2020版一轮复习北师大版选修7Unit21HumanBiology单元学案（36页）

2020版一轮复习北师大版选修7Unit21HumanBiology单元学案（36页）

‎ (一)课前自主学习 Ⅰ.阅读单词——————知其意 ‎1．enhance vt.　　　　　　　　　 增强；提高 ‎2．supreme adj. (程度)最大的，极度的 ‎3．compulsory adj. 强制性的，义务的 ‎4．controversial adj. 有争议的 ‎5．contradict vt. 与(其他事物)相矛盾 ‎6．interpret vt. 翻译；解释 ‎7．acute adj. 严重的；剧烈的 ‎8．statistics n. 统计资料；统计数字 ‎9．adaptation n. 变化；变种 ‎10．mourn vi.& vt. 感到悲痛；表示哀悼 ‎11．prescription n. 处方 ‎12．systematic adj. 系统化的 ‎13．temporary adj. 临时的；短暂的 ‎14．sceptical adj. 怀疑的 ‎15．absurd adj. 荒谬的；不合理的 Ⅱ.重点单词——————写其形 ‎1．circulate vi. 循环 ‎2．digest vt. 消化 ‎3．abuse vt. 滥用 ‎4．fundamental adj. 根本的；基础的 ‎5．seek vt. 寻找 ‎6．threat n. 威胁 ‎7．postpone vt. 延期，推迟，延迟 ‎8．identify vt. 确定；认出，识别 ‎9．symptom n. 症状；征兆 ‎10．weekly adj. 每周一次的 ‎11．decline vi. 下降 ‎12．firm n．　　　　[纵联1] 商行，公司 ‎13．rate n. 比率 ‎14．deadline n. 截止日期，最后日期 ‎15．vote vi. 表决 ‎16．circumstance n. [纵联2] 情形；情况 ‎17．submit vt. 提交 ‎18．annual adj.　　[纵联3] 每年的，一年一次的，年度的 Ⅲ.拓展单词——————通其变 ‎1．tolerate vt.容忍→tolerant adj.宽容的；容忍的→tolerance n．容忍 ‎2．oppose vt.反对→opposite adj.相反的；反对的→opposition n．相反→opposed adj.相反的，对立的 ‎3．prohibit vt.禁止→prohibition n．禁止；禁令→prohibitive adj.禁止的 ‎4．unite vt.联合；团结；统一→union n．团结→united adj.团结的 ‎5．equip vt.使有准备→equipment n．装备；设备 ‎6．fortune n．大笔钱财，巨款→fortunate adj.幸运的→fortunately adv.幸运地→unfortunate adj.不幸的→misfortune n．不幸 ‎7．concern n．担心；担忧→concerned adj.关心的，牵挂的；有关的→concerning prep.关于 纵联1.“公司”有几家 ‎①firm n．商行，公司 ②company n．公司 ‎③corporation n．公司；法人(团体) ④syndicate n．企业联合 纵联2.聚焦“状况，情况”相关名词 ‎①condition ②state ‎③situation ④circumstance ‎⑤status 纵联3.annual相关形容词全扫描 ‎①minutely每分钟的 ②hourly每小时的 ‎③daily每日的 ④weekly每周的 ‎⑤fortnightly每两周的 ⑥monthly每月的 ‎⑦quarterly每季度的 单元话题——医药与健康 子话题1　医药类别 ‎①drug n．药，药物；毒品 ②medicine n．药 ‎③pill n．药丸，药片 ④capsule n．(药)胶囊 ‎⑤herb n．草药 ⑥tablet n．药片 ‎⑦poison n．毒药 子话题2　疾病的分类 ‎①stress n．精神压力，心理负担 ②sneeze vi.打喷嚏 ‎③swell vi.肿胀 ④dizzy adj.头晕目眩的 ‎⑤fever n．发烧；发热 ⑥cough n．& vi.咳嗽 ‎⑦depression n．抑郁症 ⑧heart attack心脏病 子话题3　疾病的治疗方法 ‎①take medicine 吃药 ‎②take one's temperature 量体温 ‎③take one's blood pressure 量血压 ‎④operate on/perform an operation on sb. 给某人动手术 ‎ [学考对接·活学活用]‎ 高考采撷(一)　阅读中的词汇应用 ‎1．(2018·江苏高考阅读D)Javed Khan, of children's charity Barnardo's, said：“It's vital that new compulsory❶ ageappropriate relationship and sex education lessons in England should help 　❷　 (equipment) children to deal with the growing demands of social media.‎ ‎“It's also hugely❸ important for parents to know which apps their children are using.”‎ ‎①写出加黑词的汉语意思：强制性的，义务的 ‎②用所给词的适当形式填空：equip，所填词在此处的意思为使能够胜任 ‎③写出加黑词在本单元中的近义形容词：supreme ‎2．(2017·江苏高考阅读D)More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. ‎ But during the past decade 　❶　 (declining/falling/dropping) rainfall has allowed❷ him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this — either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt❸， it's a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.‎ ‎①选词填空：declining，所选词的动词形式为decline，其意为下降，谢绝 ‎②写出加黑词在本单元中的反义词：prohibited，加黑词后若直接跟动词需用动名词作宾语 ‎③写出加黑词在本单元的同根名词：adaptation，与加黑词形近义异的词有：adopt，其意为采取，收养 高考采撷(二)　写作中的词汇应用 ‎(根据汉语及提示词翻译句子)‎ ‎1．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)400字即可，截止日期是6月28日。(deadline)‎ ‎400_words_would_be_fine,_and_the_deadline_when_you_can_hand_in_your_article_is_June_28th.‎ ‎2．(2014·北京高考书面表达)我很抱歉。我能建议我们推迟到8月初吗？(postpone)‎ I'm_sorry_about_it.Can_I_suggest_that_we_postpone_it_until_early_August? ‎ ‎ (二)课堂重点释疑 ‎1．postpone vt.推迟，延期 ‎[记牢]‎ postpone doing sth.　　　　　　 延缓/推迟做某事 postpone sth.until/to ... 把某事推迟到……‎ ‎[练通]　单句语法填空 ‎①The military training for the freshmen in the new term was postponed until/to the next Sunday because of the bad weather.‎ ‎②The headmaster postponed holding (hold) the meeting until all teachers arrived at the meeting room.‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎③(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)首先，你最好准时到达而不要推迟到达，因为在中国守时是礼貌的。‎ First_of_all,_you'd_better_arrive_on_time_instead_of_postponing_arriving_because_it_is_polite_to_be_punctual_in_China.‎ ‎[联想]　“延缓做某事，推迟做某事”的表达还有：put off doing sth.；delay doing sth.等。‎ ‎2．oppose vt.&vi.反对；反抗 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)oppose (sb.'s) doing sth.　 　 反对(某人)做某事 ‎(2)opposed adj. 相反的；对立的 be opposed to (doing) sth. 反对(做)某事；‎ ‎ 与(做)某事对立 opposite adj. 对立的，在……对面的 prep. 在……的对面 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①All people present are opposed to working (work) extra hours on Sunday.‎ ‎②We oppose using (use) this unusual technique to clone humans.‎ ‎③She turned and walked off in the opposite (oppose) direction.‎ 一句多译 我反对修改这个方案，因为它是可行的。‎ ‎④I oppose_correcting_the_plan for it is practicable.(oppose)‎ ‎⑤I am_opposed_to_correcting_the_plan for it is practicable.(opposed)‎ ‎⑥I object_to_correcting_the_plan for it is practicable.(object)‎ ‎⑦I am_against_correcting_the_plan for it is practicable.(against)‎ ‎[用准]　oppose＝object to＝be against“反对”；oppose后跟动词时要用动词ing形式。be opposed to结构中，to是介词，其后也要用动词ing形式。‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑧(2015·浙江高考书面表达)当我的想法与其他人的想法对立时，我选择尊重大多数人的意见。‎ When_my_idea_is_opposed_to_others',_I_choose_to_respect_the_opinion_of_the_majority.‎ ‎3．prohibit vt.禁止，阻止 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)prohibit (doing) sth.　　　　　 禁止(做)某事 禁止某人做某事 ‎(2)prohibition n. 禁止；禁令 a prohibition against/on ... ……的禁令 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①The environment group is demanding a complete prohibition (prohibit) against setting off fireworks in the Spring Festival.‎ ‎②His small size prohibits his becoming (become) a policeman.‎ ‎③There is a prohibition on/against tobacco advertising in newspapers and magazines.‎ 句型转换 Some people think that it's necessary to prevent/stop/keep people from smoking in public places.‎ ‎④Some people think that it's necessary to prohibit people's smoking in public places.‎ ‎⑤Some people think that it's necessary to prohibit people from smoking in public places.‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑥(2014·江苏高考书面表达 )事实上，中国人从来没有禁止从其他语言中提取词汇，比如日语中的“ganbu”或“minzhu”。‎ In_fact,_Chinese_has_never_prohibited_taking_words_from_other_languages,_for_example,_“ganbu”_or_“minzhu”_from_Japanese.‎ ‎[联想]　“禁止/阻止某人做某事”表达法荟萃：‎ ‎①discourage sb. from doing sth.‎ ‎②ban sb. from (doing) sth.‎ ‎③prevent sb. (from) doing sth.‎ ‎④forbid sb. (from) doing sth.‎ ‎⑤keep sb. from doing sth.‎ ‎⑥stop sb. (from) doing sth.‎ ‎4．tolerate vt.忍受，容忍 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)tolerate (doing) sth.　　　　 容忍/容许(做)某事 ‎(2)tolerant adj. 容忍的；宽容的 be tolerant of 对……宽容；容忍……‎ ‎(3)tolerance n. 容忍 ‎ show tolerance towards sb. 容忍某人 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①As a teacher, you need to show tolerance towards your students' carelessness in study.‎ ‎②I couldn't tolerate being_interrupted (interrupt) when I was editing my book.‎ ‎③We must learn to be tolerant of different cultures especially when we live in a multicultural society.‎ 一句多译 我不能容忍被嘲笑。‎ ‎④I_can't_tolerate_being_made_fun_of.(tolerate)‎ ‎⑤I_can't_bear/stand_being_made_fun_of.(bear/stand)‎ ‎⑥I_can't_put_up_with_being_made_fun_of.(put up with)‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑦(2014·江苏高考书面表达)随着英语学习者数量的增加，我们应该对我们语言中出现的不同词汇保持宽容。‎ As_the_number_of_English_learners_is_on_the_rise,_we_should_be_tolerant_of_different_words_in_our_language.‎ ‎[联想]　表示“容忍，忍受”的单词或短语还有：bear; stand; put up ‎ with等。 ‎ ‎5．submit vt.提交；递交vi.服从，屈服 ‎[记牢]‎ submit to　　　　　　 服从于；屈从于 submit sb./oneself to 使某人/自己甘受……；服从……‎ submit ...to ... 向……提交……‎ ‎[练通]　完成句子 ‎①The heroic people will never submit_to foreign rule.‎ 英雄的人民决不会屈服于外国的统治。‎ ‎②You must submit_yourself_to the traffic rules when driving.‎ 开车时你必须遵守交通规则。‎ ‎③I will submit_my_reports_to you as soon as possible.‎ 我会尽快把报告提交给你。‎ ‎[用准]　在submit ... to ...中，submit是及物动词，意为“呈交”；而在submit to中，submit是不及物动词，意为“服从”。‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎④(2014·辽宁高考书面表达)除了出色的创意之外，你还需要向学生会提交一份报告，解释你是如何想到这个点子的，以及你使用了哪些材料。‎ Along_with_your_wonderful_innovation,_you_need_to_submit_a_report_to_the_Student_Union,_explaining_how_the_idea_occurs_to_you_and_what_materials_you_use.‎ ‎6．seek (sought，sought) vt.寻找，寻求；追求；探求，探索；试图 ‎[记牢]‎ seek sth.from sb.　　　　 向某人请求/寻求某物 seek (after/for) sb./sth. 追求/寻找某人/某物 seek one's fortune 找出路；碰运气 seek out 找出；寻出 seek to do sth. 试图做某事 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①Half an hour later, he sought out his favorite toy in the basket, which made him very happy.‎ ‎②He sought to_climb (climb) over the fence, but failed.‎ ‎③The foreigners have sought help from the local government.‎ 完成句子 ‎④If you want to_seek_for/after_success,_you must work hard.‎ 如果你想追求成功，就必须努力工作。‎ ‎⑤He told us that he was going to Beijing to_seek_his_fortune.‎ 他告诉我们他要到北京碰碰运气。‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑥(2014·广东高考书面表达)为了理解不同文化中成功生活的意义，理查德从2011年开始在世界各地寻找同年同月同日生的人。‎ In_order_to_understand_the_meaning_of_successful_life_in_different_cultures,_Richard,_from_2011,_began_to_seek_after/for_time_twins_around_the_world.‎ ‎7．equip vt.使有准备；配备；装备 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)equip ...with ...　　　　　 用……装备……‎ equip ...for sth./to do sth. 为(做)某事而装备……‎ be equipped for/to do sth. 为(做)某事装备好；‎ ‎ 做好准备 equip sb. to do sth. 使某人能够做某事 ‎(2)equipment n．[U] 装备，设备 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①My father always reminds me to equip myself for the future.‎ ‎②Please equip yourself with a pencil and a rubber for the exam.‎ ‎③His work experience equipped him to_deal (deal) with all kinds of people.‎ ‎④Our school is equipped with much advanced equipment bought from abroad.(equip)‎ 单句改错 ‎⑤Equipping with new scientific farming methods, they have been able to use less farmland than in the past.Equipping→Equipped ‎⑥I am going to buy telephone equipments for our company.equipments→equipment ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑦(2018·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)此外，由于我们学校配备了各种设施，各种各样的体育活动才能够得以举办。‎ Moreover,_with_all_kinds_of_facilities_equipped_in_our_school,_a_wide_range_of_sports_activities_are_able_to_be_held.‎ ‎8．decline vi.&vt.下降；衰退；谢绝 n．下降；衰退 ‎[辨清]　写出下列句中decline的词性和含义 ‎①I invited her to my wedding, but she declined my invitation. vt.谢绝 ‎②The company reported a small decline in its ‎ profits. n.下降 ‎③As is known to us all, industry in Britain has been on the decline since the 1970s. n.衰退 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)decline to do sth.　　　　　 拒绝做某事 decline to 下降/减少到 decline by 下降/减少了 ‎(2)a decline in/of sth. 在某方面减少/下降 in decline 下降 on the decline 走下坡路，在衰退中 fall/go into (a) decline 开始衰落，陷入衰退 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎④There has been a sharp decline in/of the amounts of sales this year.‎ ‎⑤The number of tourists to the resort declined by 10 percent last month.‎ ‎⑥The company, however, now declines to_comment (comment) further on the subject.‎ 完成句子 ‎⑦His health_fell_into_a_decline after he was injured in the accident.‎ 在事故中受伤后，他的健康状况每况愈下。‎ ‎⑧There's a widelyheld belief that educational standards have_been_on_the_decline in the past few years.‎ 人们普遍认为过去几年教育标准下降了。‎ ‎[用准]　decline后接不定式作宾语，一般不接动名词；decline表示“谢绝”时，已含有“拒绝接受”之意，所以其后一般不接to accept，‎ 以免语义重复。‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑨(2017·江苏高考书面表达)然而，去年中国的经济增长率有所下降。‎ However,_China_saw_a_decline_in_its_economic_growth_rate_last_year.‎ ‎9．fortune n．财产；大笔的钱；机会；运气 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)seek/try one's fortune　　　 找出路；碰运气 make a fortune 发财 ‎(2)fortunate adj. 幸运的；侥幸的(＝lucky)‎ be fortunate to do sth. 有幸做某事 ‎(3)fortunately adv. 幸运地(＝luckily)‎ ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①It was fortunate (fortune) enough that he found his lost wallet at last.‎ ‎②What a difficult test! Fortunately (fortunate) I had worked hard, otherwise I would have failed.‎ ‎③She was fortunate enough to_find (find) a job as soon as she graduated from the university.‎ 完成句子 ‎④Many young people want to live in big cities to seek/try_their_fortune.‎ 许多年轻人想在大城市里寻找出路。‎ ‎⑤He made_a_fortune in the gold fields of South Africa.‎ 他在南非的金矿里发了财。‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑥(2014·湖北高考书面表达)幸运的是，她受伤不严重，我们把她送到了最近的医院。‎ Fortunately,_she_was_not_badly_injured_and_we_sent_her_to_the_nearest_hospital.‎ ‎[词汇过关综合训练]　‎ Ⅰ.单词拼写 ‎1．Most babies can digest (消化) a wide range of food easily.‎ ‎2．The flight was postponed (延期) because of the thick fog.‎ ‎3．You should seek (寻求) advice from your lawyer on this matter.‎ ‎4．Under the circumstances (情况), we must rely on ourselves.‎ ‎5．They were accused of abusing (滥用) their power to keep prices artificially high.‎ ‎6．As we all know, soil is fundamental (根本的) to the growth of the plants.‎ ‎7．The disappearance of jobs is a symptom (征兆) of a deeper social economic change.‎ ‎8．Due to bad management, company profits have been declining (下降) over the last three years.‎ ‎9．This weekly (每周一次的) schedule may not solve all of your problems, but it will make you aware of how you spend your time.‎ ‎10．With such a short time left before the deadline (最后日期), it is unlikely for John to finish the job on time.‎ Ⅱ.单句语法填空 ‎1．I am very much opposed to permitting (permit) him to go alone.‎ ‎2．Let's postpone making (make) a decision until we have more information.‎ ‎3．He has declined to_come (come) and in that case we can ask somebody else.‎ ‎4．Having been used to warm climate, Li Ming can't tolerate living (live) in such a cold place.‎ ‎5．We seek to_find (find) a way to make us get along well with the people around us.‎ ‎6．If you want to share a story of your pets with the readers，you need to submit it to Smart Animals.‎ ‎7．You must carry the necessary equipment (equip) with you，since it's all but impossible to find natural substitutes.‎ ‎8．We shared the belief that if you're fortunate (fortune) enough to have success, you should put something back.‎ ‎9．He threw himself in front of the door and prohibited us from leaving.‎ ‎10．Our parents are concerned (concern) about our health and future.‎ Ⅲ.单句改错 ‎1．He made fortune in his business trade on the Internet last year.made后加a ‎2．The number of population in that country is now in the decline.去掉第二个the ‎3．I oppose to destroy the relics, because of its fame around the world and its long history since 1906._destroy→destroying ‎4．The tobacco retail businessmen were strictly prohibited selling ‎ cigarettes to young men under 18.selling前加from ‎5．He gave away his all money to buy some equipments for the new school.equipments→equipment Ⅳ.完成句子 ‎1．I oppose/am_opposed_to_going_shopping on Sundays for it is too crowded.‎ 我反对星期天去购物，因为太拥挤了。‎ ‎2．I must remind you that at no time will_the_school_tolerate_cheating_in_exams.‎ 我必须提醒你，学校绝不会容忍考试作弊。‎ ‎3．I didn't know why the boy declined_to_answer a question.‎ 我不知道那个男孩为什么拒绝回答问题。‎ ‎4．They always look for excuses to postpone_doing_something.‎ 他们总是找借口推迟做某事。‎ ‎5．We are_submitting_the_proposal_to the committee for their approval.‎ 我们正把建议提交委员会审批。‎ ‎(一)课前自主学习 ‎1．in_vain　　　　　　　　　　 徒然，白费力气 ‎2．at_random 随便地，随意地 ‎3．at_all_costs 不管多大代价 ‎4．straight_away [串记1] 立刻，马上 ‎5．wipe_out 彻底毁灭 ‎6．stop_sth._in_its_tracks 终止；消灭 ‎7．rob_sb.of_sth. 抢劫某人某物 ‎8．at_any_rate 无论如何；至少 ‎9．get_down_to　[串记2] 开始做 ‎10．bring_up 教育；抚养；呕吐 ‎11．get_through 通过(考试)；完成 ‎12．clear_up 　　[串记3] 放晴；解释；澄清 ‎13．put_off 推迟；延期 ‎14．miss_out 遗漏；遗忘；错过机会 ‎15．focus_on 聚焦；集中；对准 ‎[同根短语串记]‎ 串记1.“立即，即刻”短语全接触 ‎①at once立即 ②right now/away立刻 ‎③straight away立刻，马上 ④in no time立刻，马上 ‎⑤in a flash即刻 ⑥in an instant立即；马上 串记2.“开始/着手做某事”短语精选 ‎①get down to doing sth. ②set out to do sth.‎ ‎③set about doing sth. ④settle down to sth.‎ ‎⑤start/begin doing/to do sth.‎ 串记3.clear短语荟萃 ‎　①clear up解释；澄清；放晴 ②clear away把……收拾整洁 ‎③clear off溜掉，离开 ④clear out把……清理干净 ‎ ‎1．track and field　　　　　　 田径运动 ‎2．athletic performances 运动成绩 ‎3．in the wrong hands 错误地 ‎4．the desire to succeed 获得成功的愿望 ‎5．beyond their natural limits 超出了自然极限 ‎6．thorough and systematic medical research ‎ 全面系统的医学研究 ‎7．the issue of performanceenhancing drugs ‎ 提高成绩的药物问题 ‎8．with all the international effort being made ‎ 随着国际间的共同努力 ‎9．pass the virus to people 把病毒传染给人们 ‎1．It_is_compulsory_for_winners_to_be_tested_ but other participants are only tested at random.‎ 获胜者要强制性地进行检查，而其他参与者只是随机地检查。‎ ‎2．The Olympic spirit — the spirit of competition which emphasises taking part rather_than winning — has been violated by the desire to succeed at all costs.‎ 人们不惜任何代价想获胜的愿望违背了重在参与而不是获胜的奥林匹克精神。‎ ‎3．Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months, with a tendency to strike the young and fit rather than the old, the_Spanish_Flu_is_believed_to__have_been the most acute epidemic in ‎ history.‎ 西班牙流感在18个月内使多达5千万人丧命，并且发病的倾向为年轻力壮的人而不是老年人，它被认为是历史上最严重的流行性传染病。‎ ‎[学考对接·活学活用]‎ 高考采撷(一)　阅读中的词块与句式 ‎1．(2016·江苏高考阅读B)A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive (认知的) skills, at least when compared with chimps.(用本单元短语替换加黑词汇)at_any_rate ‎2．(2015·陕西高考阅读D)Previous generations concentrated on getting children to school on time, fed, dressed and ready to learn.(用本单元短语替换加黑词汇)focused_on 高考采撷(二)　写作中的词块与句式 ‎(根据汉语及提示翻译句子)‎ ‎1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)希望你不要错过这次活动。我相信通过影片你能更好地了解我们学校。(miss out)‎ Hopefully,_you_don't_miss_out_the_activity.I_have_the_confidence_that_you_will_know_our_school_better_through_the_film.‎ ‎2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)此外，你最好带一些小礼物，比如一本书．(It is＋adj.＋ for sb.＋to do ...)‎ Furthermore,_it_is_advisable_for_you_to_bring_some_small_gifts,_like_a_book.‎ ‎(二)课堂重点释疑 ‎[短语集释]‎ ‎1．at any rate无论如何；不管怎样；反正，至少 ‎[记牢]‎ at this/that rate　　 照此情形；如此下去 at the/a rate of 以……的速度或比率；以……的价格 ‎[练通]　完成句子 ‎①You should make an adjustment about your behaviors at_any_rate.‎ 你至少应该对你的行为作出调整。‎ ‎②At_this_rate,_we won't make it to the destination before 5 o'clock.‎ 照此情形，5点之前我们是不能到达目的地的。‎ ‎③The driver was driving at_the/a_rate_of 100 kilometres an hour on the free way.‎ 司机在高速公路上以每小时100公里的速度开车。‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎④(2014·湖北高考书面表达)在我看来，我们中的每个人无论如何都应该尽力帮助那些需要帮助的人。‎ In_my_opinion,_every_one_of_us_should_try_our_best_to_help_those_in_need_at_any_rate.‎ ‎2．wipe out彻底毁灭；全部摧毁 ‎[记牢]‎ wipe away　　　　　 擦掉，清除掉 wipe sth. off/from 从……上擦去某物；勾销(债务等)‎ wipe sth. with sth. 用……擦……‎ wipe up 擦干净 ‎[练通]　完成句子 ‎①The storm wiped_the_building_out only in two hours.‎ 在仅仅两个小时之内，暴风雨就把那座建筑物毁坏了。‎ ‎②He wiped__away the sweat from his brow with the back of his hand.‎ 他用手背擦掉了额头上的汗水。‎ ‎③The flowing water wiped_the_pictures_drawn_by_children_off/from the sand.‎ 流动的水把孩子们画的画从沙子上擦掉。‎ ‎④I wiped_up_the_ground after children left the room.‎ 孩子们离开房间后，我把地上的东西擦干净了。‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑤(2015·江苏高考书面表达)交通问题是一个很难解决的问题。它不仅影响我们的日常生活，而且还可能毁灭人们的生活。‎ The_traffic_issue_is_a_hard_nut_to_crack.It_not_only_affects_our_everyday_life,_but_may_also_wipe_out_people's_life.‎ ‎3．at all costs无论如何，不管多大代价 ‎[记牢]‎ at the cost/expense of ...　　 牺牲……；以……为代价 at a cost of ... 以……的费用/价格 at any cost ＝at all costs 在任何情况下；无论如何 at cost 按成本价 ‎[练通]　完成句子 ‎①Economic growth must not be achieved at_the_cost_of ‎ environment or resources.‎ 发展经济绝不能以破坏环境、浪费资源为代价。‎ ‎②The work is so urgent that we must finish it before 6 at_all_costs/at_any_cost.‎ 这项工作如此紧急，以至于我们无论如何得在6点前完成。‎ ‎③You can buy the books at_cost on the Internet.‎ 你可以在网上以成本价买到这些书。‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎④(2015·安徽高考书面表达)如果我能采访他，无论如何我也要问问他是什么使他成为一名宇航员的。‎ If_I_could_interview_him,_I_would_ask_him_what_made_him_an_astronaut_at_all_costs.‎ ‎[句式集释]‎ ‎1．It is＋adj.＋for sb. to do ‎[教材原句]　It_is_compulsory_for_winners_to_be_tested but other participants are only tested at random.‎ ‎[悟拓展例句]‎ ‎(1)(2017·江苏高考)It_would_be_difficult_for_developed_countries_to_maintain the size of population.‎ 对发达国家来说那将很难维持人口规模。‎ ‎(2)It_is_very_clever_of_them to make good use of the Internet.‎ 他们很聪明，能充分利用互联网。‎ ‎[析用法规则]‎ 用法归纳 ‎(1)“It is＋adj.＋for sb. to do ...”结构中的形容词仅仅描述事物。这类形容词有difficult, easy, hard, important, dangerous, impossible等。‎ ‎(2)“It is＋adj.＋of sb.to do ...”结构中的形容词描述不定式行为者的性格、品质。这类形容词有 kind, good, right, clever, foolish, stupid, wise, rude 等。‎ 注意事项 ‎(1)若形容词是对不定式行为者的品格进行评价时用of sb.，反之用for sb.。‎ ‎(2)of后面的名词或代词与前面的形容词有逻辑上的主表关系；而for后面的名词或代词与前面的形容词无逻辑上的主表关系。‎ ‎[背写作佳句]‎ ‎(1)(2017·北京高考满分作文)It is wise of us to make a video to record our experiences at school.(开头句)‎ ‎(2)(2017·全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)It's difficult for a foreign learner to understand the true meaning and culture of Tang poems.(要点句)‎ ‎(3)(2018·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)It will be not only meaningful but also interesting for you to enjoy the movie.(要点句)‎ ‎2．并列连词rather than ‎[教材原句]　The Olympic spirit — the spirit of competition which emphasises taking part rather_than winning — has been violated by the desire to succeed at all costs.‎ ‎[悟拓展例句]‎ ‎(1)Nowadays some teenagers prefer_to_chat online with strangers rather_than_talk_with their parents face to face.‎ 如今，一些青少年宁愿在网上与陌生人闲谈也不愿与父母面对面谈话。‎ ‎(2)(2014·陕西高考)We would rather our daughter stayed_at_home_with_us,_but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.‎ 我们宁愿女儿和我们待在家里，但这是她的选择，她不再是孩子了。‎ ‎[析用法规则]‎ 用法归纳 ‎(1)rather than 常用于下列结构中：‎ ‎①prefer to do sth.rather than do sth.‎ ‎②would do sth.rather than do sth.‎ ‎③would rather do sth.than do sth.‎ ‎(2)would rather＋从句，从句中谓语动词用虚拟语气，过去时表示现在或将来的愿望，过去完成时表示过去的愿望。‎ 注意事项 ‎(1)rather than为并列连词，表示选择，意为“而不是”。它通常用在平行结构中，连接相同的句子成分，即rather than 前后两部分在成分和形式上应该一致。‎ ‎(2)rather than 连接主语及其附属成分时，谓语动词应与rather than前面的词在人称和数上保持一致。‎ ‎[背写作佳句]‎ ‎(1)(2017·北京高考满分作文)Personally, I would rather walk along the Yangtze River than climb the Mount Tai.(要点句)‎ ‎(2)(2015·重庆高考满分作文)Of the two, I prefer to choose the latter rather than select the former.(要点句)‎ ‎(3)(2015·上海高考满分作文)The reason why I am in favor of the picture in the top right corner is that it is simple and apparent rather than dull and isolating.(要点句)‎ ‎3．sb./sth. be believed＋动词不定式 ‎[教材原句]　Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months, with a tendency to strike the young and fit rather than the old, the_Spanish_Flu_is_believed_to_have_been the most acute epidemic in history.‎ ‎[悟拓展例句]‎ ‎(1)Tom is believed to_be (be) the child they are looking for.‎ 人们认为汤姆就是他们要找的那个孩子。‎ ‎(2)The company is said to_be_advertising (advertise) for a sales manager, and you can have a try.‎ 据说这家公司正在登广告招聘一名销售经理，你可以去试一下。‎ ‎(3)The professor is reported to have succeeded in carrying out this experiment.‎ ‎＝It's_reported_that_the_professor_has_succeeded in carrying out this experiment.‎ 据报道这位教授已经成功地完成了这项实验。‎ ‎[析用法规则]‎ 用法归纳 ‎(1)“sb./sth. be believed＋动词不定式”为固定结构，意为“人们认为(相信)……，被认为是/做……”，此结构可以和It is believed that或People believe互换。常用于这种句型的动词有say/hope/think/report/know等。‎ ‎(2)动词不定式用完成时，强调动作发生在主句动作之前；用进行时，强调动作正在进行；用一般现在时，强调动作与主句动作(几乎)同时发生，或之后发生。‎ ‎[背写作佳句]‎ ‎(1)(2018·江苏高考满分作文)Depending entirely on the ratings in ‎ consumption is generally believed to be unwise.(要点句)‎ ‎(2)(2018·天津高考满分作文)It is said that you have had a good performance in the robotics skill contest.(要点句)‎ ‎[词块、句式过关综合训练]　‎ Ⅰ.选词填空 in vain， wipe out， bring up， at random， miss out， put off， focus on， get through， stop sth.in its tracks， at all costs ‎1．The noise outsides made it hard for me to focus_on study.‎ ‎2．The people for the experiment were chosen completely at_random.‎ ‎3．We must at_all_costs prevent them from finding out about the plan.‎ ‎4．It's not an easy task for you to bring_up a small child on your own.‎ ‎5．Had the boy worked harder, he would have got_through the exams.‎ ‎6．I have tried very hard to find out a solution to the problem，but in_vain.‎ ‎7．They have decided to put_off holding the meeting because of the bad weather.‎ ‎8．I'll just read through the form again to make sure I haven't missed anything out.‎ ‎9．They stopped attack in_its_tracks when they saw the tiger charging towards them.‎ ‎10．Earlier in our history, the government was trying to wipe_out and destroy their culture.‎ Ⅱ.句型转换/完成句子/一句多译 ‎1．It's reported that the way people spend their holidays has changed a great deal in the past ten years.‎ ‎→The way people spend their holidays is reported to have changed a great deal in the past ten years.‎ ‎2．他们尽力使她高兴但徒劳无功。‎ They tried their best to make her happy but_in_vain.‎ ‎3．在这么短的时间内解出这道数学题，你真是太聪明了。‎ It's_clever_of_you_to_work_out the math problem in such a short time.‎ ‎4．一次又一次的失败使他成名的雄心壮志化为乌有。‎ One failure after another wiped_out_his_ambition for fame.‎ ‎5．星期天，我宁愿出去锻炼也不愿待在家里玩电脑游戏。‎ ‎①I prefer_to_take_some_exercise_outside_rather_than_play_computer_games at home on Sundays.(prefer ...rather than ...)‎ ‎②I would_rather_take_some_exercise_outside_than_play_computer_games at home on Sundays.(would rather ...than ...)‎ ‎③I would_take_some_exercise_outside_rather_than_play_computer_games at home on Sundays.(would ...rather than ...)‎ Ⅲ.分步写作 假如你是李华，你的英国笔友Mary想知道如何保持健康。请你就“如何保持健康”这个话题给她写一封建议信。内容包括：‎ ‎1．表达愿意提供建议的意愿；‎ ‎2．合理、健康的饮食；‎ ‎3．适当的锻炼；‎ ‎4．充足的睡眠和休息；‎ ‎5．健康的心态。‎ 注意：1.词数100左右；‎ ‎2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。‎ 第一步：准确审题，理行文脉络，拟写作要点 本写作属于应用文中的普通书信，时态为一般现在时，人称为第一人称。可以从以下五方面着手：一是表达愿意提供建议的意愿；二是合理、健康的饮食；三是适当的锻炼；四是充足的睡眠和休息；五是健康的心态。写作时需将要点表达准确全面，避免跑题。‎ 要点1：每个人都想要有好的健康。我很高兴给你一些保持健康的建议。‎ Everyone_wants_to_be_in_good_health.I_am_very_glad_to_give_you_some_advice_on_keeping_health.‎ 要点2：保持健康均衡的饮食。‎ Keep_a_healthy_and_balanced_diet.‎ 要点3：定期锻炼。‎ Take_exercise_regularly.‎ 要点4：得到足够的睡眠和休息。‎ Get_enough_sleep_and_rest.‎ 要点5：保持健康的心态。‎ Keep_a_healthy_mind.‎ 第二步：添加细节，文意更丰满，表达更亮眼 为了使内容更加全面丰满，我们需要对要点进行适度拓展。如要点1可使用主语从句、疑问词＋不定式作宾语表达更高级；要点2可添加内容“你知道，我们吃什么就是什么”及“各种各样的食物可以提供我们身体所需的各种营养”，表达时可使用what引导的表语从句及that引导的定语从句，使要点更加清晰有力；要点3可补充谚语，使要点更加可信，有说服力；要点4可利用询问的口吻，其中穿插俗语可使表达更加地道生动；要点5可用祈使句以及谚语使表达更贴切。‎ 拓展1：每个人都想要有好的健康是真的。因此，我很高兴给你一些如何保持健康的建议。(that引导的主语从句，疑问词＋不定式作宾语)‎ It's_true_that_everyone_wants_to_be_in_good_health.I_am_very_glad_to_give_you_some_advice_on_how_to_keep_healthy.‎ 拓展2－①：我们需要保持健康均衡的饮食。你知道，我们吃什么就是什么。(what引导的表语从句)‎ We_need_to_keep_a_healthy_and_balanced_diet.You_know,_we_are_what_we_eat.‎ 拓展2－②：各种各样的食物可以提供我们身体所需的各种营养。(that引导的定语从句)‎ A_variety_of_food_can_provide_us_with_different_nutrients_that_our_body_needs.‎ 拓展3：我们也应该经常锻炼。俗话说，生命在于运动。(谚语)‎ We_should_also_take_exercise_regularly.As_the_saying_goes,_life_lies_in_movement.‎ 拓展4：我们应该得到足够的睡眠和休息。你听说过吗？早睡早起使人健康、富有和聪明。(询问的口吻，俗语)‎ We_ought_to_get_enough_sleep_and_rest.Have_you_heard_that_‎ early_to_bed_and_early_to_rise_makes_a_man_healthy,_wealthy_and_wise?‎ 拓展5－①：我们最好保持健康的心态。也就是说，我们应该以积极的态度看待一切。(in ...way)‎ We'd_better_keep_a_healthy_mind.That's_to_say,_we_should_look_at_everything_in_a_positive_way.‎ 拓展5－②：别忘了多笑少哭。你知道，笑是最好的药。(祈使句，谚语)‎ Don't_forget_to_laugh_more_and_cry_less.You_know,_laughter_is_the_best_medicine.‎ 第三步：连句成文，排语句顺序，重衔接过渡 开头表达愿意提供建议的意愿；中间列举要点，用衔接词firstly， secondly， thirdly， last but not least等使整篇文章思路清晰，具有连贯性。‎ Dear_Mary，‎ It's_true_that_everyone_wants_to_be_in_good_health.I_am_very_glad_to_give_you_some_advice_on_how_to_keep_healthy.‎ Firstly,_we_need_to_keep_a_healthy_and_balanced_diet.You_know,_we_are_what_we_eat.A_variety_of_food_can_provide_us_with_different_nutrients_that_our_body_needs.Secondly,_we_should_also_take_exercise_regularly.As_the_saying_goes,_life_lies_in_movement.Thirdly,_we_ought_to_get_enough_sleep_and_rest.Have_you_heard_that_early_to_bed_and_early_to_rise_makes_a_man_healthy,_wealthy_and_wise？Last_but_not_least,_we'd_better_keep_a_healthy_mind.That's_to_say,_we_should_look_at_everything_in_a_positive_way.Don't_forget_to_laugh_more_and_cry_less.You_know,_laughter_is_the_best_medicine.‎ I_hope_you_will_find_these_suggestions_practical.‎ Yours，‎ Li_Hua 掌握阅读技能之(二)　复现 复现是完形文章中词汇的一种衔接手段，即表达相同意思的词汇在文章的不同地方出现。复现可以是相同的词重复出现，也可以是用不同的词表达相同的意思。‎ 一、复现在命题中的运用——指明阅读方向 ‎1．挖空的词大多是未挖空词的再现和重复 一般来说，在一篇完整的文章中，单词和语句共同构成一张语义网络。在这个语义网络里，很多词都有不同形式的再现和重复。命题组的老师根据文章上下文构成的语义场，选取那些重复的词、那些在其他地方有或明或暗提示的词。有选择地找出那些词，将它们挖掉，供考生处理的空格也就出来了。‎ ‎[高考典例]　(2014·山东卷)So in 1887, she appealed to the Manitoba Legislature to__38__a licence to her but they, too, refused. Charlotte 39(continued) to practise without a licence until 1912. She died four years later at the age of 73.‎ In 1993, 77 years after her40(death),_a medical licence was issued to Charlotte.‎ ‎38．A.sell　　　 B．donate　　　 C．issue　　　 D．show 解析：选C　命题人之所以挖38空是因为下文40空后有“a medical licence was issued to Charlotte”，38空的issue正是此句中“issued”的词汇复现。‎ ‎2．未设空的文字一定是重要线索 一篇二、三百词的文章挖空后，不能影响到考生对全文大意和主旨的把握。为了保证题目可解，待选空格的内容实际上必须要在保留的残缺不全的文章中给出提示，这就是命题者遵循的“重复原则”。依据这一原则，每一个空格所对应的正确选项应该在文章中其他句子或段落中有所再现和重复，“重复原则”是完形填空解题的出发点和落脚点。‎ ‎[高考典例]　(2014·重庆卷)Also be cautious about expressing __34__. Getting angry in Southeast Asia just makes you look silly.‎ ‎34．A.emotions 　 B．concern C．interest D．views 解析：选A　命题人之所以挖此空格，是因为34空后的句子“Getting angry in Southeast Asia just makes you look silly.”为本空的解题提供重要的线索，即getting angry是一种情感(emotion)。‎ 二、复现在解题中的运用——提高阅读能力 复现是一种语境衔接手段，它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等形式，重复出现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，考生可根据文章的具体情况，理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的复现现象来选择正确的答案。‎ ‎1．原词复现——在上下文中同一词汇重复出现 ‎[高考典例]　(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits ...‎ ‎... I managed to get an A in that __53__ and learned life lessons that have served me well beyond the 54(classroom). ‎ ‎53．A.game B．presentation C．course D．experiment 分析：本题可以利用原词复现解题。根据选文首句中的“the education department was offering a ‘free’ course”可知，“我”设法在那门“课程”上获得了A，此处是course的原词复现，故选C项。‎ ‎2．同/近义词复现——意思相同、相近的表达方式，或者解释性的词汇复现 ‎[高考典例]　(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)The baby was born and update texts were 47(coming_in) quickly from the overjoyed grandmother, Teresa.In her __48__， she didn't seem to realize that she was 49(sharing) the baby's photos with a complete stranger.‎ ‎48．A.opinion B．anxiety C．excitement D．effort 分析：本题可以利用近义词复现解题。根据上文中的“the overjoyed grandmother”可知，此处填入的词应与“overjoyed (欣喜若狂的)”在语义范畴上一致，故选C项。‎ ‎3．同根词复现——词形变化的词汇复现 ‎[高考典例]　(2016·北京卷)It was a cold January in 1925 in Nome, Alaska.The town was cut off from the rest of the world due to heavy snow.‎ ‎...‎ How could the medicine get to Nome? The town's 39(harbor) was ‎ already full of ice, so it couldn't come by ship.Cars and horses couldn't travel on the __40__roads.‎ ‎40．A.narrow 　 B．snowy C．busy D．dirty 分析：本题可以利用同根词复现解题。根据选文第一段可知，大雪覆盖了道路，切断了小镇与外界的联系，故汽车和马无法在满是雪的(snowy)道路上行进，空格处与第一段最后一个单词snow是同根词复现。故选B。‎ ‎4．上下义词复现——总括与分述的词汇复现 ‎[高考典例]　(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Sitting back in the car on the way to the airport, I figured it all out.Rani's __59__— her warm smile, her nods, her ‘I'm here for you’ 60(attitude) — were all silent signals that didn't travel through wires.‎ ‎59．A.forgiveness B．eagerness C．friendliness D．skillfulness 分析：本题可以利用上下义词复现解题。根据下文“她温暖的微笑，她的点头，她的‘我在这里为你我服务’的态度”等表明瑞妮很友好(friendliness)，故选C。其中smile，nod等是下义词(具体行为)，friendliness是上义词(概括)。‎ ‎5．反义词——词义相反的词汇复现 ‎[高考典例]　(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)I had advised the kids that while verbs (动词) may seem dull, most of the__50__things they do throughout their lives will be verbs.‎ ‎50．A.simple 　　 B．unique 　 C．fun ‎ ‎ D．clever 分析：本题可以利用反义词复现解题。根据前面的while(虽然)可知，空格处所在句与前面为转折关系，应填与dull(无聊的，枯燥无味的)意思上相反的词fun，表示“有趣的，令人快乐的”。故选C。‎