2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（2）

2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（2）

‎2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（2） ‎ Passage four(preface)‎ ‎  Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.‎ ‎  This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or – independently of any course – simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.‎ ‎  We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it. That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far form being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of the human race equally.‎ ‎  We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.‎ ‎1.According to the passage, ‘scientific subculture’ means ‎[A] cultural groups that are formed by scientists.‎ people whose knowledge of science is very limited.‎ ‎[C] the scientific community.‎ ‎[D] people who make good contribution to science.‎ ‎2.We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because ‎ ‎[A] it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate scientists.‎ Science affects almost every aspect of our life.‎ ‎[C] Scientists live in a specific subculture.‎ ‎[D] It is easier to understand general characteristics of science.‎ ‎3.The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who ‎[A] are intelligent college students and lay person who do not know much about science.‎ are good at producing various gadgets.‎ ‎[C] work in a storehouse of dried facts.‎ ‎[D] want to have a superficial understanding of science.‎ ‎4.According to this passage,‎ ‎[A] English is a sexist language.‎ only in the scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly.‎ ‎[C] women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our language.‎ ‎[D] male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists.‎ ‎5.This passage most probably is ‎[A] a book review.‎ the preface of a book.‎ ‎[C] the postscript of a book.‎ ‎[D] the concluding part of a book.‎ Vocabulary subculture            亚文化群（指在一个社会或一种文化内具有独特性的一群人）‎ superficial      肤浅的，浅薄的，表面的      ‎ lay person            外行，门外汉，俗人 musty            发毒的，老朽的，陈腐的 gadget            小玩意儿，小配件，新发明 pervasive            渗透的，弥漫的，遍布的 populate            居住于……中，在……中占一席之地 implicit            含蓄的，内含的 unspecified      未特别提出的 offset            抵消，补偿 难句译注 An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.‎ ‎【参考译文】如果一个人知道那些使科学家激动不已和灰心丧气的东西，那就比较容易了解科学的一般（普遍）特征以及特殊科学概念。‎ We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitude and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are and what they do.‎ ‎【参考译文】我们希望这本书能引导读者对科学观念有一个更为广阔的透视；对什么是科学、科学家是些什么人以及他们在干什么有一个更为现实的观点。‎ In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.‎ ‎【参考译文】另外，读者可学会正确评价科学观点与我们文化中无处不在的某些价值观和哲学思想之间的关系。‎ This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions.‎ ‎【参考译文】科学亚文化群中妇女作用越来越大。这不是难得一见的意外事件，而是，确切地说，在社会各部门显著潮流的一部分由于越来越多妇女进入了传统上为男子统治的领域并作出了重大的贡献。‎ This policy is far from being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgement of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of human race equally.‎ ‎【参考译文】这一策略并不理想，但它至少承认了一个事实，那就是在平等对待人类另一半上，我们的语言功能还不全。‎ 写作方法与文章大意 这是一篇书的序言，作者用夹叙夹议的写作方法介绍了书的涉及面及其功能。‎ 首先提出科学是我们文化的重大主题，但人们也该了解科学家生活的亚文化群，只有懂得一些激励和挫伤科学家的种种情况，才能理解科学的一般特征及其特殊概念。‎ 第二方面指出书的读者对象是对科学一知半解的学生及门外汉。书可作理工科课程的辅助（补充）读物，又可独立自成体系。它可开阔人们科学的视野，真正了解科学、科学家及其工作，理解科学和文化的关系，科学观点和哲学的关系。‎ 第三方面指出亚文化群中妇女增多，贡献巨大，而我们的语言却隐含这性别的歧视，难以充分平等地反映妇女。‎ 最后指出书信息量大又具娱乐性，寓教于乐。‎ 答案详解 ‎1.C 科学社区。答案在第一段第二句，人们也该了解科学家生活在其中的亚文化群以及他们是什么样的人。第三段又讲到，有关科学社区的画面以及妇女对科学亚文化的贡献。可见科学社区即亚文化。‎ A. 科学家所组成种种文化群体。  B. 科学知识有限的一些人。  C.  对科学作出很大贡献的人。‎ ‎2.B 因为科学几乎影响到我们生活的各个方面。文章开综明旨点出：科学是我们文化中的重要主题，由于它几乎涉及到我们生活的每一方面，有知识的人至少需要熟悉一些结构和作用。‎ ‎3.A. 了解激发和挫伤科学家的事情可不太容易。（比较难） C.‎ ‎ 科学家生活在特定的亚文化群中。D. 了解科学的一般特性比较容易。‎ A 不太了解科学的大学生或门外汉。第二段首句就点出了这本书为对科学一知半解的大学生和门外汉所写，为某些人，一直把科学看作干巴巴的事实堆砌的发霉的石屋的人；为那种把科学的主要目的视为生产小配件的人；为那些把科学视为某种魔术的人而写。这说明主要为A项人所写，对科学了解不多的大学生和普通人。‎ B. 善于生产各种小配件。  C. 在干巴巴的事实堆砌的石屋中工作。 D. 相对科学有肤浅了解的人。‎ ‎4.D 不应当用阳性的名词和代词去指科学家。第三段集中讲了这本书提供精确而又现代的有关科学社区（社会）和居住在其中的人的画卷。近年来，越来越多的妇女包括进来，原因是许多妇女进入传统上为男人统治的领域，并作出巨大贡献，所以妇女在科学亚文化群中的增多并不是罕见的偶然事件，而是社会各部门明显趋势的组成部分。在讨论其变化和贡献时，我们面临着隐含性别歧视的语言――用阳性名词和代词来指未指定人物，为了消除这种偏颇，我们在可能和必要时采用了复数名词和代词来取代他或她。‎ A. 英语是一种性别语言。 B. 只有在科学领域中，妇女的作用增长很快。 C. 妇女在晓民我们语言中的不适当性作出了巨大的贡献。根据此题注释说明这三项都不对。英语不能说成是有性别的语言，其中虽有些词性表示男性或女性。文内明确指科学界妇女增多是整个社会的趋势的组成部分。由于妇女在科学界的贡献，所以不能再用阳性名词或代词去指科学界，并不是在消灭语言……‎ ‎5.B 书的前言，见文章大意。‎ A. 书的评论。 C. 书跋、书的附录。 D. 书的结论部分。‎ Passage five(Meditation in Indonesian Business)‎ ‎  It looked like a typical business meeting. Six men, neatly dressed in white shirts and ties filed into the boardroom of a small Jakarta company and sat down at a long table. But instead of consulting files or hearing reports, they closed their eyes and began to meditate, consulting the spirits of ancient Javanese kings. Mysticism touches almost every aspect of life in Indonesia and business is no exception. One of the meditators said his weekly meditation sessions are aimed mainly at bringing the peace of mind that makes for good decision-making. But the insight gained from mystic communication with spirits of wise kings has also helped boost the profits of his five ‎ companies.‎ ‎  Mysticism and profits have come together since the 13th century introduction of Islam to Indonesia by Indian Moslem merchants. Those devout traders, called ‘Wali Ullah’ or ‘those close to God, ’ energetically spread both trade and religion by adapting their appeals to the native mysticism of Java. Legends attribute magic power of foreknowledge to the Wali Ullah. These powers were believed to be gained through meditation and fasting.‎ ‎  Businessman Hadisiko said his group fasts and meditates all night every Thursday to become closer to God and to contact the spirits of the great men of the past. ‘If we want to employ someone at the managerial level, we meditate together and often the message comes that this man can’t hole onto money or he is untrustworthy. Or maybe the spirits will tell us he should be hired.’  Hadiziko hastened to add that his companies also hold modern personnel management systems and that formal qualifications are essential for a candidate even to be considered. Perspective investments also are considered through mystic meditation. ‘With the mind relaxed and open, it is easier to be objective in judging the risk of a new venture. Meditation and contact with the wisdom of the old leaders sharpens your own insight and intuition. Then you have to apply that intuition to the information you have and work hard to be successful. ’ Mystic meditation helped reverse a business slide his companies experienced in the mid-1980. Operating with normal business procedures, he lost more than $ 3 millions in that year alone. Meditation brought back his peace of mind. Putting the right persons in the right jobs and gaining confidence in his business decisions were the keys to a turning around that has brought expansion and profitability. The mysticism in Handspike’s boardroom is part of a growing movement in Indonesia called Kebatinan – the ‘search for the inner self.’‎ ‎  One of his managers, Yusuf Soemado, who studied business administration at Harvard‎ ‎University, compared the idea of mystic management to western system of positive thinking. ‘Willpower and subconscious mind are recognized as important factors in business. Such approaches as psycho-cybernetics, Carnegie’s think and growth rates, or the power of positive thinking are western attempts to tap the same higher intelligence that we contact through meditation,’ he said.‎ ‎1.What is the most important factor in their doing business?‎ ‎[A] Mysticism.‎ Religion.‎ ‎[C] Meditation.‎ ‎[D] Investment.‎ ‎2.Whom do they consult?‎ ‎[A] The spirits of ancient Javanese kings.‎ Wali Ullah.‎ ‎[C] Old Kings.‎ ‎[D] Carnegie.‎ ‎3.Why did Hadisike hasten to add ‘his companies also hold modern personnel management systems…’?‎ ‎[A] He thought Mysticism was not so good as expected.‎ To show they too focused on qualifications.‎ ‎[C] To show they hired qualified persons.‎ ‎[D] To show the possibility of combination of the scientific management with religion.‎ ‎4.According to the passage, the function of the meditation is ‎[A] to gain profit from the god.‎ to gain peace of mind to make decision.‎ ‎[C] to gain foreknowledge.‎ ‎[D] to gain objective conclusion.‎ ‎5.What does ‘operating with normal business procedures’ refer to?‎ ‎[A] Adopting the western way of doing business.‎ Ordinary way of doing business without meditation and fasting.‎ ‎[C] Contact with God.‎ ‎[D] Putting right persons in the right jobs.‎ Vocabulary file into                  鱼贯而入，排队进去 Jakarta                  雅加达 meditate                  沉思，冥想，反省 Java                  爪哇 Javanese                  爪哇的 mysticism                  神秘主义 boost                  促进，增加，提高 devout                  虔诚的，热诚的 appeal (to)            向……呼吁，求助于，魅力 legend                  传说，神话 fasting                  禁食，斋戒 hold onto                  抓紧，保住 personnel management system      人事管理制度 perspective investment      远景投资 venture                  （商业）投机，风险 sharpen                  使……敏锐/尖锐，磨尖 business slide            买卖/企业滑坡，下滑 turn around            （生意）好转，转变 subconscious            下意识的，潜意识的 cybernetics            控制论 Carnegie                  卡耐基 tap                  开拓，选择 难句译注 Mysticism touches almost every aspect of life in Indonesia and business is no exception.‎ ‎【参考译文】在印尼神秘主义似乎涉及到印尼生活的各个方面，商业也不例外。‎ Those devout traders, called ‘Wali Ullah’ or ‘those close to God, ’ energetically spread both trade and religion by adapting their appeals to the native mysticism of Java.‎ ‎【参考译文】这些虔诚的商人，叫做Wali Ullah，或者“接近主的人”，把他们的祈求呼吁跟爪哇当地的神秘主义相结合。他们通过这一途径积极热情地拓展商业买卖和宗教信仰。‎ Putting the right persons in the right jobs and gaining confidence in his business decisions were ‎ the keys to a turning around that has brought expansion and profitability.‎ ‎【参考译文】恰当的工作岗位使用合适的人选，对企业决策具有信心使形式好转的关键。它给你带来拓展和利润。（或任人唯贤，指挥若定使扭亏增盈，大展宏图的关键。）‎ Search for the inner self.‎ ‎【参考译文】探索内心的自我。‎ Such approaches as psycho-cybernetics, Carnegie’s think and growth rates, or the power of positive thinking are western attempts to tap the same higher intelligence that we contact through meditation.‎ ‎【参考译文】类似心理控制论、卡耐基思想、增长率、或者积极思考能力等观点是西方开拓高智能的办法，而我们是通过沉思冥想来和高智能联系的。‎ 写作方法与文章大意 这是一篇新闻报导，讲述印度尼西亚商人如何经营公司。主要采用一般到具体写作手法。一开始就点明他们以独特的方式――不看文件，不听汇报，而是闭上眼睛沉思，向古代帝王的精灵请示来经营。这种神秘主义几乎涉及印尼生活的各个领域，商业也不例外。后面每段都围绕这一主题而写。第二段写来源。第三段，应用于商业方面的具体例子，第四段，和西方管理方法对比。‎ 答案详解 ‎1.C 沉思。这在第一断已有说明。‎ A. 神秘主义。是个总的概念，笼罩生活各方面。而不是具体的做法和重要因素。 B. 宗教。 D. 投资。‎ ‎2.A 爪哇古代帝王之精灵。答案在第一段。‎ B. Wali Ullah是指印度穆斯林商人。这些虔诚的商人叫做Wali Ullah或者成为接近主的人。传说神话也把先知的力量归功于Wali Ullah。C. 老帝王。D. 卡耐基，1835-1919是生于苏格兰的美国钢铁工业家和慈善家。他有一套管理企业的办法，称为卡耐基思想（管理法）。‎ ‎3.B 他们也重视资历、才能。这在第三段中第二行起，商人 ‎ Hadisiko讲话清楚说明“如果我们要雇佣管理人员，我们就一起沉思，常常会有这种信息来临：这个人不能管理钱财或者他不可靠。也可能神灵告诉我们应当雇佣他。接着他匆忙补充说他的公司也采用现代人事管理系统，即要考虑雇佣的人员最根本的条件仍是正式资历”。‎ A. 他认为神秘主义不像想象中那么好。C. 表明他们雇佣人才。上下文说明，他所以补充是说明他们也重视资格。D. 表明科学管理和宗教结合的可能性。Hadisike语中没有这种意思。但不能说他们雇佣人才不管宗教。‎ ‎4.B 得到冷静头脑来决策。这在第三段后半部分讲到。“远景的投资也是通过神秘的沉思加以考虑。有着放松和开放的头脑，易于客观地判断新投资的风险。沉思和过去领袖的接触会是你的洞察力和感官变得敏锐。”第一段第五行“其中一位沉思者说每星期的沉思会主要目标是带来一个平静的头脑，作出好决策。”‎ A. 从上帝那里得到利润。 C. 取得先知。不对，先知的能力归于Wali Ullah。D. 得到客观的结论。文内只提到，头脑放松容易客观地判断投资风险与否，并不是客观的结论。‎ ‎5.B 没有沉思和斋戒的常规作生意。见第三段中，神秘的沉思帮助扭转公司生意滑坡而正常买卖步骤，这一年就损失了300万美元。这两句对比的话说明B项内容。‎ A. 采用西方买卖方式（交易方式）。文内没有点明正常就是西方方式。C. 和上帝接触。D. 知人善任。‎