标卷I）‎ ‎ A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5＇5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, ‎ six feet of plastic tube, and a container — perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.‎ To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.‎ ‎ Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup. ‎ ‎ The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink. ‎ ‎32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?‎ A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive.‎ C. It’s complex. . D. It’s portable.‎ ‎33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. The tube. B. The still.‎ C. The hole. D. The cup.‎ ‎34. What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?‎ A. Dig a hole of a certain size. B. Put the cup in place.‎ C. Weight the sheet’s center down. D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.‎ ‎35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from .‎ A. the plastic tube B. outside the hole C. the open air D. beneath the sheet ‎【文章大意】本文主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的方法，并介绍了它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。‎ ‎32. D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句话These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.可知制作蒸馏器的东西可以叠放在一个小包里，系在腰间，这说明制作蒸馏器的设备很轻便，portable表示“轻便的；手提的”，故选D。‎ ‎33. B 【解析】词义猜测题。根据Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity可知最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。“接水器”指的是在潮湿的地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一个杯子，杯子上方用膜覆盖，整个装置构成接水器，而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错选D，但是就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围环境的变化而变化，杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选B。‎ ‎35. D 【解析】推理判断题。结合第四段中的Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上聚集起来，直到形成小水滴落在杯子里，覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里，所以水滴是聚在覆盖膜的下面。故选D。‎ Passage 2（2017·新课标卷II）‎ ‎ When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.‎ ‎ Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react.‎ ‎ Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.‎ ‎ In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The ‎ damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.‎ Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth.‎ ‎ Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的)‎ ‎ than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.‎ ‎32. What does a plant do when it is under attack?‎ A. It makes noises.      B. It gets help from other plants.‎ C. It stands quietly     D. It sends out certain chemicals.‎ ‎33. What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?‎ A. The attackers get attacked.‎ B. The insects gather under the table.‎ C. The plants get ready to fight back.‎ D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.‎ ‎34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can .‎ A. predict natural disasters B. protect themselves against insects C. talk to one another intentionally ‎ D. help their neighbors when necessary ‎35.what can we infer from the last paragraph?‎ A. The world is changing faster than ever.‎ B. People have stronger senses than before C. The world is more complex than it seems D. People in Darwin’s time were imaginative.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明 文。研究发现，当植物受到攻击时，会发出VOCs，以此来保护自己或者与周围的植物通过化学物质进行交流。‎ ‎33.A 【解析】词义推测题。根据“Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now ‎ becomes lunch”，一旦它们到达这里，这些攻击者就会受到植物的攻击，故选A。‎ ‎34.B 【解析】细节理解题，根据“Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being ‎ attacked” 及“Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away... ”可知答案选B。‎ ‎35.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据“imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world ‎ we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on”可知，这个世界远比我们看到或听到的更热闹、更亲密，我们认知能力有限，有很多事仍在继续发生，远比我们想象的要复杂。故选C。‎ Passage 3（2017·新课标卷III）‎ ‎ After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone‎ ‎National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.‎ Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.‎ The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food sources (来源) for the wolf — grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’s beavers.‎ As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.‎ ‎ The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.‎ ‎28. What is the text mainly about?‎ A. Wildlife research in the United States.‎ B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.‎ C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.‎ D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.‎ ‎29. What does the underlined word ＂displaced＂ in paragraph 2 mean?‎ A. Tested. B. Separated. C. Forced out. D. Tracked down.‎ ‎30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?‎ A. Damage to local ecology. B. A decline in the park’s income.‎ C. Preservation of vegetation. D. An increase in the variety of animals.‎ ‎31. What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?‎ A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的事情。人类活动的影响使灰狼的数量逐渐减少，鹿群数量逐渐增加，从而导致植被被大量破坏。‎ ‎29. C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼逐渐向北迁徙，由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了。‎ ‎30. A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知，灰狼的减少造成了鹿群的增多，从而植被遭到了破坏；造成了土狼数量的快速增长，它们猎杀了大量的赤狐，赶走了海狸，由此可推断出灰狼的消失导致了当地生态平衡被破坏。‎ ‎31. B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章末段的最后一句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验，因此可推知作者对这一举措持肯定的态度。‎ Passage 4（2017·天津卷）‎ ‎ Suppose you’re in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble.‎ Realisation will probably set in seconds after you’ve clicked “send”. You freeze in horror and burn with shame.‎ What to do? Here are four common email accidents, and how to recover.‎ Clicking “send” too soon Don’t waste your time trying to find out if the receiver has read it yet. Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored.‎ Writing the wrong time The sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologising for your mistake. Keep the tone measured: don’t handle it too lightly, as people can be offended, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture(i.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names).‎ Clicking “reply all” unintentionally You accidentally reveal(透露)to the entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, or what holiday you’d like to take. In this instance, the best solution is to send a quick, light-hearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to something worse, when everyone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and unpleasant conversation. In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.‎ Sending an offensive message to its subject The most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkind message about someone, intending to send it to a friend, but accidentally send it to the person you’re ‎ discussing. In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations calmly and sensibly—see it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person.‎ ‎36. After realising an email accident, you are likely to feel _______.‎ ‎ A. curious B. tired C. awful D. funny ‎ ‎37. If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is best to ________.‎ A. apologise in a serious manner B. tell the receiver to ignore the error C. learn to write the name correctly D. send a short notice to everyone ‎38. What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your “reply all” email?‎ A. Try offering other choices.‎ B. Avoid further involvement.‎ C. Meet other staff members.‎ D. Make a light-hearted apology.‎ ‎39. How should you deal with the problem caused by an offensive email?‎ A. By promising not to offend the receiver again.‎ B. By seeking support from the receiver’s friends.‎ C. By asking the receiver to control his anger.‎ D. By talking to the receiver face to face.‎ ‎40. What is the passage mainly about?‎ A. Defining email errors.‎ B. Reducing email mistakes.‎ C. Handling email accidents.‎ D. Improving email writing.‎ ‎【文章大意这是一篇说明文，介绍了因为失误而发错信息的补救方法。‎ ‎36.C 【解析】考查推理判断。根据第二段第二句You freeze in horror and burn with shame.可知选C。‎ ‎38. B 【解析】考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段最后一句In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down可知选B。‎ ‎39. D【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry可知选D。‎ ‎40.C【解析】考查主旨大意。前三段内容通过问问题和说明情况，并介绍处理邮件问题的具体方法，由此可以判断出本文主要讲的是处理邮件问题。故选C。‎ ‎【名师点睛】这是一篇说明文，题目比较简单，以考查细节题为主，可以使用信息筛选法做题。为了节省时间，可以用先看题目，带着题目在文中寻读的方法找到主题句，理解并找出正确答案。如36题，题目问：在你意识到你的邮件问题后你可能会感到___________，而文章中第二段就是题干信息，后面就是答案，答案是很明显的。 ‎ 题组一(2016年高考真题)‎ Passage1(2016·全国新课标I)‎ The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs.‎ Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and ‎ suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.‎ Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, ‎ Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic udner discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.‎ Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.‎ 32. What does the author say about silence in conversations?‎ A. It implies anger.‎ B. It promotes friendship.‎ C. It is culture-specific.‎ D. It is content-based.‎ 33. Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?‎ A. The Chinese.‎ B. The French.‎ C. The Mexicans.‎ D. The Russians.‎ 34. What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?‎ A. Let it continue as the patient pleases.‎ B. Break it while treating patients.‎ C. Evaluate its harm to patients.‎ D. Make use of its healing effects.‎ 35. What may be the best title for the text?‎ A. Sound and Silence B.What It Means to Be Silent C.Silence to Native Americans D.Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文， 主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同内涵。‎ ‎32.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章首段首句The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups 可知，作者认为沉默是有文化特性的。‎ ‎33.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中 what may be implied is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing可知中国人认为谈话时人们沉默是在思考。‎ ‎34.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据末段末句A nurse who understands the healing value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients 可知，作者建议护士要用沉默来治疗病人。故选D 。‎ ‎35.B 【解析】主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了在不同文化背景下谈话期间的沉默的不同含义，由此判断B选项可以概括文章内容。故选B 。‎ Passage2(2016·新课标全国卷II)‎ ‎ Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.‎ Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.‎ ‎ Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.”‎ ‎ Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.‎ ‎ People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. ‎ ‎ BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.‎ ‎29. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?‎ ‎ A. To explain what they are. ‎ B. To introduce BookCrossing.‎ C. To stress the importance of reading. ‎ D. To encourage readers to share their ideas.‎ ‎30. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ ‎ A. The book. B. An adventure. ‎ C. A public place. D. The identification number.‎ ‎31. What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it?‎ ‎ A. Meet other readers to discuss it. ‎ B. Keep it safe in his bookcase. ‎ C. Pass it on to another reader.‎ D. Mail it back to its owner.‎ ‎32. What is the best title for the text?‎ ‎ A. Online Reading: A Virtual Tour ‎ B. Electronic Books: A new Trend ‎ C. A Book Group Brings Tradition Back ‎ D. A Website Links People through Books ‎【文章大意】本文属于说明文，介绍了BookCrossing.com所进行的分享图书活动的目的以及具体过程。‎ ‎29.B 【解析】目的意图题。作者在第一段中提出读书也是一种社交活动，那些参加读书小组的人经常在一起阅读讨论所读内容，增强相互之间的理解。接着在最后一句提出BookCrossing.com,说明作者提到读书小组的目的正是为了介绍网站BookCrossing.com。故B正确。‎ ‎30.A 【解析】代词指代题。根据本句“... hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it”可知，那些留下书的人希望自己的书能够随着找到它的人走得更远。可知其中的it指代前半句提到的同一事物“the book”。故A正确。‎ ‎31.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第五段最后一句“... the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at ‎ home”可知，让书蒙上尘土是一种很自私的行为，网站BookCrossing.com的目的正是鼓励人们与别人分享图书，所以拿到书的人最可能继续把书传递下去。故C项正确。‎ ‎32.D 【解析】标题概括题。根据文章第三段可知BookCrossing.com把改变人生的两种事物：遇到的人和读过的书联系在一起。D项内容能够涵盖文章的中心思想。‎ Passage3(2016·新课标卷III)‎ ‎ If you are a fruit grower — or would like to become one — take advantage of Apple Day to see what’s around. It’s called Apple Day but in practice it’s more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain.‎ Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try, as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.‎ There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it’s a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.‎ At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games.‎ Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果园). If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent.‎ ‎28. What can people do at the apple events?‎ ‎ A. Attend experts’ lectures. B. Visit fruit-loving families.‎ ‎ C. Plant fruit trees in an orchard. D. Taste many kinds of apples.‎ ‎29. What can we learn about Decio? ‎ ‎ A. It is a new variety. B. It has a strange look.‎ ‎ C. It is rarely seen now. D. It has a special taste.‎ ‎30. What does the underlined phrase ＂a pipe dream＂ in Paragraph 3 mean?‎ ‎ A. A practical idea. B. A vain hope.‎ C. A brilliant plan. D. A selfish desire.‎ ‎31. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?‎ ‎ A. To show how to grow apples.‎ ‎ B. To introduce an apple festival.‎ ‎ C. To help people select apples.‎ D. To promote apple research.‎ ‎【文章大意】作者向人们介绍了一个节日－－Apple Day。由于这个节日翡翠受欢迎，现在已经演变成＂苹果月＂了。在英国，人们在十月份庆祝该节日，持续大约一个月的时间。‎ ‎29.C 【解析】推理判断题。由第二段的最后一句可知选C。‎ ‎30.B 【解析】猜测词义题。由第三段内容可知选B。‎ ‎31.B 【解析】写作意图题。综合全文可知，作者向读者介绍了一个节日－－Apple Day，并推荐人们参加这个节日，故选B。‎ Passage 4(2016·天津卷)‎ ‎ When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him. His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier. Most of all, he was happier. Far happier.‎ ‎ These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston. The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not. “Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence (能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,” said George Vaillant, the psychologist (心理学家) who made the discovery. “And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.”‎ ‎ Vaillant’s study followed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25, 31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men’s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores. Points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school,‎ ‎ and ability to deal with problems.‎ ‎ The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out. Working— at any age — is important. Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence — the underpinnings (基础) of emotional health. They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. The most competent adults are those who know how to do this. Yet work isn’t everything. As Tolstoy once said, “One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work.”‎ ‎46. What do we know about John?‎ A. He enjoyed his career and marriage. ‎ B. He had few childhood playmates.‎ C. He received little love from his family.‎ D. He was envied by others in his childhood.‎ ‎47. Vaillant’s words in Paragraph 2 serve as _____.‎ A. a description of personal values and social values B. an analysis of how work was related to competence C. an example for parents’ expectations of their children D. an explanation why some boys grew into happy men ‎48. Vaillant’s team obtained their findings by _____.‎ A. recording the boys’ effort in school B. evaluating the men’s mental health C. comparing different sets of scores D. measuring the men’s problem solving ability ‎49. What does the underlined word “sharp” probably mean in Paragraph 4?‎ A. Quick to react. B. Having a thin edge.‎ C. Clear and definite. D. sudden and rapid.‎ ‎50. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?‎ A. Competent adults know more about love than work.‎ B. Emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life.‎ C. Love brings more joy to people than work does.‎ D. Independence is the key to one’s success.‎ ‎【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章通过John的例子结合一个研究发现说明童年时期帮助做一些家务的孩子长大后会更快乐，更成功。‎ ‎46.A 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第一段的句子He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier.可知，John喜欢他的事业和婚姻。故选A。‎ ‎47.D 【解析】考查推理判断。根据第二段的句子Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence(能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society可知，第二段Vaillant的话是解释为什么一些男孩成长为快乐的人。故选D。‎ ‎48.C 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段的句子the researchers compared the men’s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores可知，Vaillant的团队获得他们的发现是通过对比不同的得分。故选C。‎ ‎50. B 【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段的句子One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work可知，情感健康对于好的成年人生活是基本的。故选B。‎ Passage1（2018届 山东省滨州市高三上学期期中考试）‎ Vinegar makes salad,fries and dumplings taste better, and you can even use it to clean your windows. And now, according to scientists, it may even the planet’s population survive climate change.‎ Researchers from the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) in Japan found that growing plants in vinegar makes them more resistant to droughts. This could mean that in ‎ the future, worries about climate change affecting the world’s supply of food will be much lower. The discovery was made after the researchers studied the Arabidopsis, a plant known for its ability to survive in dry weather. It was found that when the plant was placed in drought-like conditions, it produced a chemical called acetate（醋酸盐）—the main component of vinegar.‎ After discovering this, the scientists experimented further by adding acetate to the soil of other plants, before they stopped giving them water completely. After leaving the plants for 14 days, they found that the ones treated with acetate had survived, while the untreated plants had dried up and died.‎ It’s hoped that this simple method of survival could soon be used to help farmers in dry countries keep their crops alive. "In the experiment, we targeted the staple foods of the world—rice, wheat and maize—and the basic plant of breeding species, rapeseed（油菜籽）," Jong Myong Kim, co-author of the study, told Popular Science magazine.‎ Kim also told the magazine he’s already been in touch with people all over the world who are interested in trying this simple and cost-effective method out for themselves from flower growing companies to amateur gardeners. Although at this point keeping thirsty plants alive isn’t as easy as just pouring vinegar over them, Kim said he and his team are working on making the process as simple as possible. "Now we are trying to cooperate with some farmers, and also some companies, to make a method to apply this system, "he said. And for those of us who always forget to ask our neighbors to water our plants when we go away, hopefully this means the end of returning home from a trip to find our favorite flowers have died.‎ ‎1.What is the article mainly about? .‎ A. The world’s food supply will be increased. ‎ B. Plants better survive droughts.‎ C. The Arabidopsis is resistant to droughts. ‎ D. Vinegar could be used to fight droughts.‎ ‎2.It was discovered that acetate can .‎ A. be used by farmers to replace soil B. only be produced by the Arabidopsis C. help plants survive dry conditions D. be used to improve poor soil ‎3.What are the target plants of the experiment?‎ A. all breeding species. B. wheat and Arabidopisis.‎ C. rice and maize. D. rapeseed and Arabidopisis.‎ ‎4.Jong Myong Kim’s experiment of trying out the method .‎ A. can make people’s trips pleasant B. turned out a worldwide success C. is as simple as pouring vinegar over the plants D. appeals to many flower growing companies ‎【文章大意】 本文属于科普类文章。醋不仅使食物味道更好，还可以用它来清洁你的窗户。研究发现醋中生长的植物，使它们更耐干旱。‎ ‎1.D 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知本文主要讲述了醋能让植物在干旱的环境中生存，即能抗击干旱，故选D。‎ ‎2.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段最后“The discovery was …the Arabidopsis, a plant known for its ability to survive in dry weather. It was found that when the plant was placed in drought-like conditions, it produced a chemical called acetate（醋酸盐）—the main component of vinegar.”及第三段“by adding acetate to the soil of other plants,… had survived,”分析可知研究人员发现Arabidopsis中的主要成分Arabidopsis能让植物在干旱的条件下生存，故选C。‎ ‎4.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的第一句“Kim…he’s already been in touch with people all over the world who are interested in trying this simple and cost-effective method out for themselves from flower growing companies to amateur gardeners”分析本句可知Kim已与对此感兴趣的花卉种植公司联系，也就是吸引这些公司。故选D。‎ Passage2（2018届河南省豫南豫北名校高三精英联赛 ）‎ Pollution’s great effects on the environment have become more obvious in recent years, leading to a movement to promote energy efficiency（效率）,less reliance on fossil（化石) fuels, and a reduction in air and water pollution. Most scientists agree that such changes are necessary to protect our environment from further harm.‎ The construction industry consumes a large quantity of energy and resources and creates a huge amount of pollution. In the United States, building and development account for 39% of ‎ the country’s total energy use, 12% of total water consumption,68% of total electricity consumption and 38% of carbon dioxide emissions（二氧化碳排放）, according to the Environment Protection Agency.‎ Green buildings use less energy, water, create less waste, and are healthier to live, work, and go to school in than standard buildings. Builders of green buildings use techniques that use resources more efficiently during the entire building cycle—construction, restoration, operation, maintenance（维护）and demolition（拆毁）—than those who construct more regular buildings.‎ The environmental benefits of building green include the protection of ecosystems（生态系统）and biodiversity, improved air and water quality, less waste flowing into streams, and the protection of natural resources. Green buildings can also result in lower operating costs because they typically use less energy and fewer materials and improve indoor air quality, improving the health of people who live in such buildings.‎ The process of building green includes technical and artistic planning with nature protection in mind. Building designs often reflect the surrounding environment and natural resources and use renewable building materials such as bamboo and straw. In addition, recycled resources found locally are used for green buildings, reducing the cost and air pollution associated with transporting materials over long distances.‎ Careful site selection is important to minimize（最小化）human impact on the surrounding environment. For example, placing a structure in an area that allows it to take advantage of cool breezes（微风）and sunlight can reduce energy use and expenses. More energy and expense are needed for larger buildings as well, so it is important to build small.‎ Green roofs are another feature of green houses that reduce energy use and cost. These roofs are partly or completely covered with plants, which helps to keep heating and cooling costs, prevent water running off and deal with pollutants.‎ Other features of green buildings often include energy and water conservation, recycling, and waste reduction. In addition, renewable energy sources such as solar power, hydropower（水能）and wind power are used for heat and electricity, which greatly reduces costs and decreases the impact on the environment.‎ ‎1.What is the text mainly about?‎ A. The necessity of promoting energy efficiency.‎ B. The process of building green buildings.‎ C. The benefits and features of green buildings.‎ D. Green buildings effects on the environment.‎ ‎2.According to the text, green buildings refer to the buildings that______.‎ A. produce no waste B. only use clean energy C. are made of recycled materials D. use energy and resources more efficiently ‎3.Which of the following statements is TRUE about green buildings?‎ A. They rely on fossil fuels and solar power for heat and electricity.‎ B. Small buildings are less efficient in energy use than larger ones.‎ C. The ecosystem has to be considered when building a green building.‎ D. They are difficult to maintain and thus need more operating costs.‎ ‎8.Why are green roofs used ?‎ A. They fit the surrounding environment well B. They are cheaper than other kinds of roofs C. They can keep natural water for use in everyday life D. They can help to control the temperature in the building well ‎【文章大意】在本文中作者主要分析了green building的诸多好处和对环境的巨大的保护作用，呼吁人们多建设这样的绿色的建筑。‎ ‎2.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中Builders of green buildings use techniques that use resources more efficiently during the entire building cycle可知绿色建筑指的是更有效地利用能源和资源的建筑物。故选D。‎ ‎3.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段第一句The environmental benefits of building green include the protection of ecosystems（生态系统）and biodiversity, improved air and water quality, less waste flowing into streams, and the protection of natural resources.由此可知，建造绿色建筑时必须考虑生态系统。故选C。‎ ‎4.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段These roofs are partly or completely covered with plants, which helps to keep heating and cooling costs, prevent water running off and deal with pollutants.可知，他们可以帮助控制大楼里的温度。故选D。‎ Passage3（2018届吉林省百校联盟高三TOP20十一月联考）‎ A new “smart bin” could mean the end of environment-conscious families spending hours sorting tins, cartons, bottles, and cardboard for recycling.‎ The invention, which can help sort rubbish into recycling categories without needing people to operate. It is being trialed in Poland and is set to go on sale in UK within a few years.‎ The bin, designed by start-up company Bin.E, recognizes different type of waste via a system positioned inside the bin which uses sensors, image recognition and artificial intelligence. Once waste is placed inside, the camera and sensor identify its type and place it in one of the smaller bins. Then it compresses the waste so it occupies less space.‎ It is thought that the bin could be stocked by department stores such as John Lewis, which said it is introducing more new hi-tech recycling bins. Matt Thomas, a buyer at John Lewis, gave us the reason, “We’ve recently seen a jump in specialist bins sales, with a 25 percent increase in the last few months alone. We have noticed our customers are becoming more and more focused on sustainability. In response to this demand, we are really excited to introduce a smart bin this autumn/winter season-designed to make recycling more efficient and functional for the everyday home."‎ Bin. E’s official release on the market will take place in 2018. However, at first only a larger version designed for offices will be available. The office bin will sell at £ 430 while customers will need to pay a £ 107 subscription fee for an accompanying smartphone app, which hooks them up with collection services. A spokesman at Bin. E said that home version of the bin will be cheaper and will not include a monthly payment.‎ They added: “After the office version, we plan to create an outdoor version and later the home version. We decided to go for the outdoor version for public areas first because it is ‎ more difficult to organize an efficient waste segregating system than in our homes.”‎ ‎1.What do we know about about a new “smart bin” from the first paragraph?‎ A. It works automatically.‎ B. It has been used widely.‎ C. It is easy to operate.‎ D. It is very expensive.‎ ‎2.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. The waste. B. The camera.‎ C. The bin. D. The sensor.‎ ‎11.Why is John Lewis introducing more new hi-tech recycling bins?‎ A. To change people’s behaviour,‎ B. To satisfy increasing demands.‎ C. To popularize new technology.‎ D. To make them more famous.‎ ‎4.Where will the first version of new “smart bin” be used according to Bin. E’s official?‎ A. At home. B. In the supermarket.‎ C. In the open air. D. In the office.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文介绍了一款可以智能分类垃圾的“智能垃圾箱”。并对它的设计，市场应用进行了介绍。‎ ‎1.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段A new “smart bin” could mean the end of environment-conscious families spending hours sorting tins, cartons, bottles, and cardboard for recycling.一个新的“智能垃圾箱”花几个小时来整理罐头、纸盒、瓶子和纸板，以便于回收利用。可知smart bin是自动的，智能的，故选A。‎ ‎2.C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据前边The invention, which can help sort rubbish into recycling categories without needing people to operate这项发明可以帮助垃圾分类，可知it指代the smart bin，故选C。‎ ‎4.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章However, at first only a larger version designed for offices will be available.最初只有一个为办公室设计的更大胆版本才可以使用。可知最初是在办公室使用，故选D。‎ Passage4（2018届山西省运城市高三上学期期中考试 ）‎ A business school in Paris will soon begin using artificial intelligence and facial analysis to determine whether students are paying attention in class. The software, called Nestor, is used in two online classes at the ESG business school beginning in September.‎ The idea, according to LCA founder Marcel Saucet, is to use the data that Nestor collects to improve the performance of both students and professors. The software uses students webcams（网络摄像机）to analyze eye movements and facial expressions and determine whether students are paying attention to a video lecture. It then formulates quizzes based on the content covered during moments of inattentiveness. Professors would also be able to identify moments when students’ attention declined, which could help to improve their teaching, Saucet says.‎ Advocates for AI in education say that the software is actually unable to teach a course, but the technology could be used as a digital tutor that would adapt to a student’s individual needs, and help develop more effective studying habits. Such software could also help teachers by providing feedback on the effectiveness of their teaching, advocates say.‎ Saucet says Nestor won’t store any of the video footage it gets and that his company has no plans to sell any other data the software collects. In addition to facial recognition and analysis, the software can integrate（合并）with students’ calendars to suggest possible study times, and track their online behavior to pick up on patterns.‎ Rose Luckin, a professor at the University College London Knowledge Lab, says AI could unlock the “black box of learning” by providing information on how and when learning happens. Luckin says a program like Nestor could be useful for students who take classes remotely,‎ ‎ since “there isn’t a human there watching them.” And while some are concerned that AI may one day replace teachers, Luckin sees the technology more as an assistant, rather than a replacement. Saucet agrees. “Human contact is not going to go away,” he says. “There will always be professors.”‎ ‎1.How does Nestor work to find out when students aren’t paying attention?‎ A. By collecting the data of students’ performance in different classes.‎ B. By collecting the students’ grades in the quizzes.‎ C. By shooting and analyzing students’ eye movements and facial expressions..‎ D. By identifying moments when students’ attention declined.‎ ‎2.Which is the benefit of AI education?‎ A. It could be used exactly to replace a tutor.‎ B. It helps student to develop more effective studying habits.‎ C. The software is able to satisfy the requirement of a course.‎ D. It could help teachers to give feedback on students’ performance..‎ ‎3.How does Nestor deal with the information collected from students?‎ A. Nestor will use it to suggest possible study time to students’ schedule.‎ B. It won’t store any video footage but facial expression.‎ C. The company hasn’t expected to make profits by selling the data to other corporations..‎ D. Nestor will use it to keep track online of students’ behavior and punish them.‎ ‎4.What is Rose Luckin’s attitude towards the replacement of teachers with AI?‎ A. Objective. B. Approving.‎ C. Indifferent. D. Opposed.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文介绍新的软件Nestor。它通过对学生眼球运动和面部表情的拍摄和分析来判断学生是否注意力集中。这种软件只对教学其辅助作用并不能替代老师。‎ ‎1.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第一句A business school in Paris will soon begin using artificial intelligence and facial analysis to determine whether students are paying attention in class.可知Nestor通过对学生眼球运动和面部表情的拍摄和分析来判断学生是否注意力集中。故选C。‎ ‎3.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中In addition to facial recognition and analysis, the software can integrate（合并）with students’ calendars to suggest possible study times, and track their online behavior to pick up on patterns. 可知Nestor将按着学生的进度用它来提示可能的学习时间。故选A。‎ ‎4.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中And while some are concerned that AI may one day replace teachers, Luckin sees the technology more as an assistant, rather than a replacement. Saucet agrees.可知Rose Luckin’对AI成为老师的替代品持反对意见。故选D。‎ ‎ ‎ Passage1‎ ‎ It has always been thought that alcohol causes people to put on weight because it contains a lot of sugar, but new research suggests a glass a day cold form part of a diet. Looking at past studies they found that, while heavy drinkers do put on weight; those who drink in moderation can actually lose weight.‎ ‎ A spokesman for the research team at Navarro University in Spain says, ＂Light to moderate alcohol intake, especially of wine, may be more likely to protect against, rather than promote, weight gain.＂ The International Scientific Forum on Alcohol research reviewed the findings and agreed with most of the conclusions, particularly that data do not clearly indicate if moderate drinking increases weight.‎ ‎ Boston University’s Dr. Harvey Finkel found that the biologic mechanisms(生物学机制) relating alcohol to changes in body weight are not properly understood. His team pointed out the strong protective effects of moderate drinking on the risk of getting conditions like diabetes(糖尿病), which relate to increasing obesity. Some studies suggest that even very obese people may be at lower risk of diabetes if they are moderate drinkers.‎ ‎ The group says alcohol provides calories that are quickly absorbed into the body and are ‎ not stored in fat, and that this process could explain the differences in its effects from those of other foods. They agree that future research should be directed towards assessing the roles of different types of alcoholic drinks, taking into consideration drinking patterns and including the past tendency of participants to gain weight.‎ ‎ For now there is little evidence that consuming small to moderate amounts of alcohol on a regular basis increases one’s risk of becoming obese. What’s more, a study three years ago suggested that resveratrol, a compound present in grapes and red wine destroys fat cells.‎ ‎1.The passage is mainly for those_________.‎ ‎ A. who produce wine ‎ B. who have a drinking habit ‎ C. who go on a diet ‎ D. who are eager to lose weight ‎2.The underlined phrase＂ in moderation＂ in the first paragraph means _________.‎ ‎ A. excitedly B. carefully ‎ C. frequently D. properly ‎3.What can we learn from the passage?‎ ‎ A. Current data clearly show that moderate drinking increases weight.‎ ‎ B. Resveratrol is proved to increase the risk of becoming fat.‎ ‎ C. The research found moderate drinking has a strong protective effect.‎ ‎ D. The specific roles of different types of alcoholic drinks are very clear.‎ ‎4.What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?‎ ‎ A. How to do some easy experiments.‎ ‎ B. How to reduce the calories contained in wine.‎ ‎ C. How to prove the finding mentioned above.‎ ‎ D. How to make wine in a healthy way.‎ ‎【文章大意】文章讲述了饮酒和健康的关系，告诉我们适量葡萄酒还会减肥。‎ ‎1.B【解析】推理判断题。文章讲述了饮酒和健康的关系，比如和肥胖、疾病等的关系。所以说是写给有 喝酒习惯的人的，故选B。‎ ‎2.D【解析】猜测词义题。与上句形成对比，此处指适量饮酒的人事实上能减肥，moderation＂适度＂与D 项同义，故选D。‎ ‎4.C【解析】推理判断题。文章最后讲到葡萄酒和红酒混合会破坏肥胖细胞，所以下文会证明这一观点， 故选C。‎ Passage2‎ ‎ When young people begin to live independently, home-hunting can bring some stress. But they would do well to remember that a new alternative is available—micro-home.‎ ‎ Called ＂tiny houses＂, these houses have all living necessities in a small package, including kitchen, bedroom and bathroom. Generally under 50 square meters, most tiny houses accommodate just one or two people though some claim the space for more. What’s lost in size is not lost in design as these homes are often quite unique and modern in design.‎ ‎ Besides an attractive appearance, tiny houses can also have unique practical features. Making the best of urban space, the 72- to122-centimeter-wide Keret House in Warsaw, the world’s narrowest home, fills in an alley. The Ecocapsule home uses solar power, wind power and rainwater collection to enable its owner to live practically anywhere. A system of rails allows the DALE micro-home to adjust room size and number as well as adding the option of an open or enclosed courtyard.‎ ‎ Visually appealing as micro-homes are, there are a few drawbacks to consider before getting cozy on a mini-couch. Moving into a tiny house requires the removing of most non-essentials, regardless of the emotional connection to them. Guests will also mostly be out of the question as the limited space may even cause a solitary (独居的) individual to experience some cabin fever (幽闭症). And finally, a micro-home is likely a temporary living option for most people since they will probably start families and acquiremore possessions. ‎ ‎ Though the limitations will scare some, there is usually a benefit. A small size results in a small price tag and small bills, making tiny houses easier to save up for and budget. And ‎ though you won’t have much stuff around the house, this can provide the comfort of simple living and repairs. Micro-homes are also practically mobile and have eco-friendliness that can’t be matched by other homes. They probably aren’t for everyone or forever, but when it comes to your next (or first) home, they could be just what you need.‎ ‎1.What can be learnt about micro-homes from the second paragraph?‎ ‎ A. People have to eat out as there is no cooking area.‎ ‎ B. These homes are poorly designed due to the small size.‎ ‎ C. All of the houses are under 50 square meters in size.‎ ‎ D. Such houses aren’t necessarily inconvenient though tiny.‎ ‎2.The third paragraph is mainly developed ________.‎ ‎ A. by giving examples ‎ ‎ B. by making comparisons ‎ C. by following the time order ‎ ‎ D. by describing the process ‎3.Micro-homes are especially fit for ________.‎ ‎ A. a young couple in hope of settling down permanently ‎ ‎ B. an individual constantly suffering from cabin fever ‎ C. a college graduate on a tight budget for the time being ‎ D. a family of five in favor of environmental protection ‎4.What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ ‎ A. Is Your House Tiny Enough? ‎ ‎ B. Why Not Enlarge Your House?‎ ‎ C. East Or West, Home Is the Best! ‎ ‎ D. Micro-homes—More Than Tiny!‎ ‎ 【文章大意】本文主要讲述了micro-homes的介绍和利弊简析。‎ ‎1.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段，特别是最后一句What’s lost in size is not lost in design as these homes are often quite unique and modern in design.可知房子虽小，应有尽有，不一定不方便，故选D。‎ ‎3.C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中A small size results in a small price tag and small bills, making tiny houses easier to save up for and budget. 小房子节约开支；They probably aren’t for everyone or forever, but when it comes to your next (or first) home, they could be just what you need.它们只是临时的家。因此可知C 项符合题意。‎ ‎4.D【解析】主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了micro-homes的介绍和利弊简析。可知D项符合题意。‎ Passage3‎ Professional courses, such as Masters in International Business or MIB, have been taken by many students in the last two decades. They are choosing new-age non-conventional courses that guarantee a better future. MIB is a specialized course that teaches the international business. There are valid reasons for so much popularity of MIB course.‎ ‎ The course content and teaching methods of MIB are quite different from a normal MBA or Master of Business Administration. It has been designed with the sole objective of developing professionals with an in-depth understanding and knowledge of the international trade. The course offers various advantages over the conventional MBA degree course.‎ ‎ The massive increase in the international business and foreign trade gives excellent job prospects(前景) to the new generation. Acquiring a degree of MIB offers outstanding growth of job opportunities. Those who want to pursue in the field of marketing also have a good future after completing the degree from a reputed MIB college. Big multinational organizations look for talented people who can handle the job profile of International Marketing Manage, and people with MIB degrees are preferred. The profile needs an in-depth understanding of the overseas markets, because it is the strategic post from the perspective of company’s international business growth.‎ ‎ Since business finance and economics are covered at length in the curriculum of MIB, students have great job offers in the field of finance as well. Typically, organizations offer the profile of international finance controllers to those who complete MIB with the specialization of finance. The specialization covers aspects of international taxes, accounts,‎ ‎ budgeting and so on. People in this field are well-paid, and growth prospects are unlimited. After completing degree course from a reputed MIB college, there is a good scope in the banking and finance sector as well. International banks appoint people who have an excellent grasp over the international banking policies, currency exchange, and international policies. Thus, MIB is the golden key to success with brilliant job opportunities in national and multinational sectors.‎ ‎1.The second paragraph is mainly developed by _______.‎ ‎ A. analyzing causes B. listing figures ‎ C. making comparisons D. proving definition ‎2.More and more people intend to acquire a degree of MIB because _______.‎ ‎ A. it is a compulsory course in the colleges ‎ B. it offers them conventional economic knowledge ‎ C. it offers them opportunities to do small businesses ‎ D. it helps them get good jobs in some organizations ‎3.What can we learn from the last paragraph?‎ ‎ A. The international finance controller is a high-quality job.‎ ‎ B. People get higher salary in business field than in finance field.‎ ‎ C. MIB holders are more promising in all careers than others.‎ ‎ D. International banks only accept employees from MIB colleges.‎ ‎4.What’s the writer’s purpose of writing this article?‎ ‎ A. To make an advertisement for the MIB course.‎ ‎ B. To analyze the disadvantages of the MIB course.‎ ‎ C. To explain why the MIB course is getting popular.‎ ‎ D. To predict the development trend of the MIB course.‎ ‎ 【文章大意】本文属属于说明文，现在MIB课程越来越受欢迎，文章中对其受欢迎的具体的原因进行了分析。‎ ‎1.C【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第一句The course content and teaching methods of MIB are quite different from a normal MBA or Master of Business Administration.和最后一句The course offers various advantages over the conventional MBA degree course.可知本段中主要通过对比MIB和MBA课程之间的区别来组织 全文的。故C项正确。‎ ‎3.A【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段前两句Since business finance and economics are covered at length in the curriculum of MIB, students have great job offers in the field of finance as well. Typically, organizations offer the profile of international finance controllers to those who complete MIB with the specialization of finance.可 知MIB课程中含有商业金融方面的课程，而很多机构会把国际金融控制师的工作给这些完成MIB学位 的人，说明这是一份非常好的工作。故A正确。‎ ‎4.C【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段可知现在MIB课程越来越受欢迎。本段最后一句There are valid reasons for so much popularity of MIB course.提出了这一课程受欢迎有很多原因，文章接下来三段就对具 体的原因进行了说明。故C项正确。‎ Passage4‎ You use her as a shoulder to cry on. She texts you back with casual jokes. But she, Xiaoice, is only a virtual chatbot（虚拟聊天机器人）.‎ ‎ Xiaoice, Microsoft’s latest artificial intelligence robot, was briefly released in 2014, and returned to WeChat in 2015, where she became a big hit. Millions of young Chinese now exchange messages with her daily, The New York Times reported. On WeChat, Xiaoice is an official account. After following it, users can start text-based conversations with Xiaoice.‎ ‎ ＂Her incredible learning ability was why people loved to talk with Xiaoice,＂ Liu Jinchang, a researcher at High-tech Research and Development Center under the Ministry of Science and Technology, told China Daily. Apart from her ability to identify photos and send emojis（表情符号） in conversations, Xiaoice gains 45 percent of her knowledge from interacting with users, China Daily reported.‎ ‎ Chatbot programs first appeared in the mid-1960s in the US. Driven by top tech companies, they are becoming smarter and more common. For instance, IBM’s latest artificial intelligence program served as an academic consultant at Australia’s Deakin University, answering students’questions about course schedules and financial aid. Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa ‎ have been used as voice assistants who can read news, play music and even make jokes for their users.‎ ‎ These programs are expected to move beyond smartphones, into televisions, cars and living rooms, The New York Times pointed out. However, it may take decades before scientists develop a ＂Samantha＂, the advanced chatbot seen in the fiction film Her. In the film, Samantha has a romantic relationship with her user played by US actor Joaquin Phoenix. Many viewers were enthusiastic about this fantasy of virtual soul mates.‎ ‎1.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?‎ ‎ A. She became a best seller.‎ ‎ B. She became very powerful.‎ ‎ C. She became a money maker.‎ ‎ D. She became very popular.‎ ‎2.Which of the following can Xiaoice do?‎ ‎ A. Do housework.‎ ‎ B. Spread messages.‎ ‎ C. Identify various photos.‎ ‎ D. Read news to its users.‎ ‎3.Which company’s chatbot program can act as an academic consultant?‎ ‎ A. Microsoft. B. IBM. C. Apple. D. Amazon.‎ ‎4.What can be learned from the last paragraph?‎ ‎ A. Chatbots will be applied to cars soon.‎ ‎ B. Chatbots mainly run on smartphones now.‎ ‎ C. Samantha is played by a US actor in the film.‎ ‎ D. The film Her doesn’t interest many audience. ‎ ‎【文章大意】本文讲述的是人工智能程序的发展情况。列举了微信上的聊天程序大受欢迎，IBM的人工智能程序能成为顾问，但是目前这种程序主要应用在智能手机上，人们期待它将来可以在手机以外的地方使用。‎ ‎1.D【解析】推理判断题。根据she became a big hit. Millions of young Chinese now exchange messages with her daily可知，她在微信上大受欢迎，很多中国人都喜欢与她聊天，故选D。‎ ‎2.C【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中her ability to identify photos and send ‎ emojis可知，她有能力分辨照 片和发送表情符号，故选C。‎ ‎3.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中IBM’s latest artificial intelligence program served as an academic consultant可知，IBM的最新人工智能程序可以作为学术顾问，故选B。‎