【英语】2018届二轮复习动词的时态和语态讲练导学案（16页word版）

【英语】2018届二轮复习动词的时态和语态讲练导学案（16页word版）

2018 届二轮复习 动词的时态和语态讲练导学案 内容解读 1．高考考查的八种动词时态是：①一般现在时；②一般过去时；③一般将来时；④现在进 行时；⑤过去进行时；⑥现在完成时；⑦过去完成时；⑧过去将来时。 2．容易混淆的三组动词时态是：①一般过去时和现在完成时；②一般过去时和过去完成 时；③过去完成时与现在完成时。 3．各种时态及含情态动词的被动形式和应用。 突破方法 1．学习动词的时态和语态时，切不可脱离实际运用的语言，一味死记硬背语法规则的 条条框框。了解了八种时态的一些常见规则之后，要留心以英语为母语者在实际生活中是如 何使用各种时态的语态的。教材中每单元第一课的情景对话，是领悟时态用法真谛的最佳语 言材料。 2．答题时，研读题干，搜索出尽可能多的“时间参照信息”，尤其是动词冗余信息中的 时间信息。如题目中的 haven’t said, Do, I’m, sooner, think, it’s 等，这些表达中都含有时间信 息，发现和有效利用这些信息是解决问题的关键。 3．解决时态和语态问题，要遵循如下解题思路： ① 这个动作可能发生在什么时间？题干句中可参照的时间信息有哪些？ ② 这个动作处于什么状态，是进行中，还是已结束（完成）？限制或修饰这个动作的 状语信息有哪些？ ③ 这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？ 只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题的答案，试题的正确答案也就水落石出了。 知识清单 清单一 动词的时态 一、时态的概念 时态是一种动词形式，它是“时”和“体”的组合。“时”有现在、过去、将来、过去 将来之分；“体”有一般、进行、完成、完成进行之别。动词的动作可发生于四种不同的时 间，表现四种不同的“体”，每一种“时+体”就构成一种时态。所以英语动词共有（4×4） 十六种时态，高中英语教学大纳中要求掌握的只有八种：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将 来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时，过去将来时。另外现在完成进 行时，过去完成进行时和将来完成时也比较常用。 二、一般体、进行体、完成体的含义 一向指某动作既不正在进行又不确定完成与否的一种广泛意义上的方式。进行指一种持 续性的、未完成的动作。动词的进行时还伴有其他一些意义，如：有限度的延续性、感情色 彩、同时性、描述的生动性、强调性等。完成则表示动作发生在某个时间以前，但动作发生 的时间总是未经明确指出的。通过例句体会它们的含义差别： The teacher writes his own notes. （现在习续性动作） The teacher is writing his notes now. （暂时的还在进行的动作） The teacher has already written his notes. （现在已经完成的动作） Xiao Wang comes late often. （现在经常性的动作） Xiao Wang is always coming late. （带有不满的色彩） I read a book yesterday evening. （在过去时间的动作） I was reading a book yesterday evening. （过去时间未完成的持续动作） I have read the book. （现在已经读完那本书了） She is always finding fault with others. 她总是挑剔别人的毛病。 He is constantly leaving things about. 他总是丢三拉四。 I am hoping you can come and have supper with us. 我正希望您能来和我们一起吃晚饭。 （比如 I hope…语气更委婉） She has been saying that twenty times. 这话她已经说了 20 遍。 三、一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别 1．一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连。 它所表示的事情纯属过去与现在情况没有联系。现在完成时表示的事情发生在不能具体指出 的现在以前的过去产某个或某段时间。它所表示的事情与现在情况有关系，是过去事情在现 在产生的结果或对现在的影响。 2．一般过去时常用的状语有 yesterday, last night, two days (months, weeks) ago, at that time 等；现在完成时常用的状语有 already, just (刚刚), yet, never, before 等；表示从过去延 续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间状语有：today, now, lately, recently, in the last / past few days / years (在过去的这几天/年里)。since then, up to now, so far (至今)等。 3．比较下面几组句子，体会两种时态的不同： He served in the army from 1952 to 1954. （这是过去的一件事） He has served in the army for 5 years. （现在他仍在军中服役，他是个军人） He wrote many plays when he was at college. 他上大学的时候，写了许多剧本。（写剧本是他过去的事） He has written many plays. 他写了许多部剧本。（这意味着他是剧作家） I saw Hero last year. 去年我看了《英雄》这部电影。（看《英雄》的时间是去年，与现在时间无关） I have seen Hero before. 我以前看过《英雄》这部电影。（强调现在还知道这部电影的内 容。以前看过，但“以前”是表示一个与现在有联系的过去时间，而不是一个确定的与现在 无关的过去时间。） 四、一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别 1．一般过去时是对现在说话时刻而言的，过去完成时则是对过去某一时刻而言。两种 时态建立的时间参照点不同，对过去完成时来说，这一个时间参照点十分重要，它是过去完 成概念赖以建立的基础，也是和一般过去时相区别的重要标准。 2．过去完成时的时间状语常用 by 和 before 引导的短语表示，如 by that time, by the end of…, before 2000, by the time +句子等。 五、过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别 1．两种时态都常与一段时间和状语连用，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在 有关的动作（句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语），而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之 前已经完成或延续到过去某时的劝作（句中有表示过去特定时间的状语）。 2．比较下面的说法 She had been ill for a week before she came back. 她在回来之前就生病一个星期了。（回来发生在过去某一时间，发病发生在过去的过去） She has been ill for a week. 她生病一个星期了。（现在仍在生病） 六、动词时态的一些典型用法 1．在 if, unless, even if 引导的条件状语从句中，在 when, before, until (till), as soon as, the moment, once 引导的时间状语从句中，在 no matter what /who / which / when / where / how 或 whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however 引导的让步状语从句中，如果 主句是将来时（往往出现 will / shall / can / must ）或主句是祈使句，从句用一般现在时表示 一般将来时。如： ① I’ll go with you as soon as I finish my work. ② The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she arrives. ③ — Can I join your club, Dad ? — You can when you get a bit older. ④ If city noises are not kept from increasing, people will have to shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. ⑤ Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 2．would 与 used to ① would 与 used to 都可用来表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作，常常可以换用。如： When we were boys we used to / would go swimming every summer. 小时候，每天夏天我们都要去游泳。 He used to / would spend every penny he earned on books. 过去他通常把挣来的钱全花在买书了。 ② would 之后要接表示动作的动词，不接表示认识或状态的动词，而 used to 则无此 限制。如： I used to like football when I was at middle school. He used to be nervous in the exam. ③ would 表示反复发生的动作。如果某一动作没有反复性，就不能用 would, 只能用 used to。如： And from that day on, as soon as the table was cleared and the dishes were gone, Mother would disappear into he sewing room to practice. 从那天起，只要碗盘撤掉、饭桌清理干净，妈妈就马上躲进做针线活的房间练习起来。 （具有反复性） I used to live in Beijing. 我过去住在北京。（没有反复性） ④ used to 表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态，现在已经结束（含有较强的“今非 昔比”的意思），would 则只表示说话者对过去一种回想心情，有可能再发生。如： People used to believe that the earth was flat. 过去，人们总以为地球是扁平的。（现在已不再这样认为） He would go to the park as soon as he was free. 过去他一有空就去公园。（现在有可能再去） 3．be +动词不定式 ① 表示按计划或安排要做的事。例如： When are you to leave for two days to New York ? 你什么时候去纽约？ She is to get married next month. 她下个月结婚。 这种结构也可用于过去。was / were to do sth. 表示曾经计划要做某事，但不表明计划是 否被执行，或表示“命运（即使中注定要发生的事）”，而非计划；was / were to have done sth. 表示未曾实现的计划。例如： I felt excited because I was soon to leave home for the first time. 我感到很激动，因为我很快就要首次离开家了。 We were to have told you, but you were not in. 我们本来想告诉你的，但是你不在家。 ② 表示“指令”，相当于 should, ought to, must, have to。例如： You are to report to the police. 你应该报警。 What is to be done ? 应该怎么办呢？ This medicine is to be taken three times a day. 这种药一天要服三次。 The books in this room are not to be taken outside. (The books in this room mustn’t be taken outside.) 这个室内的书籍不得带出室外。 ③ 表示“想，打算”，相当于 intend, want。例如： If we are to be there before ten, we’ll have to go now. 如果我们想在十点前到，我们现在就得走。 ④ 用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求对方意见。例如： Am I to go on with the work ? 要我继续这项工作吗？ What are we to do next ? 我们下一步该怎么办？ ⑤ 在与 be 连用的结构中，see, find, congratulate 的不定式被动式有特殊的用法。例如： The news is to be found in the evening paper. 这条消息可以在晚报上见到。 He is nowhere to be seen. 在哪里也见不到他。 You are to be congratulated. 应当向您表示祝贺。 4．瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词，还叫终止性动词。瞬间动词可以有现在完成时态，但 不可以接一段时间，若要接一段时间，须要做一些相应的变换。瞬间动词在完成时态中的否 定式可以接一段时间。 × He has come to Beijing since last year. √ He has lived in Beijing since last year. × He has joined the army for 3 years. √ He has served in the army for 3 years. √ He joined the army 3 years ago. √ He has been a soldier for 3 years. √ It is 3 years since he joined the army. √ He has joined the army. 他已参军了。 常见的瞬间动词有：come, go, get to / reach / arrive at, leave, buy, sell, open, close, get up, join /take part in, begin /start, return / give, borrow / lend, become / turn, bring /take, give, die, finish /end, receive /hear from, marry, break, lose, jump 等。 5．语境中的过去时，往往表示“刚才，刚刚”之意，暗示现在已“不再这样”。如： ① — Come on in, Peter. I want to show you something. — Oh, how nice of you ! I never thought you were going to bring me a gift. ② Your phone number again ? I didn’t quite catch it. ③ — Nancy is not coming tonight. — But she promised ! 6．表示愿望、打算一类的词，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, think, suppose, want 等，其过去完成时表示过去未增实现的愿望或意图。如： I had hoped to see more of ShangHai. 我本希望在上海多看看。（但未能如愿） I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment. 我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙了。 I had thought you would come tomorrow. 我愿以来你明天才来呢。 7．某些固定句式中的动词时态是固定的、约定俗成的。 ① This / It is the first / second…time + that 从句。that 从句一般用现在完成时，如果把 前边的 is 改为 was，则 that 从句用过去完成时。如： This is the first time I have come here. It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake. ② It is / has been + 一段时间 + since 从句。since 从句中用过去完成时。如： It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. ③ be about to do…when…意为“即将……（这时）突然……”。如： I was about to go out when the telephone rang. ④ be (was /were) + doing… when… 意为“正在干……（这时）突然……”。如 They were reading when Tom shouted in pain. ⑤ Hardly had…done…when… ; No sooner had…done…than… when 和 than 从句里用一般过去时，表示“刚刚……就……”。如： Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down. 我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。 ⑥ It + be + 一段时间 + before 从句 这个句式分两种情况：如果主句用将来时，则从句用一般现在时表将来时，意为多长时 间以后即将发生某事；如果主句用过去时，从句也用过去时，意为多长时间后发生了某事。 如： It won’t be long before he succeeds. ( = He will succeed soom.) It was ten years before they met again. ( = They met again ten years later. ) 8．高考对于进行体的常考点 ① 一个长动作作为背景，被一个短动作打断，长动作往往用进行体，短动作用一般体。 如： My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office. Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking. As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep. The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it. ② 表示动作的未完性、暂时性。如： — Have you moved into the new house ? — Not yet. The rooms are being painted. I don’t really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives. Shirley was writing a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it. Selecting a mobile phone for a personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly. ③ 表示计划、安排要做的事。如： I’ve won a holiday for two days to Florida. I am taking my mum. — What were you doing when Tony phoned you ? — I had just finished my work and was starting to take a shower. ④ 表示现在或当时发展中的或正在进行的情况。如： I don’t think Jim saw me; he was just starting into space. I first met Lisa 3 years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time. — Is this raincoat yours ? — No, mine is hanging there behind the door. — Hey, look where you are going ! — Oh, I’m terribly sorry, I wasn’t noticing. 清单二 主动和被动 一、注意短语动词和含有情态动词的被动语态 That old man was often laughed at. 那位老人常受人嘲笑。 The doctor has been sent for. 已经派人请大夫去了。 Time must be made good use of. 时间一定要充分利用。 The plan will be given up. 那计划就要被放弃了。 Bad habits have been done away with. 坏习惯已经改掉了。 （在被动结构中，切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词，关于这类及物性质的短语动词请看专 题五） He must be prevented from going. 必须阻止他去。 The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible. 计划必须尽早执行。 （谓语结构是：情态动词+be +过去分词） 二、get + 过去分词可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化，如： She got married last week. 她上周结婚了。 The patient got treated once a week. 那位病菌人一周得到一次治疗。 He fell off the car and got killed. 他从车上摔下来，摔死了。 三、主动形式表被动意义 1．系动词 look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep + 形容词/名词构成系表结构。如： The steel feels cold. His plan proved (to be) practical. It has gone bad. 2．表示开始、结束、运动的动词。如 begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move 等。 Work began at 7 o’clock this morning. The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day. 3．表示主语的某种属性特征的动词。如 read, write, act, iron, cut draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink。这类动词一般不单独使用，常用一个修饰语。 如： This coat dries easily. 这种外衣容易干。 Nylon cleans easily. 尼龙容易洗干净。 The door won’t lock. 这门锁不上。 Food can keep fresh in a fridge. 食物在冰箱里能保鲜。 Your speech reads well. 你的演说讲得好。 This material has worn thin. 这个材料已经磨薄了。 His book does not sell. 他的书没有销路。 Your pen writes smoothly. 你的笔好写。 This lock won’t catch. 这锁锁不上。 The match won’t catch. 火柴擦不着。 The plan worked out wonderfully. 这计划制定得很好。 The recorder won’t play. 这录音机不转。 The engine won’t start. 引擎发动不起来。 This knife cuts well. 这把刀子很快。 The cloth washes well. 这布很耐洗。 4．少数动词用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动含义。如 print, cook, fry, hang, build, make。 如： The books are printing. 这本书正在排印中。 The meat is cooking. 肉在煮。 5．介词 in, on, under 等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应的被 动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。 常见的有：under control (受控制)，under treatment (在治疗中)，under repair (在修理中)， under discussion (在讨论中)，under construction (在施工中)，beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond one’s reach (鞭长莫及)，beyond one’s control (无法控制)，beyond our hope (我们始料 不及)，for sale (出售)，for rent (出租)，in print (在印刷中)，in sight (在视野范围内)，on sale (出售)，on show (展出)，on trial (受审)，out of control (控制不了)，out of sight (超出视线之 外)，out of one’s reach (够不着)，out of fashion (不流行)。如： The building is under construction (is being constructed). The rumor is beyond belief ( = can’t be believed ). His honest character is above all praise. ( = His honest character cannot be praised enough.) That house is for sale. ( = That house is to be sold.) The book is not yet in print ( = is not yet printed ). Today some treasures are on show in the museum ( = are being showed). The plane was out of control (can’t be controlled). He took two days off within the teacher’s permission. 6．不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语： fit, have, wish, cost, agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to 等。如： This key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 时态语态高考考点 1、一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作， 句子中常有 often, always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。 He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning. She has a brother who lives in New York. The earth goes around the sun. Guangzhou is situated in the south of China. 考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided. If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon. 考点三：在 make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter ＋宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时 代替一般将来时。 So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment. 只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。 考点四：在 the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通 常用一般现在时。 The harder you study, the better results you will get. 2、现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如 always，constantly，continually，again 等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋 怨等）。 We are having English class. The house is being built these days. The little boy is always making trouble. 考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。　Look out when you are crossing the street. Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning. 考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。 Marry is leaving on Friday. 3、现在完成时 表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现 在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语： 考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点 They have lived in Beijing for five years. They have lived in Beijing since 1995. I have learned English for ten years. 考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, Has it stopped raining yet ? 考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。 in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等 考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 ＋that” 后面跟现在完成时。 This is my first time that I have visited China. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. That is the only book that he has written. 4．一般过去时 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说 明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意： 考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to 为不定式，后接动词 原形。 be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于 He used to smoke a lot. He has got used to getting up early. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。 He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise 5. 过去进行时 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。 The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work. He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help. What were you doing at nine last night? The radio was being repaired when you called me. 6. 过去完成时 表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中 有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till ) There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000. By the end of last term we had finished the book. They finished earlier than we had expected. 考点一：用于 hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一 般过去时。 I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me. I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow. No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装） 考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。 　That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather. It was 3 years since we had parted。 考点三：动词 hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实 现的愿望、打算和意图。 I had hoped that I could do the job. I had intended to see you but I was too busy. 7. 一般将来时 表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和 tomorrow, next year, in 2008 等表示将来的时 间状语连用，其表现形式多达 5 种。Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008. 考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes. （主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。） 考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如 arrive, come, go, leave, start 等，用现在进行时形式表 示将来。 I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 考点三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中 and 后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。Use your head and you will find a way. 考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。 “am (is, are) about to +动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。 “am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。They are to be married in this May. 8、将来进行时 　表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。 I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。 The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport. 9、将来完成时 表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。 考点一：常用的时间状语一般用 by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year 以及由 by the time…, before 或 when 等引导的副词从句。 By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. By the time you reach the station, the train will have left. By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。 The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school. 10. 动词的语态 一般用于强调受者， 做题时谓语动词不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是 和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。 考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组 come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed It took place before liberation. 考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与 well, quite, easily, badly 等副词连用。 lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (责备)；ride (乘坐)； write ( 写 )； Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。 The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。 The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。 The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。 考点三：一些常用经典被动句型： It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…， It is expected…, It is estimated…, 这些句子一般翻译为“据说……”，“人们认为……”， 而 “以前人们认为……” 则应该说：It was believed…, It was thought 小试牛刀 1. Hundreds of jobs ______ if the factory closes. A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will lose 2. I’ve won a holiday for two days to Florida. I ______ my mum. A. am taking B. have taken C. take D. will have taken 3. A new cinema ______ here. They hope to finish it next month. A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built 4. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology ____ so rapidly. A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change 5. I _____ Ping –pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year. A. played B. will play C. have played D. play 6. Visitors ______ not to touch the exhibits. A. will request B. request C. are requesting D. are requested 7. John and I _____ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we _____ each other a couple of times before that. A. had been; have seen B. have been; have seen C. had been; had seen D. have been; had seen 8. This is Ted’s photo. We miss him a lot. He ______ trying to save a child in the earthquake. A. killed B. is killed C. was killed D. was killing 9. — How are the team playing ? — They are playing well, but one of them _____ hurt. A. got B. gets C. are D. were 10. — You haven’t said a word about my new couguar, Brenda. Do you like it ? — I’m sorry, I _____ anything about it sooner. I certainly think it’s pretty on you. A. wasn’t saying B. don’t say C. won’t say D. didn’t say 11. I wonder why Jenny ____ us recently. We should have heard from her by now. A. hasn’t written B. doesn’t write C. won’t write D. hadn’t written 12. My uncle ______ until he was forty –five. A. married B. didn’t marry C. was not marrying D. would marry 13. — When will you come to see me, Dad ? — I will go to see you when you _____ the training course. A. will have finished B. will finish C. are finishing D. finish 14. — How long _____ at this job ? — Since 1990. A. were you employed B. have you been employed C. had you been employed D. will you be employed 15. With the rapid growth of population, the city _____ in all directions in the past five years. A. spreads B. has spread C. spread D. had spread 16. The silence of the library _____ only by the sound of pages being turned over. A. has been broken B. breaks C. broke D. was broken 17. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness _____. A. has grown B. is growing C. grew D. had grown 18. Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge ? It will _____ fresh for several days. A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed 19. — Sorry, Joe, I didn’t mean to … — Don’t call me “Joe”. I’m Mr Parker to you, and _____ you forget it ! A. do B. didn’t C. did D. don’t 20. At this time tomorrow _____ over the Atlantic. A. we’re going to fly B. we’ll be flying C. we’ll fly D. we’re to fly 21. The news came as no surprise to me. I _____ for some time that the factory was going to shut down. A. had known B. knew C. have known D. know 22. I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he ______ it. A. doesn’t mention B. hadn’t mentioned C. didn’t mention D. hasn’t mentioned 23. No one in the department but Tom and I _____ that the director is going to resign. A. knows B. know C. have known D. am to know 24. Although he has lived with us for years, he ______ us much impression. A. hadn’t left B. didn’t leave C. doesn’t leave D. hasn’t left 25. how can you possibly miss the news ? It _____ on TV all day long. A. has been B. bad been C. was D. will be 26. — Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on. — Where was I ? — You _____ you didn’t like your father’s job. A. had said B. said C. were saying D. had been saying 27. I arrived late; I _____ the road to be so icy. A. wouldn’t expect B. haven’t expected C. hadn’t expected D. wasn’t expecting 28. I ______ while reading the English textbook. Luckily, my roommate woke me up in time ! A. had fallen asleep B. have fallen asleep C. fell asleep D. fall asleep 29. Let’s keep to the point or we ______ any decisions. A. will never reach B. have never reached C. never reach D. never reached 30. My mind wasn’t on what he was saying, so I’m afraid I _____ half of it. A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed 31. — What’s that terrible noise ? — The neighbors _____ for a party. A. have prepared B. are preparing C. prepare D. will prepare 32. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _____ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet. A. had considered B. has been considering C. has been completed D. is going to consider 33. The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics _____ by 2006. A. has been completed B. has completed C. will have been completed D. will have completed 34. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, ______ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck. A. was B. were C. had been D. would be 35. — What were you doing when Tony phoned you ? — I had just finished my work and _____ to take a shower. A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting 36. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power _____ increased enormously ever since. A. is B. was C. has been D. had been 37. The crazy fans ______ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived. A. were waiting B. had been waiting C. had waited D. would wait 38. She _____ her hairstyle in her hometown before she came to Chongqing for a better job. A. would change B. has changed C. changed D. was changing 39. All the employees except the manager _______ to work online at home. A. encourages B. encourage C. is encouraged D. are encouraged 40. — You were out when I dropped in at your house. — Oh, I ________ for a friend from England at the airport. A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. have waited 41. She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book ______ 50 million. A. have reached B. has reached C. are reaching D. had reached 42. The discussion _______ alive when an interesting topic was brought in. A. was coming B. had come C. has come D. came 43. Because the shop ________ , all the T –shirts are sold at half price. A. has closed down B. closed down C. is closing down D. had closed down 44. More patients _______ in hospital this year than last year. A. treated B. have treated C. had been treated D. have been treated 45. Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s, when people ______ to enjoy the advantages of this new technology. A. begin B. began C. have begun D. had begun 46. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _____ advertisements showing happy families. A. will often see B. often see C. are often seeing D. have often seen 47. — I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday. — Oh, how nice ! Do you know when she _______. A. was leaving B. had left C. has left D. left 48. He kept looking at her, wondering whether he ________ her somewhere. A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen 49. — George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding ? — No, I ______. Did they have a big wedding ? A. was not invited B. have not been invited C. hadn’t been invited D. didn’t invite 50. It is said in the book that Thomas Edison (1874–1931) _______ the world leading inventor for sixty years. A. would be B. has been C. had been D. was 51. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _____ to eat more fruit and vegetables. A. persuade B. will persuade C. be persuaded D. are persuaded 52. — The window is dirty. — I know. It ______ for weeks. A. hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean C. wasn’t cleaned D. hasn’t been cleaned 53. — Has Sam finished his homework today ? — I have no idea. He ______ it this morning. A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done 54. I _____ you not to move my dictionary –now I can’t find it. A. asked B. ask C. was asking D. had asked 55. According to the art dealer, the painting ______ to go for at least a million dollars. A. is expected B. expects C. expected D. is expecting 自我检测（一） 1. When Mark opened the door, he saw a woman standing there. He ____ her before. A. never saw B. had never seen C. never sees D. has never seen 2. I can’t see any coffee in this cupboard. ______ ? A. Has it all been finished B. Was it all finished C. Has it all finished D. Did it all finish 3. the hero’s story _____ differently in the newspapers. A. was reported B. was reporting C. reports D. reported 4. The coffee is wonderful ! It doesn’t taste like anything I _____ before. A. was having B. have C. have ever had D. had ever had 5. — Did you tell Julia about the result ? — Oh, no, I forgot. I ______ her new. A. will be calling B. will call C. call D. am to call 6. He ______ more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15 . A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned 7. Scientists think that the continents ______ always where they ______ today. A. aren’t; are B. aren’t; were C. weren’t; were D. weren’t; were 8. — Why did you leave that position ? — I _____ a better position at IBM. A. offer B. offered C. am offered D. was offered 9. By the time Jane gets home, her aunt ______ for London to attend a meeting. A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left 10. More than a dozen students in that school ______ abroad to study medicine last year. A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent 11. Professor Smith, along with his assistants, _______ on the project day and night to meet the deadline. A. work B. working C. is working D. are working 12. — What’ wrong with year coat ? — Just now when I wanted to get off the bus, the man next to me ______ on it. A. sat B. had sat C. had been sitting D. was sitting 13. — What are you going to do this afternoon ? — I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film _____ quite early, so we _____ to the bookstore after that. A. finished; are going B. finished; go C. finishes; are going D. finishes; go 14. Millions of pounds’ worth of damage _______ by a storm which swept across the north of England last night. A. has been caused B. had been caused C. will be caused D. will have been caused 15. Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science _______ that people who don’t sleep well soon get ill. A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing 16. The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which ______placed under the Minister’s car. A. has been B. was being C. had been D. would be 17. Father _______ for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him. A. has left B. left C. was leaving D. had left 18. — If the traffic hadn’t been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 o’clock. — What a pity ! Tina _____ here to see you. A. is B. was C. would be D. has been 19. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People _____ to ask how I am going to spend the money. A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning 20. When the old man ______ to walk back to his house, the sun ______ itself behind the mountain. A. Started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid 21. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents ______ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank. A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide 22. — Hurry up ! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate. — Oh ! I thought they _____ without me. A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone 23. My brother is an actor. He ______ in several films so far. A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing 24. — Are you still busy ? — Yes, I ______ my work, and it won’t take long. A. just finish B. am just finishing C. have just finished D. am just going to finish 25. The manager had fallen asleep where he ______ , without undressing. A. was laying B. was lying C. had laid D. had lied 26. They _____ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _____ it as no good results have come out so far. A. had been working; are still working B. had worked; were still working C. have been working; have worked D. have worked; are still working 27. The country life he was used to ______ greatly since 1992. A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed 28. Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside. ______ in the clothing industry. A. is working B. works c. work d. worked 29. Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn’t want her parents to know what she ______ . A. has done B. had done C. was doing D. is doing 30. Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which ______ the Pacific, and we met no storms. A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called 自我检测（二） 1. By the time you arrive in London, we ______ in Europe for two weeks. A. shall stay B. have stayed C. will have stayed D. have been staying 2. — I say, Harry, What did you say to the laid –off worker just now ? — Nothing, I ______ to myself. A. had only talked B. am only talking C. have just talked D. was just talking 3. — Is the meeting held in Room 302 or 303 ? — It should be 302. But I hear that it _____ till tomorrow. A. was put off B. will put off C. has been put off D. is put off 4. — Have you seen Michael recently ? — Yes, in fact I saw him this morning. I ____ him for two years. A. haven’t seen B. hadn’t seen C. didn’t see D. don’t see 5. Tom’s father had not spoken to him since his marriage, because he considered Tom ______ a mistake in marrying so young a girl. A. had made B. made C. would make D. was making 6. — Well, that was really a good meal. I _____ you were a really good cook. — Thank you. A. didn’t know B. don’t know C. haven’t known D. hadn’t known 7. Mrs. White became a teacher in 1985. She _____ for twenty years by next summer. A. will teach B. would have taught C. has been teaching D. will have been teaching 8. — It is around 100 years, known to us all, ______ the first modern Olympic Games was held. — It really is. But were _____ ? A. that; was that B. since; was it C. after; is that D. when; is it 9. The two friends _____ on the Internet for three hours, and they would go on till the next morning. A. had been chatting B. had chatted C. were chatting D. has been chatting 10. let’s go out now. It _____ any more. A. didn’t rain B. doesn’t rain C. won’t rain D. isn’t raining 11. The time is not far away when mobile phones _____ widespread in China’s vast country –side. A. will become B. become C. shall become D. have become 12. — I’m sorry, I thought the remark would amuse you. — It _____. A. wouldn’t B. won’t C. doesn’t D. hadn’t 13. Try not to be absent from class again for the rest of the term. You _____ too many classes. You _____ two classes just last week. A. have missed; missed B. missed; missed C. had missed; have missed D. will miss; have missed 14. Since you weren’t at the meeting, we _____ the decision without you. A. made B. had made C. were making D. would made 15. Long ago, the CLA and other US intelligence officials concluded that Bin Laden _____ the day –today leader of the terrorist organization he founded over 10 years ago. A. was stopped being B. had stopped to be C. have stopped being D. had stopped being 16. About 170 people _____ and dozens more _____ after a flood hit an Indonesian town last week. A. were killed; are still missing B. have been killed; were still missing C. are killed; are still missing D. had been killed; were still missing 17. — Guess what the exam result was. I turned out to be the first ! — How nice ! I’m sure you _____ a sleepless night. A. have B. had C. would have had D. will have had 18. I ______ with my uncle and aunt because my parents have gone abroad for a holiday. A. stayed B. am staying C. have stayed D. was staying 19. In such a fierce competition, a person has to make every effort if he ______ . A. has succeeded B. is to succeed C. would succeed D. will succeed 20. I _____ a novel written by Ernest Hemingway last night, and another night I’ll finish it. A. read B. have read C. had read D. was reading 参考答案 小试牛刀： 1-5: BADAD 6-10: DDCAD 11-15: ABDBB 16-20: DCBDB 21-25: ACADA 26-30: CCCAD 31-35: BBCAD 36-40: CBCDA 41-45: ADCDB 46-50: ADDCD 51-55: DDCAA 自我检测一：1-5: BAACB 6-10: DCDC 11-15: CDCAB 16-20: CDBDA 21-25: BDCBB 26-30:ABCCB 自我检测二：1-5: CDCBA 6-10: ADBAD 11-15: ACAAD 16-20: ABBBD