【英语】2018届二轮复习非谓语动词（有解析）学案（20页）

【英语】2018届二轮复习非谓语动词（有解析）学案（20页）

‎2018届二轮复习 非谓语动词 考点一　非谓语动词作定语 ‎(一)不定式作定语 ‎1．作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面需有相应的介词。‎ The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.‎ 布朗一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。‎ 但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time，place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上会省去。‎ He had no place to live.‎ 他没有地方住。‎ ‎2．用不定式作定语的几种情况：‎ ‎(1)不定式表将来。‎ ‎①The car to be bought is for his sister.‎ 要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。‎ ‎②(2016·四川高考)For 25 days，she never left her baby，not even to find something to eat!‎ 二十五天来，她从来没离开过孩子，甚至都不去找些吃的。‎ ‎(2)用来修饰被序数词、形容词最高级或no，all，any等限定的中心词，且与中心词为逻辑上的主谓关系。‎ ‎①He was the best man to do the job.‎ 他是做这份工作的最佳人选。‎ ‎②She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.‎ 她是第一个在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。‎ ‎(3)有些与名词同形的动词常跟不定式，因而它们用作名词时也常跟不定式作定语，常见的有：promise，plan，attempt，offer等。‎ ‎①I don't trust his promise to come for a visit.‎ 我不相信他来访的诺言。‎ ‎(比较：He promised to come for a visit.)‎ ‎②He said he had no plans to go there.‎ 他说他没有要去那里的计划。‎ ‎(比较：He didn't plan to go there.)‎ ‎③He made an attempt to stand up.‎ 他试图站起来。‎ ‎(比较：He attempted to stand up.)‎ ‎(二)分词作定语 ‎1．作定语的及物动词的分词形式为：v.ing，being＋过去分词和过去分词。当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为主动关系时，用v.ing；当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表正在进行时，用being＋过去分词；当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。‎ ‎①The houses being built are for the teachers.‎ 正在建的那些房子是为老师们建的。(被动、正在进行)‎ ‎②(2016·浙江高考)To return to the problem of water pollution，I'd like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2012.‎ 为了再讨论一下水污染的问题，我想让大家看一项2012年在澳大利亚进行的研究。(被动、已经完成)‎ ‎2．作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为：v.ing和过去分词。v.ing表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。‎ ‎(三)动名词作定语 动名词作定语，动名词用来说明被修饰词的用途。‎ a fishing net 渔网(＝a net for fishing)‎ a swimming pool 游泳池(＝a pool for swimming)‎ ‎(四)to be done，done和being done作定语的区别 to be done表被动、将来；done表被动、完成；being done表被动、正在进行。‎ ‎①Have you read the novel written by Dickens?‎ 你读过狄更斯写的这部小说吗？(表被动、完成)‎ ‎②Listen！The song being sung is very popular with the students.‎ 听！正唱着的这首歌非常受学生们的欢迎。(表被动、正在进行)‎ ‎③The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important.‎ 明天在会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。(表被动、将来)‎ 考点二　非谓语动词作状语 ‎(一)不定式作状语 ‎1．不定式作目的状语 不定式作目的状语的情况较多，如果强调目的性时，不定式前还可加in order或so as，构成“in order to do”或“so as to do”结构。“in order to do”结构作目的状语时，‎ 可以放在句首也可放在句中；“so as to do”结构只能放在句中。“in order to do”“so as to do”结构置于句中时，不能用逗号隔开。‎ ‎①Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year(so as/in order)to visit her.‎ 她母亲计划每年至少四次飞到北京来看她。‎ ‎②Bob took down my telephone number so as/in order not to forget it.‎ 鲍勃记下了我的电话号码以免忘记。‎ ‎③(2016·四川高考)Every day in our work，we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.‎ 在我们工作的每一天中，我们都受到那些我们遇到的、做着不平凡的事情去改善这个世界的人的鼓舞。‎ ‎2．不定式作结果状语 不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中：so...as to；such...as to；...enough to；only to(常表示意外的或事与愿违的结果)；too...to等。‎ I'm not so stupid(a fool)as to write it down.‎ 我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。‎ Jane hurried back only to find that her mother had left.‎ 简匆忙赶回来却发现她的母亲已经离开了。(表示“意外或事与愿违的结果”)‎ I'm too tired to stay up longer.‎ 我太累了，不能再熬夜了。‎ ‎[注意]　only too...to结构中，too...to...并非是“太……而不能……”之意。此时，与too...to...搭配的形容词常见的有pleased，ready，willing，glad，happy等。‎ I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.‎ 考试及格了，我非常高兴。‎ ‎3．不定式作原因状语 形容词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因。用于这类结构中的形容词常见的有：happy，glad，sorry，anxious，proud，disappointed，angry，surprised，ready，delighted，pleased等。‎ You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.‎ 你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我是多么高兴。‎ ‎4．在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词)＋to do”结构中，句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系，且形容词表示主语的特征或性质，这时，需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant，nice，comfortable，safe，dangerous等。‎ This question is easy to answer.‎ 这个问题容易回答。‎ This book is difficult to understand.‎ 这本书很难理解。‎ ‎(二)分词作状语 ‎1．分词作状语时其形式的选择 形式 意义 v.ing (doing)‎ 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系，与句子谓语动词动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生 having＋v.ed (having done)‎ 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系，先于谓语动词动作发生 v.ed (done)‎ 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成 being＋v.ed ‎ (being done)‎ 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系，且与谓语动词动作同时发生 having been＋v.ed (having been done)‎ 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系，且先于谓语动词动作发生 ‎2.分词作状语的句法功能 分词作状语时，‎ 可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。为了强调，还可与while，when，once，if，unless等连词连用。‎ ‎①When offered help，one often says“Thank you”or“It's kind of you”．(时间)当被提供帮助的时候，人们常说“Thank you”或“It's kind of you”。‎ ‎②Separated from other continents for millions of years，Australia has many animals and plants not found in any other country in the world.(原因)和其他大陆分离了数百万年，澳大利亚有许多在世界上任何别的国家都找不到的动植物。‎ ‎③Generally speaking，if taken according to the directions，the drug has no side effect.(条件)‎ 一般来说，如果按照说明服用，这种药没有副作用。‎ ‎④He glanced over at her，noting that though she was tiny，she seemed very well.(结果)他不经意地看了一下她，注意到她虽然很纤弱，但看起来非常健康。‎ ‎⑤(2016·天津高考)The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows，making air conditioning unnecessary.‎ 凉爽的风穿过卧室的窗户，使空调不再是必要的。‎ ‎⑥Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistake.(让步)‎ 虽然被告诉过好多次了，但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。‎ ‎⑦The teacher came into the lab，followed by some students.(伴随)‎ 老师进了实验室，后面跟着一些学生。‎ ‎(三)独立成分作状语 有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：generally speaking一般来说；frankly speaking坦白地说；judging from/by...根据……来判断；considering.../taking...into consideration考虑到……；to tell you the truth说实话；compared to/with与……相比。‎ ‎①Judging from his accent，he is from Hong Kong.‎ 从口音判断，他是香港人。‎ ‎②Considering your health，you'd better have a rest.‎ 考虑到你的健康，你最好休息一下。‎ ‎③To tell you the truth，I am a little tired.‎ 说实话，我有点累。‎ ‎(四)独立主格结构 非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构(The Nominative Absolute Construction)。‎ 独立主格结构的特点：①‎ 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系。③独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开。‎ 独立主格结构的构成：①名词/代词＋分词；②名词/代词＋不定式；③with/without＋名词/代词＋分词/不定式。‎ ‎①The test finished(＝When the test was finished)，we began our holiday.‎ 考试结束后，我们就开始放假了。‎ ‎②The president assassinated(＝Because the president was assassinated)，the whole country was in deep sorrow.‎ 总统被暗杀了，全国上下沉浸在悲痛之中。‎ ‎③Weather permitting(＝If weather permits)，we are going to visit you tomorrow.‎ 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。‎ ‎④I stood before her with my heart beating fast.‎ 我站在她面前，心脏跳得很快。‎ 考点三　非谓语动词作主语、宾语、表语等 ‎1．非谓语动词作宾语 非谓语动词中能作宾语的有动名词和不定式：‎ ‎(1)只能跟动名词作宾语的动词和短语：suggest ‎，imagine，mind，admit，practice，allow，advise，risk，keep，keep on，avoid，escape，enjoy，consider，excuse，finish，miss，insist on，look forward to，feel like，get down to，object to等。‎ I admit breaking the window.‎ ‎(2016·北京高考)New experiences often mean taking some risks，so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.‎ 新的经历经常意味着冒险，所以大脑也提高了你对风险的承受力。‎ ‎(2)只能跟不定式作宾语的动词：wish，hope，decide，refuse，promise，pretend，manage，plan，fail，choose，would like等。‎ If I fail to appear by 7 o'clock，I will not be coming at all.‎ ‎(3)既可用动名词作宾语、又可跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语：remember，forget，regret，stop，go on，need，start，begin，try等。‎ Remember to turn off the lights before you go to bed.‎ I remember reading about the earthquake in the newspaper.‎ ‎(4)it作形式宾语，代替真正作宾语的动词不定式或动名词 I think it important to learn English well.‎ ‎2．非谓语动词作宾补 ‎(1)“五看二听一感觉”的感官动词(see，watch，observe，notice，look at，hear，listen to，feel)等后面的宾语补足语常见的有三种非谓语动词形式(do/doing/done)。do表主动和完成(被动句中to还原)，doing表主动或正在进行，done表被动或完成。‎ The missing boy was last seen playing near the river.‎ ‎(2)热点动词let，make，have，get，leave，keep，find后接非谓语动词形式作补足语。‎ Paul doesn't have to be made to learn.He always works hard.‎ ‎(3)固定短语，如advise/allow/encourage/request/warn sb.to do sth.等。‎ The patient was warned not to eat oily food.‎ ‎(4)with复合结构常用形式：‎ with John received an invitation to dinner，and with his work finished，he gladly accepted it.‎ With a lot of difficult problems to settle，the newly elected president is having a hard time.‎ With the little boy leading the way，we had no difficulty finding the village.‎ ‎[易错警示]　①注意作补足语的三种非谓语动词形式to do，doing，done之间的区别，把握动作是主动、被动还是进行。‎ ‎②具体分析作宾语补足语的动词与逻辑主语即句子宾语之间的逻辑关系，再结合动作发生的时间(未发生、正在发生或已经发生)来选择合适的形式。‎ ‎3．非谓语动词作主语、表语或其他 ‎(1)非谓语动词中能作主语的有动名词和不定式。‎ ‎①动名词作 主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性动作，不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。‎ ‎②it作形式主语，代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词。常见句型有：It is/was no use/good＋doing sth.；It is/was not any use/good＋doing sth.；It is/was of little use/good＋doing sth.；It is/was useless doing；It's a waste of time doing sth.等。‎ ‎(2)非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式。注意现在分词作表语意为“令人感到……的”，而过去分词作表语意为“本身感到……的”。‎ The news was exciting and we were excited the whole night.‎ ‎(3)固定句式do/have/其他动词＋sth.＋but(to)do sth.中的不定式用法，此结构要遵循前有实义动词do，but后则无to，反之则有to的原则。‎ He did nothing but save the child without hesitation.‎ 核心考点针对练 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．(2017·汕头二模)When I was a young boy，I loved (climb)trees.‎ ‎2．(2017·泰安一模)They cheered for (regain)the tenth at last all together.‎ ‎3．(2017·东营一模)A 13year study of early childhood development made by Harvard University has shown that，by the age of three，most children have the big potential (understand)about 1000 words.‎ ‎4．(2017·凉山州二次诊断)When a child grows up，he can no longer expect others (pay)for his food，clothes and many other things.‎ ‎5．(2017·山西重点中学协作体二模)She forced us to grow up into ‎ ‎(educate) and honest people.‎ ‎6．(2017·西安中学质检)There is no easy way to success in language learning.A good memory is a great help，but it is not enough only (memorize)rules from a grammar book.‎ ‎7．(2017·江西红色七校一联)One day a young man was walking along the road when he heard a cry.It seemed (come)from underneath a bridge.‎ ‎8．(2017·海淀一模)She works in a theatre， (follow)in her father's footsteps.‎ ‎9．(2017·青岛一模)In fact，I had heard nothing，possibly because of the noise I made while (slide)down the rock.‎ ‎10．(2017·潍坊一模) (take)according to the instructions，the medicine will work for your headache.‎ ‎【答案】　‎ ‎1．climbing　[句意：小时候，我喜欢爬树。love后可加动名词作宾语。]‎ ‎2．regaining　[介词后需用动名词作宾语，故答案为regaining。]‎ ‎3．to understand　[句意：哈佛大学为期13年对儿童早期发展的研究表明：到3岁时，大多数孩子有很大潜力，能弄懂大约1000个单词。名词potential后需用不定式作定语。]‎ ‎4．to pay　[句意：当孩子长大时，他不能再指望其他人为他的食物、衣服和其他很多东西付钱了。expect后需用不定式作宾补，故答案为to pay。]‎ ‎5．educated　[句意：她迫使我们成为学历高且诚实的人。被修饰词people与educate为逻辑上的被动关系，且设空处表示完成，故用过去分词educated作定语。]‎ ‎6．to memorize　[句意：在语言学习方面没有容易的成功之路。好的记忆力会很有帮助，但是仅仅背诵语法书中的规则是不够的。不定式作真正的主语。]‎ ‎7．to be coming　[句意：一天，一个年轻人正沿着道路行走，这时他听到了一阵哭声。那哭声似乎来自桥下。seem后需用不定式形式作表语，设空处表示正在进行，故用to be coming。]‎ ‎8．following　[句意：她步父亲的后尘，在戏院工作。主语she与follow之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词following作状语。]‎ ‎9．sliding　[句意：事实上，我没听到任何声音，也许是因为我从岩石上滑下来时发出的声音。主语I与slide之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故需v.ing形式作状语，故答案为sliding。]‎ ‎10．Taken　[句意：按说明吃药，这药会对你的头疼有效。本题考查非谓语动词作条件状语。take与主语the medicine之间为逻辑上的被动关系，故答案为taken。]‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．(2017·邯郸一模)Watch the flag rising in the brilliant sun，we were quite excited and proud of our motherland.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2．(2017·焦作一模)Seeing them are working so hard on such a cold morning，I was moved and made up my mind to do something for them.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3．(2017·湖南四大名校联考)Have classes in such a beautiful environment，we feel very happy.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎4．(2017·黄冈质检)I was worrying and decided to take her to a ‎ hospital.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎5．(2017·江西八所盟校联考)Because we had not eaten ice cream for a long time，we got very exciting.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎6．(2017·资阳一次诊断)Seeing from the top of the hill，the city was extremely beautiful.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎7．(2017·全国名校联盟百校大联考)On our way home，we couldn't help to talking about what we had experienced.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎8．(2017·长春质检)Thank you for spending time read my letter.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎9．(2017·温州联考)It was a great pleasure to have such a devoting friend.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎10．(2017·曲沃中学阶段考试)I'm 18 years old and have a good command of English，especially in terms of English speech competition hold in our school.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【答案】　‎ ‎1．Watch→Watching　[句意：在明媚的阳光下观看升旗仪式，我们十分激动并为我们的祖国感到骄傲。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。主语we与watch之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故用watching作状语。]‎ ‎2．去掉are　[句意：看到他们在如此寒冷的早晨努力工作，我很感动并下定决心为他们做点事情。see后需直接加现在分词作宾补，故将are去掉。]‎ ‎3．Have→Having　[句意：在如此美丽的环境里上课，我们感到非常高兴。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。have与主语we之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故用having作状语。]‎ ‎4．worrying→worried　[句意：我很担心，决定把她送到一家医院。本题考查非谓语动词。worrying令人担心的；worried感到担心的。]‎ ‎5．exciting→excited　[句意：因为很长时间没有吃过冰激凌了，所以我们都非常激动。本题考查非谓语动词。exciting令人激动的；excited感到激动的。]‎ ‎6．Seeing→Seen　[句意：从山顶上看，这座城市极其美丽。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。主语the city与see为逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词形式作状语。]‎ ‎7．去掉to　[can't help doing sth.为固定句型，意 为：情不自禁地做某事。]‎ ‎8．read→reading　[句意：感谢您花时间读我写的信。spend time(in)doing sth.为固定用法，故将read改为reading。]‎ ‎9．devoting→devoted　[a devoted friend一个忠实的朋友。]‎ ‎10．hold→held　[competition与hold之间为逻辑上的被动关系，故需用过去分词作定语。]‎ 高考题型综合练 Ⅰ.语法填空 There is a growing debate about the most 1 (effect)way for students to study. 2 (tradition)studying alone was thought to be the best way 3 (ensure)good exam results.When studying alone you can focus your mind better 4 when you are with others.Students who prefer to study alone often say that when they study with their classmates they waste a lot of time because 5 discussion is often about nonstudy 6 (topic)such as television or holidays.‎ In the last few years，however，more and more students 7 (start)studying in groups.There are several reasons 8 many students prefer this method.First，they find that studying is more fun as they can share the experience 9 others rather than staying in their rooms.In groups，they can use the knowledge of their classmates' to help improve their own knowledge.Finally by 10 (discuss)the topic they are able to both understand and remember it ‎ better.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　学习方式有差异，是独立学习好还是合作学习更优？虽然独立学习有很多好处，但是在过去几年，越来越多的学生开始进行小组学习。‎ ‎1．effective　[考查形容词的用法。空前为“the most”，空后为名词way，此处应填形容词，故填effective。]‎ ‎2．Traditionally　[考查词性转换。traditionally为评述性副词，修饰其后的整个句子。]‎ ‎3．to ensure　[考查非谓语动词。way后常用不定式作后置定语。]‎ ‎4．than　[考查连词than的用法。由前后文的语意逻辑以及空格前的better可知，此处应用连词than。]‎ ‎5．the/their　[考查冠词或代词。此处特指他们的讨论，故用定冠词the，此处也可以填形容词性物主代词their。]‎ ‎6．topics　[考查名词的单复数。由空后的“such as television or holidays”可知此处的话题不止一个，故应用topic的复数形式。]‎ ‎7．have started　[考查动词的时态。时间状语“In the last few years”表明此处应用现在完成时。]‎ ‎8．why　[考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，空格处所在句作定语修饰先行词reasons，引导词在从句中作状语，‎ 表原因，故应用why。]‎ ‎9．with　[考查介词。share...with是固定表达，意为“与……分享”。]‎ ‎10．discussing　[考查非谓语动词。介词后应用动词ing形式作宾语。此处“by＋doing”用作方式状语，表示“通过做……”。] 【导学号：11470171】‎ Ⅱ.短文改错 ‎ Last weekend，I help my grandparents with their trip to the Beidaihe.At Saturday morning，together with my grandparents，I searched the Internet for the train schedule，the weather in Beidaihe，and some hotel informations.In the afternoon，I went to the train station and managed to buying two tickets for my grandparents although there was a long queue.After dinner，I packed the things where my grandparents needed into the suitcase，such as clothes，glasses，a umbrella，and a map.The next morning，I went to the station see them off.Waved goodbye to them on the platform，I felt happily for them and wished them a safe journey.‎ ‎【答案】　‎ Last weekend，I my grandparents with their trip to Beidaihe. Saturday morning，together with my grandparents，I searched the Internet for the train schedule，the weather in ‎ Beidaihe，and some hotel .In the afternoon，I went to the train station and managed to two tickets for my grandparents although there was a long queue.‎ After dinner，I packed the things my grandparents needed into the suitcase，such as clothes，glasses， umbrella，and a map.The next morning，I went to the station see them off. goodbye to them on the platform，I felt for them and wished them a safe journey.‎