2020届二轮复习特训英语从句用法总结课件共35张PPT课件

2020届二轮复习特训英语从句用法总结课件共35张PPT课件

英语各种从句的用法 表语从句 同位语从句 主语从句 宾语从句 状语从句 从句 定语从句 定义：在句中作主语的句子叫主语从句 1.由从属连词that，whether，if 引导； That the plates are moving is beyond dispute. Whether he will come or not is still a question. 2.由连接代词who,that引导; What we lack is experience. Who will go to the energy conference is not important. Subject Clause( 主语从句) 3.由连接副词when,how,where,why引导; How he manages to finish the job is of interest to us. Why he failed the english exam wasn't clear. 注意：that在从句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当成分。 4.当主语过长时，为了符合英语语言的习惯和避免出现头重脚轻的现象常用it 代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末； It is known to all that light travels in straight lines. It was a great achievement to complete a 24-story building in 10 months. 固定用法和译法: (1) It is +名词+从句 It is a fact that… 事实是…… It is good news that … ……是好消息 It is a question that … ……是个问题 It is common knowledge that … ……是常识 类似的名词还有：a pity,a wonder,surprise,no wonder等. (2) It is +形容词+从句 It is +形容词+从句 It is necessary that … 有必要…… It is clear that … 很清楚…… It is likely that … 很可能…… It is important that … 重要的是…… 类似的形容词还有：strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc. 注意: 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气 “(should) +do”，如strange，natural… (3) It is +过去分词+从句 It is said that … 据说…… It is reported that … 据报道…… It has been proved that … 已证明…… It must be proved that… 必须指出…… 类似的过去分词还有：known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required ; decided; suggested ; demanded; made clear; found out,etc. (4) It +不及物动词+从句 It seems that … 好像是…… It happened that… 碰巧…… It follows that … 由此可见…… It has turned out that … 结果是…… 类似的不及物动词还有：seem, appear, occur, follow, happen,turn out, etc. ( 由it作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 ： it作形式主语的结构It is+名词/形容词/过去分词+主语从句；而强调句则不同，它的结构是：It+be+被强调部分+that+从句 判断是否是强调句有一个方法，就是将that以后的“句子的其余部分”拿出来单独看，看有没有缺成分，缺的是什么成分，再把谓语动词后面that前面的那部分，带到你认为缺成分的地方，如果放进去是一句完整的句子了，那就说明是强调句。） It was how the young man had learned five foreign languages _____attracted the audience's interest. A.so that B.that C.what D.in which 解析：what做连接词的时候永远等于“the thing(s) that”，it作形式主语是只能代名词性结构，代不了“名词+定语从句”的结构。 单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。 Where and when he was born has not been found. When the person was murdered and why he was murdered are still unknown. B 定义：指在复合句中做主句表语的从句。表语从句和主语指同一内容，它对主语进行解释、说明，使主句的内容具体化。 The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 结构：主语 + 连系动词(be,seem,look) + 句子作表语 (1) 从属连词that，whether, as, as if 等； The trouble is that I have lost his address. The question is whether they will be able to help us. 注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句 All this was over twenty years ago, but it´s as if it was only yesterday. Predicative Clause( 表语从句) (2)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why . The question is how he did it. That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. (3) A is to B what C is to D. 目的在于突出A对于B的重要 Water is to fish what air is to man. What she wants to know is which dress she should buy. (此处which和what的句子成分是一样的) 重点疑难 1“That is because/why...”意为“这就是为什么……/因为,因此。两者之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由， “That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果 He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.（前面结果，后面原因） He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.（前面原因，后面结果） 2.在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略; My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 定义：指在复合句中做及物动词的宾语的从句，也可以做介词和某些形容词的宾语。宾语从句一般用于及物动词之后，或用于介词之后。 1.由连接词that引导的宾语从句； 由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。 He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 注意: 在demand, order, suggest, advise, decide, insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用 “should+ 动词原形”。 I insist that she (should) do her work alone. Object Clause (宾语从句) The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 但是, 如果suggest作“表明、暗示”讲, insist作“坚持说、坚持认为”讲，则其后的宾语从句中应该用陈述语气。 The smile on his face suggested that he had passed the examination. I want to know what he has told you (2)由whether或if引导的宾语句; whether和if均可引导动词后的宾语从句，常可互换。但从句中有or not时或介词宾语从句中只能用whether连接。介词后的宾语从句一般不用which和if引导，要用whether和what；that也很少引导介词宾语从句，只在except, but, besides等之后才用。 (3)许多带复合宾语的句子，宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it做形式宾语。结构常是：主语+动词+it+形容词/名词等宾语补足语+宾语从句 　　 Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible. 　　 Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours. 　 it作形式主语和形式宾语的区别： I find it necessary to take exercise every day. (形式宾语) I find it is necessary to take exercise every day. (形式主语) They found very hard to work out the problem. A.it B.it's C.this D.that 解析 ：如果选B 就成了宾语从句 而宾语从句中，如果主句是一般过去时，从句要用相应的过去的某个时态。这样时态不对，因此不能选B，只能选A。 ▲宾语从句中需要注意的重点： ★当主句是I/ We think (suppose, expect, believe, guess, imagine) 时，其后的宾语从句如果是否定形式，常把否定词not从从句中转移到主句中成为否定的转移。 I don’t think he will do so. A ★宾语从句中的时态呼应 ●主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态(主现从不限);　 ●主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态(主过从句过) ,但是从句是科学真理、客观常识、名人格言时用一般现在时; 　　 ●情态动词could/would用于，“请求”，表示委婉、客气的语气时，从句不受主句的约束。 I hear he is here tody/he was here yesterday/he will be here tomorrow. He said he was watching TV/he had swept the floor/he would play football after school. Everyone answered there are sixty minutes in an hour. 定义：在句中做定语，修饰名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 ★限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有 who,whom,whose,which,that 等。who,whom,whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。 The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother. Attributive Clause( 定语从句) 1)当先行词是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。 He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon. 2)关系代词的省略 在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。 This is one of those things with which we have to put up. This is one of those things (whichthat) we have to put up with. 3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。 Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings. ★非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。 Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism. 1.“介词+whichwhomwhose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。 This is the computer on which he spent all his savings It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar. 2.as引导的定语从句,主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。 These are not such problems as can be easily solved As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet. 定义：在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。 1.可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等抽象名词；（▲suggestion, order,adivce等词后的同位语从句谓语要用（should）do的形式） I've come from Mr wang with a message that he won't be able to see you this afternoon. 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开; The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city． Appositive Clause (同位语从句) 2.英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if 不能引导同位语从句。) l have no idea When he will be back． He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. ▲同位语从句与定语从句的区别 1．同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况； The news that l have passed the exam is true．（同位语从句表达 The news that he told me just now is true． 的是前面名词的内 容，定语从句则是对前面的名词起修饰作用） 2 ．引导同位语从句的 that 是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的 that 是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。 The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. （ that 在从句中不充当任何成份。） 　　 The idea that he gave surprises many people ．（ that 在从句中作 gave 的宾语。） 定义：用作状语的从句叫作状语从句，其关联词是一些从属连词。 修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词，通常由从属连词引导，按其意义和作用可分为时间、地点、 条件、 原因、让步、目的、结果、 方式、比较状语从句等。 1、时间状语从句： 常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until等； 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when等； Adverbial Clause (状语从句) I didn't realize how special my mother was until I became an adult. While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. No sooner had I arrived home ,then it began to rain. 2.地点状语从句 常用引导词：where; 特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere; Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. Wherever you go, you should work hard. 地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型： 句型1：Where＋地点从句，（there）＋主句。 【注意】 此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。 Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible. They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地点从句，＋主句。 【 注意】anywhere本身是个副词，但是常可以引导从句，相当于连词意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后.而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处。 Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen. 3.原因状语从句 常用引导词：because, since, as, for； 特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that. My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful. Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference. 4.目的状语从句 常用引导词：so that, in order that 特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them. The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly 5. 结果状语从句 常用引导词： so … that, such … that, 特殊引导词： such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, He got up so early that he caught the first bus. It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it. 6. 条件状语从句 常用引导词： if, unless, 特殊引导词： as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that We’ll start our project if the president agrees. You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. 7. 让步状语从句 常用引导词： though, although, even if, even though 特殊引导词： as ( 用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装 ) ， while ( 一般用在句首 ) ， no matter … ， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal. No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind. 8. 比较状语从句 常用引导词： as( 同级比较 ), than( 不同程度的比较 ) 特殊引导词： the more … the more … ; just as … ， so…; A is to B as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B She is as bad-tempered as her mother. The house is three times as big as ours. The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 9. 方式状语从句 常用引导词：as, as if, how 特殊引导词：the way When in Rome, do as the Roman do. She behaved as if she were the boss. Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. ★ whether和if都可以引导宾语从句表达“是否”意，（即引导宾语从句时if和whether可以互换）但以下几种名词从句要用whether（不用if）引导： (1)引导主语从句，且在句首时; Whether he has won the tennis is not known.(但It is not known whether/if he has won the tennis). (2)引导表语从句时; The problem is whether he can get a job. (3)引导同位语从句时; I have no idea whether he will come. (4)介词后的whether从句; I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.