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江苏高考英语重点语法知识讲解易错点
一、冠词/代词和介词 注意:最近几年,江苏高考卷中并未出现考查冠词的题目;代词的考查题出现了两次,都是对不定代词的考查;单一的介词考查题也很少。尽管如此,这三个考点的基础知识都应该牢固掌握,才能做到以不变应万变。 1、 冠词: 1)注意“抽象名词具体化”的现象,可以翻译成: 一种,一个,一次,一阵,一场等。(Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.) 2)动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位 抓(catch,hold,take,seize,)+by the+身体部位 拍打(hit,strike,touch)+on the+身体部位 看(look,stare,gaze)+ in the+身体部位 2、 代词:1)it作代词有几个小注意点:1)指代婴儿或身份不明的人 2)习惯用语,本身并没有实际意义(You can make it. He has had it.) 3)用于某些固定句型中,几乎成了一种习惯用法(I will appreciate it if you….. I can’t help it if you…. I hate it when…. When it comes to…..) 2)those可以用来替代前面提到过的事物,即同类名词但不是同一个,相当于the+可数名词复数。 ones则是泛指,替代前面出现的可数名词复数。 3、 介词:介词的宾语除了我们最熟知的名词/代词,还有1)adj/adv(be far from perfect; dropped from above) 2)介词短语(From under the table ran out a cat.) 3)不定式或动名词( had no choice but to wait) 4)名词性从句(I had no idea of what he wanted.) 二、名词 注意:对名词的考查一直是江苏高考的重点,2015年高考卷上出现了两个名词词义辨析题,而名词与介词的搭配也是频繁出现。因此牢固掌握意近、形近及相关短语是制胜的法宝。 1、 1)因为: on account of(因为,由于) in view of(由于,考虑到) by virtue of(由于) in consequence of(由于 …… 的缘故) 2)关于,由于: with regard to(关于/至于) in reference to(关于) in the case of(关于) in connection with/to(关于) 3)preference 偏爱,爱好( in preference to 而不是) priority(优先权) privilege(特权) 4)in line with(与….一致) in tune with(与…..一致,协调) in parallel with(与….同时) in the wake of(随着,紧跟着,在….之后) on top of(除了….之外,还….) in the event of 万一,如果发生 5)固定搭配总结 介词 + 名词形式 第一组 by accident 偶然 on account of 因为,由于 in addition 另外 in addition to 除 …… 之外 in the air 在流行中,在传播中 on (the/an) average 平均,一般来说 on the basis of 根据,在 …… 的基础上 at (the) best 充其量,至多 for the better 好转,改善 on board 在船 ( 车、飞机 ) 上 out of breath 喘不过气来 on business 因公,因事 in any case 无论如何,总之 in case of 假使,万一 in case 假如,以防 ( 万一 ) 免得 in no case 决不 第二组 by chance 偶然,碰巧 in charge (of) 负责,主管 (a) round the clock 昼夜不停地 in common 共用,共有,共同 in conclusion 最后,总之 on condition that 在 …… 条件下 in confidence 信任 in connection with/to 关于 in consequence 因此,结果 in consequence of 由于 …… 的缘故 on the contrary 反之,正相反 in contrast with/to 与 …… 成对照 out of control 失去控制 under control 被控制住 at all costs 不惜任何代价 at the cost of 以 …… 为代价 第三组 in the course of 在 …… 过程中,在 …… 期间 of course 当然,自然,无疑 in danger 在危险中,垂危 out of danger 脱离危险 out of date 过期 ( 时 ) 的 up to date 时新的 in debt 欠债 in detail 详细地 in difficulties 处境困难 in the distance 在远处 off duty 下班 on duty 值班,上班 on earth 究竟,到底 at all events 无论如何 in any event 无论如何 in effect 有效;实际上 第四组 in the event of 万一,如果发生 for example 例如 with the exception of 除 …… 之外 in the face of 面对,不顾,即使 in fact 其实,实际上 on fire 烧着 on foot 步行 in force 有效;实施中 in favo(u)r of 有利于,赞成,支持 in front of 在 …… 面前 in (the) future 今后,将来 on guard 警惕,防范 in general 通常,大体上 in half 成两半 at hand 在手边,在附近 from tip to toe 彻头彻尾,完全 by hand 用手 hand down to 往下传,传给 ( 后代 ) 第五组 hand in hand 手拉手,携手 in hand 在掌握中,在控制中 on hand 在手边,临近 on (the) one hand... 一方面 …… , on the other hand... 另一方面 …… at heart 在内心;实质上 by heart 牢记,凭记忆 at home 在家,在国内;自在,自如 in honor of 以纪念,向 …… 表示敬意 on one's honor 以名誉担保 in a hurry 匆忙地,立即 for instance 例如,举例说 at intervals 不时,时时 at last 最终,终于 at least 至少,最低限度 in the least 一点,丝毫 第六组 at length 终于,最后;详细地 in the light of 按照,根据 in line 成一直线,排成一行 in line with 与 …… 一致,按照 at a loss 困惑,不知所措 as a matter of fact 其实,事实上 by all means 无论如何,必定 by means of 借助于,用 by no means 决不 in memory of 纪念 at the mercy of 在 …… 支配下 by mistake 错误地 at the moment 现在,此刻 for a moment 片刻,一会儿 for the moment 现在,暂时 in a moment 立刻,马上 第七组 in nature 本质上 on occasion 有时,不时 in order 秩序井然,整齐 in group to 以便,为了 in group that 以便 out of order 发生故障,失调 on one's own 独自地,独立地 in particular 特别地,尤其,详细地 in the past 在过去,以往 in person 亲自 in place 在适当的位置 in place of 代替 in the first place 起初,首先 in the last place 最后 out of place 不得其所的,不适当的 on the point 即将 …… 的时候 第八组 to the point 切中要害,切题 in practice 在实际中,实际上 out of practice 久不练习,荒疏 at present 目前,现在 for the present 目前,暂时 in proportion to( 与 ……) 成比例的 in public 公开地,当众 for (the) purpose of 为了 on purpose 故意,有意 with the purpose of 为了 in question 正在考虑 at random 随意地,任意地 at any rate 无论如何,至少 by reason of 由于 as regards 关于,至于 with/in regard to 对于,就 …… 而论 第九组 in/with relation to 关系到 with respect to 关于 as a result 结果,因此 as a result of 由于 …… 的结果 in return 作为报答,作为回报 on the road 在旅途中 as a rule 规章,规则;通常,照例 in the long run 最终,从长远观点看 for the sake of 为了 …… 起见 on sale 出售;贱卖 on a large scale 大规模地 on a small scale 小规模地 in secret 秘密地,私下地 in a sense 从某种意义上说 in shape 处于良好状态 on the side 作为兼职,额外 第十组 at first sight 乍一看,初看起来 in sight 被看到,在望 out of sight 看不见,在视野之外 in spite of 不管,不顾;尽管,虽然 on the spot 当场,在现场 in step 同步,合拍 out of step 步调不一致,不协调 in stock 现有,备有 in sum 总而言之 in tears 流着泪,含泪,哭 in terms of 依据,按照;用 …… 措词 for one thing 首先,一则 on the second thoughts 经重新考虑,一转念 at a time 每次,一次 at no time 从不,决不 at one time 同时,曾经,从前曾 第十一组 at the same time 但是,然而 at times 有时 for the time being 目前,暂时 from time to time 有时,不时 in no time 立即,马上 in time 及时,适时地 on time 准时 on top of 在 …… 之上 out of touch 失去联系 in truth 事实上,实际上,的确 on try 试穿 by turns 轮流,交替地 in turn 依次,轮流 in vain 徒劳,无效 a variety of 种种,各种 by virtue of 由于 第十二组 by the way 顺便提一下,另外 by way of 经由,通过 …… 方式 in a way 在某点,在某种程度上 in no way 决不 in the way of 妨碍 in one's/the way 妨碍,阻碍 after a while 过了一会,不久 for a while 暂时,一时 on the whole 总的来说 in a word 总而言之 in other words 换句话说,也就是说 at work 在工作,忙于 out of work 失业 in the world 到底,究竟 动词 + 名词形式 第十三组 have/gain access to 可以获得 take...into account 考虑 gain/have an advantage over 胜过,优于 pay the way for 为 …… 铺平道路 take advantage of 利用,趁 …… 之机 pay attention to 注意 do/try one's best 尽力,努力 get the best of 胜过 make the best of 充分利用,妥善处理 get the better of 打败,致胜 catch one's breath 屏息,歇口气 take care 小心,当心 take care of 照顾,照料 take a chance 冒险一试 take charge of 担任,负责 keep company with 与 …… 交往,与 …… take delight in 以 …… 为乐 with delight 欣然,乐意地 第十四组 make a/the difference 有影响,很重要 carry/bring into effect 使生效,使起作用 put into effect 实行,生效 come/go into effect 生效,实施 take effect 生效,起作用 catch one's eye 引人注目 keep an eye on 留意,照看 make a face 做鬼脸 find fault 埋怨,挑剔 catch fire 着火 come/go into force 生效,实施 make friends 交朋友,友好相处 be friends with 对 …… 友好,与 …… 交上朋友 make fun of 取笑,嘲弄 keep one's head 保持镇静 lost one's head 不知所措 第十五组 lose heart 丧失勇气,失去信心 get/learn by heart 记住,背诵 get hold of 抓住,掌握 keep house 管理家务,做家务 throw/cast light on 使明白,阐明 bear/keep in mind 记住 have in mind 记住,考虑到,想到 make up one's mind 下决心 come/go into operation 使投入生产,使运转 put in order 整理,检修 keep/hold pace with 跟上,与 …… 同步 play a part 起作用 take place 发生,进行 take the place of 代替 come to the point 说到要点,扼要地说 bring/carry into practice 实施,实行 第十六组 make progress 进步,进展 give rise to 引起,使发生 make sense 讲得通,有意义 catch the sight of 发现,突然看见 (go) on the stage 当演员 take one's time 不急不忙,从容进行 keep in touch 保持联系 keep track 通晓事态,注意动向 lose track 失去联系 make use of 利用 put to use 使用,利用 give way 让路,让步 lead the way 带路,引路 make one's way 前进,进行 make way 让路,开路 keep one's word 遵守诺言 第十七组 act on 作用 appeal to 呼吁,要求 attempt at 企图,努力 attitude to/towards 态度,看法 a great/good deal of 大量 ( 的 ) ,许多 ( 的 ) influence on 影响 interference in 干涉 interference with 妨碍,打扰 introduce to 介绍 a lot (of) 许多 ( 的 ) ,大量 ( 的 ) lots of 大量,很多 fall in love with 相爱,爱上 a matter of( 关于 ……) 的问题 a number of 若干,许多 reply to 回答,答复 a series of 一系列,一连串 英语常考词语固定搭配(四) 第十九组 trolley bus 电车 I. D. card 身份证 credit card 信用卡 no doubt 无疑,必定 next door 隔壁 out of doors 在户外 face to face 面对面地 as matter of fact 实际情况,真相 a few 有些,几个 quite a few 还不少,有相当数目的 a little 一点,稍微,一些,少许 little by little 逐渐地 quite a little 相当多,不少 no matter 无论 the moment (that) 一 …… 就 no more 不再 第二十组 fair play 公平竞赛;公平对待 in demand 有需要,销路好 rest room 厕所,盥洗室 primary school 小学 side by side 肩并肩,一个挨一个 heart and soul 全心全意 step by step 逐步 ahead of time 提前 all the time 一直,始终 once upon a time 从前 once in a while 偶尔,有时 no wonder 难怪,怪不得 word for word 逐字地 decline with thanks 婉言谢绝 动词 + 介词形式 第二十一组 account for 说明 ( 原因等 ) aim at 瞄准,针对 allow for 考虑到 appeal to 呼吁,要求 arrive at 达成,得出 ask after 询问,问候 ask for 请求,要求 attach to 附属于,隶属于 begin with 从开始 break into 闯入 break off 断绝,结束 break through 突破 break up 中止,结束;打碎,折断 bring about 带来,造成 bring down 打倒,挫伤;降低 bring forth 产生,提上 第二十二组 bring forward 提出 bring out 使出现;公布;出版 bring up 教育,培养,使成长 build up 积累;堵塞;树立,逐步建立;增进;锻炼 call for 邀请;要求;需求 call forth 唤起,引起;振作起,鼓起 call off 放弃,取消 catch at 抓住 ( 东西 ) call on/upon 访问,拜访;号召,呼吁 call up 召集,动员;打电话 care for 照管,关心;喜欢,意欲 carry off 夺去 carry on 继续下去;从事,经营 carry out 贯彻,执行;实现 come to 总计,达到;苏醒,复原 count on 依靠;期待,指望 count up 把 …… 相加 第二十三组 cover up 掩饰,掩盖 cut across 走捷径,抄近路 deal with 处理,对付,安排 do without 没有 …… 也行 fill in/out 填充,填写 get at 得到,接近;意思是 get into 进入,陷入 go after 追求 go into 进入;研究,调查 go for 竭力想取得;喜爱;支持,拥护 go through 经历,经受;详细检查 go with 伴随,与 …… 协调 go without 没有 …… 也行 improve on 改进 keep to 保持,坚持 lie in 在于 live up to 不辜负 第二十四组 live on/by 靠 …… 生活,以 …… 为食 live through 度过,经受过 look after 照管,照料 look at 看望,注视 look for 寻找,寻求 look into 调查,观察,过问;窥视 look over 检查,查看,调查 look through 仔细查看,浏览,温习 make for 走向,驶向;有助于 occur to 被想到,被想起 play with 以 …… 为消遣,玩弄 refer to 参考,查阅,涉及,提到 run for 竞选 run into 撞上,偶然碰见 see to 注意,负责,照料,修理 send for 派人去请,召唤;索取 第二十五组 send in 呈报,递交,送来 serve as 作为,用作 set aside 挑出,拨出,留出;拒绝 sit for 参加 stand by 支持,帮助;袖手旁观 stand for 代替,代表,意味着 stand against 反抗,抵抗 stick to 坚持,忠于,信守 take after 与 …… 相像 take for 把 …… 认为是,把 …… 看成是 take in 接受,吸收;了解,理解 take to 喜欢,亲近 touch on 关系到,涉及 turn into 变成 turn to 变成;求助于,借助于 turn off 关上;出产;解雇 动词 + 副词形式 第二十六组 break down 损坏,分解,瓦解 break in 闯入;打断,插嘴 break out 逃出;突然发生,爆发 bring to 使恢复知觉 burn out 烧掉 burn up 烧起来,旺起来;烧完 catch on 理解,明白 check in 办理登记手续 check out 结账后离开;检验,核查 check up (on) 校对,检查,检验 cheer up 使高兴,使振奋 clear away 扫除,收拾 clear up 收拾;澄清;放晴 make it clear that 弄清楚 come off 实现,成功,奏效 come on 请,来吧,快点;开始,出场,上演 come out 出版;出现,显露;结果是 第二十七组 come round (around) 来访,前来;苏醒,复原 come through 经历,脱险 come up 走近,上来;发生,被提出 cross out 删去,取消 cut back 削减,减少 cut down 削减,降低 cut in( 汽车 ) 抢道;插嘴,打断 cut off 切断;删去;停止 cut out 删除 cut short 突然停止 die down 渐渐消失,平息 die out 消失,灭绝 draw in( 火车、汽车 ) 到站 draw up 写上,画上;草拟;停住 dress up 穿上盛装,打扮得很漂亮 drop by/in 顺便来访 dry out 干透,使干 dry up 干涸,枯竭 第二十八组 drop off 减弱,减少 drop out 退出,离队 fall behind 落后 fall out 争吵;结果是 fall through 落空,失败 feed in 输入 find out 查明 get across 解释清楚,使人了解 get around/round 走动,旅行; ( 消息 ) 传开 get away 逃脱,离开 get by 通过,经过 get down 从 …… 下来;写下 get in 进入;收获,收集 get off 从 …… 下来;离开,动身,开始 get over 克服; ( 从病中 ) 恢复过来 get through 结束,完成;接通电话 have got to (do) 不得不,必须 第二十九组 get together 集合,聚集 get up 起床;增加,增强 give away 泄露;分送 give back 送还,恢复 give in 交上;投降,屈服 give off 放出,释放 give out 分发,放出 give up 停止,放弃 go ahead 开始,前进;领先 go by 过去 go down 下降,降低;被载入,传下去 go off 爆炸,发射;动身,离开 go out 外出;熄灭 go over 检查,审查;复习,重温 go round/around 足够分配 go under 下沉,沉没;失败;破产 go through 通过,审查,完成 第三十组 go up 上升,增加;建起 hand down 流传下来,传给,往下传 hand in 交上,递交 hand on 传下来,依次传递 hand out 分发,散发,发给 hand over 交出,移交,让与 hang about 闲荡,徘徊,逗留 hang back 犹豫,踌躇,畏缩 hang on 抓紧不放;继续下去 hang up 挂断 ( 电话 ) have back 要回,收回 have on 穿着,戴着 hold back 踌躇,退缩;阻止,抑制 hold on 继续,握住不放 hold out 维持,支持;坚持,不屈服 hold up 举起,阻挡,使停止;抢劫 第三十一组 hurry up( 使 ) 赶快,迅速完成 keep back 阻止,阻挡;隐瞒,保留 keep down 控制,压制,镇压;压低 keep off 不接近,避开 keep up 保持,维持;继续,坚持 let down 放下,降低;使失望 let in 让 …… 进入,放 …… 进来 let off 放 ( 烟,烟火 ) ,开 ( 枪 ) let out 放掉,放出,发出 line up 排队,使排成一行 look back 回顾,回头看 look out 留神,注意,提防,警惕 look on 旁观,观看;看待,视作 look up 查阅,查考;寻找 ( 某人 ) look in 顺便看望 make out 辨认,区分;理解,了解 make out of 用 …… 做,从 …… 得出 第三十二组 make up 构成,拼凑;弥补,赔偿;化装 mix up 混淆,混合,搞糊涂 pass away 去世,逝世 pass off 中止,停止 pass to 转到,讨论,传到 pass out 失去知觉,昏倒 pay back 偿还,回报 pay off 还清 ( 债 ) pay down 即时交付,用现金支付 pay up 全部付清 第三十三组 pick out 选出,挑出,拣出;辨认,辨别出 pick up 拾起, ( 偶然 ) 得到; ( 车船 ) 中途搭 ( 人 ) ,学会 pull down 拆毁,拉倒;拉下,降低 pull in( 车 ) 停下,进站,船 ( 到岸 ) pull off 脱 ( 帽、衣 ) pull on 穿,戴 pull out 拔出,抽出; ( 车、船 ) 驶出 pull together 齐心协力 pull up( 使 ) 停下 put across 解释清楚,说明 put aside 储存,保留 put away 放好,收好;储存 put down 记下,放下;镇压,平定 put forward 提出 put in 驶进 put on 穿上,戴上;上演;增加 ( 体重 ) put out 熄灭,关 ( 灯 ) ;出版,发布;生产 put right 改正 ( 错误 ) ,整理 第三十四组 put up 提起,举起,提 ( 价 ) ;为 …… 提供食宿,投宿 ring off 挂断电话 rub out 擦掉,拭去 run down 撞倒,撞沉;追捕,追查 run off 复印,打印 run over 略读,略述;辗过,浏览,匆匆复习 see off 给 …… 送行 see through 看穿,识破;干完,干到底 set back 推迟,延缓,阻碍 set down 卸下,放下,记下,记入 set forth 阐明,陈述 set off 出发,动身;引起,使发生 set out 陈列,显示;动身,起程;制定 set up 创立,建立,树立;资助,扶持 show in 领入 show off 炫耀,卖弄 第三十五组 show up 使呈现,使醒目 shut out 排除 sit in 列席,旁听 sit up 迟睡,熬夜 speed up 使加速 stand out 突出,显眼 stand up 站起来,耐用 step up 提高,加快,加紧 step in 插入,介入 stick out 伸出,突出;坚持到底,继续 take away 消除;消耗 take down 记下,写下 take off 拿走,脱下;起飞 take on 呈现;接纳,承担,从事 take over 接管,接办 take up 占据;开始;拿起,接收 take up with 和 …… 交往,忍受,采用 第三十六组 think over 仔细考虑 throw away 扔掉,抛弃 touch up 润色,改进 turn down 拧小,调低;拒绝 turn in 交出,上缴;转身进入 turn off 关掉,断开;拐弯,叉开 turn on 接通,打开 turn out 制造,生产;结果是 turn over 翻过来;移交,转交 turn up 开大;出现;来到;发生 use up 用完,花完 warm up 变热 wear off 逐渐消失 wear out 用破;耗尽,使精疲力竭 while away 消磨 ( 时间 ) wipe out 擦去,抹去;消灭,毁灭 work out 解决,算出;弄懂,制定出 work up 引起,激起;逐渐上升 work on 从事于,努力做 write off 报废,勾销,注销 后接动名词的固定搭配 第三十七组 aim at 目的在于,旨在;瞄准 accuse...of... 控告;谴责 depend on 取决于 devote to 奉献,致力 engage in 从事于,忙着;订婚 feel like 欲,想要 go on 继续;发生 cannot/couldn?t help 禁不住;不得不 insist on 坚持 keep from 使 …… 不 ( 做 ) keep on 继续不断,保持 look forward to 盼望,期待 persist in 坚持,持续 prevent from 预防,防止 put off 推迟,推延 set about 开始,着手 succeed in 成功 thank for 感谢 think of 想起,想到;想一想 三、形容词和副词 注意:近几年江苏高考对形容词和副词的考查主要是词义辨析,而且通过语境来区别。而对形容词和副词的比较等级的考查近几年一直没有涉及。 1、 形容词和副词的比较等级的用法 1)原级: 1)as+adj/adv原级+as+比较对象,和….一样 注:有时as…as….结构并没有用来表示两者比较,而是形成一种固定搭配,描述同一个事物的特征( as far as,as good as,as long as) 2)not+as/so+ adj/adv原级+as+比较对象,不如….. 3)倍数+ as+adj/adv原级+as+比较对象,是…..的几倍 2)比较级(特殊的情况):1)有时句子中不出现than,但却需要用比较级,其比较对象暗含于上下文或一定的语境中。(Be more careful next time.) 2)the+adj/adv的比较级+of the two n. 表示两者中比较…..的(I’ll give you the bigger of the two steaks.) 3)more than结构的不同用法:A 超过(There are more than 2,000,000 books in the library.) B 很,非常(I was more than a little angry when I saw…….) C 不仅(More than one answer is to your question.) D 与其….不如(You were more lucky than bright.) E 时常(More often than not people don’t realize what their rights are.) 3) 最高级(特殊的情况): 1)“否定词+比较级”的结构表示最高级含义(The clothes made in his factory have never been more popular. 他工厂里生产的衣服从来没有像现在这样受欢迎。) 2)最高级的其他表达方式:A 比较级+than any other+可数n.单数(….has more uses than any other plant in the world.) B never….such+名词(I have never seen such a beautiful scene.) 4) 比较级/最高级在使用中需要注意的几个问题:1)比较级可用much, even, still, far, a lot, a great deal, twice, a little, rather等修饰 2)比较级前面一般不加冠词,但是下列情况下除外:A 表示两者中选择,且比较级后又被修饰的名词(Who is the younger one, Lily or Lucy?) B 在“of the two +n”的结构中(Of the two jobs, he chose the harder.) C “the more…..,the more…..”的结构中 3)最高级可用much, far, by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not quite, not really, nothing like等修饰 4)本身表示“最高程度”的形容词:excellent, extreame, perfect等,没有比较级和最高级 5)最高级前面通常要加the, 但下列情况下除外:A 形容词最高级作表语,且比较范围不明确(They are happiest on Saturdays.) B 最高级前面有序数词、物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格等限定词修饰(Hainan is China’s second largest island.) C 两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词,第二个最高级前面可以不加the D 有时,最高级只是用来加强语气,翻译成“很,十分,非常”,前面不加the (Seen from the mountain top, the villge was most beautiful.) 5)not+more+than=at most 表示“至多,不超过”(There are not more than 10 students in the classroom.) no+more+than=only 表示“仅仅,只不过”(I had no more than $2 on me at that time.) 6)not+比较级+than意为“….不如…..”(Tom is not cleverer than Joh. 汤姆不如约翰聪明) no+比较级+than意为“….两者都不…..”(Tom is no cleverer than Joh. 汤姆和约翰都不聪明) 四、动词的时态和语态 注意:在江苏高考中,动词的时态和语态经常是结合在一起进行考察的,也成了每年的必考点。试题呈现“情景立意”和“能力立意”的趋势,注重在具体语境中考察时态和语态的用法。依照近几年江苏高考题动词时态、语态考点分布的情况来看,一般过去时,现在完成时,过去完成时,现在完成进行时是考察的热点。 1、 有些固定结构或句型有自己的时态,例如:by+一段时间 过去的时间(过去完成时) 现在的时间(现在完成时) for+一段时间 完成时态(不是绝对) 2、 过去完成时和过去时的区分 首先,过去完成时是完成时态,强调的是“过去的过去”,即对现在的影响,使用频率低于过去时。有很多句子直接选择简单粗暴的过去时就好,因为其仅仅描述了一个过去的事实,不强调对现在的影响,也没有明显的、可以使用过去完成时的句型结构或语境。 3、 现在进行时:除了表示动作或状态正在进行,有时候考点在于: 1)现阶段正在进行的行为或状态(the manager is acting so angrily this week) 2)带有某种强烈的感情色彩,经常与always, continually等连用,翻译成“总是,一直” 3)比较少见,有些句子中没有明显的进行时态的时间标志,但分析句子得出整体时态背景应该是现在时,再通过排除最终选择一个现在进行时或现在完成进行时。 4、 少见的将来进行时/现在完成进行时/过去完成进行时,可以根据排除法:1)分析得出总体时态(很重要!!)是现在还是过去 2)语法(词性,搭配,句型,语态等) 3)句意(因为中英文化差异,有些用中文思维一眼认为通顺甚至完美的时态并不符合英文习惯,例如中文觉得翻译成已经xxxx了很合适,但是英文中使用完成时态是有限制的。) 总结:一般过去时不LOW 句子结构复杂或生词多的时候不要慌,坚持看完,不要掐头去尾!然后得出一个总体时态背景,即现在时还是过去时,至少可以排除1-2个答案。 五、非谓语动词 注意:非谓语动词是江苏高考的必考内容。考察重点为非谓语动词作状语。试题的特征呈现出“情景化”和“设问角度多样化”的趋势。 1、 have done(Having done)强调动作发生有明显的先后,明显发生句子的谓语动作之前且是主动则用完成式Having done。 2、 to+完成时态(to have done/to have been done),表示动作发生在过去。to+do(be done)表示将来。 3、 非谓语动词考题经常与词组的固定搭配一起考,例如be convinced of sth,作非谓语动词(状语,主语等成分)时,be需要改成being的形式 4、 有些考了很多年的易错词或词组,不一定就完全弃用不会考了,例如大家看烦了的base,permit,,adj+to do 结构,感官动词,worth/worthy,be up to sb. to do sth。因为近几年试题的情景化比较强,所以出题者可以变化一个情景,并有意将搭配中的一部分用从句或其它成分隔开,那么就需要考生分析句子成分,找到横线部分缺少的是词组搭配中的哪一部分。 5、 积累一些用主动形式表示被动意义的搭配:be worh doing sth be to blame be+adj+to do结构等 6、 独立主格结构经常与非谓语动词一起考,因为非谓语动词前面如果带有一个逻辑主语(且与句子的主语不一致),在句中作状语(时间,原因,条件,方式等),这种结构我们称之为独立主格结构。 注: 除了非谓语动词形式(现在分词/过去分词/不定式)的独立主格结构,还有其它形式的独立主格结构和with(without)复合结构形式的独立主格结构: n./代词+being+adj(He stood there,his mouth wide open.) n./代词+介词短语(He sat there, his eyes on her back) There/It being+n./代词/adj(There being no one to turn to, the boy had to stand up himself.) With+现在分词(She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her.) 六、情态动词和虚拟语气 注意:近几年江苏高考对情态动词和虚拟语气的考察呈上升趋势。命题立意不偏不怪,情景接近真实,设问角度趋于细微化和综合化。对情态动词和虚拟语气的考察以对过去的“推测”和“虚拟”为重点。虚拟语气在具体语境中的运用也是考察的重点。 1、 can/could表示可能性(说话者主观猜测的可能性)时,经常用于否定句或疑问句中,could既可以表示过去也可以表示现在的可能性,只不过语气比can弱一点。 2、 may/might的特殊用法: might与第二/三人称连用,表示一种批评,谴责或不满(You might see the difference. You might listen when I am talking to you.) may well+动词原形 很有可能,大有可能 may/might as well+动词原形 不妨…. 大可以….. 1、 表请求,允许,允诺: could/might/would等过去式表示委婉语气。 Shall 在疑问句中与第一/三人称连用,表示征求对方意见,翻译成“可以吗?好吗?” Shall 在陈述句中与第二/三人称连用,表示征求命令/指示,警告/威胁,允诺或宣布法律规定 2、 情态动词无论是表达推测还是虚拟语气,只要是对过去发生的事情进行描述,一律用“情态动词+have done”这一结构。 3、 至于句子是否需要使用虚拟语气,尤其是对既包含陈述语气又包含虚拟语气的语境,我们在分析具体语境的同时,要特别注意一些特殊词汇和句式中的虚拟语气,然后根据语法正确套用虚拟语气的形式。 特殊句式:例如: 1)错综时间条件句,条件从句的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致,需要具体问题具体对待。 2)虚拟条件句中的谓语动词含有were, should, had时,if可省略,并且将were, should, had置于句首。 3)条件句指的是没有直接给出假设情况的条件,而需要通过上下文或其他方式来判断的情况( I would have come to see you, but I was too busy.) 特殊句式词汇,例如:1)It is necessary/important/strange/natural that….. it is requested/suggested/desired/proposed that….. it is a pity that…..引导的主语从句要使用虚拟语气,谓语动词用should+动词原形 2)wish后面的宾语从句表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望,常用虚拟语气 3)would rather, had rather, would sooner之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望,常用虚拟语气 4)表示建议,愿望,请求或命令等词(arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest)后的宾语从句中,用should+动词原形 5)在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后面的并于从句也可以使用should+动词原形,翻译成”竟然”,表示惊讶,怀疑或不满。 5)在advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名词后面的同位语或表语从句中,用should+动词原形 6)在for fear that, in case, lest(都可以翻译成以防…….)引导的目的状语从句中,如需要用虚拟语气,用should+动词原形 7)在so that, in order that(都可以翻译成以为了…….,目的是…….)引导的目的状语从句中,如需要用虚拟语气,用can/may/could/should/will/would+动词原形 8)as if, as though引导的方式状语从句中常使用虚拟语气 9)even if, even though引导的让步状语从句中也可以使用should+动词原形 10)在amazed, angry, annoyed, happy, pleased等明显情感的形容词后面也可以用should+动词原形,翻译成”竟然” 11)It is (high/about)time句型中,谓语动词用一般过去时或should+动词原形 12)if only句型中,从句用一般过去时(表示与现在事实相反或现在不可能实现)或过去完成时(表示与过去事实相反或过去不可能实现),表示虚拟语气 13)某些介词(短语)或连词引导的含蓄条件句,虽然不是正二八经的一个假设情况的条件从句,但仍可以判断为虚拟条件句,这类词有:but for, but that, without, in case of, supposing, for fear that….. 14)what if 句型中,翻译成“要是….。怎么办?句子使用虚拟语气 七、定语从句和名词性从句 注意:主从复合句是英语中非常重要的句子结构,历年高考都注重对定语从句和名词性从句的考查。含有定语从句和名词性从句的考题题干往往在句意上紧跟时代,在结构上越来越复杂。 对名词性从句的考查一直强调关系代词和关系副词在具体语境中的运用。对名词性从句的考查关注基本连接词的具体运用。另外,定语从句、名词性从句与其他从句或句型的混合使用也是考查考生语言能力的手段之一。 1、 判断定语从句:1)有一个先行词,整个从句作定语,相当于adj,修饰前面的先行词。2)关系词在从句中充当多种成分。 2、 名词性从句的连词分为两类 1)从属连词:只起连接作用,不充当句子任何成分 2)连接代词或副词:既起连接作用,也在句子中充当成分 3、同位语从句和定语从句的区分:1)被修饰词上:同位语从句的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope等具有一定内涵的名词;定语从句的先行词可以是名词,代词,主句的一部分或整个句子。 2)性质上(作用上):同位语从句相当于一个名词,对前面的抽象名词进行解释说明;定语从句相当于一个形容词,对先行词进行修饰或限制。 3)引导词在句子中的成分上:that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,且不能用which代替;that引导定语从句时,在从句中做成分,指物时可以用which代替。 3、 If和whether引导宾语从句时,只能用whether的情况: 1)介词后面的宾语从句,只能用whether(I’m thinking of whether we should go fishing.) 2)与or not连用,只能用whether(I can’t say whether or not he will come on time.) 3)与不定式连用,只能用whether(We are still doubtful as to whether he is the true murderer.) 4)宾语从句置于句首,只能用whether(Whether they can finish the work on time, we don’t know.) 4、 宾语从句的注意事项: 1)否定转移情况:当主句的谓语动词是“想,认为”等意义的动词(think, believe, imagine, suppose, expect, guess),若后面的从句需要表达否定意思,则必须把都否定转移到主句中,如I don’t think/believe……的形式,但翻译时仍需要回归原来。 2)可以用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的宾语从句(I think it necessary that…….) 3)有些动词,如hate, like, take, own, have等后接宾语从句时,需在从句前面加it(约定俗成的固定用法) (I hate it when they talk with their mouth full of food.) (When you start the engine, you must see to it that the car is in neutral.) 1、 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区分: 1)结构不同:非限制性定语从句常有逗号隔开;限制性定语从句没有逗号。 2)先行词不同:限制性定语从句的先行词一般为名词或代词;非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词,代词,短语或整个句子。 3)功能不同:限制性定语从句对先行词进行修饰或限制,不可删除,否则意思不明确;非限制性定语从句仅仅对先行词进行补充说明,删除不影响句意。 4)翻译不同:限制性定语从句常常翻译成前置定语;非限制性定语从句一般单独译成一句话,补充说明主句。 2、 as和which的用法区别: 1)位置上:as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前,之中,之后;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。 2)搭配上:引导非限制性定语从句时,as常与一些固定搭配(such…as… so….as…. the same as…. as….as….) 3)表达意义上:as可以翻译成“正如,正像”,表达说话人的观点,看法;which可以翻译成“这一点,这件事” 4)句法上:as与一些实义动词(expect ,see, know, hear, watch, remember, say, tell, show, guess)连用,几乎成了一种约定俗成的固定搭配。(As we all expected,….) 7、有些情况下,when, where关系副词有时也可以变成关系代词,即since when, from where的特殊形式。(She climbed up the top of the temple, from where she could see some things in the distance.) 8、有些表示地点含义的抽象名词(point, position, situation, stage, state),常用where引导定语从句,但也不是绝对,要具体问题具体分析。(As Charles Darwin wrote in The Descent of Man, “the highest possible stage in moral culture is when we recognize that we ought to control our minds.”) 八、并列句和状语从句 注意:近几年江苏高考题中并列句很少涉及;对状语从句的考查是单选题热点之一,考查的重点是考生容易混淆的近似连词的选用。在试题的命制上,更强调语境的真实性和知识的综合性,考生需具备语言理解能力和运用能力。 1、 时间状语从句:when: 当…..的时候 while: 与此同时,有强烈的对比意味(主从句的时态通常是相同的) as: 当….的时候;一边….一边….. 2、一….就….. 的单词/短语/结构: as soon as…. hardly/scarcely/rarely…..when/before…. no sooner….than…..(主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时)(We had hardly started when it began to rain.) immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the instant,the minute后面直接跟一个句子,也可以表示一….就…..的意思。(Immediately he entered, the people shouted cheerfully.) 1、 条件状语从句:On condition that…………. Providing(Provided)that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 假如….(现在分词/过去分词) Given that he buried himself in his study, he would get high scores in the exam. 只要….就… (被动—过去分词) 2、 原因状语从句:as引导原因状语从句时,语气比because, since弱,仅是一种附加说明,可放在句首或句尾。 短语引导的原因状语从句:now that(既然) seeing that(因为) considering that(鉴于,考虑到) in that(因为/在于) 3、 让步状语从句:though/although/as引导的让步状语从句位于句首,而从句中的表语/状语/谓语动词提前并置于句子开头时要用倒装,若表语是名词,习惯上省略冠词(Child as he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.) 注: as引导让步状语从句,译为“尽管…时,习惯上一定要将从句中的表语/状语/谓语动词提前置句首,用倒装形式。Though可以单独作副词置于句末,且前面有逗号隔开,although则不能作副词。 4、 地点状语从句:where引导的定语从句和地点状语从句的区分: He used to work hard on the farm where they lived. (定语从句) I will go where you ask me to go. (状语从句) 5、 状语从句的省略:状语从句经常运用省略形式,使句子更加简洁,生动。 Although (she is) a little girl, ……………….. When (it is) possible, …………………. She has finished the work earlier than (it has been) expected. 九、特殊句式 注意: 尽管近几年江苏高考在单项填空中对特殊句式考查得不多,但各种特殊句式的基本形式以及在具体语境中的运用仍是高考必备的语言知识。 1、 完全倒装:句子的整个谓语动词直接前置到主语前面 部分倒装:助动词、情态动词或系动词提到主语前面,句子本身的谓语动词不移动 2、 only置于句首,修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句时,句子用部分倒装;但如果only置于句首,修饰的是主语,其后语序不用倒装。(Only he can answer the question.) 3、 so/neither/nor+系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语,即翻译成”…..也是、……也不是…..、……..都不”的时候,句式也是用的部分倒装(So did he.),但如果so…只是表示对前句内容的肯定或附和,翻译成“确实如此,正是这样”,则用正常语序即可(So he is. 确实如此) 4、 强调句:一般来说,判断句子是强调句还是其它从句:如果把句子中的It is/was和that去掉,稍加调整语序,能还原成一个完整句子且句意完整的就是强调句;否则就是其他从句。 It was at 8:00 that he telephoned me and told me the news. (强调句) It was 8:00 when he telephoned me and told me the news. (when引导的时间状语从句) 1、 省略句:有些省略是经过长期发展,约定俗成的:if possible, ………………. As slowly as possible What if+句子 2、 插入语:位置灵活,可以句首、句中或句末;将其删掉后句子结构仍然是完整的。最常见的What(do you think)+从句,从句注意要用陈述句语序。 十、情景交际 注意: 从近五年高考的考点设置来看,情景交际是高考的必考内容。命题语境基于日常生活场景,注重社会交往和情感态度方面的合理表达,并且和其他语法知识混合考查。 十一、动词及动词短语 注意: 动词和动词短语在特定的语境中的灵活运用是近几年江苏英语高考的考查热点,而且有加大考查力度的趋势。考查重点集中在:易混常用动词及动词短语;受汉语影响易误用的动词及动词短语;部分基础动词及动词短语较高级的用法;考纲新增动词及动词短语。 动词和动词短语是英语中最灵活、最难掌握的词,主要出现在单项选择及完形填空中)。 1)考纲要求在复习备考中要掌握以下几个方面: 1.动词的词义; 2.动词搭配; 3.动词短语; 4.及物动词和不及物动词的特殊用法; 5.常用动词的用法; 6.熟记20个高频动词构成的短语用法(break, bring, call, carry, come, cut, die, give, go, get, hold, look, make, pick, put, set, take, turn, set等) 2)主要考点概览如下: 1.实义动词sell, write, wash, wear等词用主动形式表被动意义; 2.happen, occur, break out, come out, belong to等为不及物动词或短语,无被动形式; 3.同义、近义或结构近似的动词或短语动词的辨析; 4.由get, turn, break ,take, set, come等动词构成的动词短语; 5.have和get常见的用法; 6.appear, seem和look的用法与区别。 3)动词词义辨析: 1、形状相同的动词之间辨义。如:lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, raise; sit, seat等。 2、意义相近的动词之间辨义。如:borrow, lend; speak, say, talk; hope, wish等。 3、动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词的辨义。如:advise, advice; cost, worth; pass, past 等。 4、意义不同,但容易混淆的动词的辨义。如:explain, say; discover, invent, uncover; find, find out等。 5、某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨义。如:ask, give, call, make, find, get, keep, want, see, hear等。 6、某些常用动词短语的辨义。如:give in, give up, turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。 4)易混动词归纳对比 1、lay(放), lie(躺) lie(说谎) 放 lay laid laid laying 及物动词 躺 lie lay lain lying 不及物动词 说谎 lie lied lied lying 不及物动词 2、rise和raise:rise,rose, risen;raise是及物动词,是规则动词。 3、hear与listen to:hear侧重点是听到,听见什么,而listen to是侧重于听的倾向,但hear用于无意中的听见,而listen to却用于集中注意力的听。 4、see, watch和look: see用作看电影,剧目;watch则用作看电视比赛,而watch还有在旁观看之意。如:Are you going to play or only watch?;look一般用作不及物动词,只是当盯着某人看时用作及物动词,如:The little boy looked me in the face.(小男孩直盯着我的脸。) 5、wind和wound:wind意为蜿蜒而行,wound,wound;动词原形wound意为伤害,wounded,wounded。 6、hang的用法:hang有两个意思:一为悬挂,hung,hung;二为绞刑,hanged,hanged。 7、bear的过去分词born与borne: bear作为出生讲有两个过去分词born,borne。 只有当be+born…短语后没有by介词短语时,才可用born。如:He was born in Shanghai. 而作它用时要用borne。如:She has borne five children. 但如果作忍受讲,则一律用borne。 8、sit与seat:seat为及物动词时是作容纳讲,sit只是表示一动作。seat如果表示就座时要用be seated。如:They were seated at their desks. 或用seat oneself, 比如:I seated myself in the armchair. 9、borrow, lend与keep:借入英文中用borrow,借出用lend,但这两个词都是截止性动词或瞬间动词,不能用于长时间的动作,所以我能借多久应用keep。 10、win与beat:win作胜、赢讲时其后应接,a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, a bet,但不能接人,如果接人则有另外的含意。如:I have won him. 即我已说服他了,我赢得他的好感。而beat是及物动词为击败、胜过讲,直接接人、队。 11、steal与rob:steal为偷。rob为抢,其用法不同。steal其后接物+from+某人、某地,而rob其后接人+of+抢的物品。 12、fit与suit:fit与suit均可作合适讲,但英文中却用在不同的地方。如fit用于尺寸大小的合适,而suit则多用于颜色式样的合适。 13、take, bring 与fetch:英文中拿三个词,即拿来,拿去,去取然后回来(即双程)。所以拿来,带来是bring,拿去带走是take,而去取回来是fetch。 14、shut与close:shut与close有时是可以互换的,但有些地方则不可这样做。如:在正式场合多用close,而在命令,态度粗暴的场合则用shut。如:Shut your mouth!(闭嘴);又如:Shut up. 在指铁路、公路交通关闭或停止使用的场合,则要用close。 15、answer与reply:作为回答讲answer是及物动词,如作不及物动词,则意义不同,如answer for,意为向某人或向某事负责。而reply作回答讲是不及物动词,后跟宾语时,要加上to。 16、reach,arrive与get to:reach当到达讲是及物动词,而当延伸和拿得到、拿不到时讲,则是不及物动词。作到达讲时还有get to, arrive(at/in)。 17、cost,spend与take:英文中花费有三个词cost, spend, take,但各有不同用法。 cost作 “花费”讲,主语不能是人,而spend的主语不能是物。如: she spent all his money on stamps.而take作花费讲时,可用人也可用物做主语。更多的用法是用形式主语it,如 It takes me three hours to finish this work. 18、lost, gone与missing:作补足语时意为丢失、不见了,可以用lost, gone,但要用 miss时则不能用missed, 而要用missing. 19、have on, wear, put on及dress:作穿衣服讲的动词分为状态和动作两种。 have on与wear作穿着状态讲;但have on不用进行时态,而wear则常要用进行时态。 put on是动作,但dress既可用作状态,又可用作穿衣动作,但用作状态时要用其过去分词作形容词如:He was dressed in a b1ue suit 作动作讲时,其后不要接衣物而要接反身代词或表示人、物的名词,如:I dress my children in the morning every day. 20、begin与start begin与Start 均可作开始讲,并无多少区别,同样可接不定式或动名词。但在下面的场合多要用Start: 1)机器的开动发动; 2)旅途的开始。如 :we shou1d have to start early because there was a lot traffic in the street。 21、allow 与permit allow与permit其后直接接动作时要用动名词,如接人后再接动词则要用不定式,所以用在被动语态时一定要用不定式。如:People are not allowed to spit. 22、find与found find找到的过去式和过去分词都是found, 而found是动词“建立”的原形,其过去式和过去分词是founded,founded, 如:The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. 23、speak, say, talk 与tell 英文中讲有4个词,speak, say, talk, tell. 但其中speak, talk多用作不及物动词,但speak后加语言名词时则用作及物动词,如:Please speak English。 而say与tell是及物动词,其中tell常用作接双宾语,如:Tell me a story。但也有些特定的习惯用法,如:在作讲实话,讲谎言,表示时间常用单宾语而不能换其它词,如:My watch was broken. It couldn’t tell time correctly。 在书信、便条、海报上写着英文应为It said... 在作辨别不同讲时是tell,如:Can you tell me the difference between the two? 而讲别人好坏话时用speak,如:The father always speaks well of his son.。 24、excuse me 与sorry excuse me用于来打拢对方前以提醒对方注意的提示语,而sorry则表达因作了某事向对方道歉。 25、care for 与care to do care for其后要接不定式时则要省去for或换用名词,如:Would you care for a cup of tea?但care for作照顾讲时与look after相同。 26、与名词易混的动词有: advise(v.), advice (n.); accept(v.), except(prep.); pass(v.), past(prep.); bathe(v.), bath(n.); breathe(v.), breath(n.); choose(v.), choice(n.); succeed(v.), success(n.); 27、意义相近的动词: ring 摇铃,打铃,电话铃响, strike 专指敲钟,打几点,撞击; suggest 提出实验性或推测性的建议, advice 表示对经验不足人的一种忠告; look 由视觉得出的印象, seem 暗示一定根据的判定, appear 外表印象而实际或结果并非如此; stay 停留,逗留, remain 遗物,某物被取走一部分后剩余部分; discover (发现)找到早已存在但未被人所了解的东西, invent (发明)研制出不存在的东西; remember 记忆起以前经历或知道的事, remind 提醒某人做某事。 28、动词 + 副词 + 介词:catch up with, look forward to, come up with, keep up with, go in for, look down on, get on with … 29、动词 + 介词to的词组有:come to, stick to, object to, agree to, turn to, attend to, belong to, devote to, reply to … 30、与in相结合的动词有:give in, hand in, bring in, drop in, succeed in, take in, check in, engage in, fill in, trade in … 5)常见高频动词短语总结 1. break break away 摆脱;逃跑 break down (机器)出故障;中断;分解 break into 闯入;打断;突然中断 break off 中断;折断;突然停止 break out 突然发生;爆发 break through 突破;克服;挣脱而出 break up 打碎;中断;分解 break in 破门而入;打断(谈话);插嘴 2. bring bring about 引起;造成 bring down 使倒下;使下降;使受挫折 bring forward 提出;提前(=put forward) bring into operation 实施;使生效 bring out 显示出来;出版;生产 bring up 提出;教育;培养;吐出 bring back 把---送回;使想起;恢复 bring in 引进;挣得 3. call call for 需要;要求;邀请 call off 取消;停止 call on 拜访;看望;号召 call up 打电话;使人想起;召集 call at 访问 call in 请来;召集 call back 回电话;召回 4. come come about 发生 come across 偶遇;碰到;讲清楚 come along 进展;成功;一道走 come into effect 生效 come off 发生;举行;成功 come on 快点;走吧;有进展 come out 出来;结果是出版 come round/around 再现;恢复知觉;改变看法 come through 经历;获得成功 come to 苏醒;达到;总数为 come up 发生;走上前去;(时间)快到 come up to 达到(高度、程度);符合 come up against 碰到(困难) come up with 赶上;提出 come back 回来;反驳 come true 变为现实 5. cut cut across 绕劲道穿过;超越;遮住 cut back 削减;终止;急忙返回 cut down 削减;减少 cut in 插嘴;打断;突然出来 cut off 切断;中断;隔绝 cut out 删掉;戒掉 cut short 中断;打断;缩短 6. carry carry on 继续;坚持 carry out 执行;实施 carry through 帮助度过难关;完成;实现 7. die die away 渐弱 die down 熄灭;平静下来 die of 因----(病)死亡 die from 因----(外部原因)死亡 die out 灭绝;绝种 be dying to do sth. 迫切想做某事 8. give give away 赠送;颁发;泄露;告发;失去 give out 分发;公布;公开;用完(vi);耗尽(vi) give off 发出;放出 give up 放弃;自首;将-----交给某人(to sb.);对某人不报希望(on sb.) give in 屈服;投降;让步;上交;呈交 9. go go along 进展;陪同前往 go by 时间过去;经过;遵守 go down 下降;下沉;下跌 go for 去;选择;想要;攻击(用语言) go in for 从事;爱好;参加(选拔赛、考试等) go into 研究;调查,从事 go off 离开;爆炸;食品变坏;断电;熄灭;(与副词连用或用于疑问句)进行;发生 go on 继续进行;发生;上场 go out 离开;熄灭;过时 go over 复习;仔细查看;检查;审查 go through 通过;经历(苦难);仔细检查 go up 上升;增长;涨价 10. get get through 浏览;翻阅;经历困难(痛苦);做完某事 get in 收割;收获;收集;购买;买进;插话 get over 克服;战胜;熬过;做完;结束;走完 get on 继续;进行;上车 get round 传播;散播;说服某人;回避;避开 get about 四处走动;传开 get across 传达;使---让人理解 get along/on (with) 进展;相处 get down 记下;下来;下车;使---人忧愁 get down to(介词) 开始认真干 get back 恢复;回来;收回 get out 泄露;逃离 get tighter 聚会;收集 11. hold hold back 阻碍;阻止;控制;抑制;隐瞒;保留;犹豫不决 hold up 举起;抬起;拿起;支撑;耽搁;使停顿;拦劫;抢劫;举出,提出 hold out 维持;坚持;伸出;拿出 hold off 拖延;延迟 12. keep keep away(from) 使远离 keep back 扣除,保留;隐瞒 keep off 避开;不接近 keep on 继续 keep out 挡在外边;(警示语)请勿靠近 keep up 保持,不低落;持续,继续 keep up with 跟上 13. look look after 照顾;关心 look out 看;当心;查阅;观察 look back 回头看;回顾 look down on/upon 轻视;看不起 look for 寻找;寻求;期望 look forward to 盼望;期待 look in 顺便看望;顺便拜访 look into 调查,深入了解 look on 观看; 旁观 look over 翻阅;浏览 look through 浏览;详细调查 look up 查阅;查出 14. make make for 向----前进,快速走向 make out 理解,领悟;辨认出,写出 make up 组成,占----比例;弥补,补偿;捏造 make up for 弥补,补偿 make up of 由---组成;包含有 15. pick pick out 挑出;分辨出;区别出 pick up 拿起;捡起;收拾;偶然获得,学会,接收(节目);(开车)去接;(顺便)捎带 16. put put across 解释清楚;使人接受 put aside 放在一边;储存;保留 put away 放好;收好 put down 写下;记下;镇压 put forward 提出;推荐;把---提前 put in 伸进;提出;提交;申请,请求 put in for 申请;正式要求 put off 延期;推迟;关掉;阻止,妨碍 put on 穿上;戴上;上演;增加(体重) put out 熄灭;关灯;生产出,出版 put up 举起;修建;提供 put up with 忍受;容忍 put through (把电话)接通;做完;向—传达,提出(to sb.);使经受—的考验 17. send send away 送走;解雇 send for 派人去请 send out 发送;长出;发出(光、信号等) send up 上升;发射 18. set set about 开始做,着手 set apart 使分离;使显得突出 set aside 留出;拨出 set back 推迟,阻碍;使花费 set down 记下,写下 set off 动身出发;引起;使爆炸(cause to explode) set out 动身出发;引起;表示“着手做”时后跟动词不定式 set up 建立;创立;引起 19. take take after 与----相似 take apart 拆卸(机器) take away 拿走;时离开;消除(病痛等) take down 记下来;拆掉 take for (错)当作;(误)认为 take in 吸收;接受;领会;欺骗 take off 起飞;匆匆离去;脱下 take on 呈现;采纳;承担,从事 take one’s time 不要着急,慢慢地做 take over 接收,接管,取代 take to 喜欢;养成---的习惯 take up 占据,占(时间、空间);开始从事 20. turn turn down 关小,调低,拒绝 turn off 关上/掉;转向;(使某人感到厌烦) turn out 关(灯);制造;结果是;原来是;培养 turn over (使)翻转/身;移交;周转;仔细考虑 turn to 求助于;(使)转向;(把注意力等)转向;翻书到 turn up 开大;被发现,被找到;到达;露面 5)动词搭配(配套练习) 1.add to增加,增进 add … to把…加进… add up相加 add up to总计,所有这一切说明 1) I don't think these facts will ________ anything. 2) Fifty new books have been ________ the library. 3) The music _________ our enjoyment of the film. 4) You must have made a mistake when you _______ the bill ________. (add up to, added to, add to, added…up ) 2. break away from打破,脱离,挣脱,改掉 break down出毛病,身体(精神)衰弱,分解,拆开 break off暂停,中断 break in强行进入,插话 break into闯入 break into pieces成为碎片 break out爆发 break up捣碎,驱散,瓦解,学期结束,拆散 break through突破 1) The criminal managed to break _______ ______ the police and ran into the woods. 2) When he heard the news, he broke _______ and cried. 3) Don't break ________ while others are speaking. 4) Why don't you break ________ for a few minutes and have some coffee? 5) When does school break ________? 6) After harvest we break _________ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen. (away from, down, in, off, up, up ) 3. bring up抚养,呕吐,提出 bring about造成 bring out拿出,出版 bring in引入,引进,挣钱 bring back使回想起 bring down使下降,使倒下 1) The shopkeeper brought his price _________ to only five dollars. 2) The school has brought _________ new foreign teachers to teach oral English. 3) The song brought ___________ happy memories of our schooldays. 4) Do you know what brought ___________ this misunderstanding? 5) The kind old man agreed to bring __________ the young orphan. 6) We decided to bring the matter ___ at the next meeting. 7) The wind brought _______ a lot of trees last night. 8) Next month they will bring ________ a new edition of the book. (down, in, back, about, up, up, down, out ) 4. call on号召,拜访(某人) call at拜访、参观(某地) call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要 call up使回忆起, 征召入伍 call in召集,请某人来 call out大喊,高叫 call off取消,不举行 1) Doctors are often called _____ in the middle of the war. 2) Please wait for me at home. I'll call ______you at your house at seven tonight. 3) The trains calls _______ several big cities between Beijing and Guangzhou. 4) He called her name __________, but she didn't answer. 5) The sports meet was called ____ on account of the rain. (in, for, at, out, off) 5. come about发生,出现 come down下跌,落,降,传下来 come in进来 come into (sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect) come on来临/ 快点 come out出版,结果是 come along一道来,赶快 come to达到 (an end/an agreement/a stop)苏醒,合计,总共是 come over走过来 come up发芽,走近 come across偶然碰到 come back回想起 come from来自,源自 1) I come _________ the book I lent you last month. 2) How did it come _________ that you both got lost? I thought you had a map. 3) It suddenly came _________ to me where I had seen the boy before. 4) Come __________ now, or else we shall be late. 5) He came __________ me like a tiger. 6) The price of petrol has come _________ since the beginning of this year. 7) The word came __________ use many years ago. 8) When the examination result came _________, he had already got a job. 9)The bill came __________ over a thousand dollars. 10) I sowed the seeds over a month ago, but they haven't come __________ yet. (for, about, back, on, at, down, into, out, to, up ) 6. cut across抄近路 cut down砍倒,削减 cut off切断,割掉,断绝关系 cut up连根拔除,切碎 through剪断,凿穿 cut out删(省)掉,戒掉 cut in插嘴 1) Don't cut ___ this tree. It will be very shady in summer. 2) You must cut ________ the number of cigarettes you smoke, or it will cause illness. 3) We decided to cut _________ the moor(旷野) to the village. 4) Cutting the tree ____ means cutting the tree into pieces. 5) The electricity was cut ___________ when the lady refused to pay the bill. 6) We were having a pleasant conversation when Tom cut __________. (down, down, across, up, off, in ) 7. die of (disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于(疾病,饥饿,寒冷,情感原因) die from死于(意外事故、情形) die away渐渐消逝 die out绝种 die down(炉火)渐熄 die off逐一死去 8. fall behind落后 fall over one's feet 跌跤 fall down掉下,跌倒 fall back撤退,后退 1) Babies often fall _____ when they are learning to walk. 2) Our team seems to have fallen __________ the others. 3) As soon as the enemies fell __________, the people returned to their villa ge. 4) She fell__________ the bench and had her leg broken. (down, behind, back, over ) 9. go in for从事,喜爱,参加 go through通过,经受 go over复习,检查 go up(价格)上涨,建造起来 go after追捕,追赶 go against违反 go ahead先行,开始吧,问吧,说吧 go away离开 go by时间过去 go down下沉,降低,(日、月)西沉 go on(with)继续进行 go with相配,陪同 go without没有,缺少 go out外出,熄灭 go all out全力以赴 go off爆炸,进行,变坏,断电,停止供应 go back on背约,食言 go beyond超出 1) Many new factories have gone __ in the past few years. 2) Rents have gone __________ greatly recently. 3) Many years have gone ___________ since we first met. 4) Let's continue our journey until the sun goes _______. 5) His actions went ___________ the will of the people, 6) I can't do it, for it goes ___________ my duty. 7) Over 100 students went ____________ this entrance examination. 8) The bomb went ____________ and killed ten people. 9) The buyer went __________ the car carefully before reaching a decision. 10) This tie doesn't go ___________ my blue shirt. 11) If you think you can solve the problem, go ______. 12) Many students went __________ playing basketball. (up, up, by, down, against, beyond, through, off, over, with, ahead, in for 10. get down下来,记下,使沮丧 get down to致力于,专心于 get on进展,进步,穿上,上车 get off脱下,下车 get in收集,插(话) get away逃跑,逃脱,去休假 get over忘记,越过,克服,从疾病中恢复 get along with进展,相处 get up起床 get through打通电话,完成,通过 get round消息传开 get close to sth. 接近,几乎 get into (trouble) get to (know) get back取回,收回 get out 出去 1) She spoke so fast that I couldn't get ____ what he said. 2) We will find ways to get _________ difficulties. 3) The story has got __________, and everyone knows about it. 4) When I get _________ with the report, I'll go to the cinema. 5) After a delicious meal the two men got __________ to business. 6) Don't always get __________ a word when others are speaking. 7) It took me a long time to get ___________ such an unpleasant experience. (down, over, round, through, down, in, over) 11. give away赠送,泄露,出卖 give out发出,疲劳,分发,公布 give off发出(光、热、气体) give in (to sb.) 屈服 give up放弃,让(座位) 1) His accent at last gave him __________. 2) The liquid gave ________ a strong smell. 3) The headmaster gave ___________ the names of the prize-winners. 4) The soldiers gave _________ the town to the enemies. 5) Who will help me to give the books ___________? 6) Don't believe in those who give his friends ________. 7) After a long walk, my strength gave ____________. (away, off, out, up, out, away, out) 12. hand in交上,提交 hand out分发 hand down流传,遗传 13. hang about闲逛 hang up挂电话 14. hold back阻止,隐瞒 hold up举起,使停顿 hold on别挂电话,等,坚持 hold out持续,坚持,伸出 hold down控制,镇压 1) I'm sure he is holding something _________. 2) She managed to hold____ her emotion until her guests had left.Then she cried. 3) Tell him to hold ________ a moment. I'll come soon. 4) Our food supply won't hold _________ for more than a few days. 5) The train was held ________ as a result of the floods. 6) These measures helped to hold __________ the city's population. 7) Hold ___________ your left arm, please. (back, back, on, out, up, down, up) 15. keep up (courage, English, spirits)保持, keep up with跟上 keep off (grass)不接近,离开 keep away from避开,不接近,离…远远的 keep out of keep to (rules, promise)坚持,遵守 keep on继续,坚持下来 keep back阻止,留下,隐瞒,扣下 keep from克制,阻止 1) The angry lady told the strangers to keep ________ from her. 2) I can hardly keep ________ my tears after hearing his words. 3) Only pride kept her __________ bursting into tears. 4) I can scarcely keep __________ asking him what he has done. 5) "Don't touch me," screamed the woman, "Keep __________!" 6) Keep _________ until you succeed. 7) Keep _________ your courage, and you'll succeed in the end. 8) The thick coat can keep the cold ___________. 9) Always try to keep ___________ the rules when you play a game. 10) I can't keep ________ with everything you're doing. (away, back, from, from, off, on, up, out, to, up) 16. knock at/on敲 knock into撞到某人身上 knock down撞倒 knock out of把…敲出 knock over撞倒 knock off停止工作,休息 1) The boxer soon knocked his opponent _________. 2) The office stuff knocks _________ at six every day. 3) Try knocking ___ the window and see if there is anyone indoors. 4) He was so absorbed in his book that he knocked ______the car parked there. (down, off, on, into) 17. leave for离开前往 leave out删去,遗漏 leave behind遗留,忘记拿走 leave to留给,遗嘱赠于 leave over遗留,剩下,延期 1) "Whose name has been left __________?" demanded the teacher. 2) When he died, he left all his property _____ his niece. 3) He suddenly realized that he had left his umbrella ___________. 4) Don't leave this matter _________ until tomorrow. 5) Leave some meat ___________ for tomorrow. 6) Those are questions left _________ by history. (out, to, behind, over, over, over) 18. look up查找,向上看 look through翻阅,浏览 look on旁观 look on…as看作 look into调查 look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找 look out(for)当心 look about / around/round四下查看 look down upon瞧不起 look back upon回忆,回顾 look sb.up and down仔细打量某人 look sb in the face/eyes直视某人 1) I spent two hours looking ______ the students' papers. 2) Look _______! There is a big hole in front. 3) He took part in the game, and the rest of us just looked ____and cheered for him. 4) The old man looked _____ upon the days of his youth. 5) She was so snobbish(势利)that she looked _______upon all his neighbours. 6) The police promised to look _____ the case as soon as possible. 7) He looked ___ but saw nobody, and he listened but hear nothing. (through, out, on, back, down, into, about/around/round) 19. make up编造,配制,打扮,组成 make up for弥补 make into / of / from 制成 make out弄懂,发现,看出,填写,开列(清单) make for走向,驶往,促使 1) Can you make this length of cloth __________ a suit? 2) I asked the driver if he was making ___________ London? 3) My father made __________ a check for me to buy the camera. 4) We must make the loss _______ next week./ He tried hard to make ________ for the damage he had done. 5) He made __________ a story, which I found hard to believe. 6) Someone is coming, but I can't make ___________ who it is. (into, for, out, up/up, up, out) 20. pass away去世 pass by经过 pass down(on)…to传给 pass through经历 pass over漠视,忽视 1) The old clock has been passed ____ to me from my grandfather's grandfather. 2) The man passed ___________ last week in peace. 3) We are passing ____________ difficult times. 4) The secretary passed _________the details in the first part of his report. (down, away, through, over) 21. pay back还钱,报复 pay for付钱,为…受到惩罚,因…得到报应 pay off还清 1) How much did you pay __________ the dictionary? 2) You should pay _________ the money you borrowed from me. 3) I'll pay him ____________ for all his crimes(罪行) against me. 4) Some day, you'll pay __________ what you have done today. 5) Has she pay ____________ the debt yet? (for, back, back, for, off) 22. pick up拾起,获得(information),接人,站起,收听, 自然习得(language/knowledge),恢复重获(pick up health) pick out挑选,辨认,看出 1) I picked the information __________ while waiting in the queue. 2) My friend has arranged to pick me _________ at 6:00. 3) The patient has picked ____ health during the last two weeks. 4) She picked _______ the most expensive pair of shoes. 5) I can't pick John ___________ in the crowd. 6) Can I pick __________ VOA with this short-wave radio? 7) He fell down suddenly, but picked himself ___________ quickly. (up, up, up, out, out, up, up) pick cotton/flower/leaves/words选词 23. put up搭起,张贴,举起,安装,投宿,安排住下 put up with忍受 put out伸出,扑灭 put off推迟 put into放进,翻译 put away放好,存钱 put down记下,平息 put on穿戴,上映,增加(put on weight/speed) put forward 提出,提前 put through 接通电话 put aside放到一边 put back放回 1) He put _________ half his wage every week. 2) The government soon put __________ the revolt(暴乱). 3) Put your watch __________. It's slow. 4) He put __________ his hand for me to shake. 5). Please put me __________ to Extension(分机)2. 6) We put ___________ for night at the village inn. 7) He is very proud, and he often put _________ airs.(摆架子) 8) We had a telephone put _____________ in our office. 9) I can't put __________ with your laziness. (away, down, forward, out, through, up, on, up, up) 24. pull down拆掉,推翻 pull on匆匆穿上 / off 脱 pull in进站 pull out取出,(火车)离站 pull down往下拉,拆毁 pull over驶到一边 pull through恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境 pull up(使)停住 1) The train slowly pulled ___ and disappeared in the distance. 2) All the old houses here have now been pulled _ _, and new ones are to be built. 3) The car pulled _________ when I blew the horn. 4) The doctor thinks the man will pull __________. 5) The driver pulled ________ at the traffic lights. (out, down, over, through, up) 25. push over推倒,刮倒 push ahead(on, forward)继续前进,坚持下去 push through排除困难办好谋事,努力设法通过,挤过 1) We've decided to push ____ with our plan to build a new road 2) Many trees were pushed __________ in the hurricane. 3) They were determined to push the new rules ______ at any cost.. 4) Take care not to push the baby _________. 5) They pushed ___________ the crowd and at last reached us. (on, over, through, over, through ) 26. run across偶然碰到 run after追逐,追捕 run away逃跑 run for竞选 run into偶然碰到(困难)遇见(人),相撞 run out of用完 1) If you drive so fast, you'll run _________ someone some day. 2) I ran __________ a friend of mine in the exhibition. 3) Our water has run ________. Can you fill up some more bottles? 4) Why do you always run __________ adventure? 5) He didn't want to run ___________ president that year. 6) In that way you will only run __________ difficulties. (into, across/into, out, after, for, into) 27. see off送行 see through看透,识破 see to照料,照管 28. send for派人去请 send off送行 send out发出(光亮)等 send up发射 29. set up建立 set off出发,触发,引起 set out动身,着手(to do),陈述 set about开始着手(doing) set to work(n.)开始做 set back拨回,使推迟 1) I shall set my watch ___________ by five minutes. 2) We set _____ reading the text aloud immediately the bell rang. 3) We set______at daybreak yesterday and we've been travelling ever since then. 4) I set __________ to advise him not to drink. 5) What were the reasons he set ___________ in his report? 6) The president set ____ a special group of soldiers to guard him. 7) The unpopular law set _________ a series of protests.(抗议) (back, about, off/out, out, out, up, off) 30. take off脱掉,起飞 take on呈现 雇佣 take away拿走 take in吸收,领会 take up从事,占用(时间空间) take down记录,取下 take back收回 take for误认为 take along随身带 take over接管 take out 1) I take _________ all I said about his dishonesty. 2) He went to the shelf and took __________ a book of poems. 3) At first I took him _________ a doctor. 4) I can see that most of you have taken_____everything that the teacher taught. 5) Bill has now taken __________ his father's business. 6) My job takes __________ most of my time. 7) The boss took ____________ twenty people for his new company. (back, down, for, in, over, up, on) take charge of负责, take sth. for granted想当然, take hold of抓住, take pride in以… ……为自豪, take the place of, 代替 take turns to do轮流做, take office就职 31. think of想起 think of…as把…看作 think out想出 think up想出 think about考虑 think over仔细考虑 think well of sb. 对某人看法好 32. turn off / on打开 turn over翻身,反复考虑,翻(书页),翻转 turn out证明为,结果,制造成品 turn to转向,求助 turn down调低,拒绝 turn against变得敌视,反对 turn away打发走,驱逐,转过脸去 turn back返回,转回去 turn round转过身来 turn up向上翻,露面,出现,音量调大 turn in上缴 turn upside down把倒置,弄得乱七八糟 1) The child turned __________ its mother for comfort. 2) Turn ___________ and let me see your face. 3) However much he turned the problem ____in mind, he could find no satisfactory solution. 4) The English evening party turned _________ a great success. 5) The sight of the accident was too much for her to bear, and she turned_. 6) The football stadium was full, and many people had to be turned ________. 7) The army turned him _____ on account of (因为) his poor health. 8) She turned the whole house ______ in her search for her missing purse. 9) Where did your purse turn ____________? I found it in the snow. 10) The villagers suddenly turned _______ the foreigners who lived nearby. 11) The factory turns ____________ 2000 new cars last year. (to, round, over, out, away, away, down, upside down, up, against, out) 1、易混常用动词及动词短语:见附录1 2、受汉语影响易误用的动词及动词短语: “害怕某人做某事”, fear后接宾语从句 “指导某人做某事”, instruct sb to do sth “原谅某人做某事”, excuse [forgive] sb. for doing sth. “拒绝某人做某事”, refuse to let sb. do sth. “惩罚某人做某事”, punish sb. for sth. 注: punish一词的常见搭配: punish sb. for his crime 处罚某人 punish sb. with [by] death 处某人以死刑 punish one's food 大吃, 特吃, 吃个痛快 The boy was punished for being late. 这男孩因迟到受到处分。 “建议某人做某事”, suggest one’s doing sth. “赞成某人做某事”, agree to let sb do sth “通知某人做某事”, inform 后接宾语从句 注: inform一词的常见搭配: be informed of 听说; 接到...的通知 be rightly /wrongly informed 得到正确的[错误的]知识[情报] be well informed about sth. 精通某事; 对某事消息灵通 keep ... informed 随时向...报告情况 inform against sb. 告发某人, 检举某人 inform on sb. 告发某人, 检举某人 inform upon sb. 告发某人, 检举某人 I beg to inform you that ... 谨通知... These poems are informed with sincerity. 这些诗篇充满真挚的感情。 “希望某人做某事”, wish sb. to do sth. 或在hope后接宾语从句 “安排某人做某事”, arrange for sb. to do sth. 或在arrange后接宾语从句 “要求某人做某事”, demand of sb. to do sth. 或在demand后接宾语从句 require sth of sb. require sb. to do sth “感谢某人做某事”, thank sb. for doing sth. “祝贺某人做某事”, congratulate sb. on doing sth. “阻止某人做某事”, prevent sb. from doing sth. “对某物满意”, be satisfied with sth “对某人客气”, be kind [nice] to sb “对某人有礼貌”, be polite to sb “对某人态度粗鲁”,be rude to sb “对某人友好”, be friendly to sb 注: friendly一词的常见搭配: be friendly to赞成 be on friendly terms with =have friendly relations with跟...友好 He spoke in a friendly way.他说话的态度很亲切。 以下英汉语的表达也不一致,注意不要受汉语习惯的影响而弄错了英语表达的词序: land and water 水陆 north and south 南北 food and clothing 衣食 flesh and blood 血肉 backwards and forwards 来回地 十二、完形填空 1、充分利用首句信息 完形填空题首句往往是全文的关键句,或称为主导句,充分利用完形填空题首句的提示作用,利用它为解题找到一个突破口,从而展开思维。 2、多角度的逻辑推理 完形填空题的解题过程首先是一个阅读的过程,必须把握作者的思路,通过联想、推测等方法,多换角度去思考问题,使自己的思维模式与作者的思维模式相吻合。 3、从上下文寻找线索 通读全文,理顺大意,根据上下文找出信息词是做好完形填空题的关键。近年高考试题逐渐摈弃单纯的语言分析考查,而越来越侧重逻辑推理判断。就空格而言,体现了以实词为主、虚词为辅的特点,词语在特定的语境中所表达的隐含信息大都无法只凭字面或单从个别句子甚至若干句子的表面理解获知。因此,只有借助于上下文乃至全文语境的启示或限定才能够准确作出判断。 4、利用语法分析解题 对语法、词法等基础知识的考查也是完形填空题的命题角度之一。对于这种题,要针对地对语法结构、句式特点、对短文中所设空格中需填的词在句子里作什么成份、哪类词适合、应采取什么形式等等进行必要的分析思考,从而迅速解决问题。比如,选用动词就要考虑各种时态、语态、语气、主谓搭配以及其如何与其他词类使用等一系列问题。 5、利用文化背景和生活常识解题 做题时,若能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常识,注意中西方文化方面存在的差异,将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程,节省宝贵的时间,顺理成章地选出正确的答案。 6、习惯用法和词语辨析 对词汇知识的考查主要体现在习惯用法和同义词、近义词的辨析两个方面。习惯用法是英语中某些固定的结构形态,不能随意变动。而在众多的习语当中,介词往往扮演最活跃的角色,其次是副词。词义辨析题的比重有加大的趋势,多为常用词、词组。 7、语篇标志的利用 段落与段落之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语,如:表示结果层次的语篇标志firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally等;表示逻辑关系的有thus, therefore, so 等;表示改变话题的有by the way等;表示时间关系的有before, so far, yet, now, later等。如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语,就可以迅速理清文章的脉络,弄清上下文的关系。 十三、阅读理解 做题步骤很重要!推荐的步骤为:首先扫一遍题目,勾关键词——扫一遍4个选项,勾关键词——通读文章然后做题(在原文中用横线划出你认为的答案出处,多看几眼,必要时看下它的上下句及所在段落的首句!注意下答案出处的关键词是否与你认为的正确选项在事实/句意/作者态度/生活常识上都无差) 1)错误答案的特征: 无中生有:文章中没有写,但选项中却出现了。绝大多数情况下,这种选项就是是错误的。但是有2种情况下是正确的:推理的+归纳的。 超前判断:文章中还没有明确得出结论,在选项中就得出了结论/结果,弄错时态,把现在的说成将来的,把过去的说成现在的,把将来完成的说成现在完成的,把可能的说成已经的等。 喧宾夺主:选项在文中能够找到相对应的部分或者是句子,但是只有一个是最主要的,其他表述都是次要的 答非所问:选项中的回答和问题不相符。这种问题应该是最简单的。 强加因果:本来两件事情就没有因果关系,却在选项中说出两个的因果关系。 颠倒是非:把肯定的说成否定,把否定的说成肯定,而且如果通过同义转换,就不是很好看出来了! 以偏概全:文章中说的是一个范围,选项中悄悄将叙述范围给改了,有时不容易看不出来 张冠李戴:张三做的事情,说成李四做的。 2)正确答案的特征: 同义句转换的选项 高中阅读理解的正确选项一般是原文的一个同义句转换(千万注意,同义句转化也必须保证与原文在事实,细节,作者观点/态度上一致!!,说白了,就是防止陷阱!!) 任务型阅读(首字母填空): 注意:本题型在测试考生阅读理解能力的基础上,侧重考查考生的单词拼写、词性转换、句式转换、段落归纳等综合能力。高考任务型阅读近三年文章体裁以议论文和说明文为主,词数在400~550之间。高考成绩的统计数据表明在这一项上,考生普遍失分较多。高考英语任务型阅读是英语阅读理解和完形填空的结合体,在掌握篇章表层含义的基础之上,还要求对文章结构框架的把握。考生不但要具备基本的英语词汇知识,而且要能够依据上下文的内容,运用逻辑判断,正确填出任务型阅读中的空白处。 1、任务型阅读题型的考查角度: 1)、单词的大小写(信息筛选题) 可以从文中可以直接找到答案,也无需进行词性和词形的转化。但要注意大小写。 2)、词性的变化(整合转换题) 要依据特定的语境并结合文中涉及到的词语,灵活地转变词性。比如:动词转变为形容词,形容词转变为名词等。 3)、词形的转化(整合转换题) 主要依据提供的特殊框架,来敲定词语的各种形式。例如:文中的过去式在题目中需使用现在时,另外要随时要注意人称和数的变化。 4)、近义词与反义词的转化(整合转换题) 尽管文中能发现相关的词语,但需要依据特定的语境进行必要的词语转换,比如将肯定语气转化为否定。 5)、实现词句的转换(整合转换题) 尽管原文中无法一下子找到答案,但依据上下文及文中的句子解释,联系掌握的英语基础知识,可以推断出相应的答案。 6)、综合概括文章框架的词语使用(综合概括题) 注意文章的整体布局,理清句与句之间,段与段之间的内在逻辑关系,找出能代表篇章结构的词汇。此类设题一般位于表格的第一行或第一列。为了更快捷地掌握概括能力,总结和熟记一些概括性词汇及其固定搭配也是很有必要的。 2、为提高准确率,完成题目后考生还需注意以下几点: 1、根据图表所给提示格式保持所填词性一致性(以名词、动词、非谓语或完整句子等不同形式归纳); 2、同时兼顾到意思和搭配的双重准确性; 3、所填单词是否特殊变形; 4、大小写是否规范等。 概括性词汇归纳: 总结、概括:conclusion, summary 建议: suggestion, tip, advice, proposal, recommendation 影响: effect, influence, impact 印象: impression 因果: reason, cause; result, consequence ①导致: cause, lead to, contribute to, result in, bring about ②表演: act, play, perform, give/put a performance, play a part/role in, show 成败: success, achievement, victory, triumph: failure, defeat 利弊: advantage; disadvantage 异同: difference, distinction; the same, similarity, equality 优点: advantage, strong point, strength, virtue 缺点: disadvantage, shortcoming, weakness, drawback 利益、好处:good, benefit, interest, profit, gain 错误: mistake, error, fault 质量、品质:quantity, amount, number 数量: quantity, amount, number 目的: purpose, aim, goal, objective 方法: way, means, method, approach, solution, manner 措施: measure, action 行为、活动:action, behavior, conduct, activity 步骤: step, stage, process, procedure 频率、频度:frequency, rate 程度: degree, level, extent 观点、意见:opinion, view, point of view, viewpoint, standpoint 想法: idea, thought, thinking (无)意识:(un)awareness, (un)consciousness 原理、原则、规律:theory, principle, law 意义: significance, meaning, sense 价值: value 态度: attitude, manner 感觉: feeling, emotion, motivation 同意、正面: agreement, pros, approval, positive, favor, support 反对、反面:disagreement, cons, negative, opposite, contrary, opposition, objection 要求、需要:demand, need, requirement, request, desire, claim 问题: question, problem, issue 答案: answer, key, solution, result 反应: response, reaction 变化: change 比较: comparison, contrast 评价: feature, character, characteristic 特点: feature, character, characteristic 种类: kind, sort, type, style, form, category, variety, class, deion 等级: grade, rank, degree, class 风俗、习惯: custom, manner, practice, habit 主题、话题: theme, subject, topic 标题: title, headline, heading 作用、功能: use, usage, function 关系、联系: relation, relationship, connection, touch, link, contact 来源、历史: origin, history, source 事实、现实: fact, reality, actuality 规则、规定: rule, regulation 情况、状况: things, status, situation, condition, case, circumstance, state 说明: explanation, statement, deion, instruction, direction 介绍: introduction, presentation 定义: definition查看更多