专题17+阅读理解——七选五+名师揭秘-2019年高考英语高频考点名师揭秘与仿真测试

专题17+阅读理解——七选五+名师揭秘-2019年高考英语高频考点名师揭秘与仿真测试

【考点解读】 一、题型特征    “七选五”型阅读理解题，试题模式为：给出一篇缺少五个句子的文章，对应有七个选 项，要求考生根据文章结构、内容，选出正确的句子，填入相应的空白处。《考试说明》对 该题型命题目的的表述为“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理 解和掌握。”  该题型要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之 间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握。  二、解题步骤  1. 在阅读过程中，要注意文章的开始与结束段落，尤其是文章的首段及末段末句，因 为“开门见山”与“结尾总结”的写作方式为常见的写作方式，首段的末句一般是全文的主题所 在，说明本文将探讨哪些内容，并简要指出文章的写作思路，有时甚至会以提纲的形式进行 呈现。首段的末句对于快速掌握文章的主题具有重要意义，如果它是文章的主题句，就可以 使读者迅速明确文章情节将如何展开，并对文章的写作主题有了整体的了解。如果末句不是 主题句，则需要继续寻找。这时，可以考虑文章的写作方式是否为“结尾总结”式，如两者均 可排除，则需在文章中其他段落寻找主题句，但要注意首段与末段的提示作用。   2. 边读 边做题，重点阅读各个问题附近的句子，圈定线索词，然后从选项中寻找相关的特征词，以 确定答案。做题时可以采用代入排除法。如果一题做不出或拿不准，可先放过，继续往下读， 先做容易的能做出的题，直到读完整篇文章。至此，文章的要点和主旨、各个段落之间的逻 辑关系应基本清楚了。将所选项放入空白处，看看是否与上下文构成语义及逻辑上的直接关 系，是否符合该处语境。能否承接前后的写作线索。使文章无论内容还是衔接上都能做到通 顺。  一篇文章作为一个整体，是有其写作的线索与思路的，在选项定位中，要尤其注意文章 的写作线索，文章的写作思路的连贯使文章的每个段落、每个句子甚至每个短语均融为一体。 如果代入选项后，发现文章写作线索中断或是前后矛盾，应更换其它选项。 3. 在完成选项定位后，应通读全文，检查文章内容是否完整，语义是否连贯合理、各 段落内容是否紧扣主题，语篇结构是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清 晰明了，格式以及用语是否恰当贴切，从而判断选择的答案是否正确。同时，我们还应注意 对相近选项的对比分析，个别干扰项由于与某个正确选项的内容相近具有很强的干扰性，这 时就需要我们认真分析，仔细甄别，排除干扰，从而得出正确选项。  要特别注意，除非有充分的理由否定向前的选择，否则不要仓促更改。只要前两步投入 了精力，动了脑筋，第一印象往往可信度很高。  三、解题策略  1. 从意思上判断  在做题时最重要的是要读懂空白前后的句子，明白这几句话的确切意思，然后根据意思 的连贯性或逻辑性从选项中选取正确答案。在读懂意思的基础上，再利用线索特征词等进一 步确认答案。  2. 从词汇上锁定线索  做题时很重要的一点是保持对一些线索词的敏感，最主要的线索特征词是空白前后的名 词和动词，寻找答案时注意在选项中查找同义词、近义词、反义词或表示同一类事物的词语 等。其次是代词、数词、表示时间/年代的词、地点/名称等专有名词等。尤其是在读不懂句 子的情况下，利用这样的线索词寻找答案是很有效的方法。 ⑴ 注意代词或定冠词 在做这类题目的时候，一定要注意句子中出现的人称代词或者指示代词，因为我们知道， 代词是指代一个名词或者一个句子的，然后通过代词在句子中所做的成分我们可以推断出它 指代的句子的类型，我们要做的就是从选项中找这类句型就可以了。 ⑵ 注意特殊疑问词 如果选项中或空前出现特殊疑问词，一定要把这句话仔细读几遍，因为对于不同特殊疑 问词的回答方式是不一样的，比如对 why 的回答，后面要有 because 等表原因的词，对 when 的回答，后面要有表时间的状语，对 where 的回答，后面要有表地点的名词，对 how 的回 答，后面要有方式状语等。  ⑶ 注意从关联词 由于英语的句段之间经常会运用关联词表示衔接和过渡，使文章逻辑更清楚和连贯，因 此文章中和选项中表示各种逻辑关系的路标性信号词在选择答案时都是很重要的线索。 在 做题时可将这三个层面的线索很好地结合起来。例如，在看到表示并列或递进关系的关联词 时，一般表示前后句子的名词或句意具 有同指性；而表示转折让步关系的词则往往表示前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，或 褒贬对立或肯否对立；而表示例证关系的词则意味着在举例之前或之后有表述概念或某一观 点的句子，往往会有复数名词出现。常见的关联词有下面这些：  ①并列与递进关系：and, or, also，neither...nor..., either...or..., in the same way, that is  to say, as well as, the same as, besides, moreover, in addition to, what is more  ②因果关系：because, for, since, as, therefore, so, so...that, thanks to, as a result,  because of,  in that, for this reason, of course  ③转折让步关系：but, however, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, rather  than, instead of,  it is true that, of course, although, though, even though, even if  ④时间关系：at first, at last, finally, first, firstly, in the first place, to start with，in  the mean time,  last, later, next, second, secondly, then, third, thirdly, to begin with 以及一些具体的时间。  4. 根据试题所在的不同位置确定不同的解题策略    （1）如果问题在段首  ①通常是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相 关的词，推断出主题句。  ②与后文是并列、转折、因果关系等。着重阅读后文第一两句，锁定线索信号词，然后 在选项中查找相关特征词。通常正确答案的最后一句与空白后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接 的，因此这两句间会有某种的衔接手段。    ③段落间的过渡句。这时要前瞻后望找启示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与 上一段结尾有机地衔接起来，并结合下一段内容，看所选的答案是否将两段内容连贯起来。    （2）如果问题在段尾  ①空白前的一句或两句是重点语句，重点阅读以锁定关键词。  ②通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词， 如 therefore, as a result, in a word 等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。  ③与前文是转折或对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时 注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系。 ④与前文是并列或排比关系。在这种情况下，通常是该段落要求补全说明本段主题的其 他细节，因此根据段落一致性原则，在原文和选项中找到相关的特征词，通常在选项中会出 现表示并列/递进关系的关联词或与前文类似的句式结构，或出现同义词等其他信号线索。 前面的一句与正确答案的第一句是紧密相连的。要特别注意阅读这样相连的两句，通常会找 到关键的线索词句。  ⑤所选答案是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑 与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否与选项的最后一句紧密 连接起来。  ⑥如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要 提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有 这样的特征词。 【真题分析】 1.【2018 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试新课标 I 卷】 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Color is fundamental in home design——something you’ll always have in every room. A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you’ll love to live in. Do you want a room that’s full of life? Professional? Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day?_____36_____, color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel. Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point._____37_____, they can get a little complex .But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones. _____38_____. They’re the little spots of color like throw pillows ,mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms .Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa ,small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable . Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas, dinner tables or bookshelves _____39_____. They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space. The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors .Whether you’re looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant._____40_____. A. While all of them are useful B. Whatever you’re looking for C. If you’re experimenting with a color D. Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with E. It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces F. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了室内设计中颜色的选择问题。 【答案与解析】 36. B。36 题以逗号结尾，后面另起一个简单句，可以从句子结构排除 D,E,F,G 项。根 据前文的三个问句可知，此处是从中选择一种。故选 B（不管你寻找哪一种）。 37. A。 前文：在过去的许多年里，有许多技术帮助设计者实现这一要点；下文：它们 有点复杂。所以 A（然而他们都很有用）承上启下。符合题意。 40. F。根据前文 the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant（你所付诸的 时间、精力和相关的费用是巨大的），后文 F 项（那肯定是值得的，因为你想第一次把它弄 好）是上文的结果。故选 F。 2.【2018 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试新课标 II 卷】 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 If you are already making the time to exercise, it is good indeed! With such busy lives, it can be hard to try and find the time to work out. ___36___ Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit. Your productivity is improved. Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day.___37___ Your metabolism(新陈代谢) gets a head start. ___38___ If you work out in the mornings, then you will be getting the calorie(卡路里)burning benefits for the whole day, not in your sleep. ___39___ Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening. Exercise energizes you, so it is more difficult to relax and have a peaceful sleep when you are very excited. ___40___ If you work out bright and early in the morning, you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day. Who would want to ruin their good workout by eating junk food? You will want to continue to focus on positive choices. There are a lot of benefits to working out, especially in the mornings. Set your alarm clock an hour early and push yourself to work out! You will feel energized all day long. A. You will stick to your diet. B. Your quality of sleep improves. C. You prefer healthy food to fast food. D. There is no reason you should exercise in the morning. E. You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise. F. After you exercise, you continue to burn calories throughout the day. G. If you are planning to do exercise regularly, or you’re doing it now, then listen up! 【文章大意】 这是一篇说明文。列举了早晨锻炼对人体的四条好处，号召人们早点起床，进行身体锻 炼。 【答案与解析】 36. G。根据空前的内容“生活忙碌没有时间锻炼”和空后的内容“晨练除了身体健康 之外，还能带来其他好处”，下文接着列举了晨练的其他好处。由此可知，此处缺一个承上 启下句。G 项中 then listen up!（那么请仔细听!）很好的起到了承上启下的作用。故选 G。 39. B。此处缺一个主题句。空后句子解释了早起锻炼的人比晚上锻炼的人睡得更好。B 项（你的睡眠质量提高了。）是对后面内容的总述。故选 B。 40.A。根据空后句子" f you work out bright and early in the morning, you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day.(如果你在早晨锻炼身体,你将更有可 能坚持健康的食物选择。)"，A 项（你将坚持你的饮食）符合本段內容，是主题句，起到统 领下文的作用。故选 A 3.【2018 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试新课标 III 卷】 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Before there was the written word, there was the language of dance. Dance expresses love and hate, joy and sorrow ,life and death, and everything else in between. ____36____We dance from Florida to Alaska, from north to south and sea to sea. We dance at weddings, birthdays , office parties and just to fill the time. “I adore dancing,” says Lester Bridges, the owner of a dance studio in Iowa. “I can't imagine doing anything else with my life." Bridges runs dance classes for all ages. "Teaching dance is wonderful. _____37_____It's great to watch them. For many of them, it's a way of meeting people and having a social life." ____38____"I can tell you about one young couple," says Bridges. “They're learning to do traditional dances. They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile. ______39______” So, do we dance in order to make ourselves feel better, calmer, healthier? Andrea Hillier says,“Dance, like the pattern of a beating heart, is life. Even after all these years, I want to get better and better._____40_____ I find it hard to stop! Dancing reminds me I'm alive." A. So why do we dance? B. Dance in the U.S.is everywhere. C. If you like dancing outdoors, come to America. D. My older students say it makes them feel young. E. I keep practicing even When I'm extremely tired. F. Dancing seems to change their feeling completely. G. They stayed up all night long singing and dancing. 【文章大意】 本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了跳舞的好处。 【答案与解析】 38. A。根据第四段后句，是通过举例介绍人们跳舞的原因，故选 A。 39. F。根据前句 they arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile, 所以他们 的心情彻底改变，故选 F。 40. E。根据文章前后句可知，此处人称为第一人称，所以 E 符合语境，作者结合自己 的跳舞经历介绍了跳舞给自己带来的好处。 4.【2018 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试浙江卷】 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余 选项。 Moving into a new home in a new neighborhood is an exciting experience. Of course, you want to make sure that you become an accepted and valuable part of your neighborhood. The easiest way to accomplish this is to make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbor should. _____31_____ Perhaps one of the most important things you can do as a good neighbor is to keep your property(房产) neat, clean, and in good repair. ____32____ By choosing to keep the outside of the home in great shape, you will help to improve the look and feel of the area. Second, take the overall appearance of the neighborhood seriously. When going for a walk, take along a small garbage bag. _____33_____ This small act will let your neighbors know that you care about the area. ______34______ If a neighbor is going to be out of town, offer to collect mail and newspapers. If a neighbor suffers an illness, offer to do the grocery shopping. Let them know that you are there to help in any way this acceptable, while still respecting the privacy of your neighbor. ______35______ By following the basic rules of respecting others, taking care of what belongs to you, and taking pride in the appearance of the neighborhood in general, you will quickly become a good neighbor that everyone appreciate. A. In general, keep an eye on their property while they are gone. B. A good neighbor is also one who likes to help out in small ways. C. Being a good neighbor is more or less about considerate behavior. D. Sometimes neighbors may go to the supermarket together to do shopping. E. Should you come across waste paper thrown out of a passing car, pick it up. F. People tend to take pride in keeping everything in their street fresh and inviting. G. Here are a few tips to help you win over everyone in the neighborhood quickly. 【文章大意】 怎样成为一个邻居都喜欢的人，作者给了几点建议。 【答案与解析】 31. G。考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。本段讲如果你想成为邻居中一个可以接 受和有价值的部分，最简单的方法就是确保你的行为举止像一个好邻居。下文是具体做法， G 项（这里有一些技巧，可以帮助你迅速赢得邻居的信赖。）承上启下，故选 G。 32. F。考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。本段介绍和邻居关系融洽最重要的是保 持干净整洁的户内户外环境，F 项中 People tend to take pride in keeping everything in their street fresh and inviting.(人们往往会自豪于保持街上的一切新鲜和诱人)与本段意思一致，故 选 F。 35. C。考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。最后一段是总结，只要我们考虑周到， 尊重他人，照顾好属于自己的东西，为周围的人感到自豪，很快就会成为一个大家都喜欢的 好邻居。C 项中 considerate behavior 是下文内容的概括，故选 C。