2019届一轮复习北师大版选修八Unit22EnvironmentalProtection单元学案设计

2019届一轮复习北师大版选修八Unit22EnvironmentalProtection单元学案设计

‎2019届一轮复习北师大版Unit 22 Environmental Protection单元学案设计 一、刷黑板—— Ⅰ.阅读词汇(英译汉)‎ ‎[第一屏听写] ‎ ‎1．*greenhouse effect　　　 温室效应 ‎2．ecology n. 生态 ‎3．botanical adj. 植物的 ‎4．consultant n. 顾问 ‎5．brewery n. 啤酒厂 ‎6．boycott n. (联合)抵制 ‎7．corrupt adj. 贪污受贿的，腐败的　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 　 ‎ ‎[第二屏听写] ‎ ‎8．conservation n．　　　　 　 保护 ‎9．consensus n. 一致的意见 ‎10．ray n. 光线 ‎11．bounce vi. 反弹 ‎12．pin (on) vt. 把责任加在(某人)身上 ‎13．*drought n. 旱灾 ‎14．federal adj. 联邦的　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 　 ‎ ‎[第三屏听写] ‎ ‎15．cushion n．　　　　　　　 坐垫，靠垫 ‎16．pancake n. 薄煎饼 ‎17．hurricane n. 飓风 ‎18．*species n. (动植物的)物种 ‎19．*habitat n. 栖息地 ‎20．tortoise n. (陆)龟 ‎21．hook n. 钩子，钩　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 　 ‎ ‎[第四屏听写] ‎ ‎22．wrap up　　　　　　　　 结束 ‎23．*Tibetan antelope 藏羚羊 ‎24．*Tibet 西藏 ‎25．*enforce vt. 实施，执行 ‎26．*landslide n. 滑坡，山崩 ‎27．*tsunami n. 海啸 ‎28．typhoon n. 台风　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 　 ‎ ‎[第五屏听写] ‎ ‎29．grand adj.　　　　　　 巨大的 ‎30．*scale n. 规模，范围 ‎31．thunderstorm n. 雷暴，雷雨 ‎32．rainfall n. 降雨量 ‎33．irrigation n. 灌溉 ‎34．offshore adj. 在近海岸的 ‎35．catastrophe n. 巨大的灾难　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 　 ‎ ‎[第六屏听写] ‎ ‎36．clay n．　　　　　　 　　 黏土 ‎37．brick n. 砖，砖块 ‎38．slip vi. 滑行 ‎39．mountainous adj. 多山的 ‎40．howl vi. 咆哮，怒吼 ‎41．roll vi. (平稳地)移动，滚动 ‎42．plug vt. 塞住 ‎43．plug one's ears 塞住耳朵　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 　 ‎ ‎[第七屏听写] ‎ ‎44．quilt n．　　　　　　　　 被褥，被子 ‎45．*industrialisation n. 工业化 ‎46．*negative adj. 消极的，负面的 ‎47．*soundproof adj. 隔音的 ‎48．warehouse n. 仓库 ‎49．fragile adj. 易毁的；脆弱的 ‎50．pest n. 有害的动物 ‎51．valid adj. 有充分理由的　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 　 ‎ ‎[第八屏听写] ‎ ‎52．evolution n．　　　　　　 (生物)进化 ‎53．trunk n. 象鼻 ‎54．*tusk n. (象等动物的)长牙 ‎55．cube n. 立方体 ‎56．cubic adj. 立方的 ‎57. carve vt. & vi. 雕刻 ‎58．quake n. 地震 ‎59．mainland n. 大陆　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 　 ‎ Ⅱ.高频词汇(汉译英)‎ ‎[第九屏听写] ‎ ‎1．*endanger vt.　 　　 危害 ‎2．trap vt. 使困住 ‎3．a_number_of 一些 ‎4．reserve n. 保护区 ‎5．principle n. 原则，道德准则 ‎6．beyond prep. 超出 ‎7．beyond_one's_control 超出……的控制，不受……的控制 ‎8．*claim vt. 声称　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 　 ‎ ‎[第十屏听写] ‎ ‎9．look_ahead　　　　　 展望未来 ‎10．relevant adj. 有关的 ‎11．refer_(to)_ 指，意即 ‎12．in_turn_ 依次 ‎13．lead_to_ 引起，导致 ‎14．agriculture n. 农业 ‎15．coincidence n. 巧合 ‎16．sacrifice vt. & vi. 牺牲；献出　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 　 ‎ ‎[第十一屏听写] ‎ ‎17．condemn vt.　　　　 迫使(某人)陷于不幸的境地 ‎18．take_action 采取行动 ‎19．advocate vt. 主张，提倡 ‎20．recycle vt. 回收利用 ‎21．substitute n. 代替品，代用品 ‎22．threaten vt. 威胁 ‎23._ahead_of_ 在……前面 ‎24．apart_from 除……以外　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 　 ‎ ‎[第十二屏听写] ‎ ‎25．answer_for　　　　　 对(已产生的不良后果)负责任 ‎26．seize vt. 依法没收；(用武力)夺取 ‎27．call_for_an_end_to_sth._ 要求结束……‎ ‎28．or_else 否则；不然 ‎29．behalf n. 代表 ‎30．on_somebody's_behalf_ 代表……‎ ‎31．for_good_ 永远 ‎32．carry_off_ 掠去，夺走　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 　 ‎ ‎[第十三屏听写] ‎ ‎33．all_in_all_　　　　　　 　 总的来说 ‎34．changeable adj. 多变的 ‎35．result_in_ 导致 ‎36．rough adj. 艰难的 ‎37．separation n. 分离，分开 ‎38．means n. 方法 ‎39．earn_one's_living 谋生 ‎40．construct vt. 建造　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 　 ‎ ‎[第十四屏听写] ‎ ‎41．slide vi.　　　　　 　　 滑行 ‎42．flee vt. & vi. 逃走 ‎43．calculate vt. 计算，算出 ‎44．adopt vt. 采用 ‎45．considerate adj. 想得周到的，体贴的 ‎46．all_the_best 祝一切顺利 ‎47．politics_n. 政治(活动)‎ ‎48．sum_up 总结，概括　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 　 ‎ ‎[第十五屏听写] ‎ ‎49．as_a_matter_of_fact　　 　 实际上 ‎50．finance n. 资金 ‎51．allocate vt. 分配，配给 ‎52．break_away_from 摆脱，脱离(某种思想体系、团体、组织)‎ ‎53．grand adj. 巨大的 ‎54．potential n. 可能性，潜在性 ‎55．dust n. 尘土，灰尘 ‎56．arm vt. 武装　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 　 ‎ ‎[第十六屏听写] ‎ ‎57．carve vt. & vi.　　　 　 雕刻 ‎58．reservation n. 保护 ‎59．*extinct adj. 灭绝的，绝种的 ‎60．*fashionable adj. 流行的，时髦的 ‎61．sharpener n. 卷笔刀 ‎62．sharpen vt. 削尖 ‎63．consultant n. 顾问　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 　 ‎ 二、刷清单—— ‎(一)核心单词 阅读单词 ‎1.ecology n．　 　生态 ‎2.botanical adj. 植物的 ‎3.consultant n. _顾问 ‎4.corrupt adj. 贪污受贿的，腐败的 ‎5.conservation n. 保护 ‎6.consensus n. 一致的意见 ‎7.ray n. _光线_‎ ‎8.drought n. 旱灾 ‎9.federal adj.　　　_联邦的 ‎10.hurricane n. _飓风 ‎11.species n. (动植物的)物种 ‎12.habitat n. 栖息地 ‎13.enforce vt. 实施，执行 ‎14.scale n. 规模，范围 ‎15.thunderstorm n. 雷暴，暴雨 ‎16.rainfall n. 降雨量 ‎17.quake n．　　　　地震 ‎18.offshore adj. 在近海岸的 ‎19.evolution n. (生物)进化 ‎20.mountainous adj. 多山的 ‎21.valid adj. 有充分理由的 ‎22.fragile adj. 易毁的；脆弱的 ‎23.negative adj. 消极的，负面的 ‎24.mainland n. 大陆 表达单词 ‎1.endanger vt.　　危害 ‎2.trap vt. 使困住 ‎3.principle n. 原则，道德准则 ‎4.beyond prep. 超出 ‎5.relevant adj. 有关的 ‎6.coincidence n. 巧合 ‎7.condemn vt. 迫使(某人)陷于不幸的境地 ‎8.sacrifice vt. & vi. 牺牲；献出 ‎9.advocate vt. 主张，提倡 ‎10.recycle vt. 回收利用 ‎11.substitute n. 代替品，代用品 ‎12.seize vt. 依法没收；(用武力)夺取 ‎13.behalf n. 代表 ‎[语境活用]‎ ‎1.If you don't pay your debt, your property will be seized (没收)．‎ ‎2.They had been trapped (使困住) in the cave for 20 days before rescued.‎ ‎3.What a coincidence (巧合) that we were in New York at the same time！‎ ‎4.The report advocated (提倡) that all buildings should be fitted with smoke detectors in yesterday's newspaper.‎ ‎5.In a formal football match, each team can have three players to substitute (替代) their teammates when necessary.‎ ‎6.We will condemn (谴责) ‎ ‎14.means n. 方法 ‎15.flee v. 逃走 ‎16.potential n. 可能性，潜在性 ‎17.claim vt. 声称 ‎18.dust n. 尘土，灰尘 ‎19.arm vt. 武装 ‎20.carve vt. & vi. 雕刻 ‎ those people for their mistreating pets, such as dogs or cats.‎ ‎7.It was not until I completed the form that I realized that half the questions were not relevant (有关的) to me.‎ ‎8.All children should be encouraged to develop their full potential (潜能)．‎ ‎9.You mustn't sacrifice (牺牲) environment to promote economic growth.‎ ‎10.During the civil war thousands of people fled (逃离) the country.‎ 拓展单词 ‎1.extinct adj.灭绝的，绝种的→extinction n．灭绝，绝种 ‎2.fashionable adj.流行的，时髦的→fashion n．流行，时尚 ‎3.separation n．分离，分开→separate adj.分开的v.分离，分开 ‎4.construct vt.建造→construction n．建造 ‎[语境活用]‎ ‎1.The old man considers his daughterinlaw considerate because she always takes everything into consideration when she deals with family affairs.(consider)‎ ‎2.After a long separation,_ they both lived a separate life and in the end they separated peacefully.(separate)‎ ‎3.A new bridge is being ‎ ‎5.considerate adj.想得周到的，体贴的→consider vt.考虑→consideration n．考虑→considering prep.考虑到；鉴于 ‎6.adopt vt.采用；收养→adoption n．收养；采用→adopted adj.收养的 ‎7.reservation n．预订；保留；保护；疑惑→reserve n．保护区 vt.保留；预订→reserved adj.预订的，保留的 ‎8.agriculture n．农业→agricultural adj.农业的 ‎9.changeable adj.多变的→change n. & v．变化 ‎10.finance n．资金→financial adj.财政的；金融的 ‎11.allocate vt.分配，配给→allocation n．分配，配给 ‎12.politics n．政治(活动)→political adj.政治的→politician n．政治家 constructed over the river and its construction will be finished next year.(construct)‎ ‎4.It is not safe to let the child sharpen his pencil using the sharp sharpener.(sharp)‎ ‎5.Mr.White is the adopted son of Mrs.Green, who adopted him when his parents died 20 years ago. Thanks to her adoption,_Mr.White could receive a good education and became an engineer.(adopt)‎ ‎6.The world is changeable,_ and everything is changing.(change)‎ ‎7.If necessary, students are allowed to calculate the volume (容积) of the container using a calculator,_ which will make the calculation simpler.(calculate)‎ ‎8.A large sum has been allocated for buying new books for the library. The allocation is of great importance to our school library's construction.(allocate)‎ ‎13.sharpen vt.削尖→sharp adj.锋利的→sharpener n．卷笔刀 ‎14.calculate vt.计算，算出→calculation n．计算→calculator n．计算器 ‎(二)常用短语 写准记牢 语境活用(选用左栏短语填空)‎ ‎1.a_number_of　 　　　　一些 ‎2.in_turn 依次，轮流；反过来 ‎3.take_action 采取行动 ‎4.lead_to 引起，导致 ‎5.ahead_of 在……前面 ‎6.apart_from 除……以外 ‎7.answer_for (对已产生的不良后果)负责任 ‎8.carry_off 掠去，夺走 ‎9.call_for_an_end_to_sth. 要求结束……‎ ‎10.refer_to 指，意即 ‎11.all_in_all 总的来说 ‎12.earn_one's_living 谋生 ‎13.as_a_matter_of_fact 实际上 ‎14.look_ahead 展望未来，向前看 ‎15.result_in 导致 ‎1.He spends too much time on maths, and this_in_turn affects the progress of his other subjects.‎ ‎2.Due to circumstances beyond our control the lecture was cancelled. ‎ ‎3.Eating too much fat can_lead_to heart disease and cause high blood pressure.‎ ‎4.If we human beings don't take_action to protect the earth from now on, we'll have nowhere to live in the future.‎ ‎5.We'll have to answer_for_our selfishness sooner or later.‎ ‎6.As_a_matter_of_fact,_parents don't want their children to be in trouble.‎ ‎7.We have reached an agreement that we will not refer_to_the matter ‎16.on_somebody's_behalf 代表……‎ ‎17.break_away_from 摆脱；脱离(团体、组织、‎ ‎ 某种思想体系)‎ ‎18.sum_up 总结，概括 ‎19.or_else 否则，不然 ‎20.beyond_one's_control 超出……的控制 ‎ again.‎ ‎8.Apart_from being too large, the color and the style of the dress suit me well.‎ ‎9.I was encouraged to break_away_from old forms and rules.‎ ‎10.Young people often_look_ahead to the future while the elderly look back on the past.‎ ‎11.Jobs earned_his_living_by selling computers when he was 19 years old.‎ ‎12.A_number_of world famous paintings are on show in this exhibition.‎ ‎13.I didn't know that he was a cheat; or_else I wouldn't have believed him.‎ ‎(三)经典句式 原句背诵 句式解构 佳句仿写 ‎1.Without these naturally occurring gases, the sun's rays would bounce back into space leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on.‎ 含蓄条件句的虚拟。‎ 要是没有你的帮助，我不可能在英语演讲比赛中获得第一名。‎ Without your help, I couldn't_have_won_the_first_place in the 如果没有这些自然产生的气体，太阳光将会被反射回太空中去，使地球处于寒冷之中，不适合生命的存在。‎ ‎ English Speaking Competition.‎ ‎2.Given this data, it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.‎ 鉴于这些数据，好像人类活动与正在升高的地球温度之间的联系并不仅仅只是巧合而已。‎ given用作介词或连词，表示“鉴于；考虑到；倘若”。‎ 考虑到目前的条件，我认为他已做得相当出色了。‎ Given_the_present_conditions,_I think he has done rather well.‎ ‎3.The last few years have seen environmental disasters on a grand scale, and experts are predicting far worse to come.‎ 近几年一些环境灾难大规模地出现，专家们预测更坏的局面即将来临。‎ 拟人修辞手法。‎ 天安门前的这两只石狮见证了许多重大的历史事件。‎ The_two_stone_lions_standing_in_front_of_Tian'anmen_saw/witnessed many great historic events.‎ ‎(四)初中考点再回顾 高频考查类——记熟 文化差异类——辨清 易忘易错类——勤览 ‎1.right now　　现在 ‎ ‎2.rush out 冲出去 ‎3.scarf n. 围巾；头巾 ‎4.school trip 学校郊游 ‎5.scoop n. 勺子；铲子 ‎6.send for 派人取/请 ‎1.beat_v．　 　心脏跳动 ‎2.give_..._a_lift 搭便车；捎一程 ‎3.in disbelief 难以置信 ‎4.serve me a cup of coffee 给我端上一杯咖啡 ‎5.serve as/for 充当；担任 ‎6.work out the answer 解出答案 ‎1.flash n．　闪光灯 ‎2.maybe adv. 可能 ‎3.may be 可能是 ‎4.a sense of direction 方向感 ‎5.a sense of humour 幽默感 ‎6.go out of one's way to do sth. 特地做某事 一、过重点单词—— ‎1．reserve vt.储备；保存；保留；预订，预约n.保护区；储备 ‎[教材原句]　Breweries are often built in nature reserves.‎ 啤酒厂经常建在自然保护区。‎ ‎[练牢基点]　写出下列句中reserve的词性及含义 ‎①I'd prefer to reserve my judgement until I find all the evidence. vt.保留 ‎②I can not get the book I want but can I reserve it？vt.预订 ‎③Firstly, an effective way, I think, is to reserve water in a scientific ‎ way for future use.vt.储备 ‎④Jiuzhaigou Valley is a nature reserve located in China's Sichuan Province. n．保护区 ‎[系统考点]‎ ‎(1)reserve sth.for sb./sth.　 为某人/某物保留、预订某物 ‎(2)in reserve 贮存；备用 ‎(3)reservation n. 保留；预订(房间、座位等)‎ make a reservation 预订(座位、房间等)‎ without reserve/reservation　 毫无保留地 ‎ (4)reserved adj. 预订的，保留的 be reserved for 留作，(专)供……之用 ‎[练通重点]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎⑤—Have you reserved a table for us in advance, Mary?‎ ‎—Oh, I forgot to tell you I have made a reservation for you. You will have a reserved table whenever you get there.(reserve)‎ 完成句子 ‎⑥We always keep some money_in_reserve,_just in case.‎ 我们总是存些钱，以防万一。‎ ‎⑦They accepted the proposal_without_reserve/reservation.‎ 他们毫无保留地接受了这个建议。‎ 一句多译 你必须提前订票吗？‎ ‎⑧Do you have to reserve_tickets in advance? (reserve)‎ ‎⑨Do you have to make_a_reservation_of_tickets in advance? (reservation)‎ ‎2．seize vt.抓住；捉住；夺取 ‎[经典例句]　She tried to seize the gun from him.‎ 她试图夺他的枪。‎ seize sth. from sb.　　　　　　 从某人那里夺过某物 seize sb. by the ... 抓住某人的……‎ seize on/upon 抓住，利用 seize a chance/an opportunity 抓住机会 ‎[多角练透]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①Before he could run away, she seized him by the collar.‎ ‎②They seized on/upon the excuse to get out of the trouble.‎ 完成句子 ‎③We should seize_the__chance/opportunity_to_work_hard to achieve our goals.‎ 我们应抓住机会努力实现我们的目标。‎ ‎④Tom_seized_the_letter_from_her and began to read out loud.‎ 汤姆从她手上把信抢过去，开始大声朗读。‎ ‎3．substitute vt.& vi.(用……)替代；取代n.代替品，代用品 ‎[教材原句]　After all, there's no substitute for our Earth.‎ 毕竟，没有任何东西可代替地球。‎ ‎(1)substitute A for B＝substitute B with/by A ‎　　　　　　　　　　　 用A代替/取代B substitute for 代替，取代 ‎(2)a substitute for ... ……的替代品 ‎[题点全练]　完成句子/一句多译 ‎①Larry substituted_for_the_colleague who was sick.‎ 拉里代替了那位生病的同事。‎ ‎②In China many people use tea as_a_substitute_for_coffee.‎ 在中国，很多人用茶作为咖啡的替代品。‎ 在我看来，我们必须用一把新椅子换掉这把坏椅子。‎ ‎③As far as I'm concerned, we must substitute_a_new_chair_for_the_broken_one.‎ ‎④As far as I'm concerned, we must substitute_the_broken_chair_with/by_a_new_one.‎ ‎4．trap vt.使困住；诱捕；诱骗；使陷入困境n.陷阱；圈套 ‎[教材原句]　Because of the greenhouse effect, the Earth is warmed by gases trapped in the atmosphere.‎ 因为温室效应，困在大气层中的气体使得地球气温上升。‎ ‎[练牢基点]　写出下列句中trap的词性及含义 ‎①Some miners were trapped underground after the collapse.vt.使困住 ‎②Were you just going to trap her into making some admission? vt.诱骗 ‎③The only thing the wolf could do was climbing up to the ground from the trap. n．陷阱 ‎④The police set a trap to catch the thief. n．圈套 ‎[系统考点]‎ ‎(1)trap sb. into (doing) sth. 使某人陷入(做)某事的圈套；诱骗某人(做)某事 be/get trapped in 被困在……中 ‎(2)fall into a trap 落入陷阱/圈套 fall into the trap of doing sth. 落入……的圈套；做某事不明智 set/lay a trap for 为……设圈套 ‎[练通重点]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎⑤The shopkeeper trapped me into buying (buy) his poor quality milk. ‎ ‎⑥Once you fall into a trap, it will not be easy to get out of it.‎ 完成句子 ‎⑦The old man was_trapped_in_the_burning_house_at that moment.‎ 那时候这位老人被困在着火的房子里。‎ ‎⑧She is too clever to fall_into_the_trap_of_doing_any_hard_work.‎ 她很聪明，不会中圈套去做任何困难的工作。‎ ‎⑨He set_a_trap_for_her and she walked straight into it.‎ 他给她设了个圈套，她就径直钻了进去。‎ ‎5．threaten vt.威胁，恐吓 ‎[经典例句]　They threatened to close our credit lines if we don't reduce the amount of carbon dioxide we produce.‎ 如果我们不降低二氧化碳的排放量，他们威胁说将取消我们的信用额度。‎ ‎(1)threaten sb.with ...　　　　 用……威胁某人 threaten to do sth. 威胁要做某事 threaten that ... 威胁……‎ ‎(2)threat n. 威胁，恐吓 a threat to sb./sth. 对某人或某事的威胁 ‎[多角练透]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①Will a rising China become a threat to Western interests?‎ ‎②He tied her up and threatened her with a sixinch knife.‎ ‎③Those kidnappers threatened to_kill (kill) their son if they couldn't get enough money.‎ 句式升级 ‎④He was threatened by terrorists and didn't dare to vote for the president.‎ ‎→Threatened_by_terrorists,_he_didn't_dare_to_vote_for_the_president.(用过去分词短语作状语)‎ ‎6．advocate vt.主张，提倡n.提倡者，拥护者 ‎[教材原句]　Experts advocate that each person play their part.‎ 专家们主张每一个人都要发挥自己的作用。‎ ‎(1)advocate (doing) sth.　　 提倡/拥护/支持(做)某事 advocate that ... 主张……[从句谓语动词用 (should＋)动词原形]‎ ‎(2)an advocate of/for ……的提倡者/拥护者 ‎[题点全练]　单句语法填空 ‎①He advocated that the children (should)_take (take) an active part in sports games.‎ ‎②Many experts advocated rewarding (reward) the children for good behavior.‎ ‎③She has always been an advocate of/for changes to English spelling, to make it easier to learn.‎ ‎7．adopt vt.采用，采纳；收养 ‎[高考佳句]　In recent years, however, young upper middleclass ‎ people in London, have begun to adopt some regional accents, in order to hide their class origins.(2015·广东高考阅读D)‎ 但是，在最近几年，伦敦中上阶层的年轻人为了掩盖他们的阶级出身，开始采用地方方言。‎ ‎(1)adopt a policy/habit　　　 采用某项政策/某种习惯 adopt one's suggestion/plan/idea 采纳某人的建议/计划/想法 adopt a method/measures 采用某种方法/采取措施 adopt an orphan 收养孤儿 ‎(2)adopted adj. 收养的 ‎(3)adoption n. 收养；采纳 ‎[题点全练]　单句语法填空/完成句子 ‎①It's said that his adopted (adopt) son went abroad last week.‎ ‎②We argued her into the adoption (adopt) of the plan.‎ ‎③After much consideration, we all decided to adopt_my_deskmate's_suggestion (采纳我同桌的建议)．‎ ‎[名师指津]　adopt与adapt两词词形相近，但意思不同，adapt 意为“适应；改编，改写”。‎ ‎④The young couple had no children of their own and adopted an orphan. After a few months, the child came to adapt to his new life.‎ 这对年轻夫妇没有亲生孩子，领养了一名孤儿。几个月后，这个孩子适应了新生活。‎ ‎8．means n．方式，方法；手段 ‎[经典例句]　The telephone is a means of communication.‎ 电话是一种交流工具。‎ means of (doing) sth.　 (做)某事的方法、途径 by means of 借助……的手段 by all means 可以，当然行；务必，一定 by no means 决不(置于句首，句子倒装)‎ by this means 用这种方法 ‎[多角练透]‎ 选词填空(by means of; by all means; by no means; by this means)‎ ‎①By_no_means_can teaching in school be separated from practice.‎ ‎②We will by_all_means achieve our goals as long as we stick to them and work hard.‎ ‎③By_means_of the Internet, we can keep in touch by sending emails.‎ ‎④Only by_this_means can you solve the problem.‎ 一句多译 各种可能的办法都尝试了，但没有一种奏效。‎ ‎⑤Every_possible_means_has_been_tried,_but none worked.(means 为单数名词)‎ ‎⑥All_possible_means_have_been_tried,_but none worked.(means 为复数名词)‎ ‎9．coincidence n．巧合；同时发生；一致，相符 ‎[经典例句]　By coincidence, I met the person we'd been discussing the next day.‎ 真是巧了，我在第二天遇见了我们一直在谈论的那个人。‎ ‎(1)by coincidence　　　　　　　　 碰巧，巧合的是 It is/was a coincidence that ... ……是巧合的 What a coincidence! 真巧！‎ ‎(2)coincident adj.　　 巧合的，重合的；一致的，相符的 ‎[多角练透]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①By coincidence, we arrived here at the same time.‎ ‎②The rise of the novel was coincident (coincidence) with the decline of storytelling.‎ 完成句子 ‎③What_a_coincidence! I wasn't expecting to see you here.‎ 太巧了！我没料到会在这里见到你。‎ 一句多译 当他受伤时，碰巧有辆救护车经过。‎ ‎④It_was_a_coincidence_that_an ambulance was passing by when he got injured.‎ ‎⑤By_coincidence,_an ambulance was passing by when he got injured.‎ ‎10．considerate adj.体贴的，考虑周到的 ‎ ‎[经典例句]　She is always polite and considerate towards her employees.‎ 她对待雇员总是客客气气、关心体谅。‎ ‎(1)consideration n．　　　 考虑；体谅，关心，体贴 under consideration 在考虑中 take ... into consideration 把……考虑在内；考虑……‎ ‎(2)considerable adj. 相当大的；相当多的 ‎(3)considering prep. 考虑到 ‎(4)consider v. 考虑；认为 consider sb./sth. to be/as ... 认为……是……；把……看作…… ‎ consider doing sth. 考虑做某事 ‎[多角练透]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①Considering what she has done for us, we consider her to be a very considerate person.(consider)‎ ‎②Women's Day is around the corner, and I'm considering buying (buy) a gift for Mum, one that is to her taste.‎ ‎③China's new “Belt and Road” strategy has considerable (consider) potential to create positive benefits.‎ ‎④Everything taken into consideration (consider), they believed themselves more qualified for the job.‎ ‎⑤The plan he put forward at the meeting is under consideration now and the result will be put up soon. ‎ 句式升级 He took all the aspects into consideration and designed a good pattern.‎ ‎⑥Taking_all_the_aspects_into_consideration,_he_designed_a_good_pattern. (现在分词短语作状语)‎ ‎⑦All_the_aspects_taken_into_consideration,_he_designed_a_good_pattern. (独立主格)‎ ‎11．sacrifice v．& n．牺牲，献出 ‎ ‎[高考佳句]　But I will never forget what the experience has really taught me. Sacrifices pay off in the end.(2014·天津高考)‎ 但我永远不会忘记这次经历真正教会我的东西，牺牲最终会得到回报。‎ ‎(1)sacrifice ...for ...　　　　　 为……而牺牲……；‎ ‎ 牺牲……而换得……‎ sacrifice ... to do sth. 为做某事而牺牲……‎ ‎(2)make sacrifices/a sacrifice 做出牺牲 ‎[多角练透]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①Last summer I sacrificed my holiday to_help (help) the old.‎ ‎②He is always ready to sacrifice his personal interest for the group benefit.‎ 完成句子 ‎③She made_many_sacrifices_to get her son a good education.‎ 为了让儿子接受好的教育，她做出了很多牺牲。‎ ‎④He sacrificed_a_promising_career_to_look_after his kids.‎ 他为了照顾孩子牺牲了很有前途的事业。‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．It is advisable to keep some food in reserve in case of emergency.‎ ‎2．The scientists are studying to develop a substitute_for_this kind of medicine.‎ ‎3．David threatened to_report (report) his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.‎ ‎4．We advocate solving (solve) the Ukraine issue by negotiations.‎ ‎5．The brave soldiers were determined to save all the people trapped (trap) in the flood.‎ ‎6．Most students want that knowledge to be relevant to their future careers.‎ ‎7．Considering (consider) your salary, you should put aside at least 100 dollars a week.‎ ‎8．What an amazing coincidence (coincident)! I was thinking about my cousin Lily when she phoned me.‎ ‎9．Our soldiers are willing to sacrifice their lives to_defend (defend) our country.‎ ‎10．It is reported that the new airport is still under construction (construct)．‎ ‎11．The Smiths only have an adopted (adopt) child.‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．They sacrificed their lives in the revolutionary cause.in→for ‎2．What coincidence！We happened to be travelling on the same train. What后加a ‎3．They advocated that everyone donated some money to the earthquakestricken area. donated→donate ‎4．Every means are meaningless if you don't try your best to solve the problem. are→is ‎5．Though seats in the library are tight, my friend Tom has reserved one to me.to→for ‎6．The police seized the thief by arm.by后加the Ⅲ.翻译句子 ‎1．我要给饭店打个电话预订以免没有桌位。(make a reservation)‎ I_will_call_the_restaurant_and_make_a_reservation_in_case_there's_none_left.‎ ‎2．如果他当时没有抓住机会从燃烧的大楼里逃出来的话，他很可能就丧生了。(seize，虚拟语气)‎ If_he_hadn't_seized_the_chance_of_escaping_from_the_burning_building,_he_might_have_lost_his_life.‎ ‎3．你支持禁止汽车在市中心通行这一主张吗？(advocate doing sth.)‎ Do_you_advocate_banning_cars_in_the_city_centre?‎ ‎4．你的老师在给你考试评分时会考虑到你最近生病这一情况的。(take ... into consideration)‎ Your_teachers_will_take_your_recent_illness_into_consideration_when_marking_your_exams.‎ ‎5．我们绝不能以牺牲环境作为代价来发展经济。(by no means, at the cost of)‎ By_no_means_can_we_develop_economy_at_the_cost_of_the_environment.‎ 二、过短语、句式—— ‎1．refer to涉及，提及；谈到；参考；查阅 ‎[经典例句]　 Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people.‎ 权力是指一个人对其他人的控制程度。‎ ‎[练牢基点]　写出下列句中refer to的含义 ‎①If you don't understand some words, you can refer to the dictionary.查阅 ‎②Your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test.参考 ‎③We have reached an agreement that we will not refer to the matter again.提及 ‎[系统考点]‎ ‎(1)refer to ... as ...　 把……称作……‎ refer ... to ... 把……提交给……(以求获得帮助)‎ ‎(2)reference n. 提及；参考；查阅 in/with reference to 关于 ‎[练通重点]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎④Johnson referred to the discovery as a major breakthrough in medical science yesterday.‎ ‎⑤The girl always refers to the reference books as her good friends and helpers.(refer)‎ 完成句子 ‎⑥I have nothing to say with/in_reference_to that incident.‎ 关于那次事件，我无可奉告。‎ ‎⑦You may refer_the_matter_to_him if necessary.‎ 必要的话你可以把这件事委托给他。‎ ‎2．lead to引起，导致，造成(后果)；通向 ‎[教材原句]　Global warming refers to an average increase in the Earth's temperature that, in turn, leads to climate change.‎ 地球变暖指的是地球平均温度升高，继而导致气候变化。‎ lead sb. to ...　 　 引导某人去……；带领某人通往……‎ lead sb. to do sth. 使得某人做某事 lead a ...life 过……生活 lead the way 领路 ‎[多角练透]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①As we all know, success lies in hard work while laziness leads to failure.‎ ‎②I want to know what led you to_take (take) up acting as a career.‎ 完成句子 ‎③The receptionist led_the_way to the boardroom.‎ 接待员领路来到董事会会议室。‎ ‎④Only in peaceful countries can the people lead_a_happy_life.‎ 只有在和平的国家，人民才能过上幸福的生活。‎ ‎3．apart from除……之外(都)；除……之外(尚有)‎ ‎[教材原句]　Apart from the few found in zoos, pandas live only in the central bamboo forests of mainland China.‎ 除了少数几只在动物园里可以看到的大熊猫之外，它们只生活在中国内地的中心竹园里。‎ take ...apart　　　　 将……拆开/拆分 tell ... apart 分辨出……‎ fall apart 破裂；断裂；散开 set sb.apart 使某人与众不同 ‎ ‎[题点全练]　完成句子 ‎①Apart_from_the_price,_we also need to think about where it is situated when buying a house.‎ 买房子时，除了价格外，我们还要考虑房子的位置。‎ ‎②Please take_the_radio_apart to see what's wrong with it.‎ 请拆开收音机看看出了什么毛病。‎ ‎③You can tell_my_twin_brother_and_me_apart by this mark on my face.‎ 你可以从我脸上的疤痕分辨出我和我的孪生兄弟。‎ ‎④He had a deep voice, which set_him_apart_from_others in our small town.‎ 他那深沉的声音把他和我们小镇上的其他人区别开来。‎ ‎⑤The deal fell_apart when we failed to agree on the price.‎ 我们在价格上未能达成一致意见，生意吹了。‎ ‎4．拟人修辞手法 The_last_few_years_have_seen environmental disasters on a grand scale, and experts are predicting far worse to come. ‎ 近几年一些环境灾难大规模地出现，专家们预测更坏的局面即将来临。‎ ‎(1)see意为“见证，目睹，经历”时，常以表示时代、年代、世纪或地点的名词作主语，表示某时或某地“目睹、发生、经历”了某事。‎ ‎(2)与see用法相同的动词有find, witness, say, experience等，这些词在句中作谓语，用物作主语时，表示一种拟人的手法，以增添语言色彩，使表达更形象。‎ ‎①The last 30 years have_witnessed/seen the rapid development of China.‎ 过去的30年见证了中国的快速发展。‎ ‎②The National Day of this year witnessed/saw so many traffic jams on the expressway.‎ 今年的国庆节见证了高速公路上大量的拥堵事件。‎ ‎5．given的用法 Given this data, it seems that the link between human activities ‎ and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.‎ 鉴于这些数据，好像人类活动与正在升高的地球温度之间的联系并不仅仅只是巧合而已。‎ ‎(1)given为介词，意为“考虑到，鉴于”，表示原因，后可接that从句，that可省略；还可以表示假设，意为“倘若，假定”。‎ ‎(2)引导条件状语从句用法相似的表达还有：‎ ‎①considering (that) ...　　　　　 考虑到，鉴于 ‎②seeing (that) ... 既然，鉴于 ‎③provided/providing (that) ... 假定……‎ ‎④assuming (that) ... 假设，如果 ‎⑤suppose/supposing (that) ... 假如，如果 ‎①Given (give) that he was still a boy, I forgave him.‎ 考虑到他还是个孩子，我就原谅他了。‎ ‎②Provided/Providing (provide) that you finish your work, you may go.‎ 假如你完成了自己的工作，你就可以走了。‎ ‎③Considering (consider) the strength of the opposition, we did very well to score two goals.‎ 考虑到对方的实力，我们能进两个球就很不错了。‎ ‎④Supposing/Suppose (suppose) that you were failing in the coming exam, what should you do?‎ 万一你在即将来临的考试中失败，你该怎么办？‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．If you drive this car without a licence, you'll have to answer for ‎ the consequences.‎ ‎2．His illness led to his not_being (not be) able to attend the meeting.‎ ‎3．Apart from good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.‎ ‎4．Given (give) that there is no traffic delay, I will be here on time.‎ ‎5．When I am faced with a difficulty, I usually choose to refer to relevant learning materials or Web pages.‎ ‎6．Those policies resulted in greater instability in the region.‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．The discovery of new evidence led to the thief's be caught.be→being ‎2．Giving that they're inexperienced, they've done a good job. Giving→Given ‎3．The number of smokers, as reported, have dropped by 17 percent in just one year.have→has ‎4．The man referring to by us just now is from America._referring→referred ‎5．Apart with some old books, we also prepared a lot of clothes and presents for the children._with→from Ⅲ.翻译句子 ‎1．考虑到你生病了，我们最好推迟会议。(given that ...)‎ Given_that_you_are_sick,_we'd_better_put_off_the_meeting.‎ ‎2．要是没有你的帮助，我们是不会成功的。(含蓄虚拟语气)‎ But_for/Without_your_help,_we_couldn't_have_succeeded.‎ ‎3．他们代表校长欢迎我们。(on behalf of)‎ They_gave_us_a_welcome_on_behalf_of_headmaster.‎ ‎4．自从改革开放以来，我们的家乡发生了巨大的变化。(拟人修辞手法)‎ Our_hometown_has_seen/witnessed_great_changes_since_the_reform_and_opening_policies_started.‎ ‎5．所有的工作都完成了之后，他们才匆忙地赶回家吃午饭。(with的复合结构)‎ With_all_the_work_finished,_they_hurried_back_home_for_lunch.‎ 三、过语法、写作—— ‎(一)单元小语法 ‎　　——转述结构；被动语态 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．The officer nearby ordered the villagers never to_go (go) there again.‎ ‎2．More efforts, as reported, will_be_made (make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supply side structure reform.‎ ‎3．Her new album sells (sell) well and she rises to fame overnight.‎ ‎4．The airport to_be_completed_(complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.‎ ‎5．The little boy admitted breaking (break) the window in the classroom yesterday.‎ ‎6．The building being_built_(build) now is our teaching building.‎ ‎7．The little trees require_watering/to_be_watered (water) every day.‎ ‎8．Our teacher forbade us to_use_(use) our dictionaries during the test.‎ ‎9．The moment I got home, my wife asked me whether/if_I had been to the hospital.‎ ‎10．He told me that you had_stolen (steal) his money.‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．Having told many times, he finally understood it._Having后加been ‎2．She said that her father was twentyeight years older than her.was→is ‎3．He asked I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.I前加whether/if ‎4．Her latest book is said to have translated into Chinese. have_后加been ‎5．Great changes have been taken place in China since the opening to outside world.去掉been Ⅲ.完成句子 ‎1．He hurried home, never once looking back to see if/whether_he_was_being_followed.‎ 他匆匆忙忙往家赶，再也没有回头看他是否被跟踪。 ‎ ‎2．Having_been_told_many_times,_he still repeated the same mistake.‎ 被告诉过好多次了，他仍然重复犯同样的错误。‎ ‎3．The doctor advises_us_to_go_out for a walk after supper.‎ 医生建议我们晚饭后去散步。‎ ‎4．The students have been working hard on their lessons and their ‎ efforts will_be_rewarded_with_success_in_the_end.‎ 学生们一直刻苦学习功课，他们的努力将会最终获得成功的回报。‎ ‎5．The school to_be_bulit next month is intended for disabled children.‎ 下个月要建的学校是专为残疾儿童建的。‎ ‎(二)课堂微写作 ‎　　练扩写——让意蕴更丰满 ‎[题目要求]‎ 假如你是李华，你的英国笔友Bill来信询问你家乡雾霾天气的情况。根据下面的短文，将其扩写成100词左右的作文。‎ ‎[扩写提示]‎ Dear Bill，‎ I'm glad to receive your letter. Now I'd like to tell you something about the smog.‎ Smog has often occurred in our city in the last few years. It has brought inconvenience and done great harm to us. People have realized the harm and the importance of protecting the environment. Nowadays we are taking measures to reduce the smog weather. ‎ Yours，‎ Li Hua ‎[答案示例]‎ Dear Bill，‎ I'm glad to receive your letter. Thank you for your caring for the ‎ weather in my hometown. Now I'd like to tell you something about the smog.‎ Smog has often occurred in our city in the last few years. It has brought inconvenience and done great harm to us. Some traffic accidents have happened just because of the heavy smog. Some people have to go to see the doctor because of serious diseases caused by the smog.‎ People have realized the great harm caused by the smog and the importance of protecting the environment. Nowadays we are taking measures to reduce the smog weather. We should go to work or school by bus or on foot. Also we should plant more trees. Would you like to tell me some good ideas?‎ I'm looking forward to your reply.‎ Yours，‎ Li Hua 第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)‎ A Tour operators have seasonal deals on holidays to Canada, Australia and other countries in a new year.‎ Austravel Holidaymakers can save up to 30% on a trip to Australia with the Austravel sale, which runs for about a month. It also includes a fortnightlong trip to Perth and a west coast selfdrive trip from ￡ 795pp including flights in May or July.‎ ‎•austravel. com Canadian Affair The leading UK tour operator to Canada will be offering savings of up to ￡140pp during its winter sale. This includes a threenight city break to Toronto, including return flights, for just ￡399, if you book before 24 December. Other deals continue until 31 December.‎ ‎•canadianaffair. com Thomson and First Choice Some deals are being launched this week by Thomson and First Choice, with early booking offers including free places for kids, lower deposits and up to ￡300 off per couple on a lot of destinations.‎ ‎•thomson. co. uk, firstchoice. co. uk Eurocamp The camping company is offering thousands of Easter and May halfterm holidays for under ￡350, such as an Easter break at La Baume on the French Riviera for just ￡25 a night, based on a stay in a twobedroom holiday home. Early bookers can save up to 25% and secure a holiday with a deposit of just ￡99.‎ ‎•eurocamp. co. uk Kuoni Running from Christmas Eve, the Kuoni sale includes a wide range of offers. These offers include ten nights full board in the Maldives from ￡1,599 and seven nights in Phuket, Thailand from ￡999 per person — both including flights and transfers (换乘)．‎ ‎•kuoni. co. uk ‎21．How long may you stay in Perth with Austravel?‎ A．One month.　　　　　 　B．Two weeks.‎ C．One week. D．Four nights.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据Austravel部分中的“It also includes a fortnightlong trip to Perth”可知，Austravel提供给游客为期14天的Perth之游。fortnight意为“两周，十四天”。‎ ‎22．What does the author say about Thomson and First Choice?‎ A．It requires no deposit.‎ B．It offers cheap return flights.‎ C．It is suitable for family travel.‎ D．It can save up to ￡300 per person.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据Thomson and First Choice部分中的“including free places for kids, lower deposits and up to ￡300 off per couple”可知，Thomson and First Choice提供对孩子免费的地方，以及针对夫妇的折扣。所以它对家庭出游来说很合适。‎ ‎23．What do Eurocamp and Kuoni have in common?‎ A．Both have various offers.‎ B．Both include flights.‎ C．Both offer a discount for early booking.‎ D．Both need a deposit to secure a holiday.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据Eurocamp部分中的“The camping company is offering thousands of Easter and May halfterm holidays”可知，Eurocamp提供数千种假日出游选择；根据Kuoni部分中的“the Kuoni sale includes a wide range of offers”可知，Kuoni也为游客提供各种各样的出游选择。所以选A。‎ B ‎(2018·安徽省“江淮十校”联考)Fourthgrade teacher Tori Nelson ‎ allowed one of her students to shave her head in the schoolyard, after bullies (仗势欺人者) teased him about his own buzz cut. Ms Nelson got the idea after noticing that Matthew Finney, a shy boy from her homeroom at Winlock Miller Elementary School in Washington State, was standing outside his classroom crying and wearing a winter hat.‎ Ms Nelson could see the back of his neck had been shaved, and since Matthew usually had very thick curly brown hair, she realized that he'd had a haircut over the weekend. She asked him what was wrong, and he said he'd gotten a buzz cut for the summer. But this morning, a fifth grader on the bus made fun of him, and he didn't want to come to class and get teased by other kids. Ms Nelson tried to convince Matthew to come inside, but since school rules prohibited kids from wearing hats indoors he refused — explaining that he was afraid of showing his haircut to the other children in case they also made fun of him.‎ ‎“Finally I said, ‘If you take your hat off and come to class, I'll let you give me a buzz cut too，’” Ms Nelson told Yahoo Parenting. “I figured it's just hair, and mine is already short anyway. I might as well get it shorter in time for the warm weather.”‎ Matthew excitedly took her up on the offer, and Ms Nelson and another teacher gathered all the fourth graders together during break time. A school employee brought in scissors, which Matthew used to the cheers of his classmates, excitedly watching as their teacher's hair fell away onto the ground in the schoolyard.‎ ‎“It was a lot of fun for the kids, and it helped Matthew feel better about himself，” said Ms Nelson. “You have to do what it takes to reach children. Teaching isn't just about reading and writing; it's about ‎ selfworth and accepting differences.”‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了小男孩Matthew因新发型被其他孩子嘲笑而不敢进教室，女老师Tori Nelson通过让Matthew帮她剪同样的发型来安慰、鼓励他的故事。‎ ‎24．What mainly led to Matthew's standing outside the classroom?‎ A．His fear of being laughed at.‎ B．His unwillingness to learn.‎ C．His violating school rules.‎ D．His not finishing his homework.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第二段的内容尤其是“explaining that he was afraid of showing his haircut to the other children in case they also made fun of him”可知，Matthew不进教室的主要原因是他害怕被其他孩子嘲笑。故选A。‎ ‎25．Why did Ms Nelson have her head shaved?‎ A．To show sympathy for Matthew.‎ B．To comfort and encourage Matthew.‎ C．To prepare for the warm weather.‎ D．To show her unique personality.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。根据文章主旨以及第一段的内容和第三段中的“If you take your hat off and come to class, I'll let you give me a buzz cut too”可知，Matthew因新发型而受到仗势欺人者的嘲笑，因害怕也被同学嘲笑，他不敢进教室，Nelson老师想出了让Matthew给她剪一个相同的发型的主意来帮助Matthew敢于面对他的同学。由此可知，Nelson老师这样做的目的是安慰并鼓励Matthew。故选B。‎ ‎26．What is Ms Nelson like?‎ A．Responsible and caring.‎ B．Knowledgeable and creative.‎ C．Humorous and easygoing.‎ D．Stout and determined.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，Nelson老师在知道自己的学生Matthew因新发型遭到嘲笑，并暗自伤心，害怕也被同学嘲笑而拒绝进教室的情况之后，她决定让Matthew当众为其剪同样的寸头发型，以此安慰并鼓励Matthew，而不是将此事抛诸脑后，置之不理。由此可看出，Nelson老师是一位负责任的、关心他人的人。故选A。‎ ‎27．What is the best title of the passage?‎ A．The real meaning of teaching B．Stand up to school bullying C．Teach kids to respect differences D．A haircut full of love 解析：选D　标题归纳题。纵观全文可知，Matthew因新发型被学校里的仗势欺人者欺负、嘲笑，进而使他因害怕被其他同学嘲笑而不敢进教室，女老师Tori Nelson通过让Matthew帮她剪同样的发型来安慰、鼓励他，使他最终有勇气来面对这一欺凌现象。由此可知。D项作本文标题最佳。‎ C ‎“Once there was the Stone Age, then the Bronze Age, and now we are in the middle of the Plastic Age，” said teenager Boyan Slat. “Every year, we produce 300 million tons of plastic. Much of it reaches our oceans.”‎ At the age of 16, Boyan Slat scuba dived off Greece in the ‎ Mediterranean Sea seeing more rubbish floating on and under the surface. He said, “At first, I thought I was swimming through strange jellyfish. Instead, I swam through more plastic bags than fish.” Seeing all the ocean trash, he asked himself，“Why not clean it up？”‎ Slat quit his Aerospace Engineering studies to create www. theoceancleanup. com in order to fund his research on how to pick up all the plastic trash floating on the oceans of the world. Researchers discovered that 46, 000 pieces of plastic float on every square mile of the oceans, produced by billions of humans around the planet throwing their plastic into rivers, streams and directly into the oceans. What's worse, plastic does not break down.‎ Today, we find plastic in the tissue of about every creature in the oceans. Additionally, millions of tons of plastic gather in giant oceangoing garbage patches (垃圾带). You may Google “The Great Pacific Garbage Patch”. It grows from 60 to 90 feet deep in places. It kills millions of sea birds, turtles, sharks, dolphins and whales.‎ Being a brilliant, innocent teenager, Boyan Slat decided to construct designs of some equipment that would collect millions of tons of plastic floating on our oceans. He created a solarpowered trawler (拖网渔船) to pick up surface plastic, chew it up and store it in huge bins for collection. He also created floating booms (挡栅) that allow the oceans to sweep the plastic for efficient pickup. When you see the designs, they will blow your mind.‎ Boyan Slat stands at the head of his class in creating solutions for the folly of humans. If ever humans need leaders to stand up and be counted, we need more people like Boyan Slat to lead us out of damaging our planet home towards a biologically healthy future.‎ 语篇解读：16岁的Boyan ‎ Slat设计出了专门用于收集海洋塑料垃圾的设备，为保护海洋生态系统作出了杰出的贡献。‎ ‎28．Boyan Slat said we are in the Plastic Age because nowadays ________.‎ A．the use of plastic is all humans' big concern B．there is too much plastic all over the world C．plastic threatens many creatures in the oceans D．plastic is the most important material in our daily life 解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第一段可知，Boyan Slat在说了我们处在塑料时代之后，紧接着说明我们每年制造大量塑料这一事实。由此可推知，他这样说是因为现在全世界有太多塑料。‎ ‎29．The fourth paragraph mainly tells us ________.‎ A．the popularity of plastic B．the great harm caused by plastic rubbish C．the present situation of garbage patches D．the relationship between plastic and animals 解析：选B　段落大意题。通读第四段可知，本段主要讲了被废弃在海洋中的塑料垃圾对海洋生物造成的巨大危害。‎ ‎30．Which of the following were Boyan Slat's efforts to fight against plastic rubbish on the oceans?‎ a．He created floating booms.‎ b．He created a rubbishpicking trawler.‎ c．He invented special huge bins for collection.‎ d．He started www. theoceancleanup. com to raise funds.‎ A．a, b, d　　　　　 　B．a, c, d C．a, b, c D．b, c, d 解析 ‎：选A　细节理解题。根据第五段第二、三句可知，他创造了用来捡拾海洋垃圾的太阳能拖网渔船以及漂浮水栅；根据第三段第一句可知，他为清理海洋垃圾筹资而创建了www. theoceancleanup. com这一网站。综上可知，应选A项。‎ ‎31．Which of the following words can best describe Boyan Slat?‎ A．Generous and hardworking.‎ B．Careful and strongwilled.‎ C．Cheerful and friendly.‎ D．Creative and practical.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。综合全文可知，Boyan Slat 在发现问题后便开始着手解决问题，并将想法付诸实践，达到了预期效果。由此可推知，他是个很务实的人。根据第五段介绍的他的发明可知，他很有创造力。故选D项。‎ D ‎(2018·河南洛阳外国语学校模拟)One of the strangest features of motherhood is that the vast majority of mothers prefer to cradle their babies in the left arm. Why should this be? The obvious explanation is that the majority of mothers are right handed and they wish to keep their right hand free.Unfortunately, this explanation cannot apply, because lefthanded mothers also favor their left arm for holding their babies. The precise figures are 83 percent for righthanded mothers and 73 percent for lefthanded mothers.‎ The most likely explanation is that the mother's heart is on the left side and, by holding the baby in her left arm, she is unconsciously bringing her baby closer to the sound of the heart beat. This is the sound the baby heard when it was inside the mother's womb and which is therefore an association with peace, comfort and security.‎ Tests were carried out in nurseries where some babies were played the recorded sound of a human heart beat, and, sure enough, went to sleep twice as quickly as the others. We also know that the sound of mother's heart is quite audible inside the womb and that the unborn baby has a welldeveloped hearing.‎ It is interesting that fathers show less of this leftside bias (偏爱) than mothers, suggesting that the human female is better programmed than her partner for carrying a baby. Alternatively, she may unconsciously adjust her holding behavior to make baby fell more secure. Some new observations on our closest animals' relatives, the chimpanzees and gorillas, have revealed that they also show a strong bias for holding their babies on the left side. The precise figures were 84 percent for chimpanzees and 82 percent for gorillas, remarkably close to the human percentages.‎ Recently a possible additional value in cradling babies on the left side has been suggested. It has been pointed out that, because, the two sides of the brain are concerned with different aspects of behavior, it is possible that the mother, in cradling the baby to her left, is showing the baby her “best side”．It is claimed that the emotions are expressed more strongly on the left side of the human face and that she therefore gives the baby a better chance to read her emotional mood changes as it gazes up at her. Furthermore, the mother's left eye and ear are more tuned into emotional changes in her baby than her right eye and ear would be. So in addition to the baby's seeing the more expressive parts of its mother, there is further advantage that the mother herself is more sensitive to the leftheld baby. This may sound farfetched, but just possibly, it could provide a slight extra benefit for those mothers displaying the strange onesided bias when cradling their infants.‎ How does a bias occur? Do the mothers have an instinctive preference for it, or do they learn it by trial and error, unconsciously adjusting the position of the babies until the babies are calmer? The surprising answer is that it seems to be the baby not the mother who controls the bias. Observation of new born infants when they were only a few hours old revealed that they come into the world with a preprogrammed tendency to turn their head to the right. If the new born baby is gently held in a dead central position and then released, it naturally swings to the right far more often than to the left. This happens in nearly 70 percent of babies. This may be only a part of explanation, because the holding bias is 80 percent not 70 percent, but it adds a further intriguing chapter to the story.‎ ‎ ‎32．How does the author develop Paragraph 1?‎ A．By giving an example as a hook. ‎ B．By giving a general statement and narrowing it down.‎ C．By asking a question and showing an answer.‎ D．By explaining the importance of understanding a phenomenon.‎ 解析：选C　写作手法题。根据第一段中的“Why should this be? The obvious explanation is that the majority of mothers are right handed and they wish to keep their right hand free.”可知， 第一句说明一个现象，并对此提出疑问，然后进行解释。由此可知，选项C符合题意。‎ ‎33．The underlined word “audible”in Paragraph 3 means ________.‎ A．soft B．clear C．weak D．distant 解析：选B　词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“...and that the unborn ‎ baby has a welldeveloped hearing”可知，还在子宫内未出生的婴儿有着发育健全的听力系统。由此可推知，B项符合语境，即婴儿在子宫内时，母亲的心跳声是很清晰的。‎ ‎34．What's the main idea of Paragraph 5?‎ A．The left side of the human face expresses emotions more strongly than the right.‎ B．A mother's left eye and ear are more sensitive to the emotional changes in her baby.‎ C．A baby may be more able to “read” its mother's emotions than was previously believed.‎ D．Holding her baby in the left arm may improve a mother's emotional communication with it.‎ 解析：选D　段落大意题。根据第五段中的“It is claimed that the emotions are expressed more strongly on the left side of the human face and that she therefore gives the baby a better chance to read her emotional mood changes as it gazes up at her.”可知，人的左半边脸的表情更加丰富，更有利于和孩子进行感情交流和沟通。因此D项符合语境。‎ ‎35．What is the author's tone when he discusses why most mothers cradle their babies in the left arm?‎ A．Cautious. B．Disapproving.‎ C．Subjective. D．Favorable.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据文章里多处出现的语气不确定的词可知，作者探讨为什么大多数母亲都是左手抱婴儿这一问题的态度是比较谨慎的。例如第二段中most likely explanation，第五段中的 a possible additional value, it is possible that ..., but just possibly ‎ ‎...以及第六段中的This may be only a part of explanation ...等。 ‎ 第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)‎ Ideas to Make Your School a Green Campus Universities are doing everything they can to become a green campus. But there are also items students can do to make your campus more ecofriendly.‎ Recycle everything, especially paper!‎ There is a large amount of paper a college student goes through per semester. __36__ We know that these things can't be avoided, but the way you handle the use of all the paper can really help create a better green campus.‎ Walk and bike to school.‎ Most campuses, especially those that are trying to become a more ecofriendly campus, have pretty good public transit. __37__Walking or biking will help make your campus a green university.‎ Buy green.‎ ‎__38__ Paper, cleaning products and water are products that can be purchased as a recycled goods. They're slightly more expensive than the normal products, but it's worth it to make a green campus.‎ ‎__39__‎ A water bottle can be refilled at any water fountain and can easily be drank in class or while riding a bike. This will save the environment by decreasing the amount of plastic waste on your campus.‎ Buy used clothing.‎ It is usually thought of as something to do to save money. __40__ Recycling clothes minimizes the use of resources to make clothing and puts a dent in the problem of worldwide sweatshops. ‎ A．Carry a water bottle.‎ B．It is also good for the environment!‎ C．Buy recycled goods as much as possible.‎ D．Paper made of this kind wood is much stronger.‎ E．On top of that, almost all universities are pedestrianfriendly.‎ F．It includes class notes, term papers, student newspapers and so on.‎ G．Universities call all the students to learn to recycle all the waste paper.‎ 语篇解读：在校园中做到环保的方法有很多，其中包括回收、使用绿色产品，步行或骑自行车上学，自己带水及购买二手衣服等。‎ ‎36．解析：选F　根据前句“There is a large amount of paper a college student goes through per semester.”及后句“We know that these things can't be avoided”可知，此处应是列举学生可能用到的纸的物品。‎ ‎37．解析：选E　由空前“大多数大学都有相当好的公共交通运输”可知，首要的是，几乎所有的大学都有人性化的人行道。‎ ‎38．解析：选C　本段中作者建议使用环保产品，故选C。‎ ‎39．解析：选A　根据下文中的“A water bottle can be refilled ...”可知，本段的主题是携带水瓶。‎ ‎40．解析：选B　由空后的内容可知买二手衣服也有利于环保。‎ 第一节(共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分)‎ ‎(2018·辽宁省六校协作体联考)“God, give us thankful hearts for these and for all our many blessings.”That was the __41__ my father, an East Texas farmer, said over every meal.‎ Pa passed away long ago, but I try to __42__ his example every day.The year we spent Thanksgiving at ‎ our home on Lake Tawakoni was such a __43__.I was preparing a dinner party for the day.I opened the oven, put in our huge __44__ and tried to turn on the old oven.It took just a few minutes for me to __45__ that the heating had failed.I only had a few hours __46__ family members and special friends were going to arrive with side dishes, so I called my neighbor Lois and explained my problem.‎ Lois just __47__ and said：“Honey, you bring that turkey to my house.We'll have it cooked in no time.”‎ With a sigh of __48__， I put the roasting pan into the car and __49__ across the road.Lois babysat the big bird while I returned to the lake house and __50__ a festive table.While the turkey was cooked in her oven, I gave special __51__ to the kind neighbor.My family and friends arrived.We __52__ before our meal, stood in a __53__ and prayed.Some people mentioned things for which they were __54__ thankful and others stood in __55__ silence.The tissue box made its way around the circle as some of us began to __56__ — a sign of joy rather than sorrow.‎ When the last of the food was __57__ off the table, I took a deep breath.A Thanksgiving prayer is easy for me when things are going well, but sometimes it __58__ extra courage to give thanks when I am sad or when something unforeseen __59__ my plans — even a broken oven.‎ Then I stopped to __60__ Pa and the many times I heard him say, “God, give us thankful hearts for these and for all our many blessings.”I want that to be my prayer, too.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。通过“我”的父亲每天在饭前向上帝祈祷这件事，“我”明白了父亲祈祷的真意：事情顺利时，表达感谢是很容易的；但是当悲伤或计划被破坏时，表达感谢需要勇气。‎ ‎41．A.complaint　　　　　　 　B．wish C．prayer D．dream 解析：选C　根据上文中的“God, give us thankful hearts for these and for all our many blessings”可知，这是父亲向上帝祷告的话。C项意为“祷告”，符合语境，故C项正确。A项意为“抱怨”；B项意为“心愿”；D项意为“梦想”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎42．A.follow B．copy C．set D．contain 解析：选A　根据该句中的“his example every day”，并结合第一段中父亲向上帝祷告的描述可知，“我”也以他为榜样每天祷告。A项意为“跟随，以……为榜样”，符合语境，故A项正确。B项意为“复制”；C项意为“设置”；D项意为“包含”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎43．A.dinner B．party C．process D．time 解析：选D　根据下文内容可知，这里指“今年过的感恩节就是这样的(祷告)时间(time)”，故D项正确。A项意为“晚餐”；B项意为“聚会”；C项意为“过程”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎44．A.meal B．turkey C．roast D．beef 解析：选B　根据空前的“Thanksgiving”和下文第三段中的“turkey”并结合常识可知，在感恩节那天，“我”将火鸡放进烤箱。B项意为“火鸡”，符合语境，故B项正确。A项意为“饭”；C项意为“烤肉”；D项意为“牛肉”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎45．A.realize B．predict C．admit D．assume 解析：选A　根据语境可知，“我”在几分钟之内意识到烤箱的加热系统坏了。A项意为“意识到”‎ ‎，符合语境，故A项正确。B项意为“预测”；C项意为“承认”；D项意为“假设”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎46．A.until B．before C．since D．after 解析：选B　根据语境可知，在家人和特别要好的朋友到来之前，“我”只有几个小时的时间。B项意为“在……之前”，符合语境，故B项正确。‎ ‎47．A.laughed B．yelled C．screamed D．nodded 解析：选A　根据Lois所说的话可知，Lois认为她可以立刻烤好；据此可以判断，她是笑着对“我”说的。A项意为“笑”，符合语境，故A项正确。B项意为“叫喊”；C项意为“尖叫”；D项意为“点头”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎48．A.belief B．surprise C．relief D．doubt 解析：选C　根据上文Lois所说的“We'll have it cooked in no time”可知，“我”感到宽慰，松了一口气。C项意为“宽慰”，符合语境，故C项正确。A项意为“信念”；B项意为“惊奇”；D项意为“怀疑”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎49．A.walked B．moved C．toured D．drove 解析：选D　根据语境可知，“我”将烤盘放进汽车，驾车(drove)穿过公路，故D项正确。A项意为“行走”；B项意为“移动”；C项意为“旅游”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎50．A.painted B．bought C．prepared D．borrowed 解析：选C　根据语境可知，在Lois烤火鸡时，“我”返回去准备节日的饭桌。C项意为“准备”，符合语境，故C项正确。A项意为“绘画”；B项意为“购买”；D项意为“借用”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎51．A.tasks B．dishes C．prizes D．thanks 解析：选D　根据语境可知，邻居帮“我”烤了火鸡，“我”向她表示感谢(thanks)，故D项正确。A项意为“任务”；B项意为“菜肴”；C项意为“奖赏，奖金”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎52．A.paused B．discussed C．hesitated D．quarreled 解析：选A　根据该句中的“stood in a ________ and prayed”可知，我们在饭前停了一会儿，围成一圈开始祷告。A项意为“暂停”，符合语境，故A项正确。B项意为“讨论”；C项意为“犹豫”；D项意为“争吵”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎53．A.line B．circle C．row D．room 解析：选B　根据该段最后一句中的“circle”可知，我们在饭前停了一会儿，围成一圈开始祷告。‎ ‎54．A.hardly B．seriously C．particularly D．casually 解析：选C　根据语境可知，有些人提到了他们要特别感谢的事情。C项意为“尤其，特别”，符合语境，故C项正确。A项意为“几乎不”；B项意为“严重地”；D项意为“随意地”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎55．A.joyful B．careful C．respectful D．sorrowful 解析：选C　根据语境并结合常识可知，有些人提到了他们要特别感谢的事情，其他人则尊敬地保持沉默。C项意为“尊敬的”，符合语境，故C项正确。A项意为“欢乐的”；B项意为“细心的”；D项意为“悲伤的”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎56．A.cry B．smile C．cheer D．sing 解析：选A　根据语境可知，有些人开始哭泣，这是一种快乐的标志，而不是悲伤的标志。A项意为“哭泣”，符合语境，故A项正确。B项意为“微笑”；C项意为“欢呼”；D项意为“歌唱”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎57．A.knocked B．dropped C．kicked D．swept 解析：选D　根据语境可知，此处表示“当桌子上最后的食物被扫除一空时”，sweep off为固定搭配，意为“扫去”，符合语境，故D项正确。A项意为“撞，击”；B项意为“落下”；C项意为“踢”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎58．A.needs B．takes C．wants D．loses 解析：选B　根据语境可知，有时表达感谢需要勇气，尤其是在悲伤时。由空前的it及空后的“to give”可知选takes，构成it takes ...to do。‎ ‎59．A.monitors B．ruins C．adjusts to D．keeps to 解析：选B　根据语境可知，在悲伤或是未曾料想到的事情破坏了计划时，表达感谢需要勇气。B项意为“毁坏”‎ ‎，符合语境，故B项正确。A项意为“监视”；C项意为“调整，调节”；D项意为“保持”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎60．A.call up B．turn to C．bring back D．reflect on 解析：选D　根据语境可知，“我”回忆起了父亲和他的祷告。D项意为“认真思考，沉思”，符合语境，故D项正确。A项意为“给……打电话”；B项意为“求助于”；C项意为“带回来”，都与语境不符。‎ 第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)‎ We all know that the Friday after Thanksgiving means a mad dash to the shopping centre for ridiculous sales. But how did this bargain shopping get __61__ (it) start?‎ The first Black Friday actually had nothing __62__ (do) with Thanksgiving or shopping. The origin of Black Friday as we know it today started in Philadelphia during the 1950s and 1960s. Crowds of people would come to town the day after Thanksgiving for the annual ArmyNavy football game __63__ (hold) the following Saturday. Streets and __64__ (store) were always crowded, which was great for business but made easypickings for shoplifters (行窃者). Local police called this “Black Friday”. Not only did they have to deal with extra traffic __65__ shoplifting, but they had to work extra hours and couldn't request the day off.‎ The term didn't go national __66__ the late 1980s, but the __67__ (explain) changed. While shopkeepers __68__ (general) suffered financial losses most of the year, the increase of holiday shoppers marked the first day of real profit. In traditional accounting (会计) practices a few years ago, losses __69__ (record) in red ink, and profits in black ink. And so, the day after Thanksgiving __70__ companies go “into the black”and ‎ make a profit, became Black Friday.‎ ‎61．its　考查代词。根据空后的名词start可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词its。‎ ‎62．to do　考查固定用法。have nothing to do with 意为“与……没有关系”，为固定用法。‎ ‎63．to be held　考查非谓语动词。game与hold之间是动宾关系，且根据空后的“the following Saturday”可知，动作未发生。故此处用to be held。‎ ‎64．stores　考查名词的数。store作“商店”讲时，为可数名词，根据前面的Streets可知，此处用复数形式。‎ ‎65．and　考查连词。extra traffic与shoplifting是并列的，所以用and连接。‎ ‎66．until　考查固定用法。not ...until ...表示“直到……才”。‎ ‎67．explanation　考查名词。因为前面是 the 且空处作主语，所以用名词形式。‎ ‎68．generally　 考查副词。此处应用副词修饰动词。‎ ‎69．were recorded　考查动词时态和语态。根据时间状语 a few years ago 可知，应用一般过去时；record与losses之间是动宾关系，所以应用被动语态。‎ ‎70．when　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，且在从句中作时间状语，故填 when。‎ Ⅰ.写作规范增分练 第一节：短文改错(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)‎ I usually go to school by bike. And this morning I went on foot. On the way to school, I happen to witness an accident. A middleaged woman was knocked down by a car while crosses the street. Seeing that was happening on the scene, I made rush for the woman to help. One passerby got out of his cellphone and called the police. I helped to carry the woman to safe and dress her wound. Around ten minutes late, an ambulance arrived and took him to hospital. I continued my way to school, feeling happily that I could offer some help in time.‎ 答案：第二句：And→But 第三句：happen→happened 第四句：crosses→crossing 第五句：that→what; rush前加a 第六句：去掉of 第七句：safe→safety 第八句：late→later; him→her 第九句：happily→happy 第二节：书面表达(满分25分)‎ ‎(2018·湖北省部分中学模拟)假定你是李华，在感恩节来临之际，请你给任教期满已回国的外教Peter写一封感谢信。‎ 注意：1.词数100左右；‎ ‎2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 参考范文：‎ Dear Peter，‎ Thanksgiving is drawing near! I am writing to express my thanks to you.‎ It's been almost a year since you returned to America. I miss you a lot. Without your help, I would not have achieved much in learning English last year. Moreover, you offered so much encouragement while I was in low spirits. Thanks to your help, I became more confident and spent more time reading English books. The efforts paid off and now English is my favorite subject. Thank you for entering my world and I will always remember what you have done for me.‎ Wish you all the best.‎ Yours sincerely，‎ Li Hua Ⅱ.单元基础回扣练 ‎(一)单句语法填空 ‎1．The salesgirl is always polite and considerate (consider) to her customers, which earns her a good reputation.‎ ‎2．Many experts advocate reducing (reduce) the amount of children's homework and also advocate that children _(should)_be_given (give) more free time.‎ ‎3．By coincidence my husband and I have the same birthday.‎ ‎4．The old computer doesn't work. We must substitute a new one for it.‎ ‎5．Your compositions were well written apart from a few spelling mistakes.‎ ‎(二)单句改错 ‎ ‎1．I seized him by his arm as soon as I caught sight of him.his→the ‎2．Were you just trying to trap her with making a mistaken decision？with→into ‎3．I reserve my favorable comments to my former monitor.to→for ‎4．His careless driving resulted from the terrible accident.from→in ‎5．The strikers were threatened in dismissal if they didn't return to work.in→with ‎(三)完成句子 ‎1．Too much time and energy devoted to the Internet can_lead_to_a_disease,_mentally and physically.‎ 在网络上花费太多的时间和精力会导致精神上和身体上的疾病。‎ ‎2．Given_that_she_likes_children,_it seems that teaching is the right job for her.‎ 考虑到她喜欢孩子，教书看起来是很适合她的工作。‎ ‎3．Furthermore, punishment_is_by_no_means_a_wise_choice to help children grow up mentally and physically.‎ 而且，惩罚绝不是帮助孩子们身心健康成长的明智选择。‎ ‎4．With/In_reference_to_your_advertised_position,_I have the pleasure to say that I am the just person you are asking for.‎ 关于广告上登的职位，我很高兴地说，我就是你们要找的那个人。‎ ‎5．Parents often make_sacrifices_for_their_children.‎ 父母常常为子女做出牺牲。‎