专题09 阅读理解主旨大意题（冲关秘笈）-备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈

专题09 阅读理解主旨大意题（冲关秘笈）-备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈

备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈 专题09 阅读理解主旨大意题 主旨大意题是高考阅读理解的主要题型之一， 旨在考查考生对文章大意或者文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。此类题数量较大，在15个题中约占1-2个。‎ ‎◆主旨大意题的分类 ‎ ‎1. 从考查对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种 ‎①篇章主旨：针对全文的主题进行提问。主题句出现在首段的居多，其次是末段。‎ ‎②段落主旨：针对某一段或几段的主题提问。主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻 ‎ 找或总结。‎ ‎2. 考查内容上划分，主旨大意题可分为三种 ‎①主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意；‎ ‎②目的类，考查文章或段落的写作目的；‎ ‎③标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。‎ ‎◆设问特点：‎ ‎1. 考查全文主旨或段落大意。‎ ‎2. 正确选项概况范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确。‎ ‎3. 错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或者偏离主题，主观臆断。‎ ‎4. 常以main idea, best idea, subject, mainly discuss 等词提问。‎ ‎◆常考问题：‎ ‎1. 中心思想类 ‎ The main point /idea of the passage is…‎ ‎ The passage is mainly about… ‎ ‎ The passage mainly discusses…‎ ‎ The last but one paragraph is chiefly concerned with…?‎ ‎ Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?‎ ‎2. 标题类 ‎ ‎ Which of the following is the best title of the passage?‎ ‎ The best title for the passage would be …‎ ‎3. 目的类 ‎ The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to …‎ ‎ The passage is meant to ….‎ ‎ In writing this passage, the author mainly intends to…‎ ‎【名师指导】‎ 文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：‎ ‎1. 中心主题句出现在文首 开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。‎ 新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。‎ ‎【典例】‎ ‎ （2016·新课标卷III）Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and ‎ good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.‎ ‎ ＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,＂ says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. ＂They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.＂‎ ‎ Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the ＂most e-mailed＂ list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.‎ ‎ Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, ＂Contagious: Why Things Catch On.＂‎ ‎25. What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ ‎ A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide．‎ B .Online News Attracts More People．‎ C. Reading Habits Change with the Times．‎ D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks．‎ ‎【文章大意】人们常说＂没有消息就是最好的消息＂，类似的传统说法只适合于大众媒体。在网络普及的时代，好消息在网络上的传播速度比坏消息要快很多。‎ ‎【答案】D ‎2. 主题句出现在文尾 在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。‎ ‎【典例】‎ The famous American gorilla(大猩猩) expert Diane Fossey had a completely new way to study gorillas — she pretended to be one of them. She copied their actions and way of life — eating plants and getting down on her hands and knees to walk the way a gorilla does. It was a new relationship.‎ Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into the popular film Gorillas in the Mist. It was a long way from King Kong, which is about a gorilla as a monster (a frightening animal), and helped to show a new idea: the real monster is man, while the gorilla is to be admired.‎ Today there are thought to be around 48,000 lowland gorillas and maybe 400—450 mountain gorillas in the wild. From the Congo in West Africa, to Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by the cutting down of their forest homes.‎ Some time ago, I found in my letterbox a little magazine from the World Wide Fund for Nature. It had two photos side by side. One was of a young gorilla. “This is a species of mammal(哺乳类动物),” said the words below it. “It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.” The other photo showed a human baby. The words also read, “This is a ‎ species of mammal,” but then went on: “It is the most destructive(破坏性的) on earth. We must retrain it for its own good.”‎ ‎56.The text mainly talks about _____.‎ A. Diane Fossey B. the gorillas in Rwanda C. the protection of the gorillas D. the film Gorillas in the Mist ‎【答案】C ‎3. 首尾呼应的写作方法 为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。‎ ‎【典例】‎ Lacrosse (曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World. ‎ People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal is a net. There are ten players on each team. Each player has a stick called “ cross”. The player hit a ball into the net as many times as possible. Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball at a high speed with their sticks. Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse. ‎ There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio. ‎ At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.‎ ‎1.The passage is mainly about ___________.‎ A. How to Play Lacrosse ‎ B. Lacrosse in Canada ‎ C. The History of Lacrosse ‎ D. Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada ‎ ‎【答案】D ‎4. 中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句 阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。‎ ‎【典例】‎ Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed (无武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each other’s hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Let’s shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached.‎ Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet? No. Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite. It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or-her. Even if, for politeness, he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly. There is generally a misunderstanding (误解) among the Chinese that westerners ‎ are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved (保守的) in manner. But in fact some people in western countries more reserved than some Chinese today. So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.‎ ‎65. The first paragraph mainly tells us ______. ‎ A. where handshaking was first practised B. how handshaking came about C. about the relationship between handshaking and trade D. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】主旨大意题。在文章第一段说明了握手的来历。实际上也就是谈论握手是怎样产生的。‎ ‎67. The main purpose of the text is ______.‎ A. to tell us some differences between the East and the West B. to offer us some important facts about handshaking C. to introduce us to some different customs in the West D. to give us some advice before we travel abroad ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】主旨大意题。本文没有明确主题句，中心主题隐含在全文之中。根据全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了握手的一些具体情况。‎ ‎4. 主题句出现在文章的中间 通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。‎ ‎【典例】‎ The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past. The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates each year, but generally takes place in November or December. It is well attended by tourists, but even better attended by locals.‎ During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from the government leaders, people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the sands. Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship. One following another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture. Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs. On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.‎ ‎…‎ ‎67. This passage mainly tells readers_______.‎ A. what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival B. how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival C. what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival D. how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival ‎【答案】A 怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题 ‎——高度概括法 对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。‎ 标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？‎ 首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体 现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。‎ 其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，‎ 仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。‎ 再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。‎ 最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。比如某一文章的中心句为：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names on Thursday Nov. 18th 2004 in Beijing.‎ 话题：Stamps 控制性概念：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names 标题：China issued 1st set of stamps on family names 根据多年高考的试题分析可以用以下两招确定标题归纳题答案：‎ 第一招：首尾段中寻找观点句、哲理句 ‎1. 首尾段中的＂观点＂、＂哲理句＂，常常是主旨；‎ ‎2. 首尾段复指同一观点，该观点一定是主旨；‎ ‎3. 首尾段共同点与中间段落多次汇集在同一点，该点一定是主旨；‎ ‎4. 将该主旨与选项文字比对，含义相同或最大程度接近者，即可确定为最佳标题。‎ 第二招：找多段首句、核心句之交点 ‎1. 多个自然段、核心句含义相比得出共同点；‎ ‎2. 或各段首句、核心句相交，找到交点；‎ ‎3. 把共同点或交点概括成一句话，并与题目选项比对，完全相等或最大程度接近即可确定为标题。‎ ‎【典例】‎ August 8, was Earth Overshoot Day. Calculated annually by the environmental advocacy(支持，拥护) group, Global Footprint Network (GFN), it is the day when human has consumed all the natural resources — produce, meat, fish, water, and wood — that our planet can regenerate(再生) in a single year. This means that for the rest of 2016, we will be using natural resources that are impossible to replace.‎ For those that are a little confused, it is similar to spending your entire year’s allowance by August and then borrowing money from friends, knowing fully well that you cannot repay the loan. GFN says that the same thing happens in the case of the Earth.‎ ‎ The date of Earth Overshoot Day varies each year. In an ideal, fully sustainable world, we should only spend what we have. This means that Earth Overshoot Day would fall on December 31, or perhaps even spill into the following year, indicating that we are saving some resources for a rainy day. That did happen in 1961, when we only consumed three-quarters of what the planet produced. ‎ Unfortunately, the day has been going up rapidly since 2014 when it fell on August 19. In 2015, it was August 13, and this year, the earliest so far — August 8! The only way to sustain ‎ this demand would be to have 1.6 earths, which as we all know, is not possible.‎ Fortunately, experts say that the situation is not as grim as it sounds. Many countries are already taking steps to reduce carbon emissions, which accounts for 60% of our ecological footprint, by switching to solar or wind-generated power.‎ Individuals can also help by eating less meat, walking, biking, or taking public transportation, as well as adopting the three R’s: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. If we all work together, we can help push back Earth Overshoot Day to December 31, or even beyond!‎ ‎27. What is the best title for the passage?‎ A. A Warning: Earth Overshoot Day ‎ B. A Celebration: Earth Overshoot Day ‎ C. A Reminder: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle D. An Advertisement: Global Footprint Network ‎【文章大意】 本文是一篇环保类说明文。文章介绍了Earth Overshoot Day。今年在八月八号我们就已经消耗掉今年全年的可再生资源，接着又介绍了Earth Overshoot Day的计算方法。通过介绍Earth Overshoot Day，作者呼吁人们减少资源浪费。‎ ‎【答案】 A ‎ ‎