2020届二轮复习阅读理解专题解题指导课件(82张)

申明敬告: 本站不保证该用户上传的文档完整性,不预览、不比对内容而直接下载产生的反悔问题本站不予受理。

文档介绍

2020届二轮复习阅读理解专题解题指导课件(82张)

阅读 理解 解题指导 考情分析    【 考纲解读 】   “侧重提高阅读能力”是高中英语教学大纲的明确规定。纵观近几年的高考英语试题,我们不难看出,阅读理解能力是高考考查的重点,自始至终占着主导地位。阅读理解能力属于语言的领会技能。包括对书面语言的识别、理解、推理、判断和快速记忆等几个方面。不仅仅涉及语音、语法、词汇这些语言因素,还涉及非语言因素,即:阅读者对所学语言国家的社会和文化背景知识的掌握、对所读材料内容的熟悉、个人经历、生活常识、逻辑知识和语言修养等各方面。 考情分析   分析近三年的高考试题并结合该题型的命题规律可知,高考阅读理解试题有如下特点:    1 .内容生活化   阅读理解所选的材料均来源于实际生活,涉及的内容也是表现实际生活,其强调语篇选材的真实性。    2 .体裁多元化   阅读理解所选的语段包括记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文等,继续保持了体裁的多样化特点。选材多源于英文报刊和网络媒体,包括名人轶事、历史传说、民间故事、寓言、幽默小品、日常生活、新闻报道、社会背景、政治经济、史地常识、科普等各个方面的知识,并且具有鲜明的英语语言文化 考情分析 特点和浓厚的时代气息。综合地反映了政治、经济、文化和生活的各个方面,体现了“语言是文化的载体”这一重要理念。    3 .信息密集化   试题材料含有较高的信息量。近年来阅读理解继续保持了较大的阅读量,要求考生准确而迅速地从特定语篇中有目的地获取信息。阅读理解选篇都是以简约的语言负载高含量的信息。从语言运作的表层看,各段文字并不构成很大的理解困难,但是隐藏在表层结构下面的则是较复杂的信息。 考情分析    4 .结构复杂化   阅读理解的语篇结构都具有较大的复杂性。各篇或在时间顺序上,或在空间顺序上,或在逻辑推理上,均适用了较高级的组篇手段,这种来源于真实语料的作品同考生平时在课本中接受的清楚明白的语段是很不一样的。    5 .用词高级化   高考对词汇运用的要求越来越高,活用词比比皆是。凡是能利用构词法知识判断出词性和词义的都不视为生词,不再给出汉语注释; 纯超纲词汇也屡有出现; 一词多义、熟词生义现象更是频繁出现。 考情分析    6 .设题创新化   高考阅读理解题在保持传统命题的基础上,也在不断地借鉴和创新大学英语的命题方式。结构型命题是近两年高考阅读试题中全新的命题形式。这种命题侧重于对文章篇章结构和修辞 ( 写作 ) 手法以及例证、引用的功能的考查,是一种凌驾于信息阅读之上的更高难度的测试手段,较好地体现了“稳中有变,变中求新”的基本命题思路。 考情分析 题型探究   阅读理解的能力要求主要包括如下几方面:    1 .读材料的主旨和大意,以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节 ( 包括根据上下文推断生词的词义 ) ;    2 .既理解具体的事实,也理解抽象的概念;    3 .既理解字面的意思,也理解深层的含义,包括作者的态度、意图等;    4 .既理解某句、某段的含义,也理解全篇的逻辑关系,并据此进行推理和判断; 题型探究    5 .既能根据所提供的信息去理解,也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。 根据这五项要求,可将阅读理解的选择题归纳为以下几种题型: ► 探究点一 细节理解型   文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持,这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要,同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章,以获得某些特定的信息,或准确地寻求所需的细节,并对细节进行直接或间接的辨认和理解。文章细节的理解可以细化为: 题型探究    1.一一对应型。    答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合,一一对应,一目了然。属于浅层次的阅读试题,分数比例极少。    2.语言转述型。    这是一类间接事实细节题,答案与题目在意义上充分运用了词义之间的转述关系,即正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的另类表达。属于中档难度题,分数比例较大。 题型探究    3.语意理解型。    这是一类深层事实细节理解题,答案与题目之间存在着一定的逻辑联系,这种联系需要建立在事实的基础上,通过上、下文来进行判断、分析、归纳和整合,才能得出正确答案。属于较高难度的事实细节题,分数比例很大。    4.是非辨别型。    这是一类综合事实细节题,出题形式常常是“三正一误”(三项正确,只有一项不符合原文内容)或“三误一正”(三项错误,只有一项符合原文内容)。 题型探究    5.事实排序型。    这是一类运用多项事实进行排序的事实细节题,要求根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序或者句子之间的逻辑关系,找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。    A.细节理解题主要设问的方式:    (1)Which of the following statements is True (Not True)?    (2)Which of the questions has not been mentioned (or discussed) in the passage?    (3)What is the reason that …?    (4)What do we know about…?    (5)How did the people know the couple's problem? 题型探究    (6)Why was the bike so important to the couple? B.细节理解题主要的答题策略:    (1)细心审题,直接就题找答案。解答此类试题时,不必通篇细看原文,而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法,先从问题中抓住关键性词语(题眼),然后以此为线索,运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句,仔细品味,对照比较,确定答案。 题型探究    (2)变通理解,间接转述找答案。细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述,命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生,即对原句细微处做改动,截取原文词语或结构进行改造,因果倒置,把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。 题型探究    (3)多点归纳,综合事实找答案。细节理解题有时考查的并不是单一的信息,而是多处信息的整合。解答此类“综合”信息细节题时,一定要全面捕捉相关信息,进行综合分析、归纳,切忌根据“一面之词”草率地得出结论。   例 1 [2018• 江西卷 ]    Mark and his brother Jason both were looking at the shining new computer enviously. Jason was determined not to go against their father's wishes but Mark was more adventurous than his brother. He loved experimenting and his aim was to become a scientist like his father. 题型探究   “ Dad will be really mad if he finds out you've been playing with his new computer.” Jason said, “He told us not to touch it.”   “ He won't find out ,” Mark said, “I'll just have a quick look and shut it down.”    Mark had been scolded before for touching his father's equipment. But his curiosity was difficult to control and this new computer really puzzled him.    It was a strangelooking machine—one his dad had brought home from the laboratory where he worked.“It's an experimental model ,” his father had explained, “so don't 题型探究 touch it under any circumstances.” But his father's warning only served to make Mark more curious. Without any further thought, Mark turned on the power switch. The computer burst into life and seconds later, the screen turned into colors, shifting and changing and then two big white words appeared in the centre of the screen: “SPACE TRANSPORTER.”   “ Yes !” Mark cried excitedly, “It's a computer game. I knew it! Dad's only been pretending to work. He's really been playing games instead.” A new message appeared on the screen : 题型探究 “ENTER NAMES VOYAGER 1 : … VOYAGER 2 : … ” Mark's fingers flew across the keyboard as he typed in both of their names. “INPUT ACCEPTED.START TRANSPORT PROGRAM. AUTORETRIEVE INITIATED( 自动回收程序已启动 ) .” The screen turned even brighter and a noise suddenly rose in volume. “I think we'd better shut it off, Mark ,” Jason yelled, reaching for the power switch. He was really frightened. 题型探究 But his hand never reached the switch. A single beam of dazzling white light burst out of the computer screen, wrapping the boys in its glow( 光芒 ), until they themselves seemed to be glowing. Then it died down just as suddenly as it had burst into life. And the boys were no longer there. On the screen, the letters changed. “TRANSPORT SUCCESSFUL. DESTINATION( 目的地 ) : MARS. RETRIEVE DATE : 2025.” 题型探究    56. Why did Mark touch the computer against his father's warning? A . He wanted to take a voyage.    B . He wanted to practice his skill. C . He was so much attracted by it. D . He was eager to do an experiment.    57. Where did the boys' father most likely work?    A . In an electronic factory.    B . In a computer company.   C . In a scientific research center.   D . In an information processing center. 题型探究 58. Mark thought “SPACE TRANSPORTER” on the screen was the name of ________. A . a computer game B . a company website C . a software producer D . an astronomy program 59. Why did Jason want to shut off the computer? A . He was afraid of being scolded. B . He didn't like the loud noise and light. C . He didn't want to play games any more. D . He was afraid something dangerous might happen. 题型探究 60. What happened to the boys at the end of the story? A . They were blown into the air. B . They were sent to another planet. C . They were hidden in the strong light. D . They were carried away to another country. 题型探究 【 要点综述 】 本文为记叙文。主要介绍了一个好奇的孩子不顾当科学家的父亲的警告,动了他的电脑,并穿越到了 2025 年的火星的故事。    56. C  细节理解题。由第四段最后一句“ But his curiosity was difficult to control and this new computer really puzzled him.” 可知,他被这台电脑吸引住了,才不顾父亲的警告,动了这台电脑。    57. C  细节理解题。由第一段最后一句“ … to become a scientist like his father.” 以及后文的内容可知,这位父亲极有可能是一位研究中心的科学家。 题型探究    58. A  细节理解题。由第六段中的“ It's a computer game …” 可知,一开始马克以为这是一个游戏的名字。    59. D  细节理解题。由倒数第三、四段“ The screen turned even brighter and a noise suddenly rose in volume … He was really frightened.” 可知,他害怕一些危险的事情会发生。    60. B  细节理解题。由最后一段“ … DESTINATION( 目的地 ) : MARS. ” 可知他们被送到了火星上。 题型探究 ►  探究点二 主旨大意型   每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。主旨要义型题范围一般包括:短文标题、主旨大意或段落大意等。   此题型要求考生在理解文章后归纳文章要点,概括中心思想。考生需要分析文章的篇章结构,抓住文章的开头或结尾,从而找出能概括文章的主题句。主题句的特点 (1) 语言具有:归纳性、概括性、抽象性; (2) 常出现在 “ 总结性 ” 语言的 “ 信号词 ” 后,如: in summary, in a word, as a result, finally, in short, in conclusion 和 in brief 等; 也常出现在 “ 转移话题式 ” 语言的 “ 信号词 ” 后,如: but, however, nevertheless 等。标题的语言特点:独特新颖、概括性强、短小精炼。 题型探究    A .主旨大意型试题主要的设题方式:    (1)Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article?    (2)The best headline for this newspaper article is ________.    (3)What is the topic of the text?    (4)The text is mainly about ________.    (5)What's the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?    (6)What would be the best title for the text? 题型探究    B .主旨大意型试题主要的解题策略:    (1) 抓住主题句,锁定文章主旨。找准主题句是关键。主题句通常在文章开头,有可能在一段的开头,也有可能在中间或末尾。在很多情况下,主题句如果在段首,其后可能有 for example , first , second 等信息词。主题句如果在段末,其前可能有 above all , all in all 等信息词。利用这些信息词,可帮助你迅速找到主题句。一般来说,文章前三句所提供的信息能够让读者了解其大致内容,而读懂每段的第一句话则有助于掌握本段的主要内容。这样做的目的不仅在于可以迅速地把握全段的大意,更重要的是,在时间紧迫的情况下,可以对一段话进行缩读、略读和扫读。 题型探究    (2) 抓住段落大意,概括中心思想。寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。不能以偏概全,也不能在概括时过于宽泛,要恰如其分。    (3) 抓住主线和关键,归纳文章中心。先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容,这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系,然后加以归纳形成主题。了解文章的结构,把握住全篇的文脉,即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。对这种能力的考查一般反映在文章的中心内容、文中某一段的大意或指代关系的题目中。 题型探究   例 2 [2018· 江西卷 ] 节选    For those who make journeys across the world, the speed of travel today has turned the countries into a series of villages. Distances between them appear no greater to a modern traveler than those which once faced men as they walked from village to village. Jet planes fly people from one end of the earth to the other, allowing them a freedom of movement undreamt of a hundred years ago. … 题型探究    71. What does the writer try to express in Paragraph 1? A . Travel by plane has speeded up the growth of villages. B . The speed of modern travel has made distances relatively short. C . The freedom of movement has helped people realize their dreams. D . Man has been fond of traveling rather than staying in one place. 题型探究    75. What is the main idea of the passage?   A . Air travel benefits people and industries.   B . Train travel has some advantages over air travel.   C . Great changes have taken place in modern travel.    D.The high speed of air travel is gained at a cost.    【 要点综述 】 本文为议论文。主要就当今一些人追求有速度的旅游提出了自己的看法,作者建议人们不妨不坐飞机,改乘其他交通工具,好好欣赏人生的旅途。 题型探究    71. B  段落大意题。由节选的这一段 ( 第一段 ) 的一些信息,例如“ …has turned the countries into a series of villages. Distances between them appear no greater to…Jet planes fly people from one end of the earth to the other…” 可知第一段主要是想表达现代旅游的速度使旅途变得相当短。    75. D  主旨大意题。本段提到了飞机旅途之快,第二、三段提到了飞机旅途不能欣赏其旅程以及要走到机场这一路程,第四段提到了一些人还得依靠飞机旅途,但也提到这种方式不能让人充分享受旅途的自由,综观全文可知本文主要讲述了飞机旅途的得与失。 题型探究   例 3 [2018• 湖南卷 ] 节选    Harvard researchers have created a tough, lowcost, biodegradable( 可生物降解的 ) material inspired by insects' hard outer shells. The material's inventors say it has a number of possible uses and someday could provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to plastic. The material, made from shrimp ( 虾 ) shells and proteins produced from silk, is called “shrilk.” It is thin, clear, flexible and strong. … 题型探究    66. Paragraph 1 of the passage is mainly about shrilk‘s    .    A . remarkable design    B . interesting name    C . major features    D . basic elements    70. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?    A . Recent Progress in Environmental Protection    B . Benefits of Insects in Scientific Research    C . The Harm of Onetime Products    D.A Possible Alternative to Plastic 题型探究    【 要点综述 】 本文是一篇科普说明文。介绍了科技新发现:从动物外壳提炼的具有可生物降解特性的材料以及它的广泛用途。    66. C  段落大意题。考查对段落主题的理解和判断能力。根据节选的这一段 ( 第一段 )Harvard researchers have created a tough, lowcost, biodegradable… 可以推知,选项 C 符合文意。    70. D  主旨大意题。考查对文章整体的归纳理解能力。根据文章节选的这一段 ( 第一段 )The material's …could provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to plastic. 以及后文具体谈论的该材料优于塑料的内容可以推知,选项 D 符合文意。 题型探究 ► 探究点三 词义猜测型    历年高考都把猜测词义作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题,词义推断可以是一个单词的意义推断,也可以是一个短语或句子的意义推断,既可以是生词意义,也可以是熟词新意; 还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中,所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上,要根据短文提供的语境,通过读上下文,根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。    A.词义猜测型试题主要的设题方式:    (1)The underlined words “took off ” in Paragraph 2 mean “________”. 题型探究    (2)What does the underlined word “them” in the last paragraph refer to?    (3)The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that________.    (4)Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the third paragraph?    (5)The underlined phrase “turn his back on” (Paragraph 6) most probably means ________.    (6)By saying “We needed them yesterday”(Paragraph 7),Stover means that snakelike robots ________. 题型探究    B.词义猜测型试题主要的解题策略:语境猜测、语法猜词和常识猜词。    语境即上下文。由于上下文中的生词不是孤立存在的,其词义与句中其他词的词义或具体的语境有着密切的联系。因此在阅读过程中,许多生词的词义可以充分利用上下文中相关的词汇、短语并结合具体的语境来推测。命题者为了考查学生的这种猜词能力,常采用以下几种命题策略:    策略①:依据标点符号猜测词义    标点符号是词义猜测的最直接、最简单的信号词。比如,破折号(—)、冒号 ( : ) 常常起解释说明的功能,引号(“”)和( ( ) )有时也起到相同的作用。 题型探究    4 Morning noon, and night, her tongue was endlessly going, so that he was forced to escape to the outside of the house—the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked_husband.    The underlined words “henpecked husband” in the last paragraph probably mean a man who ________.    A.likes hunting B.is afraid of hens    C. loves his wife   D. is afraid of his wife    [解析] D 破折号“—” 起进一步解释说明的作用。 由 句前信息 “他为逃避妻子的唠叨而逃到屋外”可知“他是一个怕老婆的人”,因此选择 D 项。 题型探究    策略②:依据反义词和对比关系猜测词义    运用对比手法描述事物或现象是文章写作的一种常用的修辞手法。在这种修辞手段下,作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息,从而表明一个词与前面的另一个词互为反义。常用的信号词有: but/yet/however/nevertheless; while/whereas; otherwise/or else; unlike/instead/ rather than; by contrast/compared to; on the contrary/ on the other hand 等。   例 5 [ 2018 • 全国卷Ⅱ] 节选    The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital, Addis Ababa, is a_replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom. 题型探究    What do the words “a replica” in Paragraph 2 refer to?    A.A painting of the skeleton.    B.A photograph of Lucy.    C.A copy of the skeleton.    D.A written record of Lucy.    [解析] C 指代题。结合“while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom”中的real,可知这个词的含义是“复制品”。A“骨骼的绘画”; B“露西的照片”; D“露西的书面记录”,均与上下文语境不符。 题型探究    策略③:依据下定义、作解释、打比喻等猜测词义 在说明文、科技文中运用下定义或解释概念的方法来定义或诠释某一名词或概念是文章写作的又一特点。在写作方法上常采用先总后分(即先定义后解释)或先分后总(即先说明后结论)的叙述方式。常用的定义信号词有: be defined as/be termed(被定义为),be called (被称为), mean/ refer to/be(意指,是) 。   例 6 [ 2018 • 江苏卷] 节选    Franz Kafka wrote that “a_book_must_be_the_ax_(斧子)_for_the_frozen_sea_inside_us. ” I once shared this sentence with a class of seventh graders, and it didn't seem to require any explanation. 题型探究    The underlined words in Paragraph 1 probably mean that a book helps to________.    A.realize our dreams    B.give support to our life    C.smooth away difficulties    D.awake our emotions    [解析] D 语意推测题。这句话运用了明喻和暗喻的表达手法,“一本书就是能融化我们冰冻着的内心的一把斧子”,这是表面意思,即指一本书能够唤醒我们内心深处的情感,引起共鸣之意,故D项正确。 题型探究    策略 ④ :依据逻辑推理猜测词义    运用逻辑推理猜测词义是使用最广、考查最多、也最易失分的猜词方式。要求考生具备整合分散复杂信息的能力,充分利用上下文中相关的词汇并结合具体的语境,从形式和内容上把握语言之间的内在联系,理顺语言之间的逻辑关系,进而达到猜词的目的。常见的逻辑关系有:因果关系,同位关系,对比关系,转折关系等。 题型探究   例 7 [ 2018 • 课标全国卷] 节选    •Try handson_science. Visit one of the many handson science museums around the country. These science playlands are great fun for kids and grownups alike. They'll keep your child mentally and physically active the whole day through while pushing buttons, experimenting, and building. When everyone is tired, enjoy a fun family science show, commonly found in these museums. 题型探究    What does “handson science” mean in the last paragraph?    A.Science games designed by kids.   B.Learning science by doing things. C.A show of kids' science work. D.Reading science books.    [解析] B 词义猜测题。根据节选的这一段中的“They'll keep your child mentally and physically active the whole day through while pushing buttons, experimenting, and building.”可知在这种博物馆中,孩子们通过按按钮、做实验和建东西去体验。所以B正确。 题型探究    策略⑤:依据例证猜测词义 采用事实说理(即例证)以加强观点的说服力或使观点更加明朗清楚是文章写作的常用手法。借助例证获取更多信息,即可实现猜词的目的。常用的例证信号词有: like/for example/for instance/such as; include/consist of 等。   例 8 [ 2018 • 重庆卷] 节选    There are no obvious limits to the escalation of demands for quality. For example, Porsche, a famous car producer, has a model which was considered perhaps the best sports car on the market. Priced at over $120,000, it handles perfectly well and has great speed acceleration. But in 2004, the producer introduced 题型探究 some changes which made the model slightly better in handling and acceleration. People who really care about cars find these small improvements exciting. To get them, however, they must pay almost four times the price.    What does the underlined word “escalation” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?    A.Understanding. B.Increase. C.Difference. D.Study. 题型探究    [解析] B 词义猜测题。从该段材料对保时捷的改进及人们对此改进趋之若鹜的追求来看,人们对质量的需求是不断提高的。因此可断定该词含义为“提高”。本题是运用后文的例证猜测词义,For example是一个典型的信息提示词。 题型探究    此外,运用语法和常识以达到猜词的目的也是词义猜测的策略。英语构词法给英语语言创造了丰富的词汇源泉,因此掌握构词规律是达到猜词目的的有效捷径。这种猜词策略主要表现在:    策略 ① :依据词性变化猜测词义    英语语言的词性变化是非常活跃的,如名词动化、动词名化、形容词动化等,阅读时要充分抓住这一特点,从而准确地猜测词义。   题型探究    策略② :依据词义变化 (词义引申) 猜测词义    英语语言除了词性活跃的特点外,其词义的变化也是非常活跃的。同一个词在不同的语境中其词义也会发生相应的变化,即所谓的词义引申。    策略③:依据词的派生和合成猜测词义    派生法是英语构词法中最主要的构词方法,它由词根、前缀、后缀组成。如:前缀 dis, im, ir, un 可以构成反义词; 后缀 less 也可以构成反义词。遇到合成词时可以在正确理解两词的基础上结合原文来把握两词之间的关系,从而准确地猜测词义。 题型探究 ► 探究点四 推理判断型    推理判断型试题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存,推理是为了得出正确的判断,正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容,在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁,透过字里行间去体会作者的“弦外之音”。推理判断题常常可以分为如下几类:(1)细节推断。如时间、地点、人物关系等。(2)逻辑推断。根据已知的结果推断导致结果产生的可能原因。(3)目的、意图、态度推断。根据文章的论述,推断作者的写作目的以及作者的情感态度。 题型探究 (4)预测想象推断。文章没有明确说明,要求根据语篇对文章可能涉及的内容进行预测判断。    A.推理判断型试题主要的设题方式:    (1)It can be inferred from the passage (or the last paragraph) that…    (2)It can be learned from the passage (or the last paragraph) that…    (3)It can be concluded from the passage (or the last paragraph) that…    (4)It implies that…    (5)Where would you most probably find this passage? 题型探究    (6)What would the author most likely continue to talk about in the next paragraph(s)?    B.推理判断型试题主要的解题策略:    (1)根据不同文体,推断目的意图。不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的, 通常作者的写作目的有以下三种:① to entertain readers(娱乐读者,让人发笑),常见于故事类的文章。②to persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点),常见于广告类的文章。③to inform readers(告知读者某些信息),多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章。高考阅读试题涉及各类文章,以议论文为主。文章的主题句、核心句往往会直接或间接地表明作者的态度立场。阅读理解中也有说明文、 题型探究 描述文,前者因为其体裁的客观性,所以作者的态度也往往采取中立,而后者因为其文章观点往往不直接提出,而且作者写作时也常带有某种倾向性,所以,阅读时要善于根据文章的文体来学会推断作者的情感态度和目的。    (2)根据用词风格,推断情感态度。一篇好的文章,其用词风格常常直接流露或蕴含作者的内心世界和情感态度。所以阅读时要善于捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词句或短语,捕捉那些烘托气氛、渲染情感的词句,进而很好地洞察作者的思想倾向,是支持、反对抑或中立。对于选项而言,要分清选项中的褒义词、中性词和贬义词,以此对照全文。 题型探究    ①表示褒义的词语:positive(赞成的);supporting(支持的);praising(赞扬的);optimistic(乐观的);admiring(羡慕的);enthusiastic(热情的)等。②表示中立的词语:uninterested(无兴趣的,不感兴趣的); neutral(中立的); impersonal(不带个人感情的); subjective(主观的); objective(客观的)等。③表示贬义的词语:disgusted(感到恶心的,厌恶的); critical(批评的); negative(否定的,反对的); suspicious(怀疑的); tolerant(容忍的,忍让的); worried(担忧的)等。    (3)根据写作思路,推断段落发展。不同的文体,写作思路和写作手法也不尽相同。做题时,要善于体会作者的写作思路,揣摩作者的谋篇布局,从宏观上分析文章的结构框架; 题型探究   例 9 [ 2018 • 四川卷]    On a hill 600 feet above the surrounding land, we watch the lines of rain move across the scene, the moon rise over the hills, and the stars appear in the sky. The views invite a long look from a comfortable chair in front of the wooden house.    Every window in our wooden house has a view, and the forest and lakes seldom look the same as the hour before. Each look reminds us where we are.    There is space for our three boys to play outside, to shoot arrows, collect tree seeds, build earth houses and climb trees. 题型探究 Our kids have learned the names of the trees, and with the names have come familiarity and appreciation. As they tell all who show even a passing interest, maple(枫树)makes the best fighting sticks and white pines are the best climbing trees. The air is clean and fresh. The water from the well has a pleasant taste, and it is perhaps the healthiest water our kids will ever drink. Though they have one glass a day of juice and the rest is water, they never say anything against that. The_seasons_change_just_outside_the_door. We watch the maples turn every shade of yellow and red in the fall and note the poplars'(杨树) putting out the first green leaves of spring. 题型探究 The rainbow smelt fills the local stream as the ice gradually disappears, and the wood frogs start to sing in pools after being frozen for the winter. A family of birds rules our skies and flies over the lake.    41. What can be learned from Paragraph 2?    A.The scenes are colorful and changeable.    B.There are many windows in the wooden house.    C.The views remind us that we are in a wooden house.    D.The lakes outside the windows are quite different in color. 题型探究    42. By mentioning the names of the trees, the author aims to show that ________.    A.the kids like playing in trees    B.the kids are very familiar with trees    C.the kids have learned much knowledge    D.the kids find trees useful learning tools 题型探究    43. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?    A.The change of seasons is easily felt.    B.The seasons make the scenes change.    C.The weather often changes in the forest.    D.The door is a good position to enjoy changing seasons.    44. What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?    A.To describe the beauty of the scene around the house.    B.To introduce her children's happy life in the forest.    C.To show that living in the forest is healthful.    D.To share the joy of living in the nature. 题型探究    【要点综述】本文为记叙文,描述了作者与家人身居大自然中的切身感受。文章主要展示了作者居住环境的优美和在此美景中生活的惬意。    41. A 推理判断题。本段中提到,每面窗户都会有一幅不同的风景,森林和湖泊与一小时之前所见到的都不一样。据此可知,作者身居的环境是多彩和变化的。故选A。    42. C 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Our kids have learned the names of the trees…As they tell all…white pines are the best climbing trees.”可知孩子们已经了解了周围环境包括树在内的很多知识。故答案选C。 题型探究    43. A 推理判断题。根据本段对周围大自然的变化的描述可知,作者身处此地,能够很容易地感觉到季节的变换。故答案为A。    44. D 推理判断题。此题推测文章的写作目的。通读全文不难了解,作者是与读者分享身居大自然中的快乐生活。故答案为D。 题型探究 ► 探究点五 篇章结构型    最近两年,篇章结构题频繁地出现在各地高考英语阅读理解题中,已经成为一种新颖而独立的阅读题型。从其考查内容而言,可分为三种:考查考生对整个文章结构的组织能力; 考查考生对后文内容的预测能力; 考查考生对文章写作手法、修辞手段的鉴赏能力。    A.篇章结构型试题主要的设题方式:    (1)How is the passage organized?    (2)Which of the following best shows the structure/organization of the passage?    (3)What will the author most probably talk about next? 题型探究    (4)The author develops the passage mainly by ________.    (5)The first paragraph serves as a(n)________.    (6)The example of … is given to show/illustrate that________.    B.篇章结构型试题主要的解题策略:    (1)了解文章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲,常见的文章结构有三种:总分式结构(总→分; 总→分→总; 分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系,并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式上是一正一反)。 题型探究    (2)了解文章的论证方法。从论证方法上讲,常见的议论文结构有以下两类:①Put forward a question →Analyze the question → Solve the question,即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程;②Argument/Idea → Evidence → Conclusion/Restating the idea/argument,即“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。    (3)了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲,在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中,“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一,是历年高考阅读试题中必不可少的命题方向。 题型探究 “引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力,以更好地达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。   例 10 [ 2018 • 北京卷] 节选 Wilderness    “In wilderness (荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved. 题型探究    As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发)brings to such landscapes(景观)is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr. Sauven, these “ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation. Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide 题型探究 useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others. 题型探究    I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.    This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking. 题型探究    70.Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?    CP:Central Point     P:Point     Sp:Subpoint(次要点) C:Conclusion 题型探究    [ 解析 ] 70. D  文章结构题。 本文作者首先提出中心论点,然后从正反两个方面进行了论述,然后回到自己的观点,最后对自己的观点做了进一步的阐释。因此 D 为最佳答案。 题型探究 应试点睛   要想顺利通过高考英语阅读理解部分,学生必须具备 《 高中英语新课程标准 》 规定要达到的词汇量和固定短语量,熟悉语法结构,拓宽知识面,熟悉各种题材和体裁的文章,提高阅读速度,提高通过阅读获取信息的能力。此外,在复习中,应该注意以下几点:   一、 速读全文,了解大意知主题   阅读的目的是获取信息。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。高考要求的阅读速度大约是每分钟 60 个词。 应试点睛   考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读,搜寻关键词 (key words) 、主题句 (topic sentence) ,捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点,并且理清文章脉络,把握语篇实质,掌握文章大意。阅读时读者没有必要研读全文,速读的诀窍在于浏览文章的内容提要、前言、标题、副标题、插图、表格、开头和结尾等部分,这样就可以把握文章大意了。许多文章在第一段提出问题,中间段落进行分析、例证,最后一段是归纳结论,每段第一句话往往是主题句。抓主题句,是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。 应试点睛   二、详读细节,理顺思路与脉络   文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文,有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心,以时间或空间为线索,按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事; 论述体则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素,通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可以根据文章的特点,详读细节,以时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索,找出关键词语,运用“画图列表法”,勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。 应试点睛   三、抓住主干,化解难句捕信息   要实现快速准确理解文章大意,就要学会抓句子的关键成分,即句子的主干成分,如主语、谓语和宾语,因为它们是传达信息的主要载体,其他成分,不论有多么长,多么复杂,都是辅助成分。要说明的核心问题是:我们阅读英语文章时,一定要有一个全局观念,从宏观上来把握文章。做到了这一点,我们面对各类文章的各类题型都能够从容应对。比如: Another element in the emergence of prodigies( 神童 ) , I found, is a society that values excellence in a certain field and is able nurture talent. 应试点睛 只要我们抓住了 element is society 就可以得知,社会是神童出现的一个因素。   四、规律技巧,轻松应考走捷径   分析研究阅读理解历届考题,可以发现命题者命制的考点是有一定规律的,且考点规律常与某种题型 ( 主旨题、细节题、逻辑题、观点态度题、词义题 ) 相对应。如果考生掌握了这些规律,就能在第一遍快速阅读短文时,敏锐地捕捉到考点并能预测可能会出的题型。下面,将这些考点规律及对应题型归纳如下: 应试点睛   考点规律 (1) :举例子、打比喻处常考   为了使自己的观点更有说服力、更加明确,作者经常用具体的例子打比方,句中常由 as, such as, for example, for instance 等引导的短语或句子作为举例句,这些例句或比喻成为命题者提问的焦点。考生需注意的是例子或比喻一般是和文章或段落中心紧密相关的,常以“细节事实性”题型和“推断性”题型出现,但偏倾于“推断性”题型。   考点规律 (2) :引用人物论断处常考   作者为了正确表达出自己的观点或使论点更有依据,常常引用某名人的论断或重要发现等。命题者常在此做文章。多以“推理性”题型为主,有时也出“细节事实性”题型。 应试点睛   考点规律 (3) :转折处与强对比处常考   一般而言,转折后的内容常常是语义的重点,命题者常对转折处的内容进行提问。转折一般通过 however, but, yet, in fact 等词或短语来引导。强对比常由 unlike, until, not so much…as 等词或短语引导。命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。 比如文章中说甲具有 X 属性,但乙与甲不同,问乙有何属性?答曰:非 X 属性。此类考点常出现在逻辑推理型题中,少数出现于其他题型中。 应试点睛   考点规律 (4) :复杂句式处常考   复杂句常是命题者出题之处,包括同位语、插入语、定语从句、不定式、副词等。对文章段落之间关系的理解,常以逻辑推理题型出现,包括少量其他题型。   考点规律 (5) :因果句处常考   命题者常以文中因果句命制一些考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系的试题,或出些概括文意、段意试题。一般以“推理性”题型和主旨大意题型出现,兼顾少量其他题型。表示因果关系的词有: because, since, for , as, therefore, consequently, result in, originate from 等。 应试点睛   考点规律 (6) :特殊标点符号处常考   由于特殊标点符号后内容是对前面内容的进一步解释和说明,因此命题者常以标点符号后的内容进行提问。具体来说,特殊标点符号包括:①破折号 ( 表解释 ) ;②括号 ( 表解释 ) ;③冒号 ( 表解释 ) ;④引号 ( 表引用 ) 。题型一般有推理题、主旨大意题、细节事实题等。   考点规律 (7) :段首段尾句处常考   在短文中第一段首句或末段末句往往是文章中心思想的表达处; 有时某一段的段首、段尾句是该段的主题句。因此,命题者常在这些地方出题。题型基本上属主旨大意型。 应试点睛   考点规律 (8) :最高级与绝对性词汇处常考   文中若出现 must , all , only , anyone , always , never 等绝对性词汇或形容词副词的最高级形式,往往是考点,一般出“细节性问题”。因为这些地方概念绝对,答案唯一,无论是命题还是答题,都不会产生歧义。命题人员以此为考点,可保证命题绝对正确。 应试点睛   以上分析,基本上概括了历届高考阅读理解题考点常考处及其对应题型。考生掌握了这些规律,在读文章时,就要在这些考点常出现的地方作些记号。阅读完毕,这些作记号的地方基本上就是出题的地方。然后再对照后面的题目,一一找到相对应的考点,再细细分析,然后做题。这样就避免做一题,看一下整个段落,甚至全文,从而节省了时间。 应试点睛
查看更多

相关文章

您可能关注的文档