【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题冠词(13页word版)

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【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题冠词(13页word版)

‎ 2019届二轮复习语法专题冠词 学习目标 冠词不仅是高考单项填空题中常考的项目,而且在书面表达题中,学生更容易发生语感性和过失性错误,影响了文章的整体水平。冠词虽然只有三个a,an和the,但所使用的场合却纷繁复杂,学生记忆起来常常没有头绪。下面来了解冠词的复习要点。 ‎ 一、冠词的基本用法与习惯用法 ‎ 关于冠词的基本用法和习惯用法,我们要记住这个口诀: 名词冠词不分家,泛指特指惯用法。‎ ‎ 名词冠词不分家:冠词是虚词,不能单独使用,必须依附于名词才有存在的意义。而名词的可数与不可数,单数与复数等特点反过来也会影响冠词的使用。‎ 泛指特指惯用法:泛指即不明确具体所指,是不定冠词a (an)和零冠词(即不使用冠词)的基本用法。而特指是指说话者和听话者都明确无误地知道所指,是定冠词the的基本用法。我们把那些没有规律的习惯搭配称为惯用法,它们需要单独记忆。 ‎ 1. 冠词的基本用法 ‎ 名词 冠词 ‎ 单数可数名词 ‎ 复数可数名词 ‎ 不可数名词 ‎ 泛指(a/an/零冠词) ‎ A horse is a useful animal. ‎ Horses are useful animals. ‎ Money is not everything. ‎ 特指(the) ‎ The horse was tired after a long journey. ‎ The horses were tired after a long journey. ‎ I bought him a present with the money I had saved. ‎ 注意:the与可数名词单数搭配有时可泛指,表类属。如:The horse is a useful animal.‎ ‎ 在我们说话时,先明确我们要泛指还是特指我们所要谈的人或物,然后相应的选择合适的冠词。其他的基本都可归为惯用法,需要理解后记忆即可。如果掌握了这一规律,把复杂的问题简单化后,你会发现很多问题都可以迎刃而解。如:用在序数词,形容词最高级及形容词only, very, same等前面的the其实就是the的基本用法,即特指。请体会:That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。如: ‎ ‎(1) [2010·四川卷] In __ most countries,a university degree ‎ can give you __ flying start in life. ‎ ‎ A.the;a B.the;/ C./;/ D./;a ‎ 【解析】 D 考查冠词词义辨析。第一空是泛指大多数国家,省略冠词;第二空也是泛指,start在这里作可数名词,意为“起始优势;良好的基础条件”。a start in life为习惯搭配,意为“有利于人生成功的优势”。句意:在大多数国家,一张大学文凭能为你快速发展奠定良好的基础。‎ ‎(2) —I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over      keyboard. ‎ ‎ —You shouldn't put drinks near __ computer. ‎ ‎ A.the;/ B.the;a C.a;/ D.a;a ‎ 【解析】 B 考查冠词特指和泛指的用法。keyboard是对话双方都已知的事物,所以其前用the;而computer表示泛指,其前用a/the都可以。‎ ‎(3) Some people fear that __ air pollution may bring about changes in __ weather around the world. ‎ ‎ A./;the B.the;/ C.an;the D.the;a ‎ 【解析】 A air pollution 是抽象名词,这里是泛指,不用冠词;weather在这里特指全球的气候,因此用the。‎ ‎2. 冠词的习惯用法 ‎ ‎ 很多情况下,是否要加冠词,常常是一个习惯用法问题,特别是在一些固定的词组中,有时是说不出道理的。如: ‎ in town in the city 在城里 have a cold catch (a) cold 感冒了 at a distance 在一定距离外 in the distance 在远处  ‎ in danger of…有……的危险 in the habit of…有……的习惯 ‎(1) [2010·辽宁卷] There are over 58000 rocky objects in __    space,about 900 of which could fall down onto __ earth. ‎ ‎ A.the;the B./;the C.the;/ D.a;the ‎ 【解析】 B 考查冠词。第一空in space 是固定短语,不用冠词;第二空名词earth属于独一无二事物的名词,其前必须用定冠词。句意为:太空中有超过58000个岩状物体,其中大约900个有可能掉到地球上。‎ 专题一 │ 正面解读 ‎(2) Many people are still in __ habit of writing silly things in __ public places. ‎ ‎ A.the;the B./;/ C.the;/ D./;the ‎ 【解析】 C 第一空是固定搭配中冠词的使用:in the habit of;第二空考查冠词的基本用法,“在公共场所”是泛指,故不使用冠词。‎ 二、抽象名词和物质名词具体化 ‎1. 不可数名词的具体化,包括抽象名词的具体化和物质名词的具体化。所谓抽象名词的具体化,是指冠词用在抽象名词之前,表示“一种”、“一类”或“一个具体情况”等概念,使本来抽象的名词具体化,具有了“一”的含义。 ‎ The house is full of joy. ‎ The little girl is a joy to her parents. (令人高兴的人或物)‎ Failure is the mother of success. ‎ He is a success as an actor. (一个成功的人或物)‎ He gave me a lot of pleasure. ‎ It is a pleasure to work with you. (一件令人愉快的事情)‎ She looked up in surprise. ‎ What a great surprise you gave me. (一件令人惊讶的事情)‎ Knowledge is power. ‎ He has a wide knowledge of animals. (一门……的知识)‎ He received little education.‎ He received a good education. (一种……的教育)‎ 某些物质名词也可以和不定冠词连用,而变成具体化的名词。‎ I like coffee. Would you like a coffee? (一杯咖啡)‎ I have just had lunch. I have just had a big lunch. (一顿丰盛的午餐)‎ ‎2. 有些抽象化的个体名词前一般不用冠词。‎ ‎ by bus/ by train/ by plane ‎ at school/ college/ university/ table/ work/ sea in class/ town/ church/ prison/ hospital/ bed go to hospital 去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)‎ 如:‎ ‎ Gorge couldn't remember when he first met Mr. Anderson, but he was sure it was __ Sunday because everybody was at __  church. ‎ ‎ A./;the B.the;/ C.a;/ D./;a ‎ 【解析】 C 第一空是指某一个星期天,Sunday 在这里已变成一个普通的名词,所以要加a;第二空at church是指“在教堂做礼拜”,属于具体名词抽象化。‎ 三、冠词的某些需注意的用法 ‎1. 不定冠词a/an ‎(1) 表示“同一”,相当于the same。如:‎ ‎ Birds of a feather flock together; people of a kind fall into the same group. 物以类聚,人以群分。‎ ‎(2) 表示“每”,相当于per。如:‎ ‎ three times a day一天三次 ‎(3) 表示“某一个”,相当于a certain或some。如:‎ ‎ Sorry, wrong number. There isn't a Mr. Smith here. ‎ ‎ 对不起,打错了。这里没有史密斯先生。‎ ‎ (4) 用在被修饰语限定的独一无二的东西前。如:‎ ‎ We all hope to have a peaceful and friendly world. ‎ ‎ 我们都希望拥有一个和平友好的世界。‎ ‎(5) a+most 表示“非常,很”。如:‎ ‎ This is a most interesting story.‎ ‎ 这是一个非常有趣的故事。‎ ‎(6) a+序数词,表示“又一,再一”。如:‎ ‎ He had decided to give it up, but on second thoughts he ‎ decided to try a third time. ‎ ‎ 他已经决定放弃,但是转念一想,决定再试一次。‎ ‎2. 定冠词the ‎(1) 用于发明物的单数名词前(phone,car…)。如:‎ ‎ Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. ‎ ‎ 贝尔于1876年发明了电话。‎ ‎(2) 用于姓氏复数词前指一家人或夫妇二人等。如:‎ ‎ The Wangs will come to Beijing tomorrow. ‎ ‎ 王先生一家明天来北京。‎ ‎(3) 用于表达弹奏西洋乐器时的乐器名称前。如:‎ ‎ She plays the violin but gives up lessons on the piano. ‎ ‎ 她拉小提琴而放弃了钢琴课程。‎ ‎(4) 用于方位名词前。如:‎ ‎ on the right/left;in the east/south ‎(5) 用于比较级词前,比较级句式中常附有表示范围的“of the two…”结构。如:‎ ‎ Of the two boys, he is the cleverer.‎ ‎ 两个男孩中,他是比较聪明的那一个。‎ 错误罗列 要注意冠词的使用误区,即: 第一次说到不一定是泛指,第二次提到不一定就是特指。‎ ‎1. —Have you seen __ pen? I left it here this morning. ‎ ‎ —Is it __ black one? I think I saw it somewhere. ‎ ‎ A.a;the B.the;the C.the;a D.a;a ‎ 【解析】 D 从语境看,两人之间有信息差,第二个人并不知道第一个人说的是哪只钢笔,即虽然好像是第二次提到,却并不是特指,故第二空仍用a表泛指。‎ ‎2. Have you heard __ news?The price of __ petrol is going up again!‎ ‎ A.the; the B./; the C.the;/ D./; /‎ ‎ 【解析】 C 句意为:你有没有听到这个消息:石油的价格又要上涨了。news 虽是第一次提到,但从语境看,说话者接着说明了消息的具体内容。因此此处的消息是特指,而非泛指某一消息。 ‎ 真题链接 ‎1. A person who has __ final say in an international company is usually __ influential one. ‎ ‎ A.a; the B.the; an C.the; the D.a; an ‎ 【解析】 B say(发言权)后有介词短语修饰,表特指,所以要用定冠词,第二空表泛指,且influential以元音音素开头,故用an。‎ ‎2. [2009·辽宁卷] This area experienced __ heaviest ‎ rainfall in __ month of May. ‎ ‎ A./; a B.a; the C.the; the D.the; a ‎ 【解析】 C 考查定冠词的基本用法。第一空指最大的降水量,形容词的最高级前用the;第二空指五月这个月,表特指用the,选C。‎ ‎3. [2009·重庆卷] Washing machines made by China have won __ worldwide attention and Haier has become __ popular name. ‎ ‎ A.a; the B./; a C./; the D.the; a ‎ 【解析】 B attention为不可数名词,并且表示泛指,所以不用冠词;第二空是指“海尔”变成了一个很受欢迎的名字,表示泛指,用a。‎ ‎4.Students should be encouraged to use __ Internet as __    resource. ‎ ‎ A./;a B./;the C.the; the D.the; a ‎ 【解析】 D 考查冠词的用法。句意为:学生们应该被鼓励把网络作为一种资源来利用。Internet“因特网”,是独一无二的事物,习惯上与定冠词the连用;resource作“(教学)资源,办法”解是可数名词,其前加a表示泛指。‎ ‎5. —I am so sorry to have come late for the meeting. ‎ ‎ —It is not your fault. With __ rush hour traffic and__   heavy rain, it is no wonder you were late. ‎ ‎ A.a; a B.the; the C./; / D./; a ‎ 【解析】 B 考查定冠词的用法。根据语境可知,rushhour traffic和heavy rain 是双方都知道的造成迟到的原因,应用定冠词修饰。 ‎ ‎6.[2010·福建卷] It's __ good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them __ pleasure. ‎ ‎ A./; a B.a; / C.the; a D.a; the ‎ 【解析】 B 句意为:去上海欣赏世博会带给人们快乐,这是一种非常好的感觉。feeling“感觉”,可数名词,“一种感觉”含有“一”的概念,用不定冠词a。pleasure“快乐,欢乐”,不可数名词,故用零冠词。‎ ‎7. “This victory alone is not __ change we seek—it is only __     chance for us to make that change.” said Obama in his speech. ‎ ‎ A.a; a B.a; the C.the; the D.the; a ‎ 【解析】 C 依据句意可知,名词change被限制性定语从句we seek修饰限定,故用定冠词the表特指;chance被only修饰限定,表特指“唯一的一个”,用定冠词the;选C。‎ ‎8. [2009·四川卷] In order to find __ better job, he decided to study __ second foreign language. ‎ ‎ A.the; a B.a; a C.the; the D.a; the ‎ 【解析】 B 考查冠词的用法。句意为:为了找到一份更好的工作,他决定再学习另外一门外语。第一空表示泛指;第二空用“a+序数词+名词”表示“又一,再一”。‎ ‎9.[2010·北京卷] First impressions are the most lasting. After all,you never get __ second chance to make __ first impression. ‎ ‎ A.a;the B.the;the C.a;a D.the;a ‎ 【解析】 C 本题考查冠词。第一空表示“再一次,又一次”,序数词在此不表示顺序,其前用不定冠词a/an;第二空表示“一次第一印象”,表示泛指,用不定冠词a。‎ ‎10.[2009·陕西卷] What __ pity that you couldn't be there to receive __ prize!‎ ‎ A.a; a B.the; a C.a; the D.the; the ‎ 【解析】 C 考查冠词的用法。第一空所填冠词构成固定句型what a pity that…,用不定冠词a;第二空后的名词表特指,用定冠词the,选C。‎ ‎11.[2010·江苏卷] The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that __ people from all walks of life are working hard for __ new Jiangsu. ‎ ‎ A./; a B./; the C.the; a D.the; the ‎ 【解析】 A people from all walks of life 是固定短语,表示“各行各业的人们”,表泛指,故用零冠词。Jiangsu被new修饰,且表示“一”的概念,故用不定冠词a。‎ ‎12.As __ beautiful movie about pain,struggle,hope and love,Slumdog Millionaire swept the ceremony with eight awards,including __ prize for the best picture. ‎ ‎ A.a; the B.a; a C.the; a D.the; the ‎ 【解析】 A 考查冠词的用法。第一空处意为“Slumdog Millionaire (《贫民窟里的百万富翁》)是一部关于痛苦、挣扎、希望和爱的电影”,所以用不定冠词表泛指。prize后有for the best picture,所以第二空要用定冠词the,意思是“最佳影片奖”。‎ ‎13.__ walk is expected to last all day, so bring __     packed lunch.‎ ‎ A.A; a B.The; / C.The; a D.A;/‎ ‎ 【解析】 C 本题考查冠词的基本用法。the walk ‎ 是指说话者双方都知道的一次行走,所以是特指。后面是提醒要带一份盒饭,所以用不定冠词a。‎ ‎14.My neighbor asked me to go for __ walk, but I don't think I've got __ energy. ‎ ‎ A.a; / B.the; the C./; the D.a; the ‎ 【解析】 D 句意为:我的邻居请我出去散步,但我认为我没有那份精力。第一空为固定词组,go for a walk去散步,第二空特指散步的那份精力,选D。‎ ‎15.Of all the subjects,I like __ history best because it gives us __ useful knowledge of things in the past. ‎ ‎ A.the;a B./;a C.a;the D.a;/‎ ‎ 【解析】 B 表示课程的名词前不加冠词,故第一空不填冠词;第二空表示“……有用的知识”,knowledge为抽象名词具体化,其前需要加冠词,useful的发音为[′juːsful],故用不定冠词a。‎ 模拟试题 ‎1.(2011·海淀区第一学期期中练习)Jack had ________feeling of excitement when hearing his article had been published in ________school magazine.‎ A.the;a B.a;the C./;the D.the;/‎ 解析: 考查冠词的用法。have a feeling of ‎ 为固定用法,意思是:有一种……的感觉;第二空表特指。句意为:听到自己的文章已经在校刊上发表,Jack有一种兴奋的感觉。‎ 答案: B ‎2.(2011·杭州市教学质量检测)I got ________bad toothache yesterday,which kept me awake ________whole night.‎ A.a;the B./;a C.the;a D.a;/‎ 解析: 考查冠词。get a toothache 牙疼,是固定用法,而整个晚上(whole night)是特指昨天晚上,因此应该使用定冠词。我昨天晚上牙疼得厉害,整晚没睡。‎ 答案: A ‎3.(2011·苏锡常镇四市教学调查)China is ________vast country which is home to________amazing variety of landscapes,plants and animals.‎ A.the;the B.a;the C.the;an D.a;an 解析: 考查冠词的用法。第一空表示“中国是一个……样的国家”,是泛指的概念,因此填不定冠词;第二空是固定短语a variety of,只是在variety 前面加上了形容词amazing 修饰它。‎ 答案: D ‎4.(2011·东北三省四市联考)—Anyone in mind for this position?What about Jack?‎ ‎—He may be a good friend,but business is business.He is not________man for ________job.‎ A.a;a B.the;the C.a;the D.the;a 解析: 考查冠词的用法。第一空是泛指的概念,因此用不定冠词;第二空是特指这份工作,用定冠词。‎ 答案: C ‎5.(2011·湖南师大附中)We all hold________belief that those who have ________wonderful sense of humor are more popular.‎ A.the;a B./;/‎ C.the;/ D.a;the 解析: 句意为:我们都认为那些有强烈幽默感的人更受欢迎。belief 后是同位语从句,第一空用the表特指;第二空a sense of homor (幽默感)为常用搭配。‎ 答案: A ‎6.(2011·青岛市模拟)________World Expo is regarded as the Olympic Games of the economy,science and technology,________expert said.‎ A.A;an B.The;an C.The;a D.A;the 解析: 第一空特指“世博会”,故用定冠词the;第二空泛指“一个专家”,expert 又是以元音音素开头,故用an。‎ 答案: B ‎7.(2011·山东青岛一模)I was told that________10∶15 flight would take us to Shanghai in time to reach ________Fudan University.‎ A.the;/ B.the;a C.a;the D./;the 解析: 句意为:我被告知10∶15的航班将把我们送达上海,以便及时到达复旦大学。根据句意可知第一空表特指,故用定冠词;第二空后Fudan University 是以纯专有名词Fudan 开头的,要用零冠词。Fudan University 还可表达为“the university of Fudan”。‎ 答案: A ‎8.(2011·河南郑州测试)The students were studying in ________classroom when,all of ________sudden,the lights went out.‎ A./;/ B.a;the C.the;a D.the;/‎ 解析: 句意为:那些学生正在教室学习,这时突然灯灭了。根据题干中的the students 可知学生是特指的,由此可推知教室也应是特指的,故第一空用定冠词;all of a sudden 为固定习语,相当于suddenly。由此可见答案为C项。‎ 答案: C ‎9.(2011·江西重点中学二模)My mother asked me to repeat________phone number ________second time so that she could write it down.‎ A.the;a B.a;the C.an;a D.the;the 解析: 句意为:我母亲让我再次重复那个电话号码以便她能记下。根据句意可知,第一空后的phone number 表特指,故用定冠词;“a+序数词+名词”表示“又一,再一”之意,而“the+序数词+名词”表示次序。综上所述,本题答案为A项。‎ 答案: A ‎10.(2011·潍坊市质量监测)Jack wanted to be________university student,but in________entrance examination he missed by a mile.‎ A.a;an B.an;the C.the;an D.a;the 解析: 考查冠词。a university student 一名大学生,表泛指;the entrance examination 特指入学考试。‎ 答案: D ‎11.(2011·济南期中考试)—Stay a bit longer,please.It’s been such________fun having you here.‎ ‎—Thank you,but I’ve got________early start tomorrow morning.‎ A./;the B.a;an C./;an D.the;an 解析: 考查冠词。此题中fun为不可数名词,前面不用冠词。an early start早起。句意为:——再呆一会儿吧,有你在这里太有趣了。——谢谢,但明天早上我还要早起呢。‎ 答案: C ‎12.(2011·江西永修一中月考)—How many people are still leading________life under________poverty line in the world?‎ ‎—Perhaps one fourth,according to the report.‎ A.the;/ B.a;the C.a;a D./;the 解析: lead a ‎ life为固定结构,故第一空填不定冠词a;第二空用the表示特指。‎ 答案: B ‎13.(2011·桂林中学月考)His failure at________first attempt didn’t disappoint him.Instead,he gathered his courage and tried________second time.‎ A.the;the B.the;a C.a;the D.a;a 解析: 考查冠词的用法。第一空序数词前要加定冠词the,此处指第一次尝试;a second time表示“又一次,再一次”,用不定冠词。‎ 答案: B ‎14.(2011·临川一中月考)Everyone should learn from________Lei Feng and try to be________Lei Feng.‎ A./;a B./;/‎ C.the;the D./;the 解析: 考查冠词。第一空提到的雷锋是众所周知的人物,人名前用零冠词,而第二空是指雷锋式的人物,所以用不定冠词。‎ 答案: A ‎15.(2011·湖南长沙一中第三次月考)Only when you stay and live with________local people for a period of time will you have________better understanding of life here.‎ A.a;/ B.the;a C./;the D.the;the 解析: 根据句中的here可知,这里的local people是特指的概念,因此前面加定冠词,由此排除A、C两项;此外,have a better ‎ understanding of sth.是固定用法,表示“对……有更好的了解”。‎ 答案: B ‎ ‎
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