【英语】2019届二轮复习书面表达解题指导（18页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习书面表达解题指导（18页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习书面表达解题指导 ‎《全日制普通高中英语新课程标准》语言技能目标(九级)中对学生写作的技能目标描述如下：1. 能用英文书写摘要、报告、通知和公务信函等； 2. 能比较详细和生动地用英语描述情景、态度或感情； 3. 能阐述自己的观点和评述他人的观点，文体恰当，用词准确； 4. 能在写作中恰当地处理引用的资料及他人的原话； 5. 能填写各种表格，写个人简历和申请书，用语基本正确、得当； 6. 能做简单的笔头翻译； 7. 能在以上写作过程中做到文字通顺，格式正确。‎ ‎《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲的说明》中指出，写作是语言运用能力的重要表现形式。该部分要求考生根据题示进行书面表达。考生应能：‎ ‎1. 准确使用语法和词汇 ‎ 语言的准确性是写作中不可忽视的一个重要方面，因为它直接或间接地影响到信息的准确传输。应用语法结构和词汇的准确程度是写作部分评分标准中的一项重要内容。‎ ‎2. 使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思 ‎ 任何一篇文章都需要有一个主题，作者应该围绕该主题，使用合适的句型、词组等，清楚、连贯地表达自己的思想。‎ 在高考英语试卷中，书面表达属于第四部分写作的第二节，满分25分。该题型要求考生根据所给情景，用英语写一篇100词左右的短文。情景包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等；提供情景的形式有图画、图表、提纲等。‎ 一般来说，高考英语写作主要考查四个方面的能力：第一，观察能力，即观察考题中图示或提示的内容或要求，分析、提炼要点，概括考题所要求表达的全部思想；第二，规范的书写能力，包括正确拼写、应用文体格式，书写工整、规范，正确使用标点符号等；第三，遣词造句的能力，即综合运用各项英语基础知识，灵活运用词汇、句型和语法，正确遣词造句、连句成文，进行有效的信息表达与传递；第四，谋篇的能力，即根据题目要求确定篇章框架及逻辑顺序谋篇布局，选用正确的语言形式使篇章内容连贯，浑然一体。‎ ‎2015－2017年高考英语全国卷Ⅰ书面表达双向统计细目表 ‎　　 　　年份 试题信息　 　　‎ ‎2017‎ ‎2016‎ ‎2015‎ 体裁 书信 书信 书信 题材 教外国朋友学唐诗 请外教修改申请书及简历的文字和格式 向外国朋友约稿 命题形式 提纲式 提纲式 提纲式 写作要点 ‎(1)时间和地点；‎ ‎(2)告诉学习内容；‎ ‎(3)告诉课前准备。‎ ‎(1)告知写信的背景；‎ ‎(2)请外教修改文 ‎(1)介绍栏目；‎ 字或材料。‎ ‎(2)说明稿件内容；‎ ‎(3)说明稿件长度；‎ ‎(4)告知交稿日期。‎ 篇幅要求 词数100左右 ‎1. 体裁 ‎ 近年来全国卷书面表达考查的形式主要是应用文，其中最为常见的是书信和邮件。对考生应用文写作能力的考查体现了英语作为语言的工具性和交际性特征。值得一提的是，虽然通常以书信的形式命题，但高考书面表达有时也将物品介绍和地点介绍类的说明文融合进来。写信对象多为外籍教师(求助，生日祝贺，告别和感谢)、外国朋友、房东、学校、外资公司(咨询，邀请， 请求帮助)或来华学生(介绍，邀请，问候)等。‎ ‎(这是边文，请据需要手工删加)‎ ‎2. 题材 ‎ 全国卷书面表达的写作话题往往与考生的学习和生活密切相关，考查过的话题有学习、活动、生活、环境等。书面表达考查的话题选择灵活，语境真实，生活气息浓厚，具有时代感。‎ ‎3. 命题形式 ‎ 提示材料通常是文字提纲。文字提纲式的提示材料简练且高度概括，既明确地限定了写作范围，又为学生的自由发挥预留了空间；既能让学生用英语表达自己的思想，又能在一定程度上防止考生按汉语思维“直译”要点。 ‎ ‎4. 篇幅要求 ‎ 题中对篇幅的要求一般为词数100左右，通常会给出开头和结尾，不需要考虑格式(2016和2017全国卷除外)，但需要选择适当的措辞和语体，充分保证对考生写作能力考查的信度和效度。‎ ‎(这是边文，请据需要手工删加)‎ ‎(一)评分原则 ‎ ‎1. 本题满分为25分，按5个档次给分。‎ ‎2. 评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确定或调整档次，最后给分。‎ ‎3. 词数少于80和多于120的，从总分中减去2分。‎ ‎4. 评分时，应注意的主要内容为：内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量、准确性及上下文的连贯性。‎ ‎5. 拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。‎ ‎6. 如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。‎ ‎(二)内容要点 ‎ ‎(以2017全国卷Ⅰ为例)‎ ‎1. 时间和地点；‎ ‎2. 内容：学习唐诗；‎ ‎3. 课前准备：简单了解唐朝历史。‎ ‎(三)各档次的给分范围和要求 ‎ 第五档 ‎21－25分 完全完成了试题规定的任务。‎ ‎—覆盖所有内容要点。‎ ‎—应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。‎ ‎—语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力。‎ ‎—有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。‎ 完全达到了预期的写作目的。‎ 第四档 ‎16－20分 完成了试题规定的任务。‎ ‎—虽漏掉一两个次重点，但覆盖所有主要内容。‎ ‎—应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。‎ ‎—语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确，些许错误主要是因尝试较复杂语法结构或词汇所致。‎ ‎—应用简单的语句间连接成分，使全文结构较紧凑。‎ 达到了预期的写作目的。‎ 第三档 ‎11－15分 基本完成了试题规定的任务。‎ ‎—虽漏掉一些内容，但覆盖所有主要内容。‎ ‎—应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。‎ ‎—有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解。‎ ‎—应用简单的语句间连接成分，使全文内容连贯。‎ 基本达到了预期的写作目的。‎ 第二档 ‎6－10分 未适当完成试题规定的任务。‎ ‎—漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容，写 了一些无关内容。‎ ‎—语法结构单调，词汇项目有限。‎ ‎—有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解。‎ ‎—较少使用语句间的连接成分，内容缺少连贯性。‎ 信息未能清楚地传达给读者。‎ 第一档 ‎1－5分 未完成试题规定的任务。‎ ‎—明显遗漏主要内容，写了一些无关内容，原因可能是未理解试题要求。‎ ‎—语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。‎ ‎—较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响对写作内容的理解。‎ ‎—缺乏语句间的连接成分，内容不连贯。‎ 信息未能传达给读者。‎ ‎0分 未能传达给读者任何信息：内容太少，无法评判；写的内容均与所要求内容无关或所写内容无法看清。‎ ‎　　‎ ‎(四)评分样卷示例 ‎ ‎(2017全国卷Ⅰ)假定你是李华，正在教你的英国朋友Leslie学习汉语。请你写封邮件告知下次上课的计划。内容包括：①时间和地点； ②内容：学习唐诗； ③课前准备：简要了解唐朝的历史。‎ 注意：①词数100左右； ②可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。‎ 第一档 ‎3分(1－5分)‎ My name is LIHUA. Yeah! No matter your Chinese－teacher.‎ Last time my some told you still remember? Next time my plan teache you learning desty. I help you can airily know. Because China is have long history native.‎ Maybe Chinese for your have a little difficult. But china is beautiful you hard to know it. You will discover “China” don't only larger more it this is rabit your will fall in love it.‎ My either want with you study my England friend my decide time tomorrow the afternoon. “PIACE”in school. Wait for you.‎ 第二档 ‎8分(6－10分)‎ How surprised and excited to write the letter for you. I am your old friend Li Hua. My country is very old, and Chinese culture is very secret and beautiful.‎ It's said that China is one of Four Culture Old Country, and have various of culture about history. As Tang Chao, this is a vividly time ‎ for China history. If you want like a duck to water in the class. You will to prepare many history. We will study Tang poem in the class 10 and at the next weekend, that day 2 pm. I hope you don't come late.‎ At the moment, you will practice your Chinese and find many important information.‎ I am thanks for you reward this letter! See you again!‎ 第三档 ‎13分(11－15分)‎ I am LiHua. I still teach Chinese for you. And you also studying hard. Now I want to set the time about next studying Chinese.‎ Next Sunday, I will teach you that TangShi in China. I think you will interested for it. TangShi is China favorit Culture. Long time ago, TangShi was loved. A lot of Chinese all loved TangShi and Some Students Could write it.‎ I will teach you in the School on Sunday at afternoon. I hope you Can look for about TangChao history because it can help you learn TangShi. I think you are interested in TangShi because it is funny and full knowledge. Next class, I will teach you about TangShi and Some history about Tangchao. I hope you can like my teaching class and get lots of knowledge.‎ 第四档 ‎18分(16－20分)‎ I'm writing to tell you some plans that are involved with the next class.‎ First, you should remember the time and address well in order to make full preparations. The address is my house and time is 10 o'clock in the morning. In our next class we will learn Tang dynastic's poetry. You see Li Bai and Dufu are really great poets of that time. So you should know Tang dynastic's history in advance. To be honest, the next class will be interesting. I am sure you will like it.‎ In conclusion, I hold the firm belief that you will make greater progress.‎ I'm looking forward to your coming.‎ 第五档 ‎23分(21－25分)‎ How is everything going? I hope you have practiced Chinese fluently.‎ Having known the arrangements of your time, I'm writing to tell you that the next class we will have is at 8 am, this Sunday. What's more, to make our lesson more interesting, it will be arranged at Jiefang Park. Because, as far as I'm concerned, a quiet place can not only make you feel relaxed, but also improve the speed of learning. Besides, the context of the next class is about learning Tang poem. So, I hope you can read some relevant books which is about the history of Tang dynasty before the class. An enough preparation will give you a magic experience of Chinese culture.‎ Above all, if you have any question or difficulty you can call me at 123456. Looking forward to your reply!‎ ‎1. 邀请信 ‎(1)基本结构 ‎1)发出邀请； 2)活动具体信息； 3)再次邀请，期待回复。‎ ‎(2)黄金模板 Dear ________，‎ There will be a(n) ________(内容) at/in ________(地点) on ________(时间). We would be honored to have you there with us.‎ The occasion will start at ________(具体时间). This will be followed by a(n) ________(进一步的安排). At around ________(时间), ________(另一个安排)．‎ I really hope you can make it. Please reply to me before ________(通知你的最后期限)．‎ Yours sincerely，‎ Li Hua ‎(3)写作范例 ‎(2017全国卷Ⅱ)假定你是李华，想邀请外教Henry一起参观中国剪纸(paper－cutting)艺术展。请给他写封邮件，内容包括：①展览时间、地点； ②展览内容。‎ 注意：①词数100左右； ②可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。‎ Dear Henry，‎ I'm writing to invite you to join me in visiting an art exhibition on Chinese paper－cutting, where you can have a close look at traditional Chinese culture as you always wish.‎ The exhibition, to be held in the City Hall of Xi'an, lasts for seven days from June 6th to 12th, which attracts a large number of visitors at home and abroad. We can get there by taking Bus Line 101 or Subway Line 2. As is advertised, it will not only show a variety of paper－cuts in different regions, but also present the history and development of paper－cutting in China. I'm sure it is a great opportunity to broaden your horizons.‎ Looking forward to your reply.‎ Yours，‎ Li Hua ‎2. 道歉信 ‎(1)基本结构 ‎1)表达歉意； 2)解释原因； 3)再次道歉，并提出弥补措施。‎ ‎(2)黄金模板 Dear ________，‎ I am truly sorry that ________(道歉的原因)．‎ The reason is that ________(解释原因). Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused. Hope you can accept my apology and understand my situation.‎ Yours sincerely，‎ Li Hua ‎(3)写作范例 ‎(2016全国卷Ⅲ)假定你是李华，与留学生朋友Bob约好一起去书店，因故不能赴约。请给他写封邮件，内容包括：①表示歉意； ②说明原因； ③另约时间。‎ 注意：①词数100左右； ②可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。‎ Dear Bob，‎ I'm sorry to say that I cannot go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon. I have just found that I have to attend an important class meeting that afternoon. I hope the change will not cause you too much trouble.‎ ‎ Shall we go on Saturday morning? We can set out early so that we'll have more time to read and select books. If it's convenient for you, let's meet at 8∶30 outside the school gate. If not, let me know what time suits you best. I should be available any time after school next week.‎ Yours，‎ Li Hua ‎3. 建议信 ‎(1)基本结构 ‎1)表示同情，点明目的； 2)提出建议，给出好处； 3)总结全文，表明希望。‎ ‎(2)黄金模板 Dear ________，‎ Thank you for trusting me. I'm more than glad to give you some advice on how to cope with the problem.‎ To start with, ____________(建议1) and you will ____________(好处1). In addition, you are supposed to ____________(建议2), which will make it easier for you to ____________(好处2). What's more, you might as well ____________(建议3). By doing so, you will ____________(好处3)．‎ I hope you will find these suggestions useful.‎ Yours，‎ Li Hua ‎(3)写作范例 ‎(2014安徽卷)为了帮助中学生健康成长，某中学英文报开辟了“HEART－TO－HEART”专栏。假设你是该栏目的编辑Jamie，收到一封署名为Worried的求助信。信中该同学向你诉说了自己的困扰：近日容易发脾气，使正常的学习和生活受到了影响。请用英文给该同学写一封回信。内容要点如下：①表示理解并给 予安慰； ②提出建议并说明理由。‎ 注意：①词数120左右； ②信中不能出现与本人相关的信息； ③信的开头与结尾已为你拟好，不计入总词数。‎ 参考词汇：temper n. 脾气，情绪 Hi_Worried，‎ I'm_sorry_to_know_that_you're_having_such_a_bad_time_at_the_moment. Actually, everyone will have one of those periods when everything seems to be going wrong. Therefore, it is unnecessary to worry so much. The important thing is to learn to control your temper, which can help avoid saying and doing something that you'll regret. The following are three suggestions.‎ To begin with, sharing your feelings with your friends and teachers is a good choice as you can remove your negative emotions. Another effective suggestion is that you should take more physical exercise, which will lift your spirits. Last but not least, keep an optimistic attitude towards life and you will enjoy the pleasure life has brought to you.‎ I hope my suggestions will be of benefit to you. May you get rid of your trouble soon.‎ Yours，‎ Jamie ‎4. 投诉信 ‎(1)基本结构 ‎1)自我介绍，表达不满； 2)说明投诉对象和内容； 3)提出解决办法，表达希望。‎ ‎(2)黄金模板 Dear ________，‎ I am ________(自我介绍). I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint.‎ The reason for my dissatisfaction is ________(总体介绍). In the first place, ________(投诉的第一个方面). In addition, ________(投诉的第二个方面). Under these circumstances, I find it ________(感觉) to ________(投诉的问题产生的影响)．‎ I appreciate it very much if you could ________(提出建议和请求), preferably ________(进一步的要求), and I would like to have this matter settled by ________(设定解决问题的最后期限)．‎ Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.‎ Yours，‎ Li Hua ‎(3)写作范例 假如你叫李华，刚收到3天前在网上订购的一本英文小说Gone with the Wind。你发现书有质量问题，但与客户服务部(the customer service department)沟通后无果。请根据以下要点用英语给网店店长写一封电子邮件。‎ ‎ 内容包括：①表示不满； ②说明原因； ③提出解决办法，表达希望。‎ 注意：①词数100左右； ②可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。‎ Dear Sir/Madam，‎ I'm Li Hua, a customer who had an unpleasant experience in your online shop. I'm writing to express my dissatisfaction with the novel I bought from your online shop.‎ Three days ago, I placed an order for an English novel, Gone with the Wind, at the price of 20 yuan. This morning, I received the book, but much to my annoyance, some pages of the book are missing. Hardly had I found the problem when I contacted your customer service department. However, everyone seemed too busy to respond to me.‎ I wish to get a new copy for free. And I hope that you will take my complaint seriously and give due attention to this matter.‎ Yours sincerely，‎ Li Hua ‎5. 求助信 ‎(1)基本结构 ‎1)(陌生人)自我介绍，点明目的/(熟人、朋友或亲人)寒暄，点明目的； 2)叙述现状，告知问题； 3)寻求帮助， 期盼回复。‎ ‎(2)黄金模板 Dear ________，‎ I'm Li Hua, ________. I'm writing to you ________________(寻求帮助). ‎ I'm now having great trouble with ________. First, ________. Besides, ________. What's more, ________. Unable to handle the difficulties, I stay in low spirits.‎ I would be grateful if you could give me some suggestions. I'm looking forward to your early reply.‎ Yours sincerely，‎ Li Hua ‎(3)写作范例 ‎(2016全国卷Ⅰ)假定你是李华，暑假想去一家外贸公司兼职，已写好申请书和个人简历(resume)。给外教Ms Jenkins写信，请她帮你修改所附材料的文字和格式(format)。‎ 注意：①词数100左右； ②可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。‎ Dear Ms Jenkins，‎ I am Li Hua from your English writing class last term. I'm writing to ask for some help. I'm applying for a part－time job at a foreign company in my city during the summer vacation, and I have just completed my application letter and resume. However, I am not quite sure of the language and the format I've used. I know you have a very busy schedule, but I'd be grateful if you could take some time to go through them and correct the mistakes. Please read the attached application letter and resume.‎ Thank you for your kindness!‎ Yours，‎ Li Hua ‎6. 日　记 ‎(1)基本结构 ‎1)左上角顶格一般写日期、星期； 2)右上角一般写天气情况，首字母要大写； 3)第二行一般写日记的小标题，也可不写； 4)正文(通常使用过去时，记叙已发生的情况；若为议论某事、抒情或描景写人时，为了生动，也可用一般现在时)。‎ ‎(2)写作须知 ‎1)日期年、月、日均写时，常以月、日、年顺序排列，月份可缩写，日、年用逗号隔开，如December(Dec.) 25, 2017; 2)星期可有可无，置于日期前或后均可； 3)天气常用词汇为Sunny, Fine, Rainy, Snowy, Cloudy, Windy等； 4)正文内容应有所选择，有话则长，无话则短，常用开头如It's three weeks since I began this diary./It's a wonderful day worth celebrating./Today is Christmas…‎ 日记是把自己在当天生活中经历的有意义的事及见闻感受记录下来的书面形式。因此文体自由，不拘一格，通常用第一人称叙述。其基本形式与汉语日记相同。‎ ‎3)写作范例 假如你是高三学生李华。9月17日(星期六，晴)，你作为志愿者参加了学校接待澳大利亚中学生访问团的活动。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序写一篇日记，记叙来访学生体验中国书法的过程。‎ 注意：①词数100左右； ②可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。‎ 参考词汇：书法 calligraphy September 17th, SaturdaySunny ‎ Today some Australian students came to our school for a visit. As a volunteer, I joined in the activity. At eight o'clock in the morning, we gave them a warm welcome at the school gate. After that, I showed them into a classroom, where one of our teachers taught them something about calligraphy. I explained in English when necessary. They were amazed by the wonderful Chinese art, and some of them even tried writing some characters successfully. To remember the enjoyable moment, we took photos together and this was really a memorable event. ‎ In a word, it was a nice and meaningful day.‎ ‎7. 通　知 ‎(1)基本结构 通知是一种常用应用文体，分为书面通知和口头通知两种。‎ ‎1)书面通知、布告(notice)是上级对下级、组织对成员部署工作、传达事情 ‎、召开会议所使用的一种文体，出通知的单位写在正文结束后的右下角，或者写在NOTICE的正上方，出通知的日期一般写在左下角，单位和日期两项也可以省略。通知的正文就是要通告的内容，是主体部分，包括通知的对象、事由、时间、地点等。通知的语言要简洁明了，条理清晰，要求精确，特别是时间概念很重要，必须写得十分明确，不容丝毫含糊。‎ ‎2)口头通知一般不用写题目，也不必写出通知的时间。发布口头通知首先说明被通知的对象，在正文前面有呼语且顶左格写，如Ladies and gentlemen /Boys and girls等。为了引起听者的注意，需另起行不顶格写一些引人注意的话，如Be quiet, please！/ May I have your attention？/ Attention, please! 等。口头通知要口头发布，因而可以用较随意的口语体，如I'll /I've等。口头通知在结束时要有结束语，这是因为口头通知需要用一些语言表明通知的起止，如用That's all. 表示通知到此为止宣布完毕。另外结尾处还需要如Thank you. 之类的客套语。‎ ‎(2)黄金模板 书面通知 NOTICE ‎____________(主办单位) will organize ____________(活动名称). ____________(概括描写活动内容). This activity aims to ____________(活动的主要目的). This activity is arranged to last ____________(活动的持续时间) or so. It is planned to begin on ____________(活动的具体时间). The team members will be arranged to ____________(描述活动的具体内容). Your main task is to ____________(参加人员的主要任务). Anyone who ____________(活动的参加条件) is warmly welcomed. Those who are interested can contact ____________(报名的联系方式) for further information. Looking forward to your active participation.‎ ‎____________(签发单位) ‎ 口头通知 Ladies and gentlemen, ‎ Your attention, please. I have something important to tell you. ____________(具体内容). Please remember: Time: ____________(时间) Place: ____________(地点)．‎ Thank you for listening.‎ ‎(3)写作范例 ‎(2014辽宁卷)假定你是学生会主席李华。学校将举办一次以“校园生活·创意无限”(Innovations on Campus)为主题的创意作品展评活动。请你根据以下图示，以短文形式用英语写一份书面通知。‎ 注意：①词数100左右； ②可以适当发挥，以使行文连贯； ③开头及结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。‎ 参考词汇：校园 campus　创意作品 innovation　颁奖 prize－giving Notice An_exciting_event_“Innovations_on_Campus”_is_around_the_corner. Every one of you is expected to be part of the event which encourages creative minds and gives full play to your DIY skills.‎ Note that your innovations must be school things. Along with your wonderful innovation, you need to hand in a report, explaining how the idea occurs to you and what materials you use.‎ All the collections will be on show from June 16 to 18 in the gym. Looking forward to the prize－giving ceremony? Sure! It'll be held from 15∶00 to 17∶00 on June 18. So don't miss the chance of being the winner. Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success. For any questions, call Li Hua at 44876655.‎ Come_on,_everybody!_It's_your_show_time.‎ Student_Union ‎8. 演讲稿 ‎(1)基本结构 ‎1)对听众的称呼语； 2)提出论题； 3)进行论证； 4)得出结论。‎ ‎(2)黄金模板 模板1‎ Dear fellow ________， ‎ It's nice to speak about ________(演讲话题). I think ________(点明个人观点). The reason is that ________(理由). In my opinion, the first thing we can do ________(阐述个人观点1). The second thing we can do ________(阐述个人观点2). As for my suggestion, I think ________(进一步阐述个人观点3). If everyone ________， I am sure ________(提出希望). ‎ Thank you for listening.‎ 模板2‎ Good morning, everyone! ‎ It's so nice to see all of you here. I feel honored to have the ‎ opportunity to deliver you a speech on (演讲话题)．/It's a great pleasure for me to speak here. The topic of my speech is (演讲话题)．‎ First of all, . Besides, . Last but not least, . (分条阐述个人观点)/To begin with, . Secondly, . What's more, . (分条阐述个人观点) As far as I am concerned/In my opinion, .‎ From what have been discussed above, we can safely draw the conclusion that ____________(总结个人观点)．‎ Thanks for your attention.‎ ‎(3)写作范例 ‎(2016天津卷)假设你是晨光中学的学生会主席李津。一批来自英国的高中生与你校学生开展了为期两周的交流活动。现在，他们即将回国，你将在欢送会上致辞。请根据以下提示写一篇发言稿。‎ ‎①回顾双方的交流活动(如学习、生活、体育、文艺等方面); ②谈谈收获或感想； ③表达祝愿与期望。‎ 注意：①词数不少于100; ②可适当加入细节，使内容充实、行文连贯； ③开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。‎ Dear_friends，‎ How_time_flies! Two weeks have past since you came to our school for exchange program, which we all have benefited from.‎ During these two weeks, we have studied and lived together, which gives us the opportunity to promote our friendship. Doing sports as a team has enabled us to know each other better. Your art skills are excellent and admirable, which leaves me a deep impression. I think all our classmates have learned a lot from our communication and the various activities.‎ ‎ Now, on behalf of our schoolmates, I wish you a safe return. I also hope that there will be more events of this kind in the future.‎ Thank_you.‎ 提纲式作文可分为提纲要点式和提纲表格式两种。命题者把材料分割成信息块，提纲要点式就是将信息块用文字条目的形式表示出来，而提纲表格式则是将信息置于表格之中。提纲式作文一般给出某一特定情景和内容要求，要求考生根据情景和要求来表达思想。它可让考生充分发挥自己的想象能力，进而组织语言来表达思想。提纲式作文具有以下特点：‎ ‎● 情景真实可信。所设置的情景大都符合中学生的年龄特点和生活背景，基本都是考生已经或将来可能要经历的事情。‎ ‎● 符合考生实际。所提要求符合中学生英语水平，让考生有话可说，从而最大程度上考查其书面表达能力。‎ ‎● 要点明确，范围具体。该类作文往往以提纲的形式清楚明了地给出了写作要点及具体范围，但也会给考生留有一定的发挥空间。‎ ‎1. 应试对策 ‎ ‎1) 认真审题，把握体裁 审题应包括：一审体裁，高考书面表达的体裁一般有记叙文、说明文和应用文等；二审格式，特别注意应用文(书信、通知、演讲稿等)的格式；三定人称，根据题目需要，对人称进行合理的选择定位，是高考写作赢得高分的一个重要环节；四定时态，英语的动词时态与汉语的动词用法有很大的差别，因而是考生容易出错的地方。‎ ‎2) 紧扣主题，组织要点 提纲式作文的写作要点基本上已经被出题者定好，但在认真审题并弄清题意的基础上，仍要逐个把内容要点列出来。‎ ‎3) 选词造句，初步成文 在体裁明确、信息全面、要点清晰的基础上，按照提示或说明中所提供的事实和情节发展的顺序遣词造句。然后，将零散的句子排列成主谓一致、时态呼应、脉络分明、合乎逻辑、内容完整的短文。‎ ‎4) 仔细审核，查漏补缺 考生在写作时，由于时间仓促，难免出现错漏现象，如：内容要点被漏，字母大小写不准确，单词拼写有误，习惯用语搭配不当，时态混乱，主谓不一致以及母语干扰造成的中式英语等。所有这些问题都值得考生在定稿前认真检查、仔细核对、及时修补，力争使全文信息齐全、结构合理、表达准确。‎ ‎2. 写作范例 ‎ ‎(2015全国卷Ⅰ)假定你是李华，你校英文报“外国文化”栏目拟刊登介绍美国节日风俗和中学生生活的短文。请给美国朋友彼得写信约稿，要点如下：‎ ‎① 栏目介绍； ② 稿件内容； ③ 稿件长度：约400词； ④ 交稿日期：6月28日前。 ‎ 注意：① 词数100左右； ② 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； ③ 开头语已为你写好。‎ Dear_Peter，‎ I'd_like_to_ask_you_to_write_an_article_for_our_school's_English_newspaper.‎ The “Foreign Cultures” section in our newspaper is very popular among us students. It carries articles written by foreign friends about the cultures of their home countries. Would you please write something about the culture in your part of the United States? And we would especially welcome articles about how Americans spend their holidays and festivals, and the life of American high school students. You can write anything relevant so long as it's interesting and informative. 400 words would be fine. Could we have your article before June 28?‎ I'm looking forward to hearing from you.‎ Yours，‎ Li_Hua 图表类作文要求考生根据图画或表格所提供的信息，把图画或表格中的内容转化成一篇100词左右的短文，并且短文内容要与图画或表格相符，句子要通顺、‎ 连贯，故事情节要完整。‎ 图表类作文是材料作文的一种形式，只不过它所提供的材料不是文字，而是具有一定意义的图画或蕴含信息的图表。它要求考生在观察分析图表所含信息的基础上，用文字把自己的分析成果表达出来，这既考查了学生的观察分析能力，又考查了学生的语言表达能力。图表类作文一般采用记叙文、说明文或议论文的形式，特点是主题明确，具有较强的整体性和连贯性，要求考生具有“切中图表，领会深意”的观察能力，“抓住要点，条理清楚”的思维能力和“适当发挥，恰到好处”的组织能力。‎ ‎1. 应试对策 ‎ 一般而言，图表类作文的写作可分三步走：‎ ‎(1)写作前 ‎1)认真审题，明确要求。弄清题目要求写什么时，注意把握四个方面：文体、主题、人称和时态。文体即明确是写记叙文、说明文，还是写议论文、应用文(如书信、通知、日记、便条等)，不同文体的格式要求不同；主题主要是确定作文所要表达的内容；人称是指写作时要弄清楚是用第一人称、第二人称，还是用第三人称来进行叙述和描写；时态则是确定行文是用单纯的现在时态、过去时态、将来时态等，还是用多种时态的综合。‎ ‎2)细读图表，列出要点。看图表时要认真地根据所给的图表，并结合图表以外的汉语提示要点，对图表进行连贯性和相关性的联想。读图表时，一方面可针对图表问W(Who, What, Where, When)和H(How)的问题；另一方面对图表内容之间的联系，不妨问问How和Why等问题，以发现哪些细节发生了变化，它们又是围绕什么而变化的，从而把握住线索和主题。在审清题意和获取必要的信息时，如时间、地点、人物、事件、结果等，可列出要点，并按正确的逻辑顺序排列，同时考虑要选用的词汇和句型。为防止写作过程中遗漏要点，要逐条列出情景中给出的各个要点。‎ ‎(2)写作中 这一步骤最好在草稿纸上进行，以便修改和增减内容。在组句成文的过程中，要注意：‎ ‎1)扩词成句时，使用自己最熟悉、最有把握的词汇、短语和句型；尽量少用“大词”和较复杂的语法结构或句型；尽量使用简单句，在有把握的情况下，可以尝试使用非谓语动词、复合句等。‎ ‎2)遇到想不起来的单词或句型时，可采用同义词、近义词或同义句型替代，避免出错。‎ ‎3)语言表达要符合英语习惯，切忌套用母语的语言规则。‎ ‎4)连句成篇，注意过渡。将要点按一定的次序(如时间或空间)进行整理后，应使用一些表示并列、递进、转折等的过渡词，使句子、段落和篇章保持逻辑上的关联和语义上的连贯。恰当使用过渡词会使文章显得逻辑性强，结构紧凑，意义贯通。当然，过渡词也不可滥用，否则就有画蛇添足之嫌。写作时应注意运用并掌握下列过渡词：‎ 表示列举和顺序关系的：first, second, third, next, then, finally, lastly, after that, first of all, to begin with, for one thing…， and for another…等。‎ 表示举例和说明的：for example, for instance, that is, namely, that ‎ is to say, such as, in other words, and so on等。‎ 表示增补和引申关系的：and, also, furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition, above all, what's more, what's worse, in the same way等。‎ 表示转折和对比的：but, still, anyway, however, though, on the contrary, only, on the other hand, for all that, in contrast, similarly, at the same time等。‎ 表示因果和结论关系的：as, since, for, accordingly, as a result, because of, due to, owing to, thanks to, so, therefore, thus等。‎ 表示概括和总结的：altogether, in conclusion, in brief, on the whole, in short, in a word等。‎ 表示时间先后顺序关系的：first, then, by now, next, after, after that, during, before, later, while, meanwhile, at present, finally等。‎ ‎(3)写作后 认真誊写，整体检查。注意从整体上检查短文的文体格式是否正确；要点是否有遗漏或误差；句子结构是否完整；词语搭配是否正确得当；句子的时态、语态有无错误，主谓是否一致；名词的单复数、代词的格、冠词、介词等的使用是否有误；单词拼写、字母大小写是否有错，标点符号有无遗漏或错用；过渡词衔接是否自然以及字数是否符合题目要求。‎ ‎2. 写作范例 ‎ ‎(2016北京卷)假设你是红星中学高三一班的学生李华。你班同学参加了学校的“地球日”系列活动。请按照以下四幅图的先后顺序，以“Actions for a Greener Earth ”为题，给校刊“英语角”写一篇英文稿件，介绍活动的全过程。‎ 注意：词数不少于60。‎ 提示词：地球日 Earth Day Actions for a Greener Earth A week before Earth Day, posters were put up around our school, calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener earth.‎ Our class came up with the idea to make better use of used materials. We brought to our classroom worn－out clothes, pieces of cardboard and empty plastic bottles, and turned those into dolls, handbags, issue boxes and small vases. That weekend, we went to a nearby neighborhood and gave them away to the people there. All were very happy with those unexpected gifts, especially little kids and elderly people. We did so well that we were invited to share our idea and experience with all the students of our school.‎ We are very proud of ourselves and believe we can do more for a better world.‎ 开放式作文属于非控制性写作，与传统意义上的写作有所不同。开放式作文的题目主要为简短的文字提示或图画。这给考生留下了很大的自由发挥和想象的空间，但也对考生提出了更高的要求。它不仅考查考生的逻辑思维和想象能力，更考查考生的语言表达和组织能力，同时还从多角度考查考生分析和解决问题的能力。‎ ‎1. 应试对策 ‎ 开放式作文侧重考查两种文体：记叙文和议论文。记叙文体的开放式作文往往会给出一段材料，要求考生根据所给材料的内容，运用逻辑推理的方法，给故事添加开头、发展过程及结尾；议论文体的开放式作文逻辑性强，要求考生在所给材料或主题的基础上提炼观点，给出论证，并得出结论。此外，对于漫画式开放式作文，首先应该描述漫画的内容。在描述时，要注意有的放矢，突出主题，内容要点要态度积极、乐观向上，同时注意描述要有主次之分，详略得当。‎ ‎2. 写作范例 ‎ ‎(2016浙江卷)“Planning is good, but doing is better”是一句英语名言。请以此为题用英语写一篇100～120词的短文。要求如下：‎ ‎①简述你对这句名言的理解； ②用一个具体事例加以说明； ③给出恰当的结尾。‎ 注意：①文章的标题已给出(不计词数); ②文中不得以任何形式透露地区、学校、老师或同学姓名等真实信息，否则按作弊行为认定。‎ Planning Is Good, But Doing Is Better Planning is good as it decides in detail how we do. However, a plan can bear no fruit without being actually carried out.‎ My experience in the English speech contest last October is a case in point. A month before the event, I spent hours working out a schedule outlining my goals and practical steps. After that, I set out to read widely for an inspiring topic, wrote a speech, and practiced its delivery in beautiful pronunciation with good public speech skills. I finally came out of the contest as the first prize winner.‎ I know how I achieved my success. It came from good planning and better doing combined.‎