2020届二轮复习阅读理解专项指导课件（5）文化教育型阅读理解

2020届二轮复习阅读理解专项指导课件（5）文化教育型阅读理解

　文化教育型阅读理解 　 文化教育型阅读理解 │ 专题导读 　　 文化教育类阅读理解文章属高考常选材料之一。这类文章常涉及文化、教育、法制、宗教等方面的文学艺术、发明创造、文化遗产保护、宗教与文化、风俗与习惯、道德与法制、中外文学名著节选、各国学校教育、家庭教育等。这类材料的命题点往往落在主旨大意题、事实细节题上。在做这类阅读理解题时，应注意以下几个方面：(1)采用先题后文：先读题目，再带着问题读文章。这类阅读理解文章相对来说事实细节题稍多一点，如果带着问题读文章，有利于我们抓细节。 　专题导读 (2)先做细节题。因为做完了局部性的事实细节题后，自然会加深我们对文章的理解，这样更有利于做主旨大意题。(3)重点敲定主旨题。主旨大意题提问的形式主要有两大类：一类是Main idea型； 一类是Topic或Title型。 │ 专题导读 [课标全国卷] 　　 Grownups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle, twinkle, │ 真题典例 　真题典例 little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears. One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials increase the length of time we will remember it. In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as “Twinkle, twinkle, little star” and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn. │ 真题典例 The multiplication tables (乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood. The law of overlearning explains why cramming (突击学习) for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development. │ 真题典例 　 1．What is the main idea of Paragraph 1? A．People remember well what they learned in childhood. B．Children have a better memory than grownups. C．Poem reading is a good way to learn words. D．Stories for children are easy to remember. 　 2．The author explains the law of overlearning by________. A．presenting research findings B．setting down general rules C．making a comparison D．using examples │ 真题典例 　 3．According to the author, being able to use multiplication tables is ________. A．a result of overlearning B．a special case of cramming C．a skill to deal with math problems D．a basic step towards advanced studies 　 4．What is the author's opinion on cramming? A．It leads to failure in college exams. B．It's helpful only in a limited way. C．It's possible to result in poor memory. D．It increases students' learning interest. │ 真题典例 　　 【要点综述】本文是一篇议论文。成年人常常惊叹他们能很好地记着儿时学过的东西。作者认为这是儿时过度学习的结果，是因为当我们儿时学会一样东西的时候，我们不是就此停止，而是继续练习，才使我们记忆深刻。文章用例证法说明了“过度学习”的概念。 最后作者谈到了“过度学习”的好处和“突击学习”的弊端。 │ 真题典例 　　 1．A　段落大意题。根据文章第一段中的“Grownups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.”可知，文章讲的是成年人常常惊叹他们能很好地记着儿时学过的东西。C、D断章取义，讲得太具体；B项错误，因为那是过度学习的结果，不是儿时记忆力好。所以A正确。 　　 2. D　推理判断题。根据文章的内容可知作者采用了举例子的说明方法。比如：“practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them.”和“…they [the multiplication tables(乘法口诀表)] are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.” │ 真题典例 　　 3. A　推理判断题。根据文章第四段的“because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.”可知，乘法口诀仍然是儿时过度学习的结果。所以选A。 　　 4. B　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.”可知，突击学习只在有限的方面有帮助。所以B正确。 │ 真题典例 │ 新题预测 (一) 　　 Margaret Cook is a professional, married woman with two young children.The elder, who is four, has just started at a local primary school.It is a school that she was eager for her daughter to attend because it has a mix of racial and social cultures.As a white from a middleclass family, she thought it important for her daughter to go to a local school that was representative of the cultural and social mix of the society in which we live.Having met, however, some of the other parents and 　新题预测 children, she's becoming increasingly unsure about her choice.She is worried that along with the accent and vocabulary of her classmates, her daughter will also pick up what appears to be a very narrowminded, uneducated attitude.She wants her daughter to be able to adapt and to fit in with her friends at school, but not necessarily to model her behaviour on theirs.She wants her to like them but not be like them. 　　 Is she worrying unnecessarily? Or should she abandon her principles and send her children to private schools? A report, published by the Independent Schools Council, shows numbers of parents want to send their children to private schools that │ 新题预测 stress “moral standards” and classroom discipline as they lose faith in state education, even many Labour voters would consider going to the private school for the first time if they could afford the fees. 　　 But is it right without question to see private schools as heavens where moral standards are high, teachers are models of correctness and learning, children all come from openminded families, and where our little ones will be protected from the ills of the world? The only difference is that those who can afford school fees are in the habit of making expensive mistakes.One of my colleagues who sends all his children to private schools │ 新题预测 tells stories of drug abuse, troublemakers, the decline of discipline and ever younger age of rebellion (叛逆)． It's an excellent plan to send our children to a mixed school.Placed in an entirely new environment, they are at the risk of rejection, bullying (欺负) and maybe longterm alienation (疏离)．But as soon as our children step out of the front door they are faced with a challenging world where boundary between the good and bad is so complex that young people have difficulty telling them apart.For this reason I believe that Cook is better advised to bring her children up in the real world. │ 新题预测 1．From this passage we know that Cook's daughter ________. A．is changing others' behavior B．is mixing with troublemakers C．is attending a mixed school D．is applying for a private school 2．The mother wants her daughter to be ________. A．popular and attractive B．a fighter against social ills C．a model for her classmates D．openminded and welleducated │ 新题预测 　　 3．What does the writer think of the private school? 　　 A．It's a heaven of pleasure. 　　 B．It is going from bad to worse. 　　 C．It is experiencing moral decline. 　　 D．It's a place of high moral standard. 　　 4．The writer suggests sending kids to a mixed school because he thinks ________. 　　 A．it is well managed 　　 B．it is close to the real world 　　 C．kids there are well protected 　　 D．the competition there isn't fierce │ 新题预测 　 　 【要点综述】 本文主要是就孩子应该被送往混合学校还是私立学校上学而展开的论述。 　　 1．C　细节理解题。根据第一段的第三句“It is a school that she was eager for her daughter to attend because it has a mix of racial and social cultures.”可知答案为C项。 　　 2．D　推理判断题。根据第一段最后三句的内容可知，Margaret Cook害怕女儿变得心胸狭窄、没有教养，希望女儿能够适应新环境并和学校的朋友们和睦相处，故D项正确。 │ 新题预测 　　 3．C　细节理解题。根据第三段的最后一句“One of my colleagues who sends all his children to private schools tells stories of drug abuse, troublemakers, the decline of discipline and ever younger age of rebellion (叛逆)．”可知C项正确。 　　 4．B　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的内容可推知，作者建议Margaret Cook把孩子送进混合学校，因为在这里孩子们的学习环境更接近现实世界。 │ 新题预测 (二) 　　 In 1900, English archaeologist Arthur Evans discovered the ruins of a royal palace at Knossos on the north coast of Crete. He linked the palace to the ancient Cretan King Minos, from whose name he invented the term“Minoan”. We don't know what these people called themselves. We know of the Minoans only through their ruins. What we know of Minoan history is nothing more than a good guess, and good guesses are, I should warn, likely to be wrong. 　 │ 新题预测 　　 The archaeological evidence points to only a few reasonable facts about Minoan civilization. Around 3,000 BC, Crete was settled by a people who probably came from Asia Minor (小亚细亚), who, by 2,000 BC, were already living in cities, trading with other nations around the Mediterranean and using pictographs. They built magnificent palace centers at Knossos, Phaistos and Kato Zakros. We have no idea what language they spoke exactly, but they certainly spoke a nonHellenic language (that is a language not closely related to Greek) and probably spoke a nonIndoEuropean language. │ 新题预测 　　 The Minoans were a great commercial people and their trade was widespread. The Egyptians were highly familiar with the Cretans, who even appeared in Egyptian art. Cretan artifacts, the objects that were made in the past and are historically important, turned up all over Asia Minor, and they seemed to have been involved in trade with the tribes living on the Greek mainland. 　　 All of these trade activities produced great wealth for the Cretans, which went into magnificent building projects and technological development. The Cretans seemed to be the only people in the ancient world that would make multiroom │ 新题预测 buildings. The Cretans were the first to build plumbing system(管路系统) in their buildings. And Cretan society seems to be the first “leisure(休闲)” society in existence, in which a large part of human activities focused on leisure activities, such as sports. The most popular sports were boxing and bulljumping. Women actively took part in both of these sports. 　　 1. According to the passage, the Minoans ________. 　　 A．came to Crete around 2,000 BC 　　 B．didn't trade with other tribes 　　 C．led a city life about 4,000 years ago 　　 D．spoke a language similar to Greek │ 新题预测 　　 2. The last paragraph is developed by ________. 　　 A．space B．example 　　 C．time D．comparison 　　 3. We can infer from the passage that ________. 　　 A．Minoan culture borrowed much from Egyptian culture 　　 B．the knowledge we have about the Minoans is very limited 　　 C．the Minoans weren't good at building pipes 　　 D．women weren't allowed to take part in bulljumping │ 新题预测 　　 4. The passage aims to________. 　　 A．introduce Cretan civilization to us 　　 B．tell us the trade activities of the Cretans 　　 C．show how the Minoans' ruins were discovered 　　 D．discuss the importance of Cretan culture │ 新题预测 　　 【要点综述】 文章向我们介绍了克里特灿烂的文明。 　　 1．C　细节理解题。从第二段中的“…by 2,000 BC，were already living in cities…”可知C项正确。从第二段第二句以及最后一句可推知A、B、D三项错误。 　　 2．B　段落结构题。第四段是通过举例来展开的。 　　 3．B　推理判断题。从文章第一段可知B项正确。从后两段可推知其余三项错误。 　　 4．A　写作意图题。文章主要是向我们介绍克里特灿烂的文明。 │ 新题预测 │ 备用习题 (一) 　　 Most people watching Jeremy Lin these past two months saw Jeremy Lin, New York Knicks star; but I, watching him, saw someone else.That was my elder brother, Bob, who is athletic and energetic.He could never sit still when he was in second grade; he had to get up every now and then and run around the room.And sure enough, he grew up to be a starting player for an NCAA championship lacrosse(长曲棍球)team. 　备用习题 He was a Nikeendorsed marathoner, too, and reached the top of Mt.Everest, unguided, in his 50s. 　　 And yet my family never watched his lacrosse games.We did watch some of his marathons, but that wasn't until he was in his 20s.When Bob was in his glory days, our Shanghaineseborn parents were bent on getting him into medical school.There was a loving aspect to it: I can remember my father working through math books with him, lesson by lesson, at the big blackboard in the attic.Bob never did become a doctor, though; and neither did I．It wasn't until my younger sister came along that someone in the family finally wore a white coat. │ 备用习题 　　 Bob today could be the fittest 58yearold on the planet.His doctor estimates his biological age at 35; he's still climbing big mountains in the Himalayas.And, like Jeremy Lin, he's charming.No one sees Bob without leaving with a laugh.He sometimes jokes he could be mayor of his building, and it's true.To know him is to cheer for him. 　　 And yet my parents did not cheer for him.What if my mother had sat on the sidelines with her statistics, like Jeremy Lin's mother? What if my father had played videos of athletes for my brother to watch and imitate? It's hard not to wonder. │ 备用习题 　　 And how did Jeremy Lin's parents manage to do these remarkable things? Amy Chua, the tiger mother, recalls her immigrant father beating the kids whenever they mispronounced a Chinese word.How is it that Jeremy Lin's immigrant father in particular, GieMing Lin, encouraged his son to follow such an untraditional path? 　　 1．Bob's glory days were those ________. 　　 A. when he was doing well in math 　　 B. when he was in second grade 　　 C. when he was made mayor of his building 　　 D. when he showed his talents in sports │ 备用习题 　　 2．From the passage we can tell that Bob is ________. 　　 A. active and optimistic 　　 B. clever and determined 　　 C. brave and helpful 　　 D. considerate and independent 　　 3．Which of the following statements is probably TRUE? 　　 A. Bob was always ignored by his parents. 　　 B. Bob could also have been a sport star. 　　 C. Bob's parents often watched his games. 　　 D. Nobody in the author's family was a doctor. │ 备用习题 　　 4．From the last two paragraphs we can infer that ________. 　　 A. parents should always study together with their children 　　 B. parents should know how to educate their children properly 　　 C. children should be punished when they do anything wrong 　　 D. children should try to live up to the hopes of their parents │ 备用习题 　　 【要点综述】 作者通过描述自己哥哥的成长历程和性格来说明做父母的应当知道如何教育他们自己的孩子。 　　 1．D　细节理解题。根据第一段可知，他在体育方面很擅长。 　　 2．A　推理判断题。根据第三段中“…No one sees Bob without leaving with a laugh…”可知Bob是乐观的，因此选A。 　　 3．B　细节理解题。纵观全文可知Bob本能成为一位很不错的运动员，因为他擅长很多方面的运动。 　　 4．B　推理判断题。根据作者所举的例子可推断父母应当知道如何教育他们自己的孩子。 │ 备用习题 (二) 　　 What image does the word “Britain” conjure up(令人想到)in your mind? Big Ben，the frequently changing weather, fish and chips… But have you ever wondered what British people think means “Britain”？ 　　 English playwright William Shakespeare and pop group The Beatles are the icons that inspire a sense of national pride in British people, according to a recent survey. │ 备用习题 　　 More than 2,000 people were asked what aspect of Britain made them feel most proud.Shakespeare topped the list, followed by the National Trust, a charity which protects places of historical or environmental interest.These beat the British currency—the pound, and the BBC. 　　 Surprisingly, the royal family only made it to seventh on the list.“The royal family, while popular, does not inspire widespread pride，” said a spokesman for Demos, the think tank(智囊团) which carried out the research.“However, it is certainly the case that—through their unique capacity to hold │ 备用习题 and lead national events—the royal family has a central role to play in developing pride.” 　　 Terence Blacker, a reporter for The Independent, believes the study shows the nature of new patriotism(爱国主义)．“It turns out that modern British patriotism is not really about nationhood at all，” he wrote. 　　 According to the poll, the most impressive symbols of national pride concerned private conduct and character.Volunteering topped the list, followed by politeness and patience. │ 备用习题 　　 1．According to the passage, the following statements are British most outstanding symbols EXCEPT________. 　　 A. the National Trust B. The Beatles 　　 C. politeness 　　　　　 D. Shakespeare 　　 2．Which of the following is close to the right order of the top symbols of Britain? 　　 a. the National Trust b. patience 　　 c. the royal family 　 d. the British currency 　　 A. a ，b, c, d 　　　　　 B. a, d, c, b 　　 C. c, a, b, d 　　　　　　 D. a, c, b, d │ 备用习题 　　 3．The royal family does not top the list because________. 　　 A. the royal family has a central role to play in developing pride 　　 B. the royal family owns a lot of wealth 　　 C. the royal family does not attract the public attention 　　 D. the royal family does not influence the public as much as it used to 　　 4．It can be inferred that ________ can make Chinese feel most proud. 　　 A. volunteering 　 B. education 　　 C. Lu Xun 　　　 D. population │ 备用习题 　 　 【要点综述】 文章讲述的是让英国人感到骄傲的东西是什么，并作出了相应的对比分析。 　　 1．C　细节理解题。根据第二段“English playwright William Shakespeare and pop group The Beatles are the icons that inspire a sense of national pride in British people, according to a recent survey”和第三段“Shakespeare topped the list, followed by the National Trust, a charity which protects places of historical or environmental interest.These beat the British currency—the pound, and the BBC”可知。 │ 备用习题 　　 2．B　推理判断题。根据第三、四段“ followed by the National Trust, a charity which protects places of historical or environmental interest.These beat the British currency—the pound, and the BBC.Surprisingly, the royal family only made it to seventh on the list”可知。 　　 3．D　推理判断题。根据第四段“The royal family, while popular, does not inspire widespread pride，”可知，王室已经没有了以往的影响力了。 │ 备用习题 　　 4．C　推理判断题。 根据第三段“More than 2,000 people were asked what aspect of Britain made them feel most proud.Shakespeare topped the list”可知，在英国莎士比亚最让人们感到骄傲，同样在中国也是著名的作家让人们感到骄傲。 │ 备用习题 (三) 　　 For high school leavers starting out in the working world，it is very important to learn particular skills and practice how to behave in an interview or how to find an internship(实习)．In some countries，schools have programs to help students onto the path to work.In the United States，however，such programs are still few and far between. 　　 Research shows that if high schools provide careerrelated courses，students are likely to get higher earnings in later years.The students are more likely to stay in school，graduate and go on to higher education. │ 备用习题 　　 In Germany，students as young as 13 and 14 are expected to do internships.German companies work with schools to make sure that young people get the education they need for future employment. 　　 But in America, education reform programs focus on how well students do in exams instead of bringing them into contact with the working world.Harvard Education School professor Robert Schwartz has criticized education reformers for trying to place all graduates directly on the fouryear college track.Schwartz argued that this approach leaves the country's most vulnerable(易受影响的)kids with no jobs and no skills. │ 备用习题 Schwartz believed that the best career programs encourage kids to go for higher education while also teaching them valuable practical skills at high school.James Madison High School in New York，for example，encourages students to choose classes on careerbased courses.The school then helps them gain onthejob experience in those fields while they're still at high school. 　　 However，even for teens whose schools encourage them to connect with work，the job market is daunting.In the US，unemployment rates for 16to 19yearolds are above 20 percent for the third summer in a row. │ 备用习题 　　 “The risk is that if teenagers miss out on the summer job experience，they become part of this generation of teens who had trouble in landing a job，”said Michael，a researcher in the US. 　　 1．In the author's opinion American high school leavers________. 　　 A．have enough careerrelated courses 　　 B．need more career advice from their schools 　　 C．perform better in exams than German students 　　 D．can get higher earnings in later years │ 备用习题 　　 2．According to Robert Schwartz，________. 　　 A．there is no need for kids to go for higher education in the US 　　 B．students should get contact with the working world at high school 　　 C．education reform should focus on students' performance in exams 　　 D．teenagers in the US can't miss out on the summer job experience │ 备用习题 　　 3．What can be inferred from the text? 　　 A．Unemployment rates for US teenagers remain high at the moment. 　　 B. Students with careerbased courses never have problems finding a job. 　　 C. US companies work with schools to prepare young people for future employment. 　　 D．High school leavers with no practical skills can't find a job absolutely. │ 备用习题 　　 4．What's the main idea of the text? 　　 A．Arguments about recent US education reform. 　　 B．Tips on finding jobs for high school leavers. 　　 C．The lack of careerbased courses in US high schools. 　　 D．Advice for American high school leavers. 　　 5．The underlined word “daunting” in Paragraph 6 most probably means________. 　　 A．discouraging B．interesting 　　 C．creative 　　 D．unbearable │ 备用习题 　　 【要点综述】 文章主要介绍了通过与德国的中学情况的比较，来说明在美国中学里，还是很缺乏有关职业生涯的基本课程。 　　 1．B　推理判断题。根据第五段可看出答案。 　　 2．B　细节理解题。根据第六段的“…even for teens whose schools encourage them to connect with work，the job market is daunting”看出答案。 　　 3．A　推理判断题。根据第六段的“In the US，unemployment rates for 16to 19yearolds are above 20 percent for the third summer in a row”推出答案。 │ 备用习题 　　 4．C　主旨大意题。文章第一段的“In some countries，schools have programs to help students onto the path to work.In the United States，however，such programs are still few and far between”点出了主题。 　　 5．A　词义猜测题。从下文的“In the US，unemployment rates for 16to 19yearolds are above 20 percent for the third summer in a row.”可猜出词义。 │ 备用习题