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【英语】2019届二轮语法复习专题七情态动词和虚拟语气(13页word版)
2019届二轮语法复习专题七情态动词和虚拟语气 情态动词和虚拟语气都是近几年高考的重点考查项目。对情态动词的考查主要侧重于can/could,may/might,must,shall,should等的基本用法的考查,其中“情态动词+完成式”结构表示对过去发生的事情的推测,是考试的重点。对虚拟语气的考查则集中在非真实条件句与宾语从句中的虚拟语气,以及情态动词后用完成式表虚拟等。以后高考对情态动词和虚拟语气的考查将有如下变化:有效信息越来越隐蔽、情景越来越生动、考查角度越来越综合化,这些变化无疑会增加试题难度,因此,考生要给予足够的重视。 情 态 动 词 1.常见情态动词的基本用法 (1)can,could和be able to:can 表示“有能力做某事”,只有现在式和过去式两种形式; be able to 可用于各种时态,强调通过努力而成功地做某事,相当于manage to do或succeed in doing。如: The village was destroyed in the earthquake but that little dog was able to survive. 这个村庄在地震中毁灭了,但那只小狗竟然活了下来。 (2)may,might (might 为 may 的过去式):①表示许可,意为“可以”;②表示可能性,might 的可能性更小;③“May+主语+动词原形”表示祝愿。 (3)must 可用来表示必要性,意为“必须”,常用于肯定句中。用在否定句中时,其否定形式为must not 或 mustn’t,意为“禁止,不许”。 若表示没必要或不必做某事用don’t have to do sth. 或 needn’t do sth.。must 还可表示“偏偏,非要”,多用于疑问句中。 (4)shall 用于第一、三人称的疑问句中,表示征求对方的意见或向对方请示。用于第二、三人称的陈述句中,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺、威胁等。用于第三人称,在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定,意为“应该,必须”。 should 表示责任或义务,意为“应当,应该”。也可表示惊讶、难以置信等,意为“竟然”。还可以用于虚拟语气中。 will,would 表示习惯性、经常性的行为,意为“总是”。will 用于现在,would 用于过去。 还可表示请求或征求意见及意愿等。 如:Will you join our discussion? 你愿意参加我们的讨论吗? [即学即练] 单句语法填空/单句改错 1.It was so quiet in the classroom that you ________ hear a pin drop. 解析:could 句意:教室里如此安静以至于你能听到针落在地上的声音。根据句意,此处表示“可以”,再由前面的“was”可知用could。 2.It is a rule that public schools ________ provide safe sports facilities. 解析:shall shall用于第三人称时,在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定,意为“应,必须”。 3.Do you want to visit the small garden where we would played in our childhood? 解析:played→play 句意:你想去我们小时候经常去玩的那个小花园吗?情态动词would后应用动词原形。 2.情态动词表推测的用法 must表示肯定的推测,用于肯定句。对目前状况的推测用must be doing或must do。can表示推测时,常用于否定句和疑问句中。may表示推测时,常用于肯定 句和否定句中。否定句中may not表示“可能不”,can not表示“不可能”。should也可表示推测,意为“应该会”,是按常理经验进行的推测。 [即学即练] 单句语法填空 4.(2015·重庆卷)You ________ be Carol.You haven’t changed a bit after all these years. 解析:must 句意:你一定是卡萝尔,这么多年过去了你一点也没变。根据语境可知此处表示对现在情况的肯定推测,所以要用must(一定)。 5.-Look, Jack is over there.Let’s go and say hi. -It ________ be him. I saw him in the supermarket 15 minutes ago. 解析:can’t 句意为:看,Jack 在那里。我们过去跟他打声招呼吧。那不可能是他。十五分钟前我还在超市看见他了呢。根据语境可知,本句表示对现在所描述事情的否定推测,意为“不可能”,语气较强。故填can’t。 3.“情态动词+have done”结构被普遍认为是一个难点,因为它们表示的意义各不相同,可谓错综复杂。有些表示推测,有些表示责备;有的常用于肯定句,有的常用于否定句和疑问句等。 要弄清楚它们之间的区别,必须理解每一种结构表示的意义: (1)“must have done”表示对过去发生的动作或存在的状态进行肯定的推测。只用于肯定句,意思是“一定,准是”。 (2)“may/might have done。”表示对过去发生的动作或存在的状态进行不太肯定的推测,意为“也许已经……”。一般用于肯定句或否定句。“might have done”还可用于虚拟语气,表示“本来可能做某事而实际上没做”。 (3)“can/could have done”表示对过去情况的推测,意思是“可能已经”,常用于否定句和疑问句;“could have done”还可用于虚拟语气,表示“过去本能够做某事而实际上没做”。 (4)“needn’t have done”表示过去没有必要做某事却做了,含有“本来不必”之意。 (5)“should/ought to have done”表示过去本该做某事但没做,含有责备之意。 [即学即练] 单句语法填空 6.(2015·天津卷,7)I ________ have worried before I came to the new school,for my classmates here are very friendly to me. 解析:needn’t 句意:在进入这所新学校之前我本没必要担心,因为这里的同学对我很友好。根据语境可知此处表达“过去对某事担心过,但现在看来这种担心没有必要”,应该用needn’t have done。 7.-It was a red light,Tom.You ________ (stop) the car. -Sorry,I didn’t see it. 解析:should have stopped 根据语境可知,此处表示本应该做某事而实际上没做,故用“should have done”。 8.I saw Mr. Wang just now.He ________ (go) to Beijing. 解析:couldn’t have gone 此处表示对过去情况的推测,再根据语境可知应用“couldn’t have done”,意为“过去不可能做某事”。 虚 拟 语 气 一.if 引导的条件从句中的虚拟结构 英语中,if条件句中的虚拟语气表达与事实相反的假设。具体形式如下表: 虚拟情况 从句 主句 与现在事实相反的假设 If+主语+过去式(be→were) 主语+should/would/might/could do 与过去事实相反的假设 If+主语+had done 主语+should/would/might/could have done 与将来事实相反的假设 If+主语+过去式(be→were) If+主语+should do If+主语+were to do 主语+should/would/might/could do [即学即练] 单句语法填空/单句改错 9.________ he had known about Arab food,he might have behaved better. 解析:If 句意:如果他早知道一些阿拉伯食物的话,他可能就会表现得更好一点。由句意可知这是一个条件句,从句用了过去完成时态,主句用了might have done。 10.If you had treated me to a movie last night,I would have a wonderful time. 解析:在have后加had 句意:如果你昨天晚上请我看电影的话,我应该会很开心。此处表示与过去情况相反的假设,从句用了had done,主句应该用would have done,因此应该在have后加had。 11.If you are me,would you talk to them? 解析:are→were 句意:如果你是我的话,你会和他们说话吗?很明显这是一个含有虚拟语气的句子,与现在情况相反,因此改are为were。 [特别提醒] 1.省略if的条件句:如果虚拟语气的条件从句中含有were,had 或should,有时可将if省去,而将条件从句的主语置于were,had或should之后。如: Were I you,I would have drunk more water and eaten more fresh vegetables. 如果我是你的话,我会多喝水,多吃新鲜蔬菜。 Had we planted more trees,we wouldn’t have suffered the sandstorm. 如果我们种更多的树的话,我们就不会遭遇沙暴了。 2.混合条件句:若从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作不是同时发生的,主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整。如: If you had studied playing the piano at the age of 7,you would perform on the stage for us now. 如果你七岁那年好好学钢琴的话,那么你现在就会站在台上为我们演奏了。 3.含蓄条件句:有些句子假设的条件不通过条件从句表达,而是暗含在单词、短语或上下文中,如由介词或介词短语without,but for等或由连词or,otherwise,though,but等表现出来,这种句子要用含蓄虚拟语气。如: Without my previous working experience,I wouldn’t have finished my task well. 没有以前的工作经历的话,我是不可能把工作做得那么好的。 But for your advice,I would have failed. 如果不是你的建议的话,我就会失败。 二.其他形式的虚拟语气 1.与表示建议、命令、要求、坚持等词相关的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”。常见的这类动词的记忆口诀:一个坚持(insist),两个命令(order,command),三个建议(suggest,advise,propose),四个要求(ask,require,demand,request)。注意,suggest表示“暗示”,insist表示“坚持说”时不用虚拟语气。 2.It is (high) time that...句型使用虚拟语气,从句谓语动词的形式为“过去式”或“should+动词原形”,should不能省略。 3.wish 后的宾语从句 虚拟情况 从句 与现在事实相反的愿望 从句谓语动词用过去式(be→were) 与过去事实相反的愿望 从句谓语动词用had done 与将来事实相反的愿望 从句谓语动词用“would/could+动词原形” 4.would rather 后的宾语从句 虚拟情况 从句 与现在事实或将来事实相反 从句用一般过去时(be→were) 与过去事实相反 从句用过去完成时 5.as if引导的状语从句、表语从句中的虚拟语气 虚拟情况 从句 与现在事实相反(表示与主句的动作同时发生的动作或存在的状态) 从句用一般过去时(be→were) 与过去事实相反(表示在主句的动作之前发生的事情) 从句用过去完成时 6.If only 引导的感叹句中,表示与现在或将来事实相反,用一般过去时;表示与过去事实相反,用过去完成时。译为“要是……就好了”。 [即学即练] 单句语法填空/单句改错 12.An order came that our building ________ (pull) down to make room for a new street. 解析:(should) be pulled 句意:有这么一个命令,我们的房子要被拆除,为一条新的街道腾出空间。order“命令”后的同位语从句应该用虚拟语气,又因为building和pull down之间为动宾关系,因此应该用(should) be pulled down。 13.It is high time that we ________ (devote) ourselves to environmental protection and ecological improvement. 解析:should devote/devoted 此处是“It is high time that sb.should do/did sth.”句型。 14.My boss insisted that all the papers would be handed in on time.Otherwise,I would be fired. 解析:第一个would→should或去掉第一个would 句意:老板坚决要求所有的文件都必须按时上交。否则,我就会被开除。insist表示“坚决要求”时,其后的宾语从句谓语应该用“(should+)动词原形”。 15.Our requirement is that you are patient,warmhearted and hardworking.If you have related experience,it is an advantage. 解析:are→be 此处表示我们要求你有耐心,热心并且工作努力。如果你有相关经验的话,我们会优先考虑的。题干关键词为requirement,表示“需要”,后接表语从句时,从句谓语应用“(should+)动词原形”。 16.He looks as if he is an expert in cooking. 解析:is→were 句意:他看起来像个烹饪大师。这是as if引导的表语从句,根据句意可知,此句应该用虚拟语气,与现在情况相反,应该用一般过去时,be动词应该用were。 情态动词和虚拟语气是高考的重点考查项目之一,5年来几乎每年都会有1~2题,因此考生必须重视。 1.高考对情态动词的考查主要集中在情态动词的基本用法的区别上,另外,情态动词表示推测和可能性,特别是“情态动词+have done”结构,must,should和can等表示特定语气等都是高考考查的重点。 2 .对于虚拟语气,考生应该首先整体把握,搞清楚虚拟语气的基本框架和用法:如虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用;在名词性从句中的应用等。在对整体结构有了系统的认知后,再各个击破,掌握细节用法,并通过例句和题目比较认识。 3.要想做好情态动词和虚拟语气题,可以从以下几个方面突破: (1)首先从整体上把握情态动词的用法和语意特征。 (2)逐个学习,了解每个情态动词的用法特征,尤其要熟练掌握一些常用或常考的情态动词的基本用法,并认真区别具有相同功能的、意思相近的情态动词的用法。 (3)收集并熟练掌握真实的口语材料和近几年高考有关情态动词的试题,在真实语境中去体会、领悟、印证、掌握情态动词的用法特征和常见考点。 (4)牢记在含有非真实条件句的主从复合句中,主句和从句谓语动词的形式。 (5)掌握虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法以及一些需用虚拟语气的特殊情况。 单句语法填空/单句改错 1.(2017·天津卷)My room is a mess,but I ________ clean it before I go out tonight.I can do it in the morning. 解析:needn’t 句意:我的房间很乱,但是在今天晚上出去之前没有必要打扫,我可以早上打扫。根据句意,用needn’t。 2.(2017·北京卷)Samuel,the tallest boy in our class,________ easily reach the books on the top shelf. 解析:can 句意:塞缪尔,我们班上个子最高的男孩,能够轻松地够到书架顶端上的书籍。用情态动词can此处表示“有能力做”。 3.(2017·天津卷)—Do you have Betty’s phone number? —Yes.Otherwise,I ________ (be) able to reach her yesterday. 解析:wouldn’t have been 句意:——你有贝蒂的电话号码吗?——有。否则,昨天我不可能找到她。根据句意可知,此处考查与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。在含有otherwise的含蓄虚拟句中,和过去事实相反,后面的句子用wouldn’t have done。 4.(2017·北京卷)If the new safety system ________ (put) to use,the accident would never have happened. 解析:had been put 考查虚拟语气。句意:如果新的安全系统投入使用的话,这起事故就不会发生了。由主句谓语动词would never have happened可以推断,这是与过去事实相反的假设,因此从句中应当用过去完成时。 5.(2017·江苏卷)________ (be) it not for the support of the teachers,the student could not overcome her difficulty. 解析:Were 考查虚拟条件句的省略倒装。句意:要不是老师的支持,这个学生不可能克服她的困难。通过句意以及主句“could not overcome”,判断为虚拟语气考点,根据句意,可以看出是对现在事实的虚拟,虚拟语气中,be动词用were的形式,题干无“if”,故为“if”的省略倒装。 6.(2016·北京卷)I love the weekend,because I ________ get up early on Saturdays and Sundays. 解析:needn’t 句意:我爱周末,因为我不必在周六和周日早起。needn’t表示不必。 7.(2016·北京卷)Why didn’t you tell me about your trouble last week?If you ________ (tell) me,I could have helped. 解析:had told 句意:你上周为什么不告诉我你遇到的麻烦?如果你告诉我,我本可以帮你的。本题考查虚拟语气。根据题干中的could have helped和last week可知设空处为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,故答案为had told。 8.(2016·江苏卷)If it ________(not be) for his invitation the other day,I should not be here now. 解析:had not been/hadn’t been 句意:如果不是因为那天他的邀请,我现在是不会在这里的。根据句意可知,本句为错综条件句。主句和现在的事实相反,从句和过去的事实相反,故从句谓语动词为过去完成时。 9.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)We can chose between staying at home and taking a trip.____________ 解析:chose→choose 情态动词后必须跟动词原形。 10.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.____________ 解析:can→should或删can 考查虚拟语气。suggest 作“建议”讲时,后面的宾语从句用“should+动词原形”结构,或省略should。 Ⅰ.单句语法填空/单句改错 1.(2018·新余、宜春一中联考)You might feel as if you ________ (be) in a fairy tale. 解析:were 句意:你可能感觉好像身处童话之中。本题考查虚拟语气。主句谓语might feel与从句谓语be同时发生,故设空处需用一般过去时。 2.(2018·湖北四地七校联考)It is high time that you ________ (consider) that if there were no stress in your life,you would only achieve a little. 解析:considered/should consider 本题考查虚拟语气。句意:如果你生活中没有压力,你就会获得很少。现在是你应该考虑这一点的时候了。It is high time+that从句,从句的谓语动词应为动词的过去式或should+动词原形。 3.(2018·太原外国语学校月考)Though his face suggested that there ________ (be) nothing serious,the doctor still suggested he ________ (stay) in bed for a few days. 解析:was;stay 第一个suggest是“表明,暗示”的意思,宾语从句中用陈述语气;第二个suggest是“建议”的意思,其后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气,由“should+动词原形”构成,should可以省略。 4.(2018·淄博模拟)He ________ (intend) to return today,but he postponed the trip due to the unpleasant weather. 解析:had intended 句意:他本打算今天回来,但是由于天气不适宜他推迟了旅行。had intended to do或intended to have done意为“本打算做却没有做”。 5.(2018·凉山州诊断)It is said that people ________ reduce the risk of catching some serious diseases by exercising. 解析:can 句意:据说,人们可以通过锻炼减少得一些严重疾病的危险。使用情态动词can“可能会”。 6.(2018·惠州调研)I communicated with the organizers and suggested that they should shorten the dance time and reduced the music noise. 解析:reduced→reduce 句意:我跟组织者进行了沟通,建议他们缩短跳舞的时间和减少音乐的噪音。suggest表示“建议”时,其后的that从句谓语动词要用(should)do,and是并列连词,故reduced应改成动词原形。 7.(2018·河南部分重点中学联考)Meanwhile,I found out that with more patience I must make my toys last. 解析:must→could或might 句意:同时,我发现拥有更多的耐心,我就能使玩具使用得更久。由句意可知,该处用情态动词could或might。 8.(2018·长沙长郡中学模拟)If I am you,I would consider a bike as a birthday present for him. 解析:am→were 这是一个典型的主从条件句,表示与现在及将来事实相反的假设,条件从句用一般过去时或were表示虚拟语气。 9.She is a quiet girl at school,but sometimes she must be very naughty. 解析:must→can 语境表示她有时候会很顽皮,must用在肯定句中表示对具体情形语气强烈的肯定判断,不符合句意,应该用can表示某人一时的特征,意为“有时会,时而可能”。 10.(2018·广东实验中学月考)I ought to helped Henry with his work,or he would have finished it. 解析:helped前加have 语境表示对过去动作的惋惜之情,用“ought to/should have done”表示“本该做但是没做”。 Ⅱ.语篇填空 用适当的情态动词及所给的词的适当形式填空 Tom:Hi, Mr. Smith. __1__ you give me a hand? Mr.Smith:Of course.You __2__ hesitate to ask me for help.What’s the matter with you? Tom:My mum is always complaining about my going back home late after school. Mr.Smith:What do you usually do after school? Tom:I usually go to the playground to play basketball.But I know that I __3__ go home first. Mr.Smith:Why don’t you go home directly? Tom:My mother usually says,“Every student __4__ do their homework first after school,and that is a rule for all of you students.”You see,if I __5__ (do) my homework first now,I couldn’t have a rest and relax.I am so tired. Mr.Smith:Both you and your mum are reasonable.As a mother, she believes that you __6__ never work too hard,while you think you need some time to have a rest.Does your mother know what you think? Tom:No.If I __7__(tell) her before,she wouldn’t have understood it. Mr.Smith:I don’t think you are right.I think you should tell your mother what you think and she would understand you. Besides,you had better not hide your feelings from your mother and you __8__ as well learn to communicate with her. Tom:Thank you for your advice.It is high time I __9__ (talk) with her. Mr.Smith:I __10__ agree more. [语篇解读] 本文为汤姆和史密斯老师就汤姆的妈妈抱怨他放学后不按时回家而进行的对话。 1.解析:Can can在这里表示请求帮助,意为“能”。 2.解析:needn’t 句意:你向我求助时不必犹豫。needn’t 不必。 3.解析:should 句意:但是我知道我应该先回家。should应该。 4.解析:shall shall与第二、三人称连用,用于陈述句中时,可用来介绍法规、规定的内容。 5.解析:did 根据上下文逻辑及后面句子中的couldn’t have a rest...,可知设空处为与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,故答案为did。 6.解析:can “cannot (can never)... too+形容词或副词”表示“再……也不为过”。 7.解析:had told 根据上下文逻辑及后面的“wouldn’t have understood”,可知设空处为与过去事实相反的假设,故答案为had told。 8.解析:might might as well do sth.意为:还是做……为好。 9.解析:talked 由It is high time sb.did sth.可知填talked。 10.解析:can’t I can’t agree more.我完全同意。 Ⅲ.短文改错 In our life,we often regret what we did and what we couldn’t did.Actually,it doesn’t benefit us at all.As for most of us,we missed many chance to earn more money,to get a high position and to realize our dreams.We often regret that we don’t seize those opportunities,thus feel upset.Although we do know regretting the past is no benefit,yet we still shouldn’t help doing it. To avoid the problem below,we need to pay more attention to what you are doing now,making us busier and having no time to recall the past.Moreover,we’d better set reasonable goals one by one.Only by doing so must we struggle for our future better. 答案: In our life,we often regret what we did and what we couldn’t .Actually,it doesn’t benefit us at all.As for most of us,we missed many to earn more money,to get a position and to realize our dreams.We often regret that we seize those opportunities,thus upset.Although we do know regretting the past is no benefit,yet we still help doing it. To avoid the problem ,we need to pay more attention to what are doing now,making us busier and having no time to recall the past.Moreover,we’d better set reasonable goals one by one.Only by doing so we struggle for our future better.查看更多