【英语】2018届二轮复习非谓语动词（独立主格结构）考点学案

【英语】2018届二轮复习非谓语动词（独立主格结构）考点学案

独立主格结构，又称为独立结构。在形式上，独立主格结构与主句没有任何关系，但是在意思上却与主句密切联系在一起，共同构筑成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构只有逻辑上的主语和谓语，没有真正的主语和谓语，所以在句法上，独立主格结构不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的特殊结构。‎ 独立主格结构可分为四类：独立分词结构；独立不定式结构；独立无动词结构和with复合结构。‎ 一、考查独立分词结构 其构成是“名词或代词主格+分词”。 由于独立主格结构中的名词或代词主格是分词逻辑上的主语，因此，如果构成分词的动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，使用表示主动意义的现在分词。例如：‎ Weather permitting （=If weather permits）, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。（permit是其逻辑主语weather主动发出的动作，故使用现在分词。）‎ 如果构成分词的动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则使用表示被动意义的过去分词。例如：‎ The problems solved （=As the problems were solved）, the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。（solve与其逻辑主语the problems含有逻辑上的动宾关系，故应使用过去分词。）‎ ‎【考例】 The party will be held in the garden, weather ____.（2017全国新课标卷）‎ A. permitting B. to permit C. permitted D. permit ‎【答案】 A ‎【解析】 考查独立分词结构。本题中间有逗号，前面的句子没有出现连接词，说明这不是一个复合句或并列句，因此后面部分不是句子，只能是一个独立分词结构。permit与weather之间是主动关系，故用现在分词形式。weather是逻辑主语，permitting 是其逻辑上的谓语。‎ 独立分词结构在使用中还应注意以下两点：‎ ‎1）在独立分词结构中，如果强调分词的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前，用现在分词的完成式表示。‎ ‎【考例】 The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ____ at the end of last March. （2017山东卷）‎ A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched ‎【答案】 B ‎【解析】 本题中的逗号是解题的关键。句中出现了逗号，而且前后没有连词，说明这既不是复合句，也不是并列句，而是一个含有独立主格结构的简单句。由句意可知，分词表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前，用现在分词的完成式表示。‎ ‎2）“There being+名词或代词主格”是独立主格结构的一种特殊形式，在意义上表示存在，充当原因状语或条件状语，其中的being不能省略。‎ 例如：‎ There being no rain, the farmers had to water their fields day and night. （=As there was no rain, the farmers had to water their fields day and night.） 因为没有下雨，农民们只得日日夜夜忙着浇地。‎ 二、考查独立不定式结构 其构成是“名词或代词主格+不定式”。独立不定式结构的时间发生在主句谓语动词之后或还未发生。在独立不定式结构中，如果“名词或代词主格”是“不定式”动作的发出者，则二者在逻辑上含有主谓关系，用不定式的主动形式。‎ ‎【考例】 I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ____ in a year.（2005湖南卷）‎ A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 考查独立不定式结构。该题目中间含有逗号，并且前后都没有连词，说明这既不是复合句，也不是并列句，而是一个含有独立主格结构的简单句。根据句意，剩余的钱一年内给付，而且follow这一动作与the rest含有逻辑上的主谓关系，并且该动作尚未发生，故用“逻辑主语+不定式”构成独立主格结构。‎ 如果“名词或代词主格”是“不定式”动作的承受者，则二者在逻辑上含有动宾关系，用不定式的被动式。例如：‎ More presents to be given, she will find it difficult to accept. 再给她一些礼物，她就会觉得很难接受。（give这一动作与其逻辑主语more presents有逻辑上的动宾关系，故使用不定式的被动形式。）‎ 三、考查独立无动词结构 其构成是“名词或代词主格+非谓语部分”。非谓语部分由名词及其短语、形容词、副词、介词短语充当。该结构用来表达对主句的补充说明、对主句动词意义上的伴随及事件发生的原因等。如果非谓语部分变成谓语动词，则可能构成非限制性定语从句，在实际运用中要区别开来。例如：‎ He has visited many countries, most of them in Europe. 他去过很多国家，多数是欧洲的。（如果在in Europe前面加上are，则变为非限制性定语从句，此时most of them中的them应改为关系代词which。）‎ ‎【考例】 The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, ____ are beyond our control.（2017湖南卷）‎ A. most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of that ‎【答案】 B ‎【解析】 本题考查“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。由于逗号之后是一个完整的句子，先行词factors在定语从句中作most of的宾语，故用关系代词which代替factors，并且引导定语从句。如果此题中后面部分去掉are，则选用A项，构成独立主格结构。‎ 当非谓语部分是由介词in连接时，其前后的两个名词要么不加任何成分，要么同时加上冠词和物主代词。例如：‎ The solider stood in front of the gate, （a） gun in （his） hand. 士兵站在门口，手里端着枪。‎ 四、考查with复合结构 其构成是“with+宾语+宾语补足语”。充当宾语补足语的词是形容词、副词、分词、不定式、介词短语等。‎ 在with复合结构中，当宾语和宾补之间含有逻辑上的动宾关系，即宾语是宾补动作的承受者时，用过去分词。‎ ‎【考例】 The old couple often take a walk after super in the park with their pet dog ____ them.（2017辽宁卷）‎ A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows ‎【答案】 B ‎【解析】 考查with复合结构。with后跟名词或代词作宾语，充当宾语补足语的动词要用非谓语形式，故排除D项；follow是dog主动发出的动作，故排除C项；不定式表示将来的动作，而此处表达的是伴随发生的动作，故用B项。句意为：晚饭后这对老夫妻经常在公园里散步，他们的宠物狗跟在他们后面。‎ 当宾语和宾补之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系，即宾补动作是宾语发出的动作，并且强调动作正在进行，用现在分词。‎ ‎【考例】 — Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.‎ ‎— Sorry. With so much work ____ my mind, I almost break down.（2017福建卷）‎ A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled ‎【答案】 B ‎【解析】 考查with复合结构中作宾补的分词的选用。宾语so much work与作宾补的动词fill之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系，应使用表示主动意义的现在分词作宾补。‎ 当宾语和宾补之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系，而这种主谓关系尚未发生，或表示将来的动作或状态时，用不定式。‎ ‎【考例】 With a lot of difficult problems ____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.（2017上海春季卷）‎ A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 考查with复合结构中作宾补的非谓语动词的选用。根据语境“新当选的总统现在正处于艰难时期”可知，还有很多难题要去解决，应使用不定式作宾补。‎ 五、考查独立主格结构与其他结构的区别 ‎1. 与分词短语作状语的区别 独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，主句与从句的主语一致。例如：‎ Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. （=If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.） 如果时间允许，我们最好周末去度假。（该题是独立主格结构作状语，状语从句的主语与主句主语不一致）‎ Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find the city more beautiful.（=When we see from the top of the hill, we can find the city more beautiful.）从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。（该题是分词作状语，状语从句的主语与主句主语一致）‎ ‎【考例】 ____ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.（2017年安徽卷）‎ A. To walk B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked ‎【答案】 B ‎【解析】 考查分词作状语。“walk”这一动作是其逻辑主语“he”主动发出的动作，且表示伴随情况，故应选用表示主动意义的现在分词作状语。A项不定式通常表示目的状语；D项分词的完成式强调动作在主句动作之前已经完成，与句意不符；C项是过去分词，walk是不及物动词，不能使用过去分词作状语。‎ ‎2. 与独立成分的区别 ‎1）有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑主语。如：generally speaking总的说来；judging from / by从……判断；supposing假如等。‎ ‎【考例】 ____, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.（2005年全国卷Ⅲ）‎ A. General speaking B. Speaking general ‎ C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 generally speaking意思是“总的说来”，是独立存在的分词短语，常用作插入语，已经变成了习惯用法。该句意思是：总的说来，照相机越贵，它的质量越好。‎ ‎2）有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。如：to be honest（老实说），to be sure（确实），to tell you the truth （说实话），to cut a long story short（长话短说），to be frank（坦率地说），to make matters / things worse（更糟糕的是），等等。‎ ‎【考例】 ____ , the pay isn't attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting. （2017浙江卷）‎ A. Generally speaking B. On the contrary C. In particular D. To be honest ‎【答案】 D ‎【解析】 句意为：虽然工作本身很有趣，但是工资不够吸引人。因此选择To be honest，意思是“老实说，说实话”。‎ 巩固练习 ‎1. The fish ____ bad, the guests left much of it untouched.‎ A. tasted B. tasting C. to taste D. having tasted ‎2. Everything ____ into consideration, they should give up the chance.‎ A. to take B. taken C. taking D. to be taken ‎3. ____, we can go fishing by the lake.‎ A. Sunday B. It is Sunday C. As Sunday D. It being Sunday ‎4. The new teacher felt more uneasy with the whole class ____.‎ A. stared at her B. staring at her C. being stared with her D. to stare her ‎5. Weather ____, I will go on a picnic with you this Saturday.‎ A. permit B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting ‎6. Her money ____, she couldn't buy a train ticket for her home.‎ A. stealing B. to be stolen C. having stolen D. stolen ‎7. The poor boy lay on his back, his clothes ____ open and his eyes ____ on the sky.‎ A. torn; fixed B. tearing; fixed C. torn; fixing D. being torn;, fixing ‎8. Skins ____ to sunlight too much time, you will suffer.‎ A. exposing B. exposed C. having exposed D. to expose ‎9. Without anyone ____ the way in that forest, you will certainly get lost in the coming ‎ week.‎ A. leading B. to lead C. led D. being led ‎10. ____, they had to get down to business.‎ A. As there has no time left B. There was no time left C. There being no time left D. There to be no time left ‎11. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, ____.‎ A. her long hair flowed in the breeze B. her long hair was flowing in the breeze C. her long hairs were flowing in the breeze D. her long hair flowing in the breeze ‎12. It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth ____ and his eyes ____ .‎ A. closed; open B. closed; opened C. closing; open D. closing; opening ‎13. ____, Tom has little time to play with his little daughter.‎ A. As a lot of work to do B. Since a lot of work to do C. With a lot of work to do D. There is a lot of work to do ‎14. She stood there, ____ from her cheeks.‎ A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down ‎15. ____, we all went home happily.‎ A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said ‎16. John tried dividing the labor, each worker ____ a separate task.‎ A. assigning B. assigned C. was assigned D. would be assigned ‎17. The lecture ____, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving ‎ disturbed the speaker.‎ A. began B. beginning C. having begun D. being beginning ‎18. Such ____ the case, there are no grounds to justify your complaints.‎ A. being B. is C. was D. to be ‎19. Darkness ____ in, the young people lingered on merrymaking.‎ A. set B. setting C. has set D. was set ‎20. With all factors ____, we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the ‎ goal.‎ A. being considered B. considering C. considered D. are considered ‎21. A new technique ____, the output as a whole increased by 20 percent.‎ A. to have been worked out B. having worked out ‎ C. working out D. having been worked out ‎22. On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ears ____, alert, listening.‎ A. pointed B. pointing C. are pointed D. are pointing ‎23. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work ____, we refused ‎ the offer.‎ A. not being finished B. not having finished ‎ C. had not been finished D. was not finished ‎24. There are various kinds of metals, each ____ its own properties.‎ A. has B. had C. to have D. having ‎25. The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ____ one ‎ major point in contrast with the other.‎ A. makes B. made C. is to make D. making 独立主格结构考点：‎ ‎1-5 BBDBD　6-10 DABBC　11-15 DACDC　16-20 BCABC　21-25 DAADD