中考英语知识模块总结

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中考英语知识模块总结

‎ 中考英语知识模块总结 ‎ ‎ ‎ 专有名词 ‎ 名词的分类:‎ ‎ 普通名词 ‎ ‎ ‎ 可数名词 ‎1. 名词 名词的数 ‎ ‎ 不可数名词 ‎ 's 所有格 ‎ 名词的格 of所有格 ‎ 双重所有格 ‎ to所有格 名词的分类:名词分为专有名词和普通名词。‎ ‎1、专有名词:个人,地方,机构等专有名称,如:China, Shanghai, Li lei等。‎ ‎2、普通名词:‎ ‎ 1)个体名词:某类人或东西中的个体,如 fighter, gun, country等。‎ ‎ 2)集体名词:若干个体组成的集合体,如 family, team, police, class等。‎ ‎ 3)物质名词:无法分为个体的实物,如 cotton,tea, air等。‎ ‎ 4)抽象名词:动作, 状态, 品质, 感情等抽象概念. 如 health, happiness等。‎ 名词的数:可数名词都有单数和复数之分;不可数名词没有复数形式。‎ ‎1、规则的可数名词的复数变化规则:‎ ‎1)一般情况加 –s :books,mouths,houses,girls等。‎ ‎2)以 s,sh,ch,x结尾的加 –es:classes,boxes,matches等。‎ ‎3)辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 ies:cities,countries,parties,factories等。‎ ‎4)以 o 结尾的词 +es:heroes,Negroes,tomatoes,potatoes等。‎ 以 o 结尾 +s:radios,zoos,bamboos,pianos,kilos,photos等。‎ ‎5)以f,fe 结尾的多数 +ves:leaves,lives,wives,knives,halves,wolves等。‎ ‎ 直接 + s 的名词:roofs proofs, gulfs, beliefs等。‎ ‎2、不规则的可数名词的变化规则 ‎ 1)man—men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, child—children, mouse—mice.‎ ‎ 2)单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, works.‎ ‎3、复合名词的复数形式:‎ ‎ son-in-law---sons-in-law , looker-on—lookers-on, 主体名词变化 man servant—men servants. woman doctor—women doctors.‎ ‎4、定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人:the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs.‎ ‎5、集体名词people, police 总是作复数:‎ ‎ Several police were on duty.‎ ‎6、集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew 等单复数都有,但意义不同:‎ ‎ The class is big.---- The class are taking notes in English.‎ ‎ The population in China is larger.---- 80% of the population in China are peasants.‎ ‎7、以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。mathematics , physics, politics等;news也是如此。‎ ‎8、glasses, trousers, 等常用复数;但如果这些词前用 a pair of …// this pair of…//that pair of…等修饰时谓语动词有pair 来决定:‎ ‎ Where are my glasses ?‎ ‎ My new pair of trousers is too long.‎ ‎ Here are some new pairs of shoes.‎ ‎9、不可数名词没有复数形式,如果表示“一个”的概念,可用单位词:‎ ‎ a piece of news / information / advice / bread / cake / paper / meat / coal ‎ a bottle of ink, a grain of rice , a cake of soap ‎10、中考常考不可数名词:information, weather, news, advice, fun等。‎ 名词的所有格:‎ ‎1、's 所有格:‎ ‎1)构成:名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词,表示所属关系:‎ ‎ A. 一般词尾+ ’s.:the teacher’s office, Xiao Li’s sister’s husband’s mother.‎ ‎ B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词只+“’ ”: workers’ rest room. ‎ ‎ C. 不以s结尾的复数名词加’s: children’s toys. ‎ ‎ D. 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加 ’s: my sister-in-law’s brother.‎ ‎ E. 表示共同所有的几个名词,只在最后一个词的后面加’s:‎ ‎ This is Tom, James and Dick’s room.‎ ‎ F. 表示各个所有关系的几个名词,在每个名词后分别加’s:‎ ‎ Jenny’s, Jean’s and Mary’s rooms face to the south.‎ ‎ G. 名词短语只在最后一个词后加 ’s: a quarter of an hour’s talk.‎ ‎2、of所有格:‎ ‎1)凡不能用’s 属格的情况可用 of 属格表示所属关系:‎ ‎ the City of New York. a map of China. ‎ ‎3、双重所有格:‎ ‎ 当of前面的名词有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词如 a, an, this, that, these, those, two, three, four, any, some, several, no, few ,another等修饰时,用双重所有格,双重所有格只用于表示人的名词并且都是特指的:‎ ‎ a poem of Lu Xun’s . a friend of his/hers . ‎ ‎ Which novel of Dicken’s are you reading ? some friends of my brothers’ .‎ ‎4、几种特殊情况: ‎ ‎ the key to the door. the answers to the question the entrance to the station / cinema 定冠词‎ ‎ a, an ‎ ‎ ‎2.冠词 不定冠词the ‎ 零冠词 不定冠词的用法 ‎1). a用于辅音发音开头的词前, 如:a book; ‎ an用于元音发音开头的词前,如:an apple, an hour. ‎ 请区别:a useful machine, an umbrella, a “u”, an “h”。‎ ‎2). a/an 用于单数可数名词前。‎ ‎ a book a boy a man a bird a dog an hour ‎ ‎3). 用于表示数量。He has a sister.‎ ‎4).用于序数词前表“又,再”。Try it for a second time.‎ ‎5).用于固定短语中:a few, have a good time 定冠词的用法 ‎ ‎1).定冠词的最基本的用法是“特指”:表示某个或某些特定的人或物。 ‎ Do you know the girl in a red skirt? 你认识那个穿红裙子的女孩吗? ‎ ‎2).再次提到上文提到过的人或物,应该用定冠词the。例如:‎ Tom has an apple, The apple is big and red.‎ ‎3).指谈话双方都知道的人或物。例如:‎ Let’s go and give it to the teacher.咱们去把它交给老师吧。‎ ‎4).用于某些固定词组中。 例如:‎ in the morning / afternoon / evening 等。‎ ‎5).用在形容词前表示一类人。‎ the old 老人 the young 年轻人the rich富裕的人 ‎ ‎6).用在表示“姓”的复数名词前,表示一家人或夫妇二人。  例如:‎ The Whites are spending their holiday in England. ‎ The Greens came to China two years ago .‎ ‎7). 用在由普通名词构成的表示场所的专有名词前。‎ the Great Wall 长城 the Summer Place颐和园 ‎ the United States 美国 the Chinese People’s Liberation Army 中国人民解放军 ‎ ‎8).用在序数词或形容词最高级前 ‎ The first thing I want to say is to listen carefully in class. ‎ He is the tallest one in our class. ‎ ‎9).世界上独一无二的事物等(月亮、地球、天空、宇宙) ‎ the globe太阳系 the universe 宇宙 the atmosphere大气层 The sun rises in the east. The earth goes round the sun. ‎ ‎10).在世纪,年代名词前用冠词。 ‎ in the 1980s 或 in the ‎1980’‎s 20世纪80年代 ‎ ‎ in the nineteenth century 二十世纪 ‎11).在江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河前用the。 ‎ the Changjang River 长江 the West Lake 西湖 the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 ‎12).在介词短语中常用定冠词the,如:in the box ,behind the chair。‎ 零冠词的用法 ‎1).在物质名词,抽象名词前不用冠词 ‎ The desk is made of wood. What is work? Work is struggle ‎2).国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:‎ England, China Mary Lilei Mr.Green ‎ ‎3).在星期、月份,季节等名词前;Sunday March summer winter ‎ ‎4).名词前有物主代词,指示代词,不定代词,名词所有格修饰时(this, my,that, those, these, her)‎ 如:this morning my pen your watch whose bike 等 ‎5). 在球类运动、一日三餐、学科和语言的名词前如:‎ have breakfast play chess play basketball ‎ ‎(注意 在乐器前必须加定冠词 如弹钢琴play the piano play the violin)‎ ‎6).当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;‎ by bus by train by car by air by bike by plane ‎ ‎(注意 如果用介词on 表示乘坐交通工具 必须用a 或an 来表示 如 in a bus on a bike 等)‎ ‎7).有些个体名词不用冠词;如:   school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义;  go to hospital  去医院看病  go to the hospital  去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)‎ 物主代词 普通不定代词 复合不定代词 ‎ ‎ 不定代词 反身代词 ‎3.代词 物主代词(表示所属关系的代词)分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词 ‎ 数 单 数 复 数 一人称 二人称 三人称 一人称 二人称 三人称 形容词性物主代词 my your his/her/it our your their 名词性物主代词 mine yours his/her/its ours yours theirs This is my book.= This book is mine.‎ 反身代词 单数 myself ‎ yourself himself/herself/itself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves 常见反身代词的固定短语:‎ for oneself 替自己,为自己 by oneself 单独地,独自地 ‎ behave oneself 守规矩 hurt oneself 伤着自己 enjoy oneself 过的愉快 help oneself 自己用,随便吃 teach oneself 自学 say to oneself 自言自语 不定代词 普通不定代词(some, any;both., all;either, neither; many., much; each, every; few, little )‎ 复合不定代词 somebody anybody nobody everybody someone anyone no one Everyone something anything nothing everything 注意:(1)当句子的主语是指人的everyone, nobody, anyone等时,其反意疑问句的主语通常用代词they;当句子的主语是指物的everything, nothing, anything等时,其反意疑问句的主语通常用代词it.‎ Eg:1.Everybody is here, aren’t they?‎ ‎ 2.Everything is ready, isn’t it?‎ ‎ 基数词 ‎4.数词 ‎ 序数词 基数词 ‎1.基数词表示数量。13~19的基数词都以-teen结尾,如:thirteen,nineteen等。20~90十位数的整数都以-ty结尾,如:twenty,ninety等。‎ ‎2.表示两位数词时,十位与个位之间要加连字符。三位以上的数词,在百位数与后两位数之间,要用and连接。如:four hundred and ninety-seven。注意,千位数与百位数之间用逗号分开,如:five thousand,three hundred and twenty。‎ ‎3.在表示一个具体的数目时,hundred,thousand,million都要用单数形式。如:several hundred,two thousand,ten million等。在表示大概数目时,则用hundreds of,thousands of,millions of。‎ ‎4.数词与其他词构成复合形容词时,其中的名词要用单数形式。如:an eight-cent-stamp, a three-month-old baby。‎ 序数词 ‎1.序数词表示顺序,使用时一般前面要加定冠词。基数词变序数词有一定的规律,下面的口诀可帮助你记忆:‎ 基变序有规律,123特殊记。 th要从4加起,8减t,9去e。  ty变成tie,ve要用f替。 若要变为几十几,只变个位就可以。   ‎ ‎2.有时序数词前用不定冠词,表示“再一、又一”的意思。如:‎ Soon the Greens had a second child--a son.很快格林夫妇又有了一个孩子——一个儿子。   ‎ 分数,小数和百分比 ‎1.表示分数时,分子用基数词,分母用序数词。当分子大于1时,分母须用复数形式。如: 1/2上读作one half或a half, 1/4读作one fourth或a quarter,2/3读作two-thirds, 3 2/5读作three and two-fifths。‎ ‎2.读小数时,小数点前的基数词与前面所讲的基数词读法完全相同,小数点读作“point”,小数点后只需将数字一一读出。如15.07读作fifteen point zero seven。‎ ‎3.百分数的读法为:先读基数词,再读百分号。如5%读作five percent。‎ 年份和日期 ‎1.年份的读法为每两位数读一个词。如:‎ ‎1950读作nineteen fifty 1800读作eighteen hundred    2000读作two thousand ‎2.日期的读法有两种 ‎(1)先月后日,日子要读成序数词。如:‎9月29日可读作September (the) twenty-ninth   ‎ ‎(2)先日后月,在月份之前加Of。  如:‎9月29日也可读作the twenty-ninth of September   ‎ ‎(3)年月日同时出现,年代放在最后,年代前用逗号隔开。如:‎2005年2月1日可写成the first of February ,2005或February( the) first, 2005‎ 时间和钟点 ‎6:00读作six (o'clock) 9:45读作nine forty-five/a quarter to ten 2:15读作two fifteen/a quarter past two   ‎ 编号的表达 ‎1)事物名词(不加冠词)+基数词。如:Lesson One,Part Three,Channel Five,Gate Nine,,World War Ⅱ ‎2)定冠词+序数词+事物名词。如:the first lesson,the third part,the fifth channel,the ninth gate,the Second World War 加减乘除的英语表达 plus/and加,minus减,time/multiplied by乘,divided by除。如: ‎ ‎1)12 +8=?      How much is twelve plus/and eight?  2)40—11=29, Forty minus eleven is/equals twenty nine. 3)3×6 =18,    Three times six is/equals eighteen. 4)56÷7=?       How much is fifty-six divided by seven?‎ 时间介词(at, in, on) ‎ ‎5.介词 方位介词(between, over, above, among) ‎ 方式介词(by, without)‎ 名词与介词的搭配 a bit of有一点儿                                  a couple of两个、几个 a kind of一种、一类                             cover an area of占地面积 have pity on sb.怜悯某人                      huge amounts of大量的 make friends with与……交朋友               make fun of拿……开玩笑 meet the needs of迎合……的需要           one after another一个接一个;连续地 play a trick on捉弄                             the week after next下下周 动词与介词的搭配 agree with sb.同意某人的意见               apologize to sb. for ‎ sth.为某事向某人道歉 arrive at/in a place到达某地                 ask for请求、寻求 be covered with被……所覆盖                 be made of由……制成 be made up of由……组成                     belong to属于 break into破门而人、闯入                     call on拜访 care for照顾、喜欢                              carry out执行 check in办理登机                                come across被理解;遇见 come from出生于、来自                       come on跟我来、走吧 communicate with与……交                   cut down砍倒 deal with= do with处理                      depend on= rely on依靠、依赖 die of因……病而死                               dream of梦见 dress up穿着、打扮                             eat up= finish off吃光、喝完、吞噬 enter for报名参加                               fall off从……跌落 fill in填充、填写                                 find out找出、查明、了解 get along/on with进展、与……相处         get in the way挡道 get in进入、收集                                get on上车 get off下车                                       get rid of摆脱 get ready for为….作准备                    get to到达 get tired of对……感到厌倦                    go in for参加、从事于、酷爱 ,'^ go ahead先走、向前走;去吧                 go for a swim去游泳 go on a diet实行节食                          go over复习 go on with继续做某事                          grow up长大、成长 hand in上交                                      hear from收到……的来信 hear of听说                                       help sb. with ‎ sth.帮助某人做某事 hold on等等(别挂电话)                      hold up举起 hurry off匆忙离开                               join.n参加、加入 keep... from使……不做                        keep in touch with与……保持联系 keep off阻挡;不让接近                       knock over撞倒、撞翻 later on过来;后来                             laugh at嘲笑 learn.., from向……学习                       leave for动身去 let out放出                                      line up整队;排成行 live on靠……为生                               look after照顾;照料 look at看;观看                                look for寻找 look forward to期待着                       look like看上去像;显得 look out of从……朝外看                      look up查寻;抬头看 make out辨认出                               make up one's mind下决心 meet with遭遇                                 operate on sb.为……动手术 pay for付……钱                                 pick out拾起 play with玩弄                                  point at指向;指着 point out指出                                  praise sb. for sth.为某事表扬某人 prefer... to(比起……来)更喜欢              prepare for准备 protect... from保护……免受                 pull down推倒 put off延期                                     put on穿;戴上;上演 put out伸出                                    put up举起;挂起 run after追捕;追踪                          run away逃跑 search for搜寻;搜查                         see off为……送行 sell out售完                                    set out/off for出发去……;起程去…… set up建立;设立.                           shake hands with与……握手 share with与……分享                         show off炫耀 show sb around带某人参观                 shut up住口 speed up加快速度                            stop...from阻止……做 take away拿走                                take care ‎ of照料 take charge of负责;管理;                take hold of抓住 take in吸入                                    take off脱掉(衣物等);起飞 take out取出                                  take part in参加  take up开始从事                              talk about谈到 talk to/with与...谈话                        tell... from区别;分辨 think of想起;想到                           think over仔细考虑 throw away扔掉                              tie up捆绑 try on 试穿                                     turn down(把音量)调低 turn into变成                                   turn off关掉(电灯、电视、收音机等) turn on开,旋开(电灯、电视、收音机等)                        turn over翻车;翻阅;翻身 turn out结果是;证明是                     wake up醒来;叫醒 wait for等待;等候                           write down写下 work out算出;制定出 并列连接词 when after until though unless if ‎6.连词 从属连接词 ‎1).并列连词用来连接彼此并列的词、短语或句子。并列连词有and,or,but,so,for,nor等。‎ ‎2).关联连词有both…and,either… or,neither…nor,not only…but also,as well as,as much as等。连接两个主语时,都遵循“就近原则”‎ ‎3).两个并列连词不可以连用。如: He tried hard.and but he failed to get the job.此句中的but应改为yet。因为and和but都是连词。‎ ‎4).从属连词是用来引导从句,如宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句等。从属连词有that, if, unless, whether, who, whose, what, which, where, than, when, while, as, since, though, although, because, before, after, until, as soon as, now that, so...that, so that, as... as,(not) as/so…as 如: If it snows tomorrow,we won't go on a ‎ picnic.(If引导条件状语从句) Could you tell me whose PC it is? (whose引导宾语从句) The man who is talking to my class teacher is my father.(who引导定语从句)‎ ‎7.形容词和副词 ‎ 1. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 ‎ ① 一般的比较级和最高级在形容词或副词后加-er或-est, 如:small --- smaller --- smallest ‎ ② 以不发音-e结尾的形容词或副词直接加 –r或 –st,如 ‎ large --- largest --- largest ‎ ③ 重读闭音节词尾是一个辅音字母的,需双写该辅音字母,再加-er或-est。‎ ‎④ 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的形容词和副词,把“y”变“i”,再加 –er或-est. busy---busier---busiest happy---happier---happiest ‎ 但一些双音节及多音节形容词或副词前要加more和most, ‎ 如: slowly --- more slowly --- most slowly ‎ difficult---more difficult---most difficult ‎ beautiful---more beautiful---most beautiful ‎ 但还有一些不规则的变化: good / well---better---best many---more---most bad / ill / badly ---worse---worst little---less---least ‎ far --- farther / further --- farther / furthest ‎ 2. 形容词和副词的等比句型 ‎ ‎①as…as… 和……一样 I’m as tall as you. ‎ ‎② not as(so)…as 不和…… 一样(在否定句中常用so 来代替as)‎ 如, I can’t run so fast as you. ‎ 在以上两个句型中形容词或副词一定要用原级。 ‎ ‎3.形容词和副词的其它句型还有: ‎ ‎① 形容词/ 副词 比较级 + than 句型 ,在than 后面的人称代词 用主语和宾语均可。 ‎ He is older than I / me.但是如果人称代词后有动词时,则只能用主格形式。如,Tom found more red leaves than I did. ‎ ‎② “the + 比较级, the + 比较级” 结构表示两个变化一起发生。‎ 如, The more you learn, the more you’ll know. ‎ ‎③ “more and more”结构(指两个形容词比较级用and 连接)表示持续不断的变化。 如: I’m getting thinner and thinner. ‎ ‎4.修饰形容词和副词的比较级的副词要用much, a lot, a little, a bit, far等,very不能和比较级连用。‎ 如:The blouse I bought yesterday is a little less expensive. 昨天我买的衬衣比较便宜。 ‎ To play basketball is far more enjoyable to the boy. 打篮球对于男孩子来说要有趣得多。 ‎ ‎5.形容词的一些搭配,‎ 如: be glad / happy/ pleased to do 很高兴做某事 ‎ be sorry to do 很抱歉,很遗憾做某事 be sure to do 一定/相信会做某事 be ready to do 准备好做某事,乐于做某事 get ready to do 为……做好准备 等等。 ‎ 实义动词 连系动词 ‎ ‎ 动词:动词的分类 ‎ 助动词 ‎ 情态动词 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在进行时 现在完成时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去将来时 ‎ 8.动词及时态 动词的时态 ‎ 语态 ‎ 主动语态 动词的语态:主动语态和被动语态 动词的种类   ‎ ‎1.实义动词:意义完全,能独立用作谓语。如:enable,watch,run,open等。‎ ‎2.连系动词:是一个表示谓语关系的动词。它必须在后面接表语(通常为名词或形容词)。如:seem,look,smell,taste,sound,get,become,turn,be等。‎ ‎3.助动词:本身没有词汇意义。不能单独用作谓语。在句中与实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气以及否定和疑问结构。如:do,does,did等。‎ ‎4.情态动词:词义不完全。在句中不能单独作谓语,只能与实义动词一起构成谓语。如:can,may,must,need,ought to等。‎ 动词的时态:‎ ‎    时态 ‎    常用的提示语 一般现在时 always,usually,sometimes,often,every,once a week,in the morning,in December,in spring,on Mondays等。‎ 一般过去时 ago,just now,before 2005,yesterday,last Friday,once,the other day,those days,once upon a time,long before等。‎ 一般将来时 tomorrow,the coming... ,in the future,next Tuesday,in two hours,some day,soon,before long,this evening等。‎ 现在进行时 now,at the moment,look,listen,be quite,these days,still等。‎ 过去进行时 this time yesterday,at that time,from 9 to 11 last Friday,when,while等。‎ 现在完成时 since,for,already,yet,just,in the past few years/ months,in the last few weeks/months/days等。‎ 过去完成时 by the end of last term/month/year,by yesterday,by 2004,by last Monday等。‎ 过去将来时 大都出现在主句动词为一般过去时的宾语从句中。‎ 动词的被动语态 英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。它的基本结构为:助动词be+及物动词的过去分词。所有的时态变化在助动词be上。以动词sing为例。‎ 时态/语态 ‎    主动语态 ‎    被动语态 一般现在时 Jay sings many songs every year.‎ Many songs are sung by Jay every year.‎ 一般过去时 Jay sang many songs last year.‎ Many songs were sung by Jay last year.‎ 一般将来时 Jay will sing/ is going to sing many songs this year.‎ Many songs will be sung/are going to be sung by Jay this year.‎ 现在进行时 Jay is singing an English song.‎ An English song is being sung by Jay.‎ 过去进行时 Jay was singing a song just now.‎ A song was being sung by Jay just now.‎ 现在完成时 Jay has sung lots of songs in the past few years.‎ Lots of songs have been sung by Jay in the past few years.‎ 过去完成时 Jay had sung plenty of songs by last year.‎ Plenty of songs had been sung by Jay by last year.‎ 过去将来时 Jay said he would sing more songs in the future.‎ Jay said more songs would be sung in the future.‎ 情态动词的被动语态为:情态动词+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词。‎ can could may might must have to dare need shall should will would should ought to ‎9.情态动词 can 的用法:‎ ‎① 表示能力 “能,会” 例如: He can speak a little Japanese.他会说一点日语。‎ ‎② 表示请求或许可 “可以” 例如: Can I help you? 要我帮忙吗? ‎ ‎③ 表示猜测“可能” 例如: Where can she go now? 她可能到哪里去了呢? ‎ may 的用法:‎ ‎①表示请求或允许 “可以”“准许” 例如: May I go home,please?请问我可以回家吗? ‎ ‎② 表示可能性 “ 可能”、也许” 例如: I think it may rain this afternoon. 我想今天下午可能下雨。 ‎ 注:might为may的过去式,但也可以代替may,语气较为婉转客气或更加不肯定。‎ 例如: ① He might not come today.今天他也许不来了。(语气不肯定) ‎ ‎②You might also get a headache when you work too hard,当你工作太努力时,你也可能患头痛。‎ ‎ must的用法:‎ ‎①表示义务、必要或命令 “必须、应该” 例如: You must come early tomorrow.你明天得早来。 ‎ ‎② 表示推测时“肯定,一定” 例如: They must be at home.The light is on 他们肯定在家,灯亮着呢. ‎ ‎③ must not 禁止,不许 例如: You must not tell lies. 你不许撒谎。 ‎ 注意: ①must开头的疑问句,其否定回答通常用 don't have to 或needn't 。而不用mustn't。‎ 例如: ---Must I finish my homework first? 我必须先完成作业吗?‎ ‎---No, you don't have to/ needn't. 不,你不必。‎ ‎② can 和 must在 表推测时,can一般否定句中,而must 常用于肯定句中。‎ 例如: ①It can not be Li Lei 那个人不可能是李磊 ② It must be Li Lei 那个人肯定是李磊。‎ need 的用法:‎ ‎① 情态动词 “需要, 有必要”一般用于否定句或疑问句中。‎ 例如: You needn't come here this afternoon.你今天下午不必来。‎ ‎② 行为动词 “需要, 有必要” 可以用于各种句式中。‎ 例如: ①You don't need to go now. 你不必现在就走。 ② I need to have a rest. 我需要休息一下。‎ ‎③ Do we need to finish all the work today? 我们今天需要完成所有的工作吗?‎ 情态动词表“需要”,没有人称 数之变。 其后直接加动词原形,多用疑问与否定。‎ 以may(表许可或请求)开头的一般疑问句的肯定回答用may,否定回答用mustn't或can't。‎ 表示“必须”时,must表示主观看法,have to强调客观需要。‎ ought to和should两者都表示应该,但是ought to比should语气强。‎ 动词不定式 动名词 分词 ‎10.非谓语动词 不定式 ‎  不定式的基本形式是to+动词原形,但有时省略to。不定式的否定形式是not+不定式。不定式在句子中不能单独作谓语,但可以做主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。‎ ‎  (1)作主语:动词不定式作主语的时常用形式主语it放在句子的开头,将真正的主语不定式放在句子的后面。‎ ‎  It is very easy to climb that small hill. 爬那个小山是非常容易的。‎ ‎  (2)作表语:Your job is to look after these babies. 你的工作是照看这些婴儿。‎ ‎  (3)作宾语:不定式作宾语时如果后面有宾语补足语,要把不定式放句未,宾语位置用it代替。‎ ‎  My teacher likes to play with the children. 我的老师喜欢和孩子们玩。‎ ‎  (4)作宾语补足语:常用于want, wish, ask, encourage,order, tell, know, allow, help, advise, wait for等动词或动词短语后。‎ ‎  The doctor asked him to take off his coat. 医生让他脱掉外衣。‎ ‎  (5)作定语:不定式作定语通常放在被修辞的名词或者代词的后面。例如:‎ ‎  Do you have anything to say for yourself? 你还有什么话要说吗?‎ ‎  (6)作状语:可以表示目的、结果、原因等。例如:‎ ‎  I came here to see your mother. 我来这里是看望你的妈妈。‎ ‎  注意:特殊疑问词+动词不定式:特殊疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后面用动词不定式。例如:‎ ‎  I don’t know what to do next. 我不知道下一步该怎么办。‎ ‎   动名词 ‎  动名词在句子中可以作主语和宾语及定语等。例如:‎ ‎  Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 看电视太多对你的眼睛有害。‎ ‎  动名词作表语和现在进行时的结构一样,但它们的性质不一样。例如:‎ ‎  My job is washing clothes. 我的工作是洗衣服。‎ ‎  现在分词和过去分词:‎ ‎  分词可以有现在分词和过去分词两种形式。现在分词是由动词原形+ing构成, 它既可以有动词的性质,后面可以跟状语和宾语。例如:‎ ‎  Going down town (= When I was going down town,) I met a friend.‎ ‎  我去市区时遇到一个朋友。‎ ‎  现在分词有形容词的性质,可以在句子中作定语和表语等成分。可以有比较级形式,也可以用very等副词修饰。例如:‎ ‎  Your father is a modest, understanding man. 你爸爸是一个谦虚并且能理解的人。‎ ‎  This story is very interesting. 这个故事非常有兴趣。‎ ‎  过去分词有规则变化和不规则变化两种形式,过去分词可以在句子中作定语、表语、状语等成分,和相关的名词是被动关系。‎ ‎  The glass is broken. 玻璃杯子坏了。‎ ‎  Have you read the novel written by your father? 你看到你爸爸写的小说了吗?‎ 陈述句 感叹句 反意疑问句 祈使句 ‎11.简单句 ‎ 陈述句:‎ ‎  1.陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法(包括肯定和否定)的句子。通常用降调,句末用句号"."。‎ ‎  Tom has a new car.‎ ‎  The flower isn't beautiful.‎ ‎  2. 陈述句否定式的构成 ‎  (1) 如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be,则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式。‎ ‎  He is not playing the guitar.(否定)‎ ‎  We can't get thee before dark.(否定)‎ ‎  (2) 如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词,而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时,则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加don't, doesn't或didn't。同时把该实义动词变为原形。‎ ‎  He doesn't play the violin well.(否定)‎ ‎  She didn't win the game.(否定)‎ ‎  (3) 如果句子是there be结构或谓语动词是have(有),除了be和have之后加not之外,句中如果有some要变为any。例如:‎ ‎  There is some water in the cup. →There is not any water in the cup.‎ ‎  He has some books. →He has not any books.‎ ‎  (4) 除not以外,否定词no, never, nothing, nobody, few等也可构成否定句。例如:‎ ‎  There is something wrong with his bike. →There is nothing wrong with his bike.‎ ‎  I have seen the film. →I have never seen the film.‎ what, how引导的感叹句 ‎  1. what引导的感叹句:‎ ‎  (1)what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)‎ ‎  What a beautiful city it is!‎ ‎  What an interesting story she told!‎ ‎  (2)what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)‎ ‎  What expensive watches they are!‎ ‎  What terrible weather it is!‎ ‎  2.How引导的感叹句:‎ ‎  (1)How+形容词/副词+陈述句(主语+谓语)‎ ‎  How cold it is!‎ ‎  How hard he works!‎ ‎  (2)How+陈述句(主语+谓语)‎ ‎  How he loves his son!   ‎ ‎  How I miss you!‎ ‎  (3)How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)‎ ‎  How tall a tree it is!‎ ‎  (4)上述两种感叹句可以互相转换。例如:‎ ‎  What a clever boy he is!→How clever the boy is!‎ ‎  What a cold day it is!→How cold it is!‎ 附加疑问句 反意的附加疑问句的规则是:当陈述部分为肯定句时,附加问句部分用否定形式;当陈述部分为否定句时,附加问句部分用肯定形式。‎ ‎  It’s colder today, isn’t it?‎ ‎  You’ve had an accident, have you?‎ ‎  1. 附加问句部分的主语多用代词,这个代词要与陈述部分的主语保持一致。如:‎ ‎  Joan bought you the gift, didn’t she?‎ ‎  ①陈述部分如果是there be句型,附加问句部分用there充当主语。如:‎ ‎  There is a pen on the desk, isn’t there?‎ ‎  ②陈述部分的主语如果是this, that, these, those,附加问句部分的主语分别用it或they。如:‎ ‎  This is a new computer, isn’t it?‎ ‎  These aren’t(转载自出国留学网http://www.liuxue86.com,请保留此信息。) banana ‎ trees, are they?‎ ‎  2. 附加问句部分的主语前面多用助动词、be动词或情态动词,它们要与陈述部分的谓语保持一致,并且否定式常用缩略形式。如:‎ ‎  They went with you, didn’t they?‎ ‎  3. 陈述部分如果是复合句,且主句为I think / believe / imagine / expect结构时,附加问句部分的主语和动词应与从句保持一致。如:‎ ‎  I think John is very angry, isn’t he?‎ ‎  4. 陈述部分如果为否定转移句,附加问句部分的主语和动词应与从句保持一致,并把从句看成否定句。如:‎ ‎  I don’t think you can do these exercises alone, can you?‎ ‎  5. 回答附加疑问句时,不管问题的提法如何,若事实是肯定的,就用yes,若事实是否定的,就用no。如:‎ ‎  —He can’t swim, can he? 他不会游泳,是吗?‎ ‎  —Yes, he can. 不,他会。‎ ‎—No, he can’t. 是的,他不会。‎ 祈使句 ‎1.祈使句 ‎  ①祈使句用来表示请求、命令、建议、劝告、警告等。如:‎ ‎  Go and open the door.‎ ‎  ②其主语一般是第二人称,但往往被省去。‎ ‎  ③其谓语须用动词原形,否定结构是在动词原形前加don’t。如:‎ ‎  Don’t be late.‎ ‎  ④句子末尾用句号或感叹号,通常用降调。为表示礼貌,句前或句末可加上please。如:‎ ‎  Be quiet, please. = Please be quiet.‎ ‎  ⑤祈使句之后的附加疑问句:‎ ‎  ●在肯定的祈使句之后,附加疑问句常用will you? / won’t you? / would you? / could you? / can you? / can’t you? 如:‎ ‎  Have dinner with us, will you? / won’t you? / would you?‎ ‎  ●在否定的祈使句之后,附加疑问句常用will you? / can you? 如:‎ ‎  Don’t make a noise, will you? / can you?‎ ‎  ●以let’s 开头的祈使句之后,附加疑问句常用shall we? 如:‎ Let’s go out at about six o’clock, shall we?‎ which that who whom whose whose ‎12.定语从句中关系代词 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系词常有三个作用:1、引导定语从句 2、代替先行词 3、在定语从句中担当一个成分 ‎1.关系代词引导定语从句时,可作主语、宾语、定语等句子成分。如:‎ 代替人 代替物 代替人或物 主语 who which that 宾语 whom/who which that 定语 whose(=of whom)‎ whose(=of which)‎ ‎  1).This is the doctor who came from London.‎ ‎  2).The book which/that I am reading is written by Thomas Hardy.‎ ‎  3). The desk whose leg is broken is very old.‎ ‎4). This is the room that/which Shakespeare was born in.  ‎ ‎2.使用关系代词时应注意以下几点: ‎ ‎  1).如果先行词是all, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that,不用which。‎ ‎  例如:All that are present burst into tears.‎ ‎  2).如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very等词修饰,关系代词常用that, 不用which。‎ ‎  例如:The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.‎ ‎3).which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思与and this相似。  ‎ 例如:He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.‎ ‎  4).先行词中既有人又有物时,关系代词应该用that。‎ ‎  例如:The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.‎ ‎5).“介词+关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。此结构中的介词可以是in, on, about, from, for, with, to, at, of, without等,关系代词常常只可用whom或which,不可用that。  ‎ 例如:The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.‎ ‎  像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不将介词与动词分开。‎ 例如:This is the boy whom she has taken care of.‎ ‎13.由特殊疑问词引导的从句做宾语从句时要用陈述语序 由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句---当从句是特殊疑问句时,要用特殊疑问词引导宾语从句,并且要把疑问的语序变为陈述的语序. He asked them why they hadn't finished their homework .‎
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