外研三起六年级小学英语总复习

外研三起六年级小学英语总复习

小学英语总复习 一、字母 能按照四线三格正确书写26个字母的大小写并书读字母。‎ 二．词汇 ‎1.学习用品:‎ pen钢笔 pencil铅笔 pencil-case铅笔盒 ruler尺子 ‎ book书 bag包 newspaper报纸 schoolbag书包 eraser橡皮 dictionary词典 ‎ ‎2.人体(body):‎ foot脚 head头 face脸 hair头发 nose鼻子 mouth嘴 eye眼睛 ear耳朵 arm手臂 hand手 finger手指 leg腿 ‎ ‎3.【颜色(colours)】:‎ red红 blue蓝 yellow黄 green绿 white白 black黑 pink粉红 purple紫orange橙 brown棕 ‎ ‎4.【动物(animals)】:‎ cat猫 dog狗 pig猪 duck鸭 rabbit兔 horse马 elephant大象 ant蚂蚁 fish鱼 snake蛇 mouse老鼠 kangaroo袋鼠 monkey猴 panda熊猫 bear熊 lion狮子 tiger老虎 fox狐狸deer鹿 hen母鸡 sheep绵羊 goat山羊 cow奶牛 bird 鸟 camel 骆驼 frog青蛙 cock公鸡 dragon龙 owl 猫头鹰 parrot鹦鹉 ‎5.【人物(people)】:‎ friend朋友 boy男孩 girl女孩 mother母亲 father父亲 sister姐妹 brother兄弟 uncle叔叔 舅舅 man男人 woman女人 Mr.先生 Miss小姐 lady女士;小姐 mom妈妈 dad爸爸 parents父母 grandparents祖父母 grandma/grandmother(外)祖母 grandpa/grandfather(外)祖父 aunt姑姑 cousin堂(表)兄弟;堂(表)姐妹 son儿子 daughter女儿 baby婴儿classmate同学 people人物 robot机器人 ‎ ‎6【职业(jobs)】:‎ teacher教师 student学生 doctor医生 nurse护士 driver司机 farmer农民 singer歌唱家 writer作家 actor男演员 actress女演员 artist画家 TV reporter电视台记者 policeman(男)警察 police警察 ‎ ‎7.【食品,饮料(food & drink)】:‎ rice米饭 bread面包 beef牛肉 milk牛奶 water水 egg蛋 fish鱼 tofu豆腐 cake蛋糕 hot dog热狗 hamburger汉堡包 biscuit饼干 noodles面条 meat肉 chicken鸡肉 vegetable蔬菜 soup汤 ice冰 ice-cream冰淇淋 cola可乐 juice果汁breakfast早餐 lunch午餐 dinner/supper晚餐 meal一餐 cake蛋糕 chocolate巧克力 sandwich三明治 cheese 奶酪 sausage香肠 dumpling 饺子 tea 茶 coffee咖啡 ‎8.水果,蔬菜(fruit & vegetables):‎ apple苹果 banana香蕉 pear梨 orange橙 watermelon西瓜 tomato西红柿 potato土豆 peach桃 strawberry草莓 carrot胡萝卜 cabbage卷心菜 mango芒果 ‎9.【衣服(clothes)】:‎ jacket夹克衫 shirt衬衫 T-shirt丅恤衫 skirt短裙子 dress连衣裙 shoes鞋子 sweater毛衣 coat上衣 raincoat雨衣 shorts短裤 hat(有沿的)帽子 ‎ cap便帽 sunglasses太阳镜 trousers裤子 cloth布 ‎ ‎10.【交通工具(vehicles)】:‎ bike自行车 bus公共汽车 train火车 boat小船 ship轮船 car小汽车 taxi出租车 jeep吉普车 plane/airplane飞机 ‎11.【事物(other things)】:‎ thing东西 window窗户 door门 desk课桌 chair椅子 bed床 computer计算机 light灯 teacher's desk讲台 picture图画;照片 wall墙壁 floor地板 ball 球baseball 棒球basket ball篮球table tennis乒乓球clock钟表card 卡片postcard明信片 football/soccer足球 present礼物 lamp台灯 phone电话 sofa沙发 shelf书架 table桌子 TV电视 photo照片 plate盘子 knife刀 fork叉 chopsticks筷子 gift礼物 toy玩具 doll洋娃娃 ball球 balloon气球 kite风筝 jigsaw 拼图游戏 box盒子 umbrella伞 violin小提琴 piano钢琴 trumpet小号 yo-yo溜溜球 hole洞 toothbrush牙刷 menu菜单 e-card电子卡片 e-mail电子邮件 money钱 ‎ ‎12.【地点(locations)】:‎ home家 room房间 bedroom卧室 living room起居室 classroom教室 school学校 park公园 library图书馆 post office邮局 police office警察局 hospital医院 cinema电影院 bookstore书店 farm农场 zoo动物园 garden花园 study书房 playground操场 teacher's office教师办公室 library图书馆 washroom卫生间 art room绘画教室computer room计算机教室 music room音乐教室 TV room电视机房 factory工厂 pet shop宠物商店 science museum科学博物馆the Great Wall长城 supermarket超市 bank银行 country国家 village乡村 city城市 hometown家乡 bus stop公共汽车 ‎13.【气象(weather)】 ：‎ ‎ cold寒冷的 warm温暖的 cool凉爽的 snow下雪 ‎ sunny晴朗的 hot炎热的 rain下雨 windy有风的 ‎ cloudy多云的 weather report天气预报 ‎14.【Number 数字】‎ One一 two二 three三 four四 five 五 six六 seven 七 eight八 nine九 ten十 eleven十一 twelve十二 thirteen十三 ‎ fourteen十四 fifteen十五 sixteen十六 ‎ seventeen十七 eighteen十八 nineteen 十九 twenty 二十 thirty三十 forty四十 fifty五十 ‎ sixty六十 seventy七十 eighty 八十 ninety九十 hundred百 thousand 一千 million 百万 ‎15.week【周，星期，时间】‎ weekday周日 weekend周末 Sunday星期日 Monday 星期一 Tuesday 星期二Wednesday 星期三 Thursday 星期四Friday 星期五 Saturday 星期六time 时间hour小时 day 天today今天 morning早上 afternoon下午 evening 晚上night夜间 soon 不久 often经常、时常 usually通常 sometimes有时 never从不 ‎ ‎16.月份（Mouths）:‎ January 一月 February 二月 March 三月 April 四月 May 五月 June 六月 Juny 七月 Augest 八月 September 九月 October 十月 November 十一月 December 十二月 ‎17.Sport (体育运动)：‎ football 足球 basktball 篮球 table tennis 乒乓球 baseball 棒球 ball 球 skating 滑冰 taiji 太极 High jump 跳高 long jump 跳远 running 跑步walk 竞走 wushu武术 swimming 游泳 ‎18.【季节（seasons）】: ‎ spring 春 summer 夏 autumn 秋winter 冬 ‎19.国家——国籍（countries）】:‎ China---Chinese 中国————中国人（的）；汉语 America----American 美国——美国人（的）‎ Australia——Australian 澳大利亚——澳大利亚人（的）‎ Canada---Canadian 加拿大----加拿大人（的）‎ England—English 英语---英语（的）‎ Mexico----Mexican 墨西哥————墨西哥人（的）‎ France---French 法国——法语 Japan---Japanese 日本------日本人（的）China/PRC中国 America/USA美国 UK联合王国 England英国 Canada/CAN加拿大 Australia澳大利亚 New York纽约 London伦敦 Sydney悉尼 ‎ ‎20.【十七节日（festivals）】: ‎ ‎ New Year's Eve 除夕 New Year 元旦 ‎ ‎ Spring Festival 春节 Lantern Festival 元宵节 Dragon Boat Festival 端午节（龙舟节） ‎ ‎ the Mid-autumn Festival 中秋节 Teathers' Day 教师节 Christmas 圣诞节 ‎ Thankgiving Day 感恩节 Halloween 万圣节 Flay Day 国旗日 ‎21.【动词及短语(verbs)】: ‎ look at 看着 pass 传递 get up 起床 go to school 上学 have lunch 吃午饭 go home 回家 watch TV 看电视 ‎ go to bed 上床睡觉 have breakfast 吃早饭 ‎ have dinner 吃晚饭 do 做 play 玩，打（球） sleep 睡觉 sing 唱歌 give 给 eat 吃 ‎ fly 放（风筝） have got 拥有 has got 拥有（have got的三单） go to work 上班 Walk 步行 swim 游泳 live 居住 ‎ go straight on 直着走 turn left 向左转 ‎ turn right 向右转 write 书写 take pictures 照相 ‎ talk to 和、、、、、交谈 play with 玩，摆弄 listen to 听 ‎ read 阅读 let's=let us 让我们 get on 上（车）‎ get off 下（车） row 划（船） drink 喝，饮用 ‎ want 需要，想要 make 制作 cook 烹饪，烧（菜）‎ love 喜爱 can 能够 run 跑 jump 跳 ‎ ride 骑，乘 Wash 洗，清洗 draw 画 ‎ visit 拜访，看望 Come on 快点，赶快 turn on 打开 come in 请进 count 数数 take 带走，拿走 help 帮助 learn 学习 hope 希望 study 学习 find 找到 bring 带来 use 使用 stay 停留 suggest 建议 borrow 借 arrive 到达 climb 攀登，爬 ‎ finish 吃完 hurry 赶紧，匆忙 hurry up 快点 wait 等待 drop 落下，掉下 meet 遇见 ‎ need 需要 understand 明白，理解 argue 争吵 wear 穿 control 控制 catch 接住，抓住 hear 听到 sit 坐 sit down 坐下 skip 跳（绳）‎ ring 鸣，响 feel 感觉到 miss 想念 tell 告诉 lost 丢失 smell 闻到 cross 穿过 ‎ should 应该 hold 抓住 say 说话，讲话 collect 收集 sound 听起来 speak 说，讲（语言）‎ believe 相信 copy 模仿 clean 清理 show 展示，出示 become 成为 shine 照耀 fly away 飘走 spend 度过 be pround of 以。。。自豪 laugh 笑 cry 哭 make a mistake 犯错误 worry 担心 stand up 起立 do one'homework 做作业 ‎ go swimming 去游泳 ‎ play football踢足球, play basketball打篮球, ‎ play baseball打棒球, play table tennis 打乒乓球, ‎ play computer games 打游戏, play chess下棋 play the flute 吹笛, play the piano弹钢琴, ‎ play the trumpet 吹小号 go to the park 去公园 fly a kite放风筝 read a book 看书 have a picnic吃野餐 have a birthday party开生日聚会 ‎ go out出去 send an e-mail 发邮件 ‎ sing songs 唱歌 ‎ have English/Chinese/Music 上英语（语文、音乐）‎ buy 买 go 去 come 来 like 喜欢 do 做 dance 跳舞 see 看见 think 思考/想 write 写 watch 看 ask 问 love 喜欢 know 知道 help 帮助 ‎21.【学科，科目（subject）】: ‎ math 数学 English 英语 Chinese 汉语 music 音乐art 艺术 P.E 体育 Science 科学 physics 物理 chemistry 化学 biology 生物French 法语 history 历史 geography 地理 project 综合实践 ‎22.【形容词】‎ big 大的 small 小的 long 长的 short 短的、矮的 ‎ tall 高的 fat 胖 thin 瘦nice 好看的 kind 和蔼可亲的 funny 滑稽可笑的 good 好的 fine 好的 happy 高兴的clean 干净的 sad ‎ 难过的 little 小的 great 很好的 new 新的 old 老的，旧的young 年轻的 busy 忙的 sorry 遗憾的 ‎ lovely 可爱的 interesting 有趣的 great 大的、美妙的 difficult 困难的 cute 可爱的 fantastic 挺好的 beautiful 美丽的 favourite 最喜爱的 ‎ ‎23.【指示代词】：‎ this 这个 that 那个 these 这些 those 那些 ‎ ‎24. 其他名词：city 城市 home 家 room 房间 classroom 教室 school 学校 teacher 教师 ‎ student/pupil 学生 birthday 生日 homework 作业 hobby 业余爱好 word 词 card 卡片 question 问题 answer 答案 dollar 美元 festival 节日 game 游戏 name 名字 ‎25.【同音词】‎ 我I—eye 眼 喂 hi—high高的 ‎ 小时 hour—our 我们的 for—four sun—son hear—here eight—ate right—write be—bee no—know nose—knows see—sea one—won there—their cent—sent aunt—aren’t ‎26.【反义词】‎ big---small long—short tall—short easy—difficult black—white old—new old—young right—left right—wrong sad—glad(happy) cold—hot thin—fat come—go same—different sit—stand bring—take light–heavy bright--dark ‎【对应词】‎ mum—dad brother—sister girl—boy here—there this—that east—west north—south day—night these—those ‎26.【完全、缩略形式 】 ‎ I'm = I am he's = he is ‎ she's = she is they're = they are you're = you are we’re = we are it’s = it is there's = there is ‎ ‎ there’re = there are can't = can not ‎ don't = do not doesn't = does not ‎ ‎ isn't = is not aren't = are not ‎ ‎ let's = let us won't = will not ‎ ‎ I'll = I will wasn't = was not ‎ weren’t = were not didn’t = did not couldn’t= could not ‎ ‎ ‎ 总结:通常情况下,'m即am, 's即is(但 let's=let us), 're即are , n't即not (但can't=can not) ‎ 外研版小学英语复习的重点词汇和句型 一、分类词汇 ‎1、名词： 人物 boy girl mother father brother sister friend cousin driver dancer pupil teacher policeman nurse farmer doctor Ms Mr 动物 animal dragon tiger lion elephant monkey panda dog cat ‎ bird 五官 身体部分 head eye nose ear mouth hand arm foot leg hair 食物 food cake rice meat bread noodles soup fish chocolate mango banana apple pear orange peanut sweets biscuit vegetable milk fruit watermelon ice cheese juice coffee tea 场所方位 classroom class school home farm house road supermarket station park lake sea river east west north south 国家 China England America country 交通工具bike bus train boat plane 学科 English, Chinese, Math, Science 玩具kite, toy, computer game, doll, jigsaw, chess, ball 文具bag pencil pen book 时间 time today day hour yesterday tomorrow morning afternoon evening weekend spring summer autumn winter January February March April May June July August September October November December Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 服装hat dress coat T-shirt clothes sweater 教室中的物品 desk chair door window 其它名词 name present box bottle song winner Christmas tree letter metre kilo homework robot weather postcard matter game life radio Cold headache fever ‎2、动词： 运动 play football, play basketball, play table tennis, do morning ‎ exercises, go swimming, go cycling, run, high jump, ride, row a boat, 系动词 am is are was were feel smell 情态动词 can need may should 其它动作want, make, cook, wash, please, draw, thank, think, point to, sit down, stand up, know, help, hope, look see, have, has, like, sing , read, write, draw, learn, listen, hear, say, talk, tell, study, speak, drink, drop laugh, give, visit, catch, dance, carry, live, agree, stop, finish, wait, get up, have breakfast, go to school, go to work, have lunch, go home, have dinner, watch TV, take pictures, go straight on, turn right, turn left, understand, argue, wear, went bought had met ran lost learnt 3、形容词： 颜色 red blue yellow green black orange purple pink white 天气 hot cold warm cool windy sunny 心情感觉 fine, happy, favorite, hungry, difficult, thirsty sad, bored, angry, tired, sorry 其它 big small short tall old young new thin fat, great, strong, blind, deaf nice shy clever naughty cool cute good bad careful long wide interesting beautiful wonderful many much famous quiet dangerous better, worse, useful, last dear clean ‎ enough 4、副词： 疑问副词 where when how why 其它副词 here there now then very up down fast high well badly really hard 5、代词： 人称代词 I we you he she they it 物主代词 my our your his her their its mine yours hers his 指示代词 this that these those 不定代词 some many much any 疑问代词 what, whose, How many, How old, who, How much, 6、数词： one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety hundred 7、介词：on in under to at past by with 8、冠词：a an the 9、连词：and, but, because, so, than 10、其它：Yes, No, Hello, Goodbye, Thank you, too, Happy birthday, o’clock, Happy New Year, Spring Festival, Children’s Day, Let’s, Excuse me, Sport Day, Good luck, Come on, Of course, The Great Wall,‎ 二、 重点句型 1. Good morning. 2. Good afternoon. 3.‎ ‎ How are you? I’m fine, thank you. And how are you? I’m fine, too. 4. What’s your name? My name is Sam. / I’m Sam. 5. How many? It’s ten. 6. How many boys? Ten boys. 7. How many girls? Eleven girls. 8. Stand up/ Sit down. 9. Point to the door. /window, chair… 10. What’s this? It’s a book. 11. What’s that? It’s a chair. 12. Happy birthday. Thank you. 13. Where’s my present ? It’s in the hat It’s on the hat. It’s under the hat. 14. How old are you? I’m eleven. 15. Is it a dog? Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t.. 16. This is my mother. She’s a teacher. This is my father. He’s a doctor. This is my grandpa. He’s a policeman. This is my grandma. She’s a driver. This is my brother. He’s a farmer. This is my sister. She’s a nurse. It’s me. I’m a pupil. 17. This is my hand. This is my nose. This is my mouth. These are my eyes. ‎ ‎ These are my ears. These are my feet. 18. What are they? They are monkeys. Are they tall? No, they aren’t. Are they thin? Yes, they are. 19.I like football. I don’t like basketball. I like swimming. I don’t like skipping rope. I like skipping rope. I don’t like cycling. 20．What’s your favourite colour? It’s blue. 21.Sam likes toy cars. He doesn’t like Barbie dolls. 22.Amy likes Barbie dolls. She doesn’t like computer games. 23.Do you like noodles? Yes, I do./ No, I don’t. 24.Does Lingling like meat? Yes, she does./ No, she doesn’t. 25.What’s the time , please? It’s four o’clock. It’s half past three. 26.I have breakfast at six o’clock. I go to school at eight o’clock. I have lunch at twelve o’clock. I go home at half past five. I have dinner at half past six. 27.What do you do at the weekend?‎ ‎ I play basketball. I watch TV. I play football. ‎ ‎ I play table tennis. I go swimming. 28.What does Sam do at the weekend? He plays basketball. He watches TV. ‎ ‎ He plays football. He plays table tennis. He goes swimming. 29.What does Amy do at the weekend? She plays basketball. She watchesTV. She plays football. She plays table tennis. She goes swimming. 30.What do you have at school? At school I have Chinese, Maths, English and Science. 31.Happy New Year. 32.Happy Christmas. 33. Spring It’s spring. It’s warm in spring. We go cycling in spring. 34.Summer It’s summer. It’s hot in summer. We go swimming in summer. 35.Autumn It’s autumn. It’s cool in autumn. We play football in autumn. 36.Winter It’s winter. It’s cold in winter. We watch TV and play table tennis in winter. 37.What do you do in spring? I go cycling in spring. What do you do in summer? I go swimming in summer. ‎ ‎ What do you do in autumn? I play football in autumn. What do you do in winter? I watch TV and play table tennis in winter. 38.How do you go to school? I go to school by bus.(或 by train, by car, by bike) I go to school on foot. I walk to school. 39.How does your father go to work? He goes to work by car. How does your mother go to work? She goes to work by bike. 40.Have you got a tiger? Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t. Have you got a new sweater? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. 41.Has he got a new toy plane?Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t. Has she got a new dress?Yes, she has./ No, she hasn’t. 42.This is my mother. She’s watching TV. This is my father. He’s reading a book. This is my grandma. ‎ ‎ She’s writing a letter. This is my grandpa. ‎ ‎ He’s taking a picture. 43. What are you doing? I’m watching TV. 44.Do you want some rice? Yes, please./ No, thank you. 45.Have you got chopsticks in England ? ‎ ‎ Yes, we have./ No, we haven’t. 45.What are they doing? They’re rowing a boat. 46.Can you jump far?(run fast, jump high, ride fast) Yes, I can./ No, I can’‎ t. 46.It’s time to go to bed. 47.We’re going to go to Hainan tomorrow. 48.What are you going to do for Sports Day? I’m going to run 100 metres. 49.Can I have an apple? Yes, you can./ Sorry, you can’t. 50.Can I have some soup? Yes, you can./ Sorry, you can’t. 51.There is some fish.(不可数名词) There are some sweets. (可数名词) There isn’t any soup. (不可数名词) There aren’t any biscuits. (可数名词) 52.How many birthdays are there in January? There is one. There four. There aren’t any. 53.This is Xiaoyong. He’s a clever pupil. He’s very clever. 54.This is a book about London. It’s very nice. 55.London is the capital of England. 56.This the River Thames. It’s very long and very wide. 57.This is Big Ben. It’s very old and very tall. 58.This is Hyde Park. It’s very beautiful. 59.This is Tower Bridge. It’s very famous and very beautiful. 60.We’re going to have a picnic. 61.Will you take a ball? Yes, I will./ No, I won’‎ t. 63．What is Amy doing? She’s reading a letter. 64.I like playing football. 65.I love watching TV. 66.I like football and watching TV. 67.Robots will do everything. 68.Robots can walk. 69.It will be windy in Beijing. 70.It will rain in Hanzhou. 71.Amy’s taller than Lingling. 72.I’m shorter than Daming. 73.Beijing is bigger than Tianjin. 74.I think this girl is better than the first girl. 75.Do you agree? 76.This boy is worse than that boy. 77.Washington D.C is the capital of the USA. 78.People speak English in America. 79.I was two then. Now I am ten. 80.He was two then. Now he’s ten. 81.They weren’t old then. They were very young. 82.Did you help your mother on Saturday? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. 83.Did Amy help her mother? Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. 84.Did Daming go to school? Yes, he did. / No, he didn’‎ t. 85.Where did you go? I went to the Great Wall. 86.What did you do yesterday? I played basketball. 87.What did you see? I saw some big mountains. 88.What did you eat? I ate some bread. 89.What did you buy? I bought some pictures. 90.Sam had chocolate biscuits yesterday.Today he’s got a stomachache. 91.Amy had a cold yesterday. Today she’s got a headache. 92.Lingling had a headache yesterday. Today she’s got a fever. 93.I’ve got a fever. 94.There was a tree. 95.There were many trees. 96.There wasn’t a chair. 97.There weren’t many flowers. 98.How many bananas do you want? Five bananas, please. 99.How much cheese do you want? Half a kilo, please. 100.It was sunny, so we could play basketball. 101.It rained yesterday, so se couldn’t play basketball. 102.Is this your cap? Yes, it’s mine./ No, it isn’t. It’s hers. 103.Whose book is this? It’s hers. 104.There is too much rubbish. There aren’t enough sun. There are too many chickens. There isn’t enough ‎ food. There are too many children. There aren’t enough chairs. 105.I can play football well. 106.Can you control the ball? Yes, I can. / No, I c ‎外研版小学英语复习的重点词汇和句型 一、分类词汇 1、名词： 人物 boy girl mother father brother sister friend cousin driver dancer pupil teacher policeman nurse farmer doctor Ms Mr 动物 animal dragon tiger lion elephant monkey panda dog cat bird 五官 身体部分 head eye nose ear mouth hand arm foot leg hair 食物 food cake rice meat bread noodles soup fish chocolate mango banana apple pear orange peanut sweets biscuit vegetable milk fruit watermelon ice cheese juice coffee tea 场所方位 classroom class school home farm house road supermarket station park lake sea river east west north south 国家 China England America country 交通工具bike bus train boat plane 学科 English, Chinese, Math, Science 玩具kite, toy, computer game, doll, jigsaw, chess, ball 文具bag pencil pen book 时间 time today day hour yesterday tomorrow morning afternoon evening weekend spring summer autumn winter January February March April May June July August September October November December Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 服装hat dress coat T-shirt clothes ‎ sweater 教室中的物品 desk chair door window 其它名词 name present box bottle song winner Christmas tree letter metre kilo homework robot weather postcard matter game life radio Cold headache fever ‎2、动词： 运动 play football, play basketball, play table tennis, do morning exercises, go swimming, go cycling, run, high jump, ride, row a boat, 系动词 am is are was were feel smell 情态动词 can need may should 其它动作want, make, cook, wash, please, draw, thank, think, point to, sit down, stand up, know, help, hope, look see, have, has, like, sing , read, write, draw, learn, listen, hear, say, talk, tell, study, speak, drink, drop laugh, give, visit, catch, dance, carry, live, agree, stop, finish, wait, get up, have breakfast, go to school, go to work, have lunch, go home, have dinner, watch TV, take pictures, go straight on, turn right, turn left, understand, argue, wear, went bought had met ran lost learnt 3、形容词： 颜色 red blue yellow green black orange purple pink white 天气 hot cold warm cool windy sunny 心情感觉 fine, happy, favorite, hungry, difficult, thirsty sad, bored, angry, tired, sorry 其它 big small short tall old young new thin fat, great, strong, blind, deaf nice shy clever naughty cool cute good bad ‎ careful long wide interesting beautiful wonderful many much famous quiet dangerous better, worse, useful, last dear clean enough 4、副词： 疑问副词 where when how why 其它副词 here there now then very up down fast high well badly really hard 5、代词： 人称代词 I we you he she they it 物主代词 my our your his her their its mine yours hers his 指示代词 this that these those 不定代词 some many much any 疑问代词 what, whose, How many, How old, who, How much, 6、数词 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety hundred 7、介词：on in under to at past by with 冠词：a an the 8、连词：and, but, because, so, than 其它：Yes, No, Hello, Goodbye, Thank you, too, Happy birthday, o’clock, Happy New Year, Spring Festival, Children’s Day, Let’s, Excuse me, Sport Day, Good luck, Come on, Of course, The Great Wall,‎ 二、重点句型 1. Good morning. 2. Good afternoon. 3. How are you? I’m fine, thank you. And how are you? I’m fine, too. 4. What’s your name? My name is Sam. / I’m Sam. 5. How many? It’s ten. 6. How many boys? Ten boys. 7. How many girls? Eleven girls. 8. Stand up/ Sit down. 9. Point to the door. /window, chair… 10. What’s this? It’s a book. 11. What’s that? It’s a chair. 12. Happy birthday. Thank you. 13. Where’s my present ? It’s in the hat It’s on the hat. It’s under the hat. 14. How old are you? I’m eleven. 15. Is it a dog? Yes, it is./ No, it isn’‎ t.. 16. This is my mother. She’s a teacher. This is my father. He’s a doctor. This is my grandpa. He’s a policeman. This is my grandma. She’s a driver. This is my brother. He’s a farmer. This is my sister. She’s a nurse. It’s me. I’m a pupil. 17. This is my hand. This is my nose. This is my mouth. These are my eyes. These are my ears. These are my feet. 18. What are they? They are monkeys. Are they tall? No, they aren’‎ t. Are they thin? Yes, they are. 19.I like football. I don’t like basketball. I like swimming. I don’t like skipping rope. I like skipping rope. I don’t like cycling. 20．What’s your favourite colour? It’s blue. 21.Sam likes toy cars. He doesn’t like Barbie dolls. 22.Amy likes Barbie dolls. She doesn’t like computer games 23.Do you like noodles? Yes, I do./ No, I don’t. 24.Does Lingling like meat? Yes, she does./ No, she doesn’t. 25.What’s the time , please? It’s four o’clock. It’s half past three. 26.I have breakfast at six o’clock. I go to school at eight o’clock. I have lunch at twelve o’clock. I go home at half past ‎ five. I have dinner at half past six. 27.What do you do at the weekend? I play basketball. I watch TV. I play football. I play table tennis. I go swimming. 28.What does Sam do at the weekend? He plays basketball. He watches TV. He plays football. He plays table tennis. He goes swimming. 29.What does Amy do at the weekend? She plays basketball. She watchesTV. She plays football. She plays table tennis. She goes swimming. 30.What do you have at school? At school I have Chinese, Maths, English and Science. 31.Happy New Year. 32.Happy Christmas. 33.‎ ‎ Spring It’s spring. It’s warm in spring. We go cycling in spring. 34.Summer It’s summer. It’s hot in summer. We go swimming in summer. 35. Autumn It’s autumn. It’s cool in autumn. We play football in autumn. 36. Winter It’s winter. It’s cold in winter. We watch TV and play table tennis in winter. 37.What do you do in spring? I go cycling in spring. What do you do in summer? I go swimming in summer. What do you do in autumn? I play football in autumn. What do you do in winter? I watch TV and play table tennis in winter. 38. How do you go to ‎ school? I go to school by bus.(或 by train, by car, by bike) I go to school on foot. I walk to school. 39.How does your father go to work? He goes to work by car. How does your mother go to work? She goes to work by bike. 40.Have you got a tiger? Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t. Have you got a new sweater? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. 41.Has he got a new toy plane? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t. Has she got a new dress? Yes, she has./ No, she hasn’t. 42.This is my mother. She’s watching TV. This is my father. He’s reading a book. This is my grandma. She’s writing a letter. This is my grandpa. He’s taking a picture. 43. What are you doing? I’m watching TV. 44.Do you want some rice? Yes, please./ No, thank you. 45.Have you got chopsticks in England ‎ ? Yes, we have./ No, we haven’t. 45.What are they doing? They’re rowing a boat. 46.Can you jump far?(run fast, jump high, ride fast) Yes, I can./ No, I can’t. 46.It’s time to go to bed. 47.We’re going to go to Hainan tomorrow. 48.What are you going to do for Sports Day? I’m going to run 100 metres. 49.Can I have an apple? Yes, you can./ Sorry, you can’t. 50.Can I have some soup? Yes, you can./ Sorry, you can’t. 51.There is some fish.(不可数名词) There are some sweets. (可数名词) There isn’t any soup. (不可数名词) There aren’t any biscuits. (可数名词) 52.How many birthdays are there in January? There is one. There four. There aren’t any. 53.This is Xiaoyong. He’s a clever pupil. He’s very clever. 54.This is a book about London. It’s very nice. 55.London is the capital of England. 56.This the River Thames. It’s very long and very wide. 57.This is Big Ben. It’s very old and very ‎ tall. 58.This is Hyde Park. It’s very beautiful. 59.This is Tower Bridge. It’s very famous and very beautiful. 60.We’re going to have a picnic. 61.Will you take a ball? Yes, I will./ No, I won’t. 63．What is Amy doing? She’s reading a letter. 64.I like playing football. 65.I love watching TV. 66.I like football and watching TV. 67.Robots will do everything. 68.Robots can walk. 69.It will be windy in Beijing. 70.It will rain in Hanzhou. 71.Amy’s taller than Lingling. 72.I’m shorter than Daming. 73.Beijing is bigger than Tianjin. 74.I think this girl is better than the first girl. 75.Do you agree? 76.This boy is worse than that boy. 77.Washington D.C is the capital of the USA. 78.People speak English in America. 79.I was two then. Now I am ten. 80.He was two then. Now he’‎ s ten. 81.They weren’t old then. They were very young. 82.Did you help your mother on Saturday? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. 83.Did Amy help her mother? Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. 84.Did Daming go to school? Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t. 85.Where did you go? I went to the Great Wall. 86.What did you do yesterday? I played basketball. 87.What did you see? I saw some big mountains. 88.What did you eat? I ate some bread. 89.What did you buy? I bought some pictures. 90.Sam had chocolate biscuits yesterday.Today he’s got a stomachache. 91.Amy had a cold yesterday. Today she’s got a headache. 92.Lingling had a headache yesterday. Today she’s got a fever. 93.I’ve got a fever. 94.There was a tree. 95.There were many trees. 96.There wasn’t a chair. 97.There weren’t many flowers. 98.How many bananas do you want? Five bananas, please. 99.How much cheese do you want? Half a kilo, please. 100.It was sunny, so we could play basketball. 101.It rained yesterday, so se couldn’t play basketball. 102.Is this your cap? Yes, it’s mine./ No, it isn’t. It’s hers. 103.Whose book is this? It’s hers. 104.There is too much ‎ rubbish. There aren’t enough sun. There are too many chickens. There isn’t enough food. There are too many children. There aren’t enough chairs. 105.I can play football well. 106.Can you control the ball? Yes, I can. / No, I can’t. 107.This man is blind. He cannot see . He cannot walk well by himself. This dog helps him. 108.This girl is deaf. She cannot hear well by herself. This dog helps her. 109.These firemen cannot find people by themselves. But these dogs help them. 110.What time do you get up? I get up at half past six. 111.Are you feeling happy? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. 112.You should look. Then cross the road. 113. You shouldn’t walk in the road. 114.Should he do his homework? Yes, she should. 115.Should she watch TV? No, she shouldn’tan’t. 107.This man is blind. He cannot see . He cannot walk well by himself. This dog helps him. 108.This girl is deaf. She cannot hear well by herself. This dog helps her. 109.These firemen cannot find people by themselves. But these dogs help ‎ them. 110.What time do you get up? I get up at half past six. 111.Are you feeling happy? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. 112.You should look. Then cross the road. 113. You shouldn’t walk in the road. 114.Should he do his homework? Yes, she should. 115.Should she watch TV? No, she shouldn’t 小学阶段不规则动词全表 Infinitive   Past ense       Infinitive       Past tense ‎1. am, is    was              2. keep        kept ‎3. are      were             4. let         let ‎5. become  became           6.make      made ‎7. begin  began            8. meet       met ‎9. bite     bit              10. put        put ‎11. blow     blew             12.read         read ‎13. buy      bought           14.ride         rode ‎15. catch    caught           16. run         ran ‎17. come     came             18. ay          said ‎19. cost     cost             20. see         saw ‎21. cut      cut              22. sing        sang ‎23.dig       dug              24. sit         sat ‎25.do        did              26.sleep        slept ‎27. draw     drew             28. speak       spoke ‎29. drink    drank            30. sweep       swept ‎31. eat      ate              32. take        took ‎33.fall      fell             34.teach        taught ‎35. feed     fed              36. tell        told ‎37.feel      felt             38.think        thought ‎39. fly    flew             40. throw      threw ‎41.forget  forgot           42.understand   understood ‎43. get      got               44.give          gave ‎45. wake     woke              46.go        went ‎ ‎47. wear     wore              48.grow       grew ‎49. win      won               50.have/has   had ‎51. write   wrote             52.know       knew 外研版第1——8册主要内容 外研版第1册主要内容 词汇：boy girl door window blackboard bird desk chair red blue yellow green black dog cat cap panda one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve school teacher bag pencil pen book cake kite mother father grandpa grandma sister brother doctor driver policeman nurse farmer head arm leg foot nose eye mouth ear 句子：----Good morning! ----Good morning!‎ ‎ ----Good afternoon! ----Good afternoon!‎ ‎ ----How are you?----I’m fine, thank you.‎ ‎ ----What’s your name?----I’m ….‎ ‎ ----Point to the door/window/blackboard…..‎ ‎ ----Stand up/ Sit down, please.‎ ‎ ----What colour?----It’s red/blue….‎ ‎ ----How many? ----One/Two/Three….‎ ‎ ----What’s this/that? ----It’s a chair/desk…‎ ‎ ----Happy birthday! ----Thank you.‎ ‎---- Here’s your present/cake. ----Thank you. ----How old are you? ----I’m nine.‎ ‎----Is it a cat? ----Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t.‎ ‎----Where’s the cat? ---I don’t know./ It’s in the green ‎ bag.‎ ‎---- This is my father.‎ ‎----He/She’s a doctor/nurse…. ‎ ‎---- This is his/ her arm/head….‎ 外研版第2册主要内容 词汇：song toy car ship doll animal monkey tiger lion elephant big small fat thin tall short sport football basketball table tennis riding bikes swimming skipping meat rice noodles fish milk banana pear orange apple Chinese Maths Science Music Art PE play sleep sing give eat Christmas spring summer autumn winter hot warm cool cold sunny windy dress coat sweater T-shirt bike bus walk in on under park ‎ 词组：get up go to school have lunch go home watch TV go to bed have breakfast have dinner Spring Festival New Year fly kites go to work by bus by bike go fishing 句子：My favourite toy is a car/ doll….‎ ‎ ----What’s this/that? ----It’s a tiger.‎ ‎ ----What are they? ------ They’re lions.‎ ‎ I like/ don’t like football/ basketball….‎ ‎ I like/ don’t like swimming/skipping….‎ ‎ ----Do you like meat? ----Yes, I do./ No, I don/t.‎ ‎ ----Does Daming/he/ she like bananas? -----Yes, he does./ No, she doesn’t.‎ ‎ I get up at seven o’clock.‎ ‎ ----What’s the time, please? ---- It’s half past seven.‎ ‎ ----What do you do at the weekend? ----- I play football.‎ ‎ ----What does he/she do at the weekend? ---- He/ She watches TV.‎ ‎ Happy New Year. ‎ ‎ It’s spring/ summer/ autumn/ winter.‎ ‎ It’s warm/hot/cool/cold in spring/summer/ autumn/ winter.‎ ‎ I’ve got a new book.‎ ‎ ----Have you got a new book?--- Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.‎ ‎ ----Has Tom/he/she got a new book? ----Yes, he/she has. / No, he/she hasn’t.‎ ‎ Amy/ He/ She goes to school by bike/ by bus/by car.‎ ‎ It’s in/ on/ under the desk….‎ 外研版第3-4册主要内容 一、情境问答：‎ 第三册 ‎1. Have you got_______? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.‎ ‎2. Excuse me. Where’s the________, please?‎ ‎ Go straight on. Turn right. Turn left.‎ ‎3. What are you doing? I’m _______‎ ‎ What is he/she doing? He’s/She’s ___________‎ ‎ What are they doing? They’re __________‎ ‎4. Do you want some _______? Yes, please. No, thank you.‎ ‎5. Can you _____ ? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.‎ ‎6. What are you going to do? I’m/We’re going to _______‎ ‎7. Can I have some ______ ? Yes, you can. Sorry, you can’t.‎ ‎8. How many ____ are there in ____? There is/are______‎ 第四册 ‎9. Is it _____? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.‎ ‎10. Will you _____ ? Yes, I will. No, I won’t.‎ ‎11. Was he/she/it _____? Yes, he/she/it was. No, he/she/it isn’t.‎ ‎ Were you ______? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.‎ ‎12. Did you/he/she/they____? Yes, I/he/she/they did. No, I/he/she/they didn’t.‎ 二、词组短语 第三册 take pictures watch TV read a book write a letter listen to music talk to my friend play with in the park look at row a boat under the tree play chess play football play basketball play table tennis make a cake do the high jump do the long jump 第四册 have a picnic go swimming go to the park do homework speak English ‎ 情景运用：‎ 第三册 ‎1. 问路、指路 ‎ Excuse me. Where’s the _______, please?‎ ‎ Go straight on. / Turn left. / Turn right.‎ ‎2.询问对方正在做什么 ‎ What are you doing? I’m _______‎ ‎ What is he/she doing? He’s/She’s ___________‎ ‎ What are they doing? They’re __________‎ ‎3. 询问对方是否要吃某种食物 ‎ Do you want some _______? ‎ Yes, please. No, thank you.‎ ‎4. 询问对方的能力 ‎ Can you _____?‎ ‎ Yes, I can. No, I can’t.‎ ‎5. 谈论将要做的事情 ‎ What are you going to do?‎ ‎ I’m/We’re going to _________ ‎ ‎6. 向别人要东西吃 ‎ Can I have some ______ ? ‎ Yes, you can. Sorry, you can’t.‎ 第四册 ‎7. 介绍某人 ‎ This is_______‎ ‎8. 谈论周一至周日将要做的事 ‎ What will you do on Monday?‎ ‎ I’ll_______ on Monday ‎ Will you ______ on Monday?‎ ‎ Yes, I will. No, I won’t.‎ ‎9. 做天气预报 ‎ It will be hot/cold/sunny/windy.‎ ‎ It will snow/rain.‎ ‎10. 做比较 ‎ 如: Sam is older than Daming.‎ 外研版第5-6册主要内容 ‎1.come back 2.last Sunday/night/year 3.go home ‎ ‎4.go to school ‎ ‎5.go to the park 6.hurry up 7.in a hurry 8.wait for ‎ ‎9.make a list 10.shopping list 11.half a kilo 12.how many ‎ ‎13.how much 14.at the weekend 15.in the morning ‎ ‎16.in the afternoon 17.take a photo 18.take photos ‎ ‎19.the British Museum 20.Big Ben 21.the Great Wall ‎ ‎22.the London Eye 23.give out 24.be careful ‎ ‎25.too many 26.run fast 27.play football 28.half past seven ‎29.get up 30.sit down 31.stand up 32.do morning exercises 33.play chess 34.on the farm 35.all day 36.of course ‎ ‎37.go out 38.say hello to ‎ ‎39．play basketball 40.play table tennis ‎41.many years ago 42.ten years ago ‎ ‎43.three days ago 44. live in ‎ ‎45.a lot of=lots of 46.watch TV 47.how about=what about 48.talk about 49.foreign language 50.study/work hard ‎ ‎51.an English teacher 52.a Chinese teacher ‎53.by bus/plane/car/train/ship/bike 54.English/ Chinese food 55.at school3.at home 56.at the library 57. library card ‎58.find out 59.be good at 60.look at 61.have /has got ‎62.in the east of China 63. in the west of China ‎ ‎64. in the south of China 65. in the north of China ‎ ‎66.every year/day 67.send an email 68.a good idea ‎ ‎69.listen to 70.be read for ‎ 1. Did your grandma learn English? Yes,she did. /No, she didn’t.‎ 2. What did she have for breakfast? She had eggs and sausages.‎ 3. Where are the books about…? They are on Shelf C.‎ 4. When did you go to…? I went there in July.‎ 5. What about chopsticks? It’s a good idea.‎ 6. Why don’t you give him a kite ?‎ 7. Did you…? Yes, I did. /No, I didn’t.‎ 8. When did you come back ? We came back last Sunday.‎ 9. How many bananas do you want? Six,please.‎ 10. How much chess do you want? Half a kilo.‎ 11. Do you like…? Yes,I do. /No,I don’t.‎ 12. Where did you go ? We went to the British Museum.‎ 13. What did you do at the weekend? We visited lots of places.‎ 14. What’s the matter?‎ 15. Whose bag is this ? It’s Lingling’s.‎ 16. Is this your cap? Yes, it’s mine.‎ 17. There be+ 某物+某地 ‎18．Can you…? Yes, I can. /No, I can’t.‎ ‎19.What time do you get up? I get up at half past six.‎ 外研版第7-8册主要内容 第七册 1. These postcards are great! It’s a picture of the Great Wall.‎ Tell me more about the Great Wall. How long is it?‎ 2. There’s a Chinatown in New York! ‎ There are lots of Chinese shops and restaurants there.‎ 1. I’ve got lots of stamps. These are some stamps from Canada. ‎ This stamp is from China.‎ 2. Thanksgiving is my favourite festival. ‎ We always have a special meal.‎ 3. Can you speak English? Can I write to your friend?‎ 4. Daming has got a Chinese kite and we fly it in the park.‎ ‎ I’ve got some chopsticks, but they are difficult.‎ 5. Pandas eat for twelve hours a day.‎ 6. Do you often play with dolls? Do you often clean your room?‎ 7. Do you want to visit the UN building in New York?‎ 8. Don’t talk in the library. Please stand in line.‎ 第八册 1. What do you want to eat? I want a hot dog, please. How much is it? It’s thirteen dollars and twenty-five cents.‎ 2. When are we going to eat? We’re going to eat at half past twelve. It’s going to snow in Harbin.‎ 3. The sun is shining. The birds are singing in the trees. The ducks are eating our picnic.‎ 4. Who can help me? Sorry, I can’t. I’m making Daming’s birthday card. I can help you.‎ 5. Daming is having a birthday party. Daming is playing the trumpet, but the phone is ringing.‎ 6. I brought you this book. Who gave it to you? Simon’s family gave it ‎ to me.‎ 1. Shenzhou V flew into space with Yang Liwei. He spent about twenty-one hours in space. He made a video and now he is very famous.‎ 2. Helen Keller became blind and deaf. She couldn’t see and she couldn’t hear. Later she could read and write. She wrote a book about herself.‎ 3. what’s the matter? Why are you laughing? Why are you wearing a raincoat? Because it’s going to rain.‎ 4. Are you going to go to middle school this September? Yes. I’m really excited. What are you going to study? ‎ 小学英语语法大全 第一章 名 词 一、定义 名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。 二、分类 1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词 如：john is a student student是普通名词，john是专有名词 普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the 或不加冠词，专有名词前一般不加冠词，专有名词的首字母要大写。 2. 普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词，其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词，物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。 3. 专有名词 专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词，多为独一无二的事物。 三、名词的数 1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词——可以数的名词 不可数名词——‎ 数不清（没有复数） drink?milk  tea  water  orange  juice  coke  coffee  porridge food?rice  bread  meat  fish  fruit  cake  dumplings 2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式，不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用，没有复数形式 many+可数名词复数 much/a little+不可数名词 some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。 3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰 不可数名词  数词 +量词 +of + 名词 对可数名词的数量提问用how many 对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much 4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法： 1） some, much ,a little ,a lot of  ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。 注意既可以与可数名词复数，又可以与不可数名词连用的有：plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of  ,most of 等。 如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。 i'll tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多好消息。 we should collect some useful information我们应该收集一些有用的消息。‎ ‎ 2） 用单位词表示。 用a ... of 表示。 如　a cup of （　一杯......），a bottle of （一瓶......） 　　a piece of （　一张......），a pair of shoes（一双鞋） 如two cups of tea（两杯茶）,five pieces of paper（五张纸） 注意单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式；千、百等数词与名词加用，表示复数时，数词仍保持单数，名词变复数。 如two hundred students（200名学生） 　　ten thousand trees（10000棵树） 测试点he caught a lot of fish他抓到了许多鱼（此处为许多条鱼，fish的复数仍为fish或fishes） =he caught a lot of fishes. the paper is about some fresh-water fishes.这篇论文是有关几种淡水鱼的。（此处fish表示不同种类的鱼，加复数词尾-es） 5、可数名词分为单数和复数。 名词单数就是该词本身，在其前面加a或an。 1）单数 如a desk（一张桌子） 　　an old desk（一张旧书桌） 2）复数：要表示一个以上概念时，要用名词复数形式 规则变化 1）一般情况下加-s　 如book--books（书）　desk--desks（书桌）‎ ‎ 2）以s ,x ,ch , sh结尾加-es 如box--boxes（盒子）　bus--buses(公共汽车) 注意①以 th 结尾加-s, month--months ②stomach--stomachs 3)以辅音字母+结尾，变y为i再加- es。 如city--cities(城市)  country--countries(国家) 注意以元音+y，直接加s。如：day--days(天)，boy--boys(男孩) 4)以f或fe结尾，复数变f或 fe 为v再加-es 如knife-knives(书) ,  half-halves(一半) (thief ,wife ,life ,shelf ,knife ,leaf ,self ,half ,wolf) 注意①有少数词后直接加s，如roof-roofs (屋顶) 5)以o结尾 (1)辅音字母加o结尾名词的加-es 如tomato-tomatoes(西红杮) potato-potatoes(土豆) (2) 元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s 如piano-pianos (钢琴),  zoo-zoos(动物园) photo-photos (照片),  kangaroo-kangaroos(袋鼠) kilo-kilos(千克) 注意zero 两种方式都可：zero-zeros或 zeroes(零) 不规则变化 1) 元音字母发变化。 如man--men(男人) ， woman--women(妇女) tooth--teeth(牙齿)  ， foot--feet(脚)‎ ‎ mouse--mice(老鼠)  ， policeman--policemen(警察) policewoman--policewomen(女警察) 2) 词尾发生变化。 如child--children(小孩)  ， ox--oxen(公牛) 3) 单、复数形式相同。 如fish--fish(鱼) ，sheep--sheep(绵羊) ，deer--deer(鹿) ，chinese--chinese(中国人) ，yuan--yuan(元) ，jinn--jinn(斤)   注意 不说an english，要说an englishman. ①fish作鱼肉讲时不可数，没有复数。 ②fishes指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。 4) 形似单数，实为复数意义。 如people(人，人们)these people (不说a people，可说a person) police(公安，警察)ten police (不说a police，可说a policeman) 5) 由man和woman构成的合成名词，变复数将名词及man或woman都变成复数。 如a man driver-men drivers(男司机) a woman doctor-women doctors (女医生) 6) 合成名词变为复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。 如passer-by-passers-by(过路人) bus driver-bus drivers(汽车司机) 注意如果没有主体名词，就在最后一词上加-s。如： grown-up-grown-ups(成年人)‎ ‎ letter-box-letter-boxes (信箱) 注意①hair和fruit通常作单数，表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果，则需用这两个词的复数形式。 如would you like some more fruit?  你要不要再吃点水果？ we bought a lot of fruit from the market.  我们从市场上买了许多水果， china has some good frits.  中国有一些好的水果。(指种类) she has a few white hairs.  她有几要白头发。 his black hair is going white.  他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。 注意②wind ,snow和rain这类词，有时也可以有复数形式，表示多次的风、雪或雨。 注意以boy 和girl开头的复合名词变成复数时，一般只把后一名词变成复数。 如  boy student-boy students(男学生) girlfriend--girlfriends(女朋友) 7) 有些名词只有作复数。 如scissors(剪刀)a pair of scissors(一把剪刀)trousers(裤子)shorts(短裤)jeans(工装裤)compasses(两脚规)scales(天平)sunglasses(太阳镜)surroundings(环境)savings(储蓄)writings(作品) 名词+man(woman)构成的复合名词，其复数形式通常与简单名词一样，即把man(woman)改成men(women)。 如englishman--englishmen(英国人)   frenchwoman--frenchwomen(法国妇女) 注意german不是复合词，它的复数是germans。‎ ‎ 四、名词的所有格 有些名词的可以加来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词的形式称为该名词的所有格。 如mary's father(玛丽的父亲) jim's mother(吉姆的母亲) 与所有格相对来看，不带这种词尾的形式就称为普通格。 1.名词所有格的构成法 1)单数名词词尾加's复数名词词尾如没有s，也要加's。 如tom's knife(汤姆的小刀)   children's books(儿童书籍) 2)表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人名字后加，如果表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后加。 如jim and mike's room吉姆和麦克(共用)的房间   jim's and mike's rooms吉姆和麦克(各自)的房间 3)若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加"'"即可。 如the students' reading-room(学生阅览室) everyone needs to have at least eight hours' sleep a night. 每个人每晚需要至少8小时的睡眠。(新目标英语九年级)   注意①所有格的读音和名词复数的读音一样。 ②名词所有格主要用于表示有生命东西(特别是人或高级动物)的名词。 如this is a woman's work. 这是女人干的工作。   this is a girls' school. 这是一所女子学校。 4)以-s结尾的专有名词，构成所有格仍然加's，或只加'，但读音都是/iz/。‎ ‎ 如 mr jones's(mr jones')book(琼斯先生的书) keats' works(济慈的作品) (1)表示时间和距离的名词。 如where is today's newspaper?  今天的报纸在哪儿？ an hour's walk isn't far. 一小时的路程不远。 (1) 有些无生命东西的名词，如国家，城市季节，太阳，月亮，大地，江河，海洋，船等名词也可用's，表示所有关系。 如china's population(中国人口)   the city's life(城市生活) 注意在表示店铺或某人家时，为避免重复(因前面已提到)，名词所有格后面可省略它所修饰的名词。 my uncle's(我叔叔家)  ,the doctor's(医生的诊所) 2.短语所有格 有生命的名词，我们用's结构来表示所有关系，如果是无生命的，我们就要用"名词+of+名词"的结构来表示。 the window of the house(这间房子的窗户) 注意当's所有格用来表示事物类别或属性时不可用of所有格。如：男式鞋应是men's，而不是shoes of men。 3.of +名词所有格 of +名词所有称为双重所有格，使用时要注意以下几项。 1)表示部分时，前面的词一定要有a ,an ,some ,any ,few ,two ,no ,several (几个)之类有修饰语，不能是one和the 。 如可说：a book of my brother's 我兄弟的一本书 不说：books of my brother's或 book of my brother's .‎ ‎ 2)当带有感情色彩时，可用the ,this ,that ,these ,those于名词前。 如the pretty daughter of your sister's 你姐姐的漂亮的女儿 did you read that book of lu xun's ? 你读过鲁迅的那本书吗？ 3)of 前面的名词不能是专有名词。 如不说：this is john of his uncle's.   4)of 后面的名词必须是特定的。 如these books of my friend's are good 我朋友的这些书很好。 5)of 后面的名词必须是指人的名词。 比较不说it is a leaf of the tree's. a picture of my father指的是爸爸本人的照片。 注意of 所有格和双重所有格有时可以交替使用，意义无甚区别。 如a friend of my brother→a friend of my brother's 测试点a car of betty's cars ,不可换为a car of betty.。jim's and tom's fathers are in the same office now.吉姆的父亲和汤姆父亲目前在同一办公室。 ‎ 常用口诀 表示民族的名词顺口溜 （1）“中、日、瑞”友好是一致。 （2）“英、法”联盟a变e。 （3）其他一律加s ‎ 即chinese，japanese单复数同形；englishman，frenchman的复数为englishmen，frenchmen；其他像german，american，australian等的复数形式是在后面加“s”。 o结尾的名词顺口溜 1）有生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时，词尾加es，凡无生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时，词尾加s。 有生命：potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes, hero-heroes, negro--negroes 如无生命：zoo-zoos, radio-radios, photo-photos, piano-pianos, zero-zeros, bamboo（竹竿）--bamboos, tobacco（烟丝）--tobaccos1） 2）两人两菜一火山。（+es） 小学—中学课本中以o结尾的名词构成复数时，加es的只有negro（黑人），hero（英雄），potato（土豆），tomato（西红杮），volcano（火山），这就是“两人两菜一火山”。 或：黑人和英雄吃土豆和西红柿egroes and heroes eat tomatoes and potatoes） 2）其余以o结尾的名词变复数时均加s。 图景：你在“zoo”里，看见一要“bamboo”，上面挂着一张“photo”，所照的是一架“piano”，上面放着一台“radio”。 zoo-zoos , bamboo-bamboos,photo-photos piano-pianos, radio-radios. f、fe结尾的顺口溜 （1）以f(e)结尾的名词变为复数时，有的把f(e)改为v(e)再加s，其他的以“f(e)”结尾的名词则直接加“s”‎ ‎。 妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌； 躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。 wife（妻子），knife（刀子），wolf（狼）thief（小偷），shelf（架子），life（生命）leaf（树叶），self（自己），half（一半），这9个名词变复数时，都要改“f(e)”为“ve”再加“s”。 (2)以f结尾的名词，一般把把f改为ves，但也有特殊情况是直接加-s的， 如gulf, roof, chief, serf, belief, proof, handkerchief。编成口诀联想： 　　海湾边、屋顶上，首领农仆相望； 　　谁说他们无信仰，语气定在手帕上 巧记不规则名词单变复 男女脚步牙鹅，老鼠加虱婆。 man-men; woman-women; foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese; mouse-mice; louse-lice. ‎ 第二章 冠 词 一、定义 冠词是一种虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面(相当于名词的帽子)，帮助指明名词的含义。 二、分类 共3类：定冠词（the definite article），不定冠词（the indefinite article）、零冠词（zero ‎ article）。 三、用法 1、定冠词的用法 a 、an与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前，而an则用于元音音素前。 (1) 表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个,经常用在第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词起介绍作用，表示一个。 i gave him a book yesterday .我昨天给了他一本书 i am reading an interesting story . 我在读一则有趣的故事。 (2) 表示人或事物的某一种类, 强调整体, 即以其中的一个代表一类。 a horse is useful to mankind. 马对人类有用。 (3) 不定冠词用在事物的"单位"前,如时间, 速度, 价格等意义的名词之前,表示 "每一"。 we often go to school two times a day. 我们常常一天两次去学校。 i went to the library once a week at least. (4) 不定冠词用来指某人某物,但不具体说明任何人或任何物。 a boy came to see you a moment ago. 刚才有一个小孩来找你。 (5)在序数词前表示"又一;再一"时。如: i want to read the story a second time  我想再读一遍这篇小说 。 (6) 表示不特定的"某一个"时。如: a mr. smith is calling on the phone. 有一位史密斯先生来电话找你 。 （7）在特定的短语里表示特定的含义，与不可数名词连用，如： have a good time 　　过得高兴 (8)‎ ‎ 一日三餐前有修饰语时。如: -mum, what shall we have for lunch? -jiaozi. -oh, what a wonderful lunch! i enjoy it very much. (9) 在形容词最高级前表示"非常"时。如: lesson nine is a most difficult lesson, but it isn't the most difficult one. (10)不定冠词用于某些词组中。 a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden 2.定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this,that,these,those同源，有"那（这）个" "这（那）些"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。以下为必须加定冠词的情形: (1)在表示双方都明白的人或物的名词之前： take the medicine.　把药吃了。 (2)在上文提到过的人或事的名称之前： 　　he bought a house.　i've been to the house.   他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 (3)在指世上独一无二的事物的名词之前： 　　  the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth (4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如： ‎ ‎  the fox is cunning .狐狸是狡猾的。 (5)与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。 (6)用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only， very， same等前面： 　　 where do you live?　i live on the second floor.　 你住在哪？我住在二层。 　　 that's the very thing that ineed　 那正是我需要的东西。 (7)在表示"...世纪...年代"的结构之前 he began to learn russian in the 1950s. 他在20实际50年代开始学俄语 。 但注意:in one's 50s意为"在某人五十多岁时"。如: he looked quite healthy though he was in his 80s. (8)在比较级的两种句型中: ①表示"越 ......,就越......"时。如: the lighter, the better. 越轻越好 。 ② 表示"两者中比较......"时,用定冠词。如: there are two books on the table. i like the thicker one. (9)用在"动词+sb.+介词+the+身体部位名称"的结构中(注意:介词常用in/on/by)。如: the ball hit me on the back. 球打中了他的头 。 (10) 在表示"计量单位"的可数名词前(注意:介词用by)。如: the workers are paid by the hour/day/month. 按月付给工人工资 . (11)用在某些由普通名词构成的专有名词前：the great wall(长城)，the people's park(人民公园)等。 the people's republic of china　 中华人民共和国 ‎ the united states　 美国 (12)用在表示乐器的名词之前：　                                                        she plays the piano.　她会弹钢琴. the little girl likes to play the violin. 小女孩喜欢拉小提琴。 （13）定冠词用在文艺活动,运动场所的名称前。 　　they are going to the cinema tonight. 他们今晚要去影院看电影。  　　　                (14)用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人： 　　the greens　 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇) (15)在方位名词之前　，如：in the west  on the west (16)在某些短语中　in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),　the day after tomorrow　,the day before yesterday,　the next morning,　in the sky (water，field，country)　in the dark,　in the rain,　in the distance,　in the middle (of),　in the end, on the whole,　by the way,　go to the theatre 3、零冠词（不用定冠词) (1) 在物质名词前，如： water is very important . 水是非常重要的 。 (2) 在抽象名词前，如： failure is the mother of success.　失败乃成功之母。 (3) 复数名词表示人或物的种类时，如：‎ ‎ doctors cure patients. 医生治病救人 . those people are teachers, not students. 这些人是老师,不是学生 . (4) 在有关游戏的名词前，如： do you like to play chess? 你喜欢下棋吗 ? (5) 在"by + 交通工具"的短语里，如： shall we walk or go by bus?  我们乘车还是步行 ? (6) 在国名，人名和地名前通常不用定冠词，如 ： england，mary； （7）在年份、季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词； 　 we go to school from monday to friday.　 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。 (8)在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词； 　 the guards took the american to general lee. 　 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。 (9)在三餐、球类运动的名称前，不加冠词 。如： have breakfast，play chess (10) 在某些固定词组中，是否有冠词，意义不同。如： in hospital住院，in the hospital在医院里    in bed在卧床　，in the bed在床上 in front of在......（外）前面，in the front of 在......（内）前部 go to hospital　　去医院看病  go to the hospital　 去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的) ‎ 口 诀 泛指用a/ an，单数可数；特指用the，不特不the。 释：1）泛指用a/ an，单数可数——泛指的单数可数名词前要用a/ an。2）特指用the——如果是特指，那么无论是可数名词单数、复数或不可数名词前均要用the。3）不特不the——不特指则不用the，包括泛指的可数名词单数前用a/ an，泛指的可数名词复数前不用冠词，泛指的不可数名词前也不用冠词三种情况。 定冠词：特指双熟悉，上文已提及，世上独一无二，序数最高级，某些专有名，习语及乐器。 （1）the用在“特指”谈话双方都知道的某个人或某些人或物前。如： where is the teacher？ 老师在哪里？ （2）the用在上文已提到的人或事物前。如： i can see a cat. the cat is lucy”s. 我能看见一只猫，那只猫是露茜的。 （3）the用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如： the earth goes around the sun. 地球围绕着太阳转。 （4）the用在序数词或形容词最高级前。如： mike is the tallest of the three boys. 迈克是三个男孩中最高的一个。 （5）the用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如：the great ‎ wall（长城），the people”s park（人民公园 ）等。 （6）the用在一些习惯用语中或乐器名词前。如：in the day（在白天），play the piano（弹钢琴）等。 不用冠词：代词限定名词前，专有名词不可数，复数名词表泛指，学科球类三餐饭，季节星期月份前，颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。 （1）名词前已有作定语用的this, that, these, those, my, your, his, her, our, their, some等限定词时，不用冠词。如：this eraser, her pencil-box, some boxes, those women等。 （2）泛指的不可数名词前一般不用冠词。如：meat, rice, water, bread, tea, milk, juice等。 （3）复数名词表示泛指时，不用冠词。如： the people in the room are doctors. 房间里的那些人是医生。 （4）在表示学科的名词前一般不用冠词。如：chinese, english, maths, physics, history等。在三餐饭和球类运动名词前一般不加冠词。如：have breakfast/ lunch/ supper, play basketball/ football等。 （5）在季节、节日、星期、月份前不用冠词。如：autumn, summer, winter, spring, teacher”s day, children”s day, sunday, february等。 （6）在表颜色、语种和国家名词前不用冠词。如：white, brown, french, australia等。 （7）在表示称呼语的名词之前，以及职务、头衔的名词前不用冠词。如： doctor green is a scientist. ‎ ‎ 格林博士是位科学家。 有水无湖、有球无星、有山无峰、有独无欧（二）、有（足）族无球（运动）、有文无章、学而不专： 1）有水无湖：海、洋、海湾、河等，都用the;单个湖不用the,(但多个湖用the); the red sea,the pacific ocean,the persian gulf, the yangtze river the great lakes(五大湖)；lake erie(伊利湖) 2）有球无星：地球，月亮用the;行星不用the: mars,venus; 3）有山无峰：the huangshan mountains(黄山)；mount everest(珠穆朗玛峰)； mount(or mt.) tai(泰山). 4）有独无欧（偶）：独一无二的，the earth,the moon,the sun用the; 欧洲等七大洲不用the. europe,africa,asia,north america,south america,antarctica,oceania 5）有（足）族无球（运动）：种族用the:the indians(印第安人)；球类运动 baseball,basketball 6）有文无章：历史性的文件用the;小说等的章节不用the the constitution(宪法); chapter one 7）学而不专：学校放在词组的前面时用the;专有名词放在词组的前面时不用the; the university of fudan; fudan university ‎ 第三章  介词 一、定义 介词preposition缩写prep.，又叫前置词，表示其后的名词或代词（或是相当于名词的其他短语或从句）与其他句子成分的关系。介词是一种虚词，不能单独在句中作成分。 二、介词的用法 1、表示时间的（at 、on、in、at、before ,after、by、 until、through、from、since、within） (1)at:用于表示时刻，时间的某一点。     at noon在午时        at night在夜间    at present目前 (2)on:用于星期，某天，某一天的上午、下午、晚上(指具体的某一天时，一律用)                  on sunday在星期天    on sunday morning 在星期天的上午  on march 8  在3月8日 (3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年、泛指上午、下午、晚上。 in 1999  在1999年      in november  在11月份      in summer    在夏季      in the afternoon在下午 过……后(未来时间)     i think he will be back in an hour ‎ .我想他一小时后就会回来。 i heard that she would be back in a month.我听说她一个月后回来的。 (4)before：在……之前   wei hua got up before 7 o’clock this morning .今天早晨，魏华在7点之前起床了。 (5)after：在……之后   after that ,no noe should ever kill a seagull .  从那时起，任何人不得捕杀海鸥。 (6)by：在……前(时间)，截止(到)……   by the time i arrived ,she had already gone .   在我到达之前，她已经走了。 (7)for：达……之久(表示过了多少时间),可以和一般现在时，过去时，将来时连用，但是经常和完成时连用。 florence often worked for twenty-four hours without rest .     弗洛沦斯常常工作24小时而不休息。 （8）during：在……期间   during the lifetime of one man ,north america and europe  will more further apart by nearly two metres ‎ . 在一个人的一生期间，北美洲和欧洲由于漂移，其间的距离将要增加差不多两米。 (9）through：一直……(从开始到结束)     he ,who led the united states through these years ,was shot  on april 14, 1865 ,at a theater in washington   领导美国度过了这些年代的他，于1865年4月14日在美国华盛顿一家戏院里被人枪杀。 (10）from：从……起(时间)     the worders were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening .工人们被迫从早7点工作到晚7点。 (11）since：自从……以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)   since that time ,my eyes had never been very good.从那时起，我的眼睛一直不是很好。 (12)within:不……超过的范围   he will arrive within an hour .他一小时内就人到。 2、表示地点（at、in、on 、under、over、above、below、near、by、between、among、around、around、in front of、behind、in 、into、out of、along、across、,through、 to、for、from) (1)        at:在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所)   at school上学    at home在家  at 320 xinfu district ‎ 在新抚区320号   at the station 在火车站  (2)in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)   she will arrive in shanghai at ten .10点她将到达上海。 (3)表示地点方向的on ,under ,over ,above ,below ①on:在……上面，有接触面   on the table 在桌子上面 ②above:在……上方   sometimes juliana could hear planes above the trees.   有时朱莉安娜能听到树林上空的飞机声。 ③over:在……正上方，是under的反义词   over these tombs ,they built pyramids .在这些坟墓上，他们建起了金字塔。 ④under：在……下面，在……之内 the twin sisters put the basket under the tree .这姐俩把篮子放到了树下。 ⑤below：在……下方，(不一定是正下方) three thousand metres below her ,she could see nothing except the thick jungle . 3000米以下，除了茂密的丛林之外，她什么也看不见。 (4)near ,by ‎ ‎①near:近的，不远的(=not far)是的反义词,near还可以指时间，in the near future在不远的将来。   green’s lake was a small lake near his home .格林湖是他家附近的一个小湖。 ②by:在……旁边，比的距离要近 juliana walked by the side of the river for six more long days . 朱莉安娜沿着河岸又走了足足6天。 (5)between ,among ,around ①between:在两者之间   the differences between american english and british english are not very great .美国英语和英国英语之间的差别不是很大。 ②among:在三者或者更多的之中 there are some american students among us .在我们中间有几个美国学校。 ③around:环绕，在…..的周围，在……的四周   they arrived at a valley with high mountains all around it . 他们到达了四周有高山环绕的山谷 (6)in front of ,behind ①in front of :在……的前面   there is a car in front of the house .房子前面有一辆小汽车。 ②behind :在…..后边 are there any cows behind the house ‎ ?房子后面有一些牛吗？ (7)in ,into ,out of ①in:在…..之内，用于表示静止的位置   there are four girls in the room.房间里有4个女孩。 ②into:进入,用于表示有特定终点的运动方向，通常用于表示动作的动作之后。如:come ,go ,walk ,jump ,run..   she took me from the hall into my classroom .她把我从门厅带进我的教室里边去。 (8)along ,across ,through ①along:沿着   go along zhongshan road and turn right at the second crossing .   沿着中山路走然后在第二个十这路口向右拐。 ②across:横过(平面物体) very slowly,the continents are moving across the face of the world . 各个洲在地球表面缓缓漂移。 ③through:贯通，通过 the students walked through the gate with uncle wang . 学生们随着王叔叔通过大门。 (9)to ,for ,from ①到达……地点(目的地)或方向   where’s jack? he has gone to london.杰克上哪了？他去伦敦了。 ‎ ‎②for：表示目的，为了…… do you know what he comes here for ? 你知道他为什么来这儿吗？ ③from：从……地点起   how far is it from london to new york?  从伦敦到纽约有多远？ 3、表示手段和材料的介词用 （1）with ①和……在一起 these plates keep moving ,like great ships ,carrying the continents with them . 这些板块载着各个大陆，像航船一样不断地漂移。 ②具有，带有 a person with good manners is always kind and  polite. 有礼貌的人总是和和气气，彬彬有礼的。 ③用某种工具或方法 he could swim with some special swimming shoes.     穿着一些特制的游泳鞋，他能游泳。 (2）in:表示用什么材料(例如：墨水，铅笔等)或用什么语言。表示衣着，声调特点时，不用with而用in。 what’s this in english. 这个用英语怎么说？ (3）by:通过……方法，手段 what do you mean by the word“island”？ “island”是什么意思 ‎ ‎    i prefer traveling by train .我更喜欢乘火车旅行。 4、其他 (1） of , from ①of  属于)……的，表示…..的数量或种类   it was beginning of the term .这是学期开始的时候。 ②from:来自(某地，某人)，以….起始   she is a lady from canada .她是一位加拿大的女士。 (2)without ,like ,as ①without :没有，是with的反义词 she often worked for twenty-four without rest .她通常工作24小时而不休息。 ②like:像……一样  like many children of her age ,ding fang is a young pioneer . 像很多同龄的孩子一样同，丁芳是个少先队员。 ③as:作为 they are carrying us as passengers.它们把我们当作乘客运载着。 (3)against:反对。靠着     everyone tried to fight against the locusts .所有的人奋力扑打蝗虫。     (4) about: ‎ ‎①        关于，各处，四周 nightingale wrote a book about nursing .南丁格尔写了一部关于护理方面的书。 ②        询问某人，某物的情况或提出建议 what about your family ? 你家里人怎么样？　 口  诀 口诀1:年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行。遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in。要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行。午夜黄昏用at，黎明用它也不借。 at也在时分前，说“差”用to，说“过”要用part。‎ ‎ 口诀2:  in在……里，  out在……外，在旁边的是beside，靠近的为by 。 on在……上，       under在……下，  above在上头，  below在底下。 口诀3: this、that、tomorrow，yesterday，next、last、one。接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯。 over、under正上下，above、below则不然，若与数量词连用，混合使用亦无关。' beyond超出、无、不能，against靠着，对与反。besides，except分内外，among之内along沿。 同类比较except，加for异类记心间。 口诀4:before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。 before能接完成时，ago过去极有限。‎ ‎ 　　since以来during间，since时态多变换。 与之相比beside，除了last but one。 口诀5： ①早、午、晚要用in 例：in the morning 在早上　in the afternoon 在下午 　　in the evening 在晚上　　in the day 在白天 ②黎明、午、夜、点与分用at　例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候　at noon 在中午 　　at night 在夜间　　at midnight 在午夜　at six o'clock 在6点钟 　　at 7：30 (seven thirty) 在7点半　　at half past eleven 在11点半 　　at nine fifteen 在9点15分 　　at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分 　　at the weekend 在周末 ‎ ③年、月、年月、季节、周用in。　例；in 1986 在1986年　in 1927 在1927年　　in april 在四月　　in march 在三月　　in december 1986 1986年12月　　in july l983 1983年7月 　　in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季　　in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季 　　in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周　　in the third week 在第三周 ‎ ④阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 雨用in，在阳光下，在灯下，在树阴下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。 　例：don't read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。　they are reviewing their lessons in the bright light.   他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。　they are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。he went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下 the woman in white  穿着白色衣服的妇女 ‎ ⑤将来时态in...以后 例: they will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。‎ ‎  i'll come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来。 we'll be back in no time. 我们一会儿就回来。　come and see me in two days' time. 两天后来看我。(从现在开始) 　after... (从过去开始) ‎ ‎ ⑥小处at大处in   i'm in liaoning, at anshan. 我住在辽宁省鞍山市． 有形with无形by，语言 、单位、材料in   　 例：the workers are paving a road with stone. 工人们正用石子铺路。(有形)     　　the teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen.         这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形) ‎ ‎  　　"taking tiger mountain by strategy" is a good opera.         <<智取威虎山>>是-出好戏。(无形)     　　the product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil. 这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油。 (表示方式、手段、方法--无形)   　　i really can't express my idea in english freely in-deed． 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。 (表示某种语言用in) the kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system． 公里是米制中最长的长度单位。 (表示度、量、衡单位的用in )     this board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的，不是金铸的。 ‎ ‎⑦特征、方面与方式、心情成语惯用in     特征或状态：     they found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。     he has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。     the house was in ruins. 这房屋成了废墟。     her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。 还有一些心理短语也用in，如： in jest 诙谐地，in joke 开玩笑地，in spite 恶意地， in fairness 公正地，in  revenge 报复, in mercy 宽大，in sorrow 伤心地等。 ⑧介词at、to表方向，攻击、位置、善、恶、分"。 介词at和to都可以表示方向;‎ ‎ 用at表示方向时，侧重于攻击的目标，往往表示恶意；用to表示方向时，突出运动的位置或动作的对象，侧重表示善意。 she came at me. 她向我扑过来。       she came to me. 她向我走过来。       he shouted at the old man. 他大声喝斥那老人。       he shouted to the old man. 他大声向那老人说       she talked at you just now. 她刚才还说你坏话呢。       she talked to you just now. 她刚才还同你谈话呢.       she threw a bone at the dog. 她用一块骨头砸狗。 she threw a bone to the dog. 她把一块骨头扔给狗吃 ‎ 小学英语语法及习题 一、名词复数规则 1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2．以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches 3．以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4．以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives 5．不规则名词复数： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children foot-feet,.tooth-teeth fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 写出下列各词的复数 I _________him _________this ___________her ______ watch _______child _______photo ________diary ______ day________ foot________ book_______ dress ________ tooth_______ sheep ______box_______ strawberry _____ thief _______yo-yo ______ peach______ sandwich ______ man______ woman_______ paper_______       juice___________ water________ milk________ rice__________ tea__________ 二、一般现在时 一般现在时基本用法介绍 ‎ 　　【No. 1】一般现在时的功能 　　1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。 　　2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：I get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。 　　3.表示客观现实。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 　　一般现在时的构成 　　1. be动词：主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如： 　　I am a boy.我是一个男孩。 　　2.行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。如： 　　We study English.我们学习英语。 　　当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时，要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。 　　一般现在时的变化 　　1. be动词的变化。 　　否定句：主语+ be + not +其它。 　　如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。 　　一般疑问句：Be +主语+其它。 　　如：-Are you a student? 　　　　-Yes. I am. / No, I'm not. 　　特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：Where is my bike? 　　2.行为动词的变化。 　　否定句：主语+ don't( doesn't ) +动词原形(+其它)。如： 　　I don't like ‎ bread. 　　当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn't构成否定句。如： 　　He doesn't often play. 　　一般疑问句：Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它。如： 　　- Do you often play football? 　　- Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 　　当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。如： 　　- Does she go to work by bike? 　　- Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. 　　特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：How does your father go to work? 动词+s的变化规则 1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks 2．以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3．以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies 一般现在时用法专练: 一、 写出下列动词的第三人称单数 drink ________ go _______ stay ________ make ________ look _________ have_______ pass_______     carry ____ come________      watch______ plant_______ fly ________ study_______ brush________ do_________     teach_______ 二、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1. He often ________(have) dinner at home. 2. Daniel and Tommy _______(be) in Class One. 3. We _______(not watch) TV on ‎ Monday. 4. Nick _______(not go) to the zoo on Sunday. 5. ______ they ________(like) the World Cup? 6. What _______they often _______(do) on Saturdays? 7. _______ your parents _______(read) newspapers every day? 8. The girl _______(teach) us English on Sundays. 9. She and I ________(take) a walk together every evening. 10. There ________(be) some water in the bottle. 11. Mike _______(like) cooking. 12. They _______(have) the same hobby. 13. My aunt _______(look) after her baby carefully. 14. You always _______(do) your homework well. 15. I _______(be) ill. I’m staying in bed. 16. She _______(go) to school from Monday to Friday. 17. Liu Tao _______(do) not like PE. 18. The child often _______(watch) TV in the evening. 19. Su Hai and Su Yang _______(have) eight lessons this term. 20.     －What day _______(be) it today? － It’s Saturday.三、按照要求改写句子 1. Daniel watches TV every evening.(改为否定句) ___________________________________________________ 2. I do my homework every day.(改为一般疑问句，作否定回答) ________________________________________________________ 3. She likes milk.(改为一般疑问句，作肯定回答) ___________________________‎ ‎4. Amy likes playing computer games.(改为一般疑问句，作否定回答) ___________________________________________________ 5. We go to school every morning.(改为否定句) _______________________________________________________ 6. He speaks English very well.(改为否定句) ___________________________________________________ 7. I like taking photos in the park.(对划线部分提问) ________________________________________________________ 8. John comes from Canada.(对划线部分提问) ___________________________________________________ 9. She is always a good student.(改为一般疑问句，作否定回答) ________________________________________________________ 10. Simon and Daniel like going skating.(改为否定句) ___________________________________________________ 五、改错(划出错误的地方，将正确的写在横线上) 1. Is     your brother speak English?         __________________ 2. Does he likes going fishing?             __________________ 3. He likes play games after class.         __________________ 4. Mr. Wu teachs us English.                __________________ 5. She don’t do her homework on Sundays.‎ ‎ _________________ 三、现在进行时 1．现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。 2．现在进行时的肯定句基本结构为be+动词ing. 3．现在进行时的否定句在be后加not。 4．现在进行时的一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。 5．现在进行时的特殊疑问的基本结构为： 疑问词 + be + 主语 + 动词ing?       但疑问词当主语时其结构为：        疑问词 + be + 动词ing? 动词加ing的变化规则 1．一般情况下，直接加ing，如：cook-cooking 2．以不发音的e结尾，去e加ing，如：make-making, taste-tasting 3．如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing，如：run-running, stop-stopping 现在进行时专项练习： 一、写出下列动词的现在分词： play________ run__________ swim _________make__________ go_________ like________     write________ _ski___________ read________ have_________ sing     ________ dance_________ put_________ see________ buy _________ love____________ live_______ take_________ come ________     get_________ stop_________ sit ________ begin________‎ ‎ shop___________ 二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空： 1.The boy __________________ ( draw)a picture now. 2. Listen .Some girls _______________ ( sing)in the classroom . 3. My mother _________________ ( cook )some nice food     now. 4. What _____ you ______ ( do ) now? 5. Look . They _______________( have) an English lesson . 6.They ____________(not ,water) the flowers now. 7.Look! the girls ________________(dance )in the classroom . 8.What is our granddaughter doing? She _________(listen ) to music.      9. It’s     5     o’clock now. We _____________(have)supper now 10.______Helen____________(wash )clothes? Yes ,she is . 三、句型转换： 1. They are doing housework .(分别改成一般疑问句和否定句) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2．The students are cleaning the classroom . ( 改一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答) _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3．I’m playing the football in the playground .(对划线部分进行提问) _________________________________________________________________ 4．Tom is reading books in his study .‎ ‎ (对划线部分进行提问) 四、将来时 一、概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。句中一般有以下时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, the day after tomorrow（后天）等。 二、基本结构：①be going to + do； ②will+ do. 三、否定句：在be动词（am, is, are）后加not或情态动词will后加not成won’t。 例如：I’m going to have a picnic this afternoon.→ I’m not going to have a picnic this afternoon. 四、一般疑问句： be或will提到句首，some改为any, and改为or，第一二人称互换。 例如：We are going to go on an outing this weekend. → Are you going to go on an outing this weekend? 五、对划线部分提问。一般情况，一般将来时的对划线部分有三种情况。 1.         问人。Who 例如：I’m going to New York soon. →Who’s going to New York soon. 2.         问干什么。What … do.例如： My father is going to watch a race with me this    afternoon. →What is your father going to do with you this afternoon. 3.        问什么时候。When.例如：She’s going to go to bed at nine. →When is she going     to bed? ‎ 六、同义句：be going to = will I am going to go swimming tomorrow（明天）. = I will go swimming tomorrow. 练习： 填空。 1.     我打算明天和朋友去野炊。 I_____ _______ _________ have a picnic with my friends. I ________ have a picnic with my friends. 2.     下个星期一你打算去干嘛? 我想去打篮球。 What ________ ________ _________ _________ _________ next Monday? I _______ ______ _____ play basketball. What _________ you do next Monday? I ________ play basketball. 3.           你妈妈这个周末去购物吗？是，她要去买一些水果。 _____ your mother _______ ________ go shopping this ___________? Yes, she _________. She ______ ________ __________ buy some fruit. 4.           你们打算什么时候见面。 What time _______ you _________ __________ meet? 改句子。 5.           Nancy is going to go camping.（改否定） Nancy ________ going to go camping. 6.           I’ll go and join them.（改否定） I _______ go ______ join them. 7.           I’m going to get up at 6:30‎ ‎ tomorrow.（改一般疑问句） ________ _______ ________ to get up at 6:30 tomorrow? 8.           We will meet at the bus stop at 10:30.（改一般疑问句） _______ ________ meet at the bus stop at 10:30. 9.           She is going to listen to music after school.（对划线部分提问） ________ _______ she ________ ________ _________ after school? 10.           My father and mother are going to see a play the day after tomorrow.(同上) _________ _________ going to see a play the day after tomorrow 全身心记忆法 　　 根据测试，参与记忆单词的器官和身体部位越多，单词在大脑中的印象就越深刻，记忆的时间也就越长。边读边写边记，除读记所使用的发音器官和身体的其它部位外，大脑中枢还要指挥大臂带动小臂，小臂带动手掌，手掌带动手指，从而正确地书写单词。这种方法避免了"小和尚念经"，因为只要注意力不集中，书写马上就出错。书写既是大脑中枢的执行行为，又是大脑中枢的监察器。 　　 联系记忆法 　　 联系记忆法就是在记忆单词的过程中，不去孤立地记一个词或词组，而是把它与同义词、反义词、相关词、句、篇等联系起来记忆。 ‎ ‎　　 同义记忆与近义记忆 　　 掌握一个词或词组的同义词和近义词或者其解释是掌握该语言重要的一环。只有这样，才能初步做到用英语进行思维，而用英语思维是掌握英语的一个标志。 　　 同类记忆与比较记忆 　　 同类记忆的涵盖面很广，如词性同类、动物同类、植物同类、事情同类、物品同类等。如我们可以把边际从属连词放在一起记忆。比较记忆是把词形相近或意义相近的词放在一起对比记忆。这样记忆可以辨别词义，准确使用词汇。 　　 联想记忆 　　 "联想是钓钩，在茫茫的艺海中，它能准确地钩住你所识记的事物。"联想越丰富，越多彩，记忆的艺术也就越高超。记忆以联想为基础；联想又是记忆的一种方法。联想又分为类似联想、类别联想和词、句、篇联想。 　　 无意识记忆法 　　 无意识记忆并不是无注意力记忆，而是时间分散记忆。这种方法特别适合于工作忙碌的人。首先准备一个袖珍笔记本，将要记忆的单词写在笔记本上。只要有时间就拿出来读读。这些单词见多了对你就会产生感情，你一定能记住，因为每读记一遍，就在你的大脑中加深一层印象。这样记忆的单词可长久不忘，并能随时想起，是一种很好的长时记忆法。 　　 构词记忆法 ‎ 　　 利用英语词汇的构词规律，内在结构记忆单词是一种理性地使自己词汇量膨胀起来的方法。英语单词是由词素构成的，词素分为自由词素和粘附词素。记忆单词主要是记自由词素，因为有些自由词素可以充当词根，词根加词缀构成许多派生词。构词法主要有三种：转化、合成和派生。‎