专题09非谓语动词（专题）-2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破

专题09非谓语动词（专题）-2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破

专题09非谓语动词（专题）‎ ‎2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破 ‎【2017年高考考纲解读】‎ 近三年高考主要考查非谓语动词的作用和形式。在作用方面主要考查作宾语时用不定式还是动名词；作宾语、状语、补语时用不定式还是分词；它们作某一成分时的特殊情况及特殊结构。在形式方面主要考查用一般式还是完成式、主动式还是被动式、现在分词还是过去分词。‎ ‎【重点、难点剖析】‎ 一、非谓语动词作状语 ‎1．不定式作状语 不定式作状语通常表示：(1)原因(多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后)；(2)目的(可用so as to/in order to替换，但so as to一般不可置于句首)；(3)结果(常表出乎意料的结果，常为only to do)。‎ ‎①We were very excited to hear the news.(原因)‎ ‎②To get there on time I got up very early.(目的)‎ ‎③He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there.(结果)‎ ‎2．现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别 ‎(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。‎ Not knowing what to do，he went to his parents for help.‎ 由于不知怎么办才好，他去找他父母帮忙。‎ ‎(2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。‎ Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.‎ 如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。‎ ‎(3)部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、stationed(驻扎)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、born in(出身于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。‎ Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，he didn't hear the sound.‎ ‎3．独立主格结构作状语 如果分词作状语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，须在分词前面加上它自己的主语，这种结构叫独立主格结构，其作用相当于状语从句；有时也用with复合结构(with ‎＋宾语＋宾语补足语)作状语。‎ ‎(1)名词/主格代词＋现在分词 名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。‎ The girl staring at him(＝As the girl stared at him)，he didn't know what to say.‎ 女孩两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。‎ ‎(2)名词/主格代词＋过去分词 名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。‎ The problems solved(＝As the problems were solved)，the quality has been improved.‎ 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。‎ ‎(3)名词/主格代词＋不定式 名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。‎ He is going to make a model plane，some old parts to help.‎ 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。‎ ‎(4)with复合结构(with＋宾语＋宾语补足语)作状语，是用现在分词、过去分词还是动词不定式作宾语补足语，关键是看宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系。‎ With time passing by(time和pass之间为主动关系)，he almost forgot everything in the past.‎ 随着时间的流逝，他几乎忘记了过去所有的事情。‎ He sat on the chair，with his hands tied(hands和tie之间为被动关系)behind his back.‎ 他坐在椅子上，双手在背后捆着。‎ 二、非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语 ‎1．非谓语动词作主语 ‎(1)Laughing helps your body stay healthy and can even help you fight pain.(动名词作主语)‎ ‎(2)To see is to believe.(不定式作主语)‎ ‎(3)It is important to respect people.(不定式短语作主语，it作形式主语)‎ ‎(4)It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)‎ ‎2．非谓语动词作表语 ‎(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质，回答what引导的问句。‎ ‎(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作或表示将来的动作。‎ ‎3．非谓语动词作宾语 非谓语动词作宾语的主要是不定式和动名词 ‎(1)afford，agree，choose，determine，expect，decide，learn，offer，manage，hope，want，wish，promise，refuse，fail，pretend，happen等动词后跟不定式作宾语。‎ ‎(2)appreciate，avoid，bear，consider，dislike，delay，enjoy，escape，finish，hate，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，postpone，resist，risk，stand，suggest等动词后跟动名词作宾语。‎ ‎(3)以下动词后接不定式和动名词作宾语意义不同。‎ 动词 接动名词作宾语 接不定式作宾语 remember 记得曾做过某事 记得要做某事 forget 忘记曾做过某事 忘记要做某事 try 尝试做某事 努力做某事 regret 对做过的事表示后悔 对要做的事表示遗憾 mean 意味着做某事 企图(打算)做某事 can't help 禁不住做某事 不能帮助做某事 go on 继续做未完成的事 做完一件事后，接着做另一件事 stop 中断正在做的事 中断正在做的事，去做别的事 ‎【特别提醒】‎ ‎1．动名词作宾语时，可以带逻辑主语。此时，逻辑主语可以是物主代词、人称代词的宾格或所有格。‎ Do you mind my/me reading your paper?‎ 你介意我看你的考卷吗？‎ ‎2．作宾语的动名词和不定式除了一般式和主动式，还有完成式、被动式。 完成式表示该动作比谓语动作先发生。否定式在doing/to do前加not。‎ ‎(1)I regret not having taken her advice.(not须放在having前)‎ 我感到遗憾，没有听从她的建议。‎ ‎(2)They couldn't stand being treated like that.‎ 他们不能忍受被那样对待。‎ ‎(3)He decided to help me but I pretended to have finished my job.‎ 他决定帮我，但我假装已经完成工作了。‎ 三、非谓语动词作定语 ‎1．不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，它与所修饰的名词或不定式代词存在主谓、动宾或同位关系。‎ You are the third one to enter the room.(主谓关系)‎ I have something important to say.(动宾关系)‎ He has no opportunity to go abroad.(同位关系)‎ ‎2．动名词作定语多前置，表示所修饰的事物的性能和用途。‎ a reading room(＝ a room for reading)‎ ‎3．现在分词作定语表主动和进行，可转换为定语从句。‎ The question being discussed (＝which is being discussed) now is important.‎ ‎4．过去分词作定语表被动和完成，也可转换为定语从句。‎ The question discussed(＝which was discussed) yesterday is important.‎ 四、非谓语动词作宾语补足语 ‎1．advise/allow/ask/beg/expect/encourage/force/get/invite/order/permit/persuade/tell/warn/wish等动词后面常用不定式作补语。如：‎ Tell the children not to play on the street.‎ The police warned us not to go out at night.‎ ‎2．make/let/have等使役动词后面用不带to的不定式作补语，但在被动句中则使用带to的不定式。如：‎ They make the students do too much homework every day.‎ The students are made to do too much homework every day.‎ ‎3．感官动词后面可用不带to的不定式或分词作补语。‎ 从时间上看，不定式表示发生或完成；现在分词强调正在进行；过去分词表示完成。‎ 从逻辑关系上看，不定式和现在分词与宾语之间存在着主谓关系；过去分词与宾语之间存在着动宾关系。如：‎ I saw him cross the street.‎ 我看到他穿过了大街。‎ I saw him crossing the street.‎ 我看到他正在穿过大街。‎ I saw him surrounded by a group of students.‎ 我看到一群学生围着他。‎ 五、非谓语动词的否定式、进行式、完成式和被动式 ‎1．非谓语动词的否定式均是在前面加not。‎ He pretended not to see me.‎ I regret not following his advice.‎ Not having tried his best，he failed in the exam.‎ ‎2．不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式。‎ 当谓语动词表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式动作正在进行，不定式要用进行式。‎ The boy pretended to be working hard.‎ 当不定式的动作在谓语动作发生时，不定式要用完成式。‎ I happened to have seen the film.‎ 当不定式的逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式。‎ The patient asked to be operated on at once.‎ ‎3．动名词的完成式、被动式、完成被动式和带有逻辑主语的复合结构。‎ We remembered having seen the film.‎ He came to the party without being invited.‎ He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.‎ His not knowing English troubled him a lot.‎ ‎4．现在分词的完成式和被动式。‎ 当现在分词的动作早于谓语动作发生时，现在分词要用完成式。‎ Having done his homework，he played basketball.‎ 当现在分词的逻辑主语为其动作的承受者时，现在分词要用被动式。‎ The problem being discussed is very important.‎ Having been told many times，the naughty boy made the same mistake.‎ ‎【题型示例】‎ 题型1、辨别谓语与非谓语动词 ‎【例1】 Before you quit your job, ________(consider) how your family would feel about ‎ your decision.‎ ‎【答案】consider　‎ ‎ 【举一反三】Let those in need ________(understand) that we will go all out to help them.‎ ‎【答案】understand　‎ ‎【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：要让那些生活困难的人们相信我们会全力以赴帮助他们的。本题考查let sb. do sth.结构，let是使役动词，其后作宾补的动词不定式要省略to，故该题的正确答案为understand。in need“生活困难的”，作those的后置定语。‎ ‎【变式探究】________ it with me should be a good choice.Trust me!　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　‎ A．When left B．Leave C．If you leave D．Leaving ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】句意：把他留给我应该是一个好选择。 相信我。 leaving是动名词作主语。学&科网 ‎【变式探究】 Please do me a favor—________ my friend Mr.Smith to Youth Theater at 7：30 tonight.‎ A．to invite B．inviting C．invite D．invited ‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】该题目把祈使句，非谓语动词以及破折号的作用综合到一起来进行考查。句意：请帮我个忙——邀请我的朋友史密斯先生今晚7点半到青年剧院。破折号后是一个祈使句。‎ ‎【特别提醒】‎ 谓语：谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明，指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。 ‎ 非谓语：在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫作非谓语动词。　　　‎ 题型2、非谓语动词做主语、宾语 ‎【例2】(2016·新课标Ⅰ，67)My ambassadorial duties will include ‎ ________(introduce)British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.‎ ‎【答案】introducing　‎ ‎ 【举一反三】(2015·安徽，27改编)________(ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make. ‎ 立意与点拨：设空处位于句首，考虑句中可能缺少主语或状语，再分析句子成分，句中已有谓语动词will be，句中缺少的是主语，再根据句意可知应用动名词形式。 ‎ 答案：Ignoring　句意为：忽视这两种研究结果的差异将是你所犯的最严重错误之一。分析句子结构可知，句子的谓语部分是will be，one of the worst mistakes是表语，you make是省略关系代词的定语从句，修饰mistakes。很显然，________ the difference between the two research findings是主语部分，结合语境可知设空处用动名词作主语。答案为Ignoring。‎ ‎【变式探究】 (2015·课标全国Ⅱ，64)In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without________(use)electric equipment. ‎ 立意与点拨：空格前有介词without，提示词为use，可知此处应填动名词形式作宾语。 ‎ 答案：using　句意为：除了朴素之美外，令人赞叹的是这些土坯房具有不使用电气设备就能自动进行空气调节的能力。介词without后面用名词或动名词作宾语，故填using。‎ ‎【变式探究】Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and ________(reduce) to ruins, the city took on a new look.‎ ‎【答案】being reduced　‎ ‎【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：在遭遇非常严重的地震变成废墟之后不久，那个城市就呈现出了崭新的面貌。and为并列连词，连接after后的两个宾语suffering from...和being reduced to ... 。be reduced to (doing) sth.使沦为，固定结构。‎ ‎【举一反三】I remembered ________(lock) the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.‎ ‎【答案】to lock　‎ ‎ 【变式探究】I can't stand ________ with Jane in the same office.She just refuses ________ talking while she works.‎ A．working; stopping B．to work；stopping C．working；to stop D．to work；to stop ‎ ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】stand在这里表示“忍受”，后面要求用动名词作宾语，而“refuse”要用不定式作宾语。‎ ‎【变式探究】 Isn't it time you got down to ________ the papers?‎ A．mark B．be marked C．being marked D．marking ‎ ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】“got down to”中的“to”是介词，因而要用动名词作宾语，而动名词“marking”与其逻辑主语“you”是主动关系。‎ ‎【特别提醒】‎ 非谓语作主语、宾语的重点 ‎(1)it充当动词不定式的形式主语或形式宾语 ‎①It is important for us to learn English very well.‎ 对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。‎ ‎②I think it important for us to learn English very well.我认为对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。‎ ‎(2)it作形式主语使用动名词的句型 ‎①It is no use/no good/useless＋doing sth ‎ It is no use crying.哭没有用。‎ ‎②It is fun (a great pleasure, a waste of time) ＋doing sth ‎ It is a waste of time trying to explain.‎ 设法解释是浪费时间。　　　‎ 题型3、非谓语动词做表语 ‎【例3】(2016·浙江，1)—Are you sure you're ready for the test?‎ ‎—No problem.I'm well ________(prepare)for it.‎ ‎【答案】prepared　【解析】句意：——你确定你准备好考试了吗？——没问题。我已经做好准备了。I作主语，be动词后要接动词的ed形式充当表语。‎ ‎【举一反三】 (2014·广东，25)We got a little ________(sunburn)，but the day had been so relaxing that we didn't mind. ‎ 立意与点拨：给出的提示词为动词，并且句中也有了谓语动词got，考虑设空处应用非谓语动词形式；再分析sunburn与其逻辑主语we的关系可判断应用过去分词形式。 ‎ ‎ 【变式探究】The engine just won't start. Something seems ________(go) wrong with it.‎ ‎【答案】to have gone　‎ ‎【解析】考查非谓语动词作表语。句意：这个引擎发动不了了，好像出毛病了。seem后接to do形式。由于go wrong动作发生在seem之前，所以用动词不定式的完成式(to have done)表示动作已经发生，在句中作表语。学&科网 ‎【举一反三】Tom sounds very much ________(interest) in the job, but I'm not sure whether he can manage it.‎ ‎【答案】interested　‎ ‎【解析】“sound”是连系动词，应使用形容词化的分词作表语。“interest”的现在分词表示主语所具有的特征，意思是“令人感兴趣的”；过去分词表示主语所处的状态，意思是“感兴趣的”。‎ ‎【变式探究】Tom sounds very much ________ in the job, but I'm not sure whether he can manage it.‎ A．interested B．interesting ‎ C．interestingly D．interestedly ‎【答案】A ‎ 【变式探究】 Please remain ________；the winner of the prize will be announced soon.‎ A．seating B．seated C．to seat D．to be seated ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】“seat”是及物动词，“be seated＝sit down”。此处“seated＝sitting”。“remain seated”保持坐着的状态。句意：请各位在座位上坐着；获奖者很快就会宣布的。‎ ‎【特别提醒】非谓语作表语的重点 ‎(1)不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。 ‎ Our plan is to keep the affair secret.‎ 我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。‎ Their job is making wheelchairs for disabled people.‎ 他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。‎ The music they are playing sounds exciting.‎ 他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。‎ This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world.这个美丽的村庄仍未被外界所知。‎ ‎(2)现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。如： ‎ This dog is frightening.‎ 这条狗让人害怕。(说明狗的特征)‎ This dog is frightened.‎ 这条狗有些害怕。(说明狗的心理状态)‎ Climbing is tiring and we are completely tired after a day's climbing.‎ 爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我们都全累坏了。(tiring说明climbing的特征，tired说明我们的状态)　　　‎ 题型4、非谓语动词做宾语补足语 ‎【例4】(2014·四川，5改编)The manager was satisfied to see many new products ______ (develop) after great effort. ‎ 立意与点拨：提示词为动词，且句中已有谓语was satisfied to see，便会考虑此处为“动词(see/hear/feel/watch/notice等)＋名词或代词＋宾补”结构；再根据所给的动词和其逻辑主语的关系确定答案。 ‎ 答案：developed　句意为：经过一番努力之后，看到许多新产品被开发出来，经理感到很满意。此处为see sth. done结构，动词develop与宾语many new products之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词作宾补表示被动、已完成，故答案为developed。学&科网 ‎【变式探究】 When we saw the road ________(block) with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.‎ ‎【答案】blocked　‎ ‎【举一反三】Passengers are permitted ________(carry) only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.‎ ‎【答案】to carry　‎ ‎ 【变式探究】The teacher asked us ________ so much noise.‎ A．don't make B．not make C．not making D．not to make ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】在动词“ask”后面用不定式作宾语补足语，其否定形式是“not to do”。 学&科网 ‎【变式探究】 —Excuse me，sir, where is Room 301?‎ ‎—Just a minute.I'll have Bob ________ you to your room.‎ A．show B．shows C．to show D．showing ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】“have sb do sth”意为命令或安排某人做某事。根据提供的情景可判断出让Bob带你到房间去，“have sb doing sth”表示使某人一直处于某种状态中。‎ ‎【特别提醒】‎ 非谓语动词做宾语补足语的要点：‎ ‎(1)主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词，将来的动作用不定式。‎ ‎(2)几个特别的结构 ‎▲have＋宾语＋do/doing/done ‎ ‎①“ have ＋ 宾语＋ do sth ”意为“让/叫/使某人做某事”。此结构中的 have 是使役动词，宾语后的 do sth 是不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。‎ The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day.‎ 老板经常要他们一天工作14 个小时。‎ ‎②“have ＋宾语＋ doing”意为“叫/让/使某人做某事或让某种情况发生”。宾语后面用现在分词作宾语补足语，表示宾语与现在分词表示的动作之间为主动关系，且动作正在进行。‎ Don't have the dog barking much, Lilin.‎ 李林，别让狗狂吠不停。‎ ‎③“ have ＋ 宾语＋done”意为“让/叫/使/请别人做某事”或者是“遭受/遭遇了……，此时，主语是无意中的受动者，而不是动作的执行者”的意思。宾语后面用过去分词作宾语补足语，说明宾语与过去分词表示的动作之间是被动关系。‎ We had the machine mended just now.‎ 我们刚才请人把机器修好了。‎ He had his leg injured while playing football.‎ 他在踢足球时腿受了伤。‎ ‎▲get＋宾语＋to do/doing/done ‎ 三种结构的意义请参看上述“have＋宾语＋do/doing/done”的意义解释。‎ He got his sister to help him with his clothes.‎ 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。‎ Can you really get that old clock going again.‎ 你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？‎ Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.‎ 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。‎ ‎▲catch sb doing sth逮住某人干某事 If she catches me reading her diary, she'll be furious.‎ 如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。　　　 ‎ ‎▲make ＋ oneself ＋ done ‎ oneself 与其后的过去分词存在着动宾关系，或者说是被动关系 He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.‎ 他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。‎ 题型5、非谓语动词做定语 ‎【例5】(2016·新课标Ⅰ，66)．..a TV show in the mid1980s，when I was the first Western TV reporter________(permit)to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.‎ ‎【答案】permitted　【解析】句意：……那时我是第一个被允许拍摄一个特殊的关于照料……的单元的西方电视台记者。TV reporter和permit之间是被动关系，用过去分词作后置定语。‎ ‎ 【举一反三】(2015·课标全国Ⅰ，70)Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people ________ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong. ‎ 立意与点拨：分析句子结构快速找到谓语动词arranges，从而判断此处应填非谓语动词；再根据句意可知，逻辑主语people与live之间为主动关系，最后确定填现在分词形式。 ‎ 答案：living　句意为：香港的一家旅游公司Abercrombie & Kent说，他们经常在这儿为上海人和香港人安排方便的度假。该句的谓语动词是arranges，所以此处应是非谓语动词；people和live之间是主动关系，故填living作后置定语。‎ ‎ 【变式探究】You cannot accept an opinion ________(offer) to you unless it is based on facts.‎ ‎【答案】offered　‎ ‎ 【举一反三】The room is empty except for a bookshelf ________(stand) in the corner.‎ ‎【答案】standing　‎ ‎【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：除了有一个立在角落里的书架，这个房间是空的。整个句子是主系表结构，except for a bookshelf ________ in the corner属于介词短语作状语，所以空格处应是非谓语动词作定语，并且bookshelf与stand之间是主谓关系，所以填standing。学&科网 ‎【变式探究】If there is a lot of work ________， I'm happy to just keep on until it is finished.‎ A．to do B．to be doing ‎ C．done D．doing ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】“work”和“do”虽然存在逻辑上的动宾关系，但主语“I”和“do”存在逻辑上的主谓关系，此时用“to do”作后置定语。‎ ‎【变式探究】If water becomes increasingly scarce in decades ________，water shortage will become a hot issue all over the world.‎ A．coming B．having come C．to come D．to be coming ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查动词不定式作定语。动词不定式通常用来表示未发生的动作，本句是一个if引导的条件句，是对将来的一种假设，故应用不定式。in decades to come意为“在将来的几十年”。‎ ‎【特别提醒】‎ ‎1．不定式作定语 ‎ ‎(1)不定式作定语常用于不定代词或被the first/next/only/last等修饰的名词和其他一些名词、代词之后。其中，不定式的一般式通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作，完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 ‎ 例如：She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave.‎ ‎(2)如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系，在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词。‎ 例如：Let's first find a room to live in / to put the things in.‎ ‎(3)不定式作定语修饰一个在逻辑上是其宾语名词时，若在句子中能找到该不定式的逻辑主语， 则该不定式多用主动表被动，否则，用被动式。 ‎ 例如： Have you got anything to say at the meeting? ‎ ‎(you...say ...anything) ‎ Here is a letter to be taken to Mr.Li.‎ 在there be句型中，有时用主动式或被动式意思不同。 ‎ 比较：There is nothing to do at present.(＝We have nothing to do at present.) ‎ There is nothing to be done at present.(＝We can do nothing at present.) ‎ ‎2．－ing分词作定语 ‎ ‎(1)单个的－ing分词作定语一般前置，说明名词的性质、特征或用途等，－ing短语作定语一般后置；强调动作的单个－ing分词也常后置。 ‎ 例如：a sleeping car (＝a car for sleeping ) ‎ a sleeping child (＝a child who is sleeping ) ‎ ‎(2)－ing分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或是在说话时该动作正在进行，否则，要用从句作定语。 ‎ 例如：Do you know the boy talking (＝who is talking ) to the teacher? ‎ 比较：误：He is the man visiting our class yesterday.‎ 正：He is the man who visited our class yesterday.‎ ‎3．－ed分词作定语 ‎ ‎－ed分词作定语一般表示一个被动或已完成动作，－ing分词表示一个主动或正在进行的动作， －ing分词的被动式则表示一个正在被进行的动作。 ‎ 例如：a developed/developing country ‎ He is a student loved by all the teachers.‎ The building being built will be the third Teaching Building of our school.‎ ‎4．像定语从句一样，分词作定语也有非限制性的，其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句 ‎ 例如：The students, wearing their school uniforms, marched into the playground.‎ The substance, discovered almost by accident，has greatly changed the ‎ world.　　　‎ 题型6、非谓语动词做状语 ‎【例6】(2016·新课标Ⅲ，63)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal _______(create)special designs.‎ ‎【答案】to create　【解析】句意：熟练的工匠也把硬木和金属结合在一起制作特殊的图案。此处为动词不定式作目的状语。‎ ‎【举一反三】When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, ________(tell) me stories till I fell asleep.‎ ‎【答案】telling　‎ ‎【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：我小时候，妈妈常常坐在我的床边给我讲故事，一直讲到我睡着。空格前是一个主干无缺、语意完整的句子，因此一定要使用非谓语动词。从句子结构分析得知，“给我讲故事一直讲到我睡着”是作伴随状语的。telling可作伴随状语，表示动作正在进行。‎ ‎【举一反三】________(eat) at the cafeteria before, Tina didn't want to eat there again.‎ ‎【答案】Having eaten　‎ ‎ 【变式探究】 He hurried to the booking office only ________ that all the tickets has been sold out.‎ A．to be told B．to tell C．told D．telling ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】“only”后接不定式表示出人意料的结果。 ‎ ‎【变式探究】 Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year，________ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4.‎ A．have reached B．reaching ‎ C．to reach D．to be reaching ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】从句意来分析， 主句部分表示油价上涨了百分之三十二，逗号后面的内容为油价上涨后的必然结果“达到……记录” 。学&科网 ‎【特别提醒】‎ ‎1．现在分词与主句的主语之间是主动关系，用来表时间、条件、原因、伴随、结果等；第二，过去分词与主句的主语之间是被动关系；第三，作状语的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前要用分词的完成时。‎ ‎2．作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，表示处于某种状态，如：crowded，devoted，discouraged，done，dressed，drunk，experienced，frightened，gone，hurt，interested，killed，known，learned，lost，pleased，satisfied，shut，surprised，tired，undressed，worried，astonished，broken，completed，covered等。　　　‎ 题型7、非谓语动词的固定搭配和句型 ‎【例7】 If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but ________(meet) an even greater challenge.‎ ‎【答案】to meet　‎ ‎ 【举一反三】George returned after the war, only ________(tell) that his wife had left him.‎ ‎【答案】to be told　‎ ‎【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：乔治战后回来，却被告知妻子已离他而去了。only＋to do sth.表示意想不到的结果。‎ ‎【变式探究】 Her progress in speaking ability, ________(tell) the truth, is a big comfort to me.‎ ‎【答案】to tell　‎ ‎【解析】考查非谓语动词。to tell (you) the truth表示“说实话”，为固定短语，常用作插入语。‎ ‎【变式探究】 ________(fill) with shame, the boy lowered his head, ready for the punishment from his dad.‎ ‎【答案】Filled　‎ ‎【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：男孩低着头，满是羞愧地等着父亲的惩罚。分析句子结构可知，________ with ‎ shame是非谓语动词短语作状语，且fill与句子主语是动宾关系，因此用过去分词filled。‎ ‎【特别提醒】‎ 已经成为固定用法的非谓语动词(短语)：‎ 常见的有：considering ...(鉴于/考虑到……)，judging by/from ...(从……来看，依据……来判断), supposing that ...(假定……), providing that ...(假定……), according to ...(依据……), including ...(包括……), owing to ...(由于……), talking/speaking of...(谈及……)，given ...(考虑到……), provided that...(如果……)，to tell the truth 说实话 ‎【误区警示】‎ ‎1．解答非谓语动词题目时我们要善于发现其逻辑主语，即非谓语动词表示的动作的执行者，因为这是确定非谓语动词表示主动含义还是被动含义的关键。‎ 例1、(2014·天津高考)Clearly and thoughtfully______(write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers. ‎ 易错警示：学生易误填writing。原因在于错误的以为write的逻辑主语是you。 ‎ ‎ 2．注意非谓语动词的区别及其自身的时态、语态变化。‎ 例2、However, while enjoying its great convenience, people should not ignore the danger of ________(cheat), for information on Wechat is publicly known. ‎ 易错警示：学生易误填cheating，没有考虑非谓语动词本身的语态变化。 ‎ 答案：being cheated　介词of后用动名词形式，people与cheat是被动关系，故填动名词的被动式，表示“忽略被欺骗的危险”。学&科网 例3、(2014· 江西，34改编)He is thought ________(act) foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job. ‎ 易错警示：学生易误填to act，原因在于没有考虑非谓语动词的时间先后关系。 ‎ 答案：to have acted　句意为：大家都认为他表现得很愚蠢。现在要为他失业负责的不是别人，正是他自己。sb. be thought后需用不定式作主语补足语，act的动作发生在is thought的动作之前，故用不定式的完成式。‎