2020届二轮专题辅导与测试：专题4语法填空第一部分专题四课件

2020届二轮专题辅导与测试：专题4语法填空第一部分专题四课件

第一部分 高考专题突破 专题四　语法填空 A (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ ) The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88° ， there is evidence 1.______ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been 2.______ (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20 ， 000 ～ 25 ， 000 polar bears worldwide. 感悟高考 Modern methods 3.______ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid1980s, and are expensive 4.______ (perform) consistently over a large area. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut 5.______ (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a 6.______ (believe) that populations are increasing. Scientists have responded by 7.______ (note) that hungry bears may be congregating( 聚集 ) around human settlements, leading to the illusion( 错觉 ) that populations are 8.______ (high) than they actually are. Of 9.______ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six 10.______ (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. 答案与解析 1 ． that 　 考查同位语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知 ， 所填词引导同位语从句 ， 解释说明 evidence 的具体内容 ， 从句中不缺少成分且意义完整 ， 故用 that 引导。 2 ． poorly 　 考查词性转换 ( 形容词变副词 ) 。修饰动词 studied 应用形容词 poor 的副词形式 poorly 。 3 ． of/for 　 考查介词。 a method of/for doing sth. “ 做某事的方法 ” 。 4 ． to perform 　 考查非谓语动词。此处是 “ 主语＋ be ＋ adj . ＋不定式 ” 结构 ， 不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。 5 ． have reported 　 考查时态。根据句中的时间状语 in recent years 可判断用现在完成时。 6 ． belief 　 考查词性转换 ( 动词变名词 ) 。根据空格前的不定冠词 a 可知 ， 此处应填 believe 的名词形式 belief( 看法 ， 信念 ) 。 7 ． noting 　 考查非谓语动词。介词后接动词时 ， 应用其动名词形式。 respond by doing sth. “ 通过做某事回应 ” 。 8 ． higher 　 考查形容词比较级。根据空格后的 than 可知 ， 此处应用 high 的比较级形式 higher 。 9 ． the 　 考查冠词。此处特指确认的 19 个亚种群 ， 故用定冠词 the 。 10 ． are 　 考查时态和主谓一致。此处陈述客观事实 ， 应用一般现在时； six 指代 six polar bear subpopulations ， 谓语动词应用复数。 B (2019· 全国卷 Ⅱ ) A 90yearold has been awarded“Woman Of The Year” for 1.______ (be)Britain’s oldest fulltime employee － still working 40 hours a week. Now Irene Astbury works from 9 a ． m. to 5 p ． m. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, 2.______ she opened with her late husband Les. Her years of hard work have 3.______(final)been acknowledged after a customer nominated( 提名 )her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year. Picking up her “ Lifetime Achievement ” award ， proud Irene 4.______(declare) she had no plans 5.______ (retire) from her 36yearold business. Irene said ， “ I don’t see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I 6.______(make) over the years. I work not because I have to, 7.______ because I want to. ” Granddaughter Gayle Parks ， 31 — who works alongside her in the family business—said it remained unknown as to who nominated Irene for the award. She said ， “ We don ’ t have any idea who put grandma forward. When we got a call 8.________ (say)she was shortlisted ， we thought it was 9.______ joke. But then we got an official letter and we were blown away. We are so proud of her. It’s 10.______ (wonder) ． ” 答案与解析 1 ． being 　 介词后应用动词的 ing 形式作宾语。 2 ． which 　 which 引导非限制性定语从句 ， 解释说明先行词 the pet shop ， which 在从句中作 opened 的宾语。 3 ． finally 　 此处应用副词作状语 ， 修饰谓语动词。 4 ． declared 　 Irene 的领奖发言是过去发生的事 ， 另根据此空白处后面的过去式 had 和下文 Irene said 可知 ， 此处用 declare 的过去式。 5 ． to retire 　 名词 plan 后接不定式作后置定语。 6 ． have made 　 over the years 常与完成时连用 ， 在此意为 “ ( 从过去某时到现在的 ) 多年来 ” 。根据主句谓语动词 love 的时态可知 ， 定语从句的谓语动词 make 应用现在完成式。 7 ． but 　 与前面的 not 一起构成 not...but 句型 ， 该句型意为 “ 不是 …… 而是 ……” 。 8 ． saying 　 saying she was shortlisted 为动词 ing 短语 ， 在此作 call 的后置定语 ， 相当于定语从句 which says... ；名词 call 与动词 say 为主动关系 ， 故用动词 ing 形式。 9 ． a 　 joke 是单数可数名词 ， 故其前应用不定冠词 a ， 在此表示泛指。 10 ． wonderful 　 本句是主系表结构 ， 故用 wonder 的形容词形式作表语。 C (2018· 全国卷 Ⅰ ) According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years 1.______ (long) than nonrunners. You don’t have to run fast or for long 2.______ (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of 3.______ (die) early by running. While running regularly can ’ t make you live forever ， the review says it 4.______ (be) more effective at lengthening life 5.______ walking, cycling or swimming. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 6.______ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 7.______ (cause) ． The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do. But otherwise ... it’s probably running. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to 8.______ (strength) your leg muscles( 肌肉 ), avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it ’ s always 9.______ (energy). If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give 10.______ a try. 答案与解析 1 ． longer 　 根据空白处之后的 than 可知 ， 此处用 long 的比较级。 2 ． to see 　 根据句意 “ 要见到效果 ， 你不必快跑或长时间地跑 ” ， to see 作目的状语。 3 ． dying 　 介词后应用 die 的动名词形式 dying 。 4 ． is 　 本文讲述跑步的好处 ， 用的是现在时态 ， 再根据空白处前面的 can ’ t make 和 says 可知 ， 此处讲述的是客观事实 ， 因此用 is 。 5 ． than 　 这里是将跑步和其他运动方式作对比 ， 再由上文的 more effective 可知 ， 此处用 than 。 6 ． that/which 　 此处用 that/which 引导定语从句修饰先行词 study 。 7 ． causes 　 根据句意 “ 每天仅仅跑 5 ～ 10 分钟就能降低所有因素导致的心脏病和早逝的风险 ” 以及 all 可知 ， cause 用复数形式。 8 ． strengthen 　 此处表明做运动的目的 ， 再根据后面的宾语 your leg muscles 判断此处应用及物动词 strengthen 。 9 ． energetic 　 本句为主系表结构 ， 故此处应该用形容词作表语。 10 ． it/running 　 give it/sth. a try 是固定短语 ， 意为 “ 尝试某事物 ” 。 考情感悟 [ 考题分布 ] 　考查 点 卷别 · 文体 年份 有提示词 无提示词 词性 转化 谓语 动词 非谓 语动词 比较 等级 名词 的数 代词 冠词 介词 代词 并列 连词 从句 连词 2019 全国卷 Ⅰ ( 说明文 ) 2 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 全国卷 Ⅱ ( 记叙文 ) 　　　 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 全国卷 Ⅲ ( 记叙文 ) 　 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2018 全国卷 Ⅰ ( 说明文 ) 2 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 全国卷 Ⅱ ( 说明文 ) 3 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 全国卷 Ⅲ ( 记叙文 ) 1 2 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 2017 全国卷 Ⅰ ( 说明文 ) 1 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 全国卷 Ⅱ ( 说明文 ) 3 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 全国卷 Ⅲ ( 记叙文 ) 2 2 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 3 年统计 19 17 18 4 4 1 7 8 2 1 9 [ 命题分析 ] 语法填空命题规律主要体现在： (1) 从句子结构及语法形式入手考查句子常识和基础语法，语篇中的句子结构和常见的语法形式是命题重点； (2) 从词汇的本义、转义和前后缀的变化入手考查词性转化，词性转化以实词中的名词、动词、形容词、副词为主。 解题流程 题型一　有提示词类 第一类 提示词为动词 [ 解题思路 ] 　 “ 一定三思 ” 解 “ 动词 ” 题型解读 命题点 1 　考查谓语动词 高考示例 1 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ ) In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut __ 65 __ (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing. 【 解析 】 　考查时态和语态。我们先判断句中缺不缺谓语：本句中的 increase 有可能是动词作句子的谓语 ， 但是主语 people 是复数形式 ， 如果 increase 作谓语 ， 不可能用单数第三人称形式 ， 由此我们可以判断本句中的 increase 是名词； leading to a belief 是非谓语形式 ， 所以括弧中的动词 report 应该作句子的谓语。 现在我们再判断 report 的时态和语态以及主谓一致：根据上下文语境和时间状语 in recent years 可知 ， 主句用现在完成时态； increases in bear sightings around human settlements 是 report 的宾语 ， some Inuit people 和 report 之间为主动关系 ， 所以填 have reported 。 【 答案 】 　 have reported 2 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅱ ) I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I __ 66 __ (make) over the years. 【 解析 】 　考查动词时态。 “ I __ 66 __ (make) over the years ” 是 “ all the friends ” 的定语从句 ， 所以本句中唯一的动词 make 应该作谓语；根据时间状语 “ over the years ” 可知此处用现在完成时态； I 和 make 之间为主动关系 ， 故填 have made 。 【 答案 】 　 have made 3 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ ) Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six __ 70 __ (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. 【 解析 】 　考查时态和主谓一致。根据 __ 70 __ 空前后的句子可知此处的数词 six 作主语 ， 代指前文中的 “ polar bear subpopulations ” ， 故 be 应该是复数谓语；根据前后的时态可知此处用一般现在时 ， 故填 are 。 【 答案 】 　 are  技法点拨 若句中没有别的谓语动词 ， 或者虽然已有谓语动词 ， 但需填的动词与之是并列关系时 ， 所给动词就是谓语动词 ， 就要考虑时态和语态 ， 还要注意主谓一致和虚拟语气。 考点激活 考点一　动词的时态和语态 八种常考时态和语态 　　 项目 时态　　 主动形式 被动形式 一般现在时 以动词原形构成。但当主语为第三人称单数时，一般在动词原形后加 s 或 es 。 (be 除外 ) am/is/are ＋过去分词 一般进行时 am/is/are ＋动词 ing am/is/are ＋ being ＋过去分词 一般过去时 动词用过去式 was/were ＋过去分词 过去进行时 was/were ＋动词 ing was/were ＋ being ＋过去分词 一般将来时 1.will ＋动词原形　 2.be going to ＋动词原形 / 地点 3.am/is/are ＋现在分词 1.will be ＋过去分词 2.be going to ＋ be ＋过去分词 现在完成时 助动词 have/has ＋过去分词 助动词 have/has ＋ been ＋过去分词 现在完成进行时 助动词 have/has been ＋动词 ing 过去完成时 助动词 had ＋过去分词 助动词 had ＋ been ＋过去分词 一般现在时第三人称动词变化表 情况 变化规则 例词 一般情况 直接加 s work － works 　 learn － learns come － comes play － plays want － wants need － needs 结尾为 s ， x ， sh ， ch 或 o 在词尾 加 es pass － passes discuss － discusses teach － teaches wash － washes fix － fixes go － goes 结尾为 “ 辅音 字母＋ y ” 变 y 为 i 再加 es carry － carries cry － cries study － studies worry － worries 动词的过去式和过去分词变化表 （不规则变化见附表） 情况 变化规则 例词 一般情况 在动词 后加 ed look － looked watch － watched stay － stayed expect － expected 以 e 结尾的动词 后加 d hope － hoped 　 like － liked 以 “ 辅音字母＋ y ” 结尾的动词 变 y 为 i 再加 ed study － studied try － tried copy － copied carry － carried 以重读闭音节或 /r/ 音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时 双写词尾的辅音字母再加 ed stop － stopped clap － clapped plan － planned prefer － preferred admit － admitted permit － permitted 现在分词变化表 情况 变化规则 例词 一般情况 在词尾直接加 ing work － working look － looking study － studying 以不发音的 e 结尾的动词 去 e 再加 ing have － having 　 face － facing take － taking 　 write － writing 以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写该辅音字母再加 ing cut － cutting 　 put － putting swim － swimming begin － beginning 以 ie 结尾的动词 变 ie 为 y 再加 ing lie － lying 　 tie － tying die － dying 对点练习一 1 ． (2019· 临沂二模 ) Ice bucket challenge is a great success ， until now, a big donation __________________ (receive) ． 2 ． (2019· 聊城模拟 ) By next Thursday, they _________________(complete) the construction of the new school. 3 ． Man changes his living habits in order to adjust to climate, but climate _______(change) as well, though more slowly. has been received will have completed changes 4 ． (2019· 青岛自主诊断 ) No physical cause could _________(find). Finally the doctor said to the man, “ Unless you tell me what ’ s on your conscience, I can’t help you. ” 5 ． (2019· 江西上饶三模 ) If it ______(turn) cold again, they ’ ll dive back down. But they come out again if it is warm. 6 ． He ___________(look) for a house when he saw an advertisement in a newspaper one day. be found turns was looking 7 ． To the customers ’ satisfaction, teas of the same high quality __________(serve) in each shop every day. 8 ． After everything __________(do) and just after he left the barber’s, he saw a man in the street with long dirty hair. are served was done 9 ． (2019· 山师大附中模拟 ) May I have your attention, please? Now I’d like to make a speech here. As we know, waste __________(become) a common scene on campus recently. 10 ． When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village, I wanted to reward the old woman for the trouble I ______________(cause) her. But she refused. has become had caused 考点二　主谓一致 情况 说明 例句 不定代词或不定代词修饰的名词作主语 each ， neither ， either ， one ， other, another, much, little 及复合不定代词等表示单数意义，作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。 Neither of my parents likes to stay up. Somebody is knocking at the door. many ， few, several, both 等表示复数意义作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 Both of us are fond of painting. some ， all, any 等既可表示复数意义也可表示单数意义，作主语时，谓语动词依具体意义而定。 All the managers in the company are present at the meeting. All the milk I bought yesterday has gone bad. 不定式、动名词作主语 谓语动词一般用单数，但 and 连接的两个或多个不定式、动名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。 To say something is usually easier than to do something. Swimming in summer and skating in winter are my greatest pleasure. 表示数量的短语作主语 quantities of/amounts of ... 作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 Quantities of clothes in this shop are in good quality. 主语后有 with, together with, as well as, no less than, along with... 等短语修饰 谓语动词不受这些短语的影响，仍然与主语保持一致。 The old lady as well as her two daughters goes shopping every weekend. Tom together with his classmates studies Japanese in Japan. 集体名词 people, police, cattle 作主语 谓语动词总是用复数形式。 The police are searching for the escaped criminal. “ one of ＋复数名词 ” 作主语 谓语动词常用单数。 One of my close friends has been abroad for eight years. “ a number of ＋复数名词 ” 作主语 谓语动词用复数。 A number of workers have recently left the company. “ the number of ＋复数名词 ” 作主语 谓语动词用单数。 The number of members is still increasing. 并列连词 or ， either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also... 等连接的并列成分作主语 谓语动词与最靠近的主语一致。 Are you or he going to be in charge of the factory? Either you or your brother has to go there right now. Not only I but also he wants to go swimming in the river. there be 句式中 be 的单复数形式与最靠近的主语一致。 There is an apple and some oranges on the table. There are some oranges and an apple on the table. 关系代词在从句中作主语 取决于先行词，当先行词为 “ one of ＋复数名词 ” 时，从句谓语动词用复数。 This is one of the most interesting stories that are told by my grandpa. 先行词为 “ the only/very one of ＋复数名词 ” 时，从句谓语动词用单数。 She is the only one of the students who has failed the final test. 对点练习二 1 ． (2019· 大连一模 ) They took some _______(photo) when they visited China. 2 ． Mr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, ___(be) going to visit Beijing next year. 3 ． A needle and thread ___________(give) to her, but she could not sew the button on. 4 ． (2019· 聊城二模 ) Between the two rows of trees ________(stand) the teaching building. photos is was given stands 5 ． This is because two thirds of the earth ’ s surface ___(be) made up of vast oceans. 6 ． (2019· 青岛自主诊断 ) The total number of the population in China ___(be) about 1 ， 320 million. 7 ． Barbara is easy to recognize as she ’ s the only one of the women who _______(wear) evening dress. is is wears 8 ． In the rush hour, there were so many cars and _______(bus) on the road, so I was stuck. 9 ． (2019· 江西新余二模 ) More than 300 ____________ (coach) have been invited to the meeting. 10 ． Unfortunately, a great many ______(deer) have been killed in the past decade. buses coaches deer 考点三　虚拟语气 ( 一 ) 状语从句中的虚拟语气 虚拟语气在 if 引导的条件句中的用法三点 从句 ( 条件 ) 主句 ( 目的 ) 表示与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句 If ＋主语＋动词的过去式 (be 用 were) If I had time, I would attend the meeting. 主语＋ would(should/could/might) ＋动词原形 表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句 If ＋主语＋ had ＋动词的过去分词 If he had hurried, he could have caught the train. 主语＋ would(should/could/might) ＋ have ＋动词的过去分词 表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句 1.If ＋主语＋动词过去式 2.If ＋主语＋ were to ＋动词原形 3.If ＋主语＋ should ＋动词原形 主语＋ would(could/should/might) ＋动词原形 含蓄条件句 有时虚拟条件句并没用 if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语 (otherwise ， or ， without ， but for) 上下文或其他方式来表示。 条件从句中省略 if 采用倒装语序的情况 在 if 引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，有时可以把虚拟条件中的连词 if 省去，而将 had ， should ， were 等助动词提到主语之前。 虚拟语气在 as if/as though 引导的方式状语从句中 1. 表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。 2. 表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。 3. 表示与将来事实相反， ( 表示将来的可能性不大 ) ，用 would (might, could) ＋动词原形。 ( 二 ) 名词性从句中的虚拟语气 在动词 wish/hope 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。 would rather ， had rather 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 I wish (that) I were a bird. I wish (that) I had seen the film last night. I wish (that) I would/could go. I would rather I hadn ’ t done that. 在表示建议，命令，要求，忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 常用的此类动词有： propose, suggest, recommend, advise ； ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg ， insist ， decide, order 。 注意： suggest, insist 不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示，表明，坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。 “ It is(was) ＋形容词 ( 或过去分词 ) ＋ that... ” 结构中的虚拟语气 常用的形容词： natural ， appropriate ， advisable ， necessary ， important ， urgent ， probable ， possible ， desirable ， strange 。 在 “ It is (was) ＋名词＋ that... ” 结构句中的虚拟语气 这类名词有： advice ， decision ， desire ， demand ， idea ， order ， pity ， proposal ， recommendation ， suggestion ， surprise ， wish ， wonder 等。 某些表示建议，请求，命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气 这类名词常见的有： demand ， desire ， requirement ， advice ， recommendation ， suggestion ， order ， necessity ， proposal ， plan ， idea 。 ( 三 ) 定语从句中的虚拟语气 在 It is (about/high) time ＋ that 定语从句中的虚拟语气 其动词形式用一般过去时或 should ＋动词原形 It is high time that you went/should go to school. 对点练习三 1 ． My father suggests that I _____________(take) enough sleep before the final examination. 2 ． (2019· 江西九江三模 ) We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we ____________________(visit) more places of interest yesterday. 3 ． (2019· 洛阳高三二模 ) Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy _____________________(save) ． (should) take would have visited would have been saved 4 ． (2019· 临沂二模 ) We _________________(face) the difficulty together, but why didn ’ t you tell me? 5 ． (2019· 济南模拟 ) Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that he _______________(do) something instead of just talking. 6 ． Sorry, I am too busy now.If I _____(have) time, I would certainly go for an outing with you. 7 ． (2019· 南昌一模 ) His expression suggested that he ______________(pass) the test. could have faced did/should do had had passed 8 ． The order came that the medical supplies _______________(send) to the earthquake stricken area soon. 9 ． Frankly, I ’ d rather you ______________(not do) anything about it for the time being.The boss is very angry. 10 ． If you had told me in advance, I ________________(meet) him at the airport. (should) be sent didn ’ t do would have met 命题点 2 　考查非谓语动词 高考示例 1 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ ) Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid1980s, and are expensive __ 64 __ (perform) consistently over a large area. 【 解析 】 　考查非谓语动词。 and 后面的系动词 are 是谓语 ， 所以 perform 应该是非谓语形式；主系表结构之后 ， 常用不定式作原因或目的状语 ， 故此处用 to perform 。 【 答案 】 　 to perform 2 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ ) Scientists have responded by __ 67 __ (note) that hungry bears may be congregating( 聚集 ) around human settlements, leading to the illusion( 错觉 ) that populations are higher than they actually are. 【 解析 】 　考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词 by 可知 ， 此处用动名词； note 有宾语从句作宾语 ， 所以此处应该是主动形式 ， 故填 noting 。 【 答案 】 　 noting 3 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅱ ) When we got a call __ 68 __ (say)she was shortlisted ， we thought it was a joke. 【 解析 】 　考查非谓语动词。 got 是本句的谓语 ， say 应该作非谓语；根据其后所接的宾语从句可知 ， 此处用现在分词形式 saying 作后置定语 ， 解释名词 call 的内容；名词 call 与 say 之间是主动关系 ， 故填 saying 。 【 答案 】 　 saying 技法点拨 若句中已有谓语动词 ， 又不是并列谓语时 ， 所给动词通常是非谓语动词 ， 就要确定是 v . ing 形式 ， v . ed 形式 ， 还是不定式。一般来说 ， v . ing 形式表示主动 ， 进行； v . ed 形式表示被动 ， 完成；不定式表示尚未发生的动作。 考点激活 非谓语动词 ( 一 ) 非谓语动词的形式及意义 非谓语动词 主动语态 被动语态 意义 否定式 不定式 一般式 to do to be done 不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生 在非谓 语前加 not 进行式 to be doing 不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生 完成式 to have done to have been done 不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前 现在分词 / 一般式 doing being done 其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生 动名词 完成式 having done having been done 其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生 过去分词 done 与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成 ( 二 ) 非谓语动词所担当的句子成分 表一　分词 类别 分词 定语 (1) 及物动词的分词形式作定语 ① 当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系且动作正在进行时，用现在分词。 ② 当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且动作正在进行时，用 “ being ＋过去分词 ” 。 ③ 当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。 (2) 不及物动词的分词形式作定语 现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示一个动作已完成，不表被动。 状语 现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是主动关系，且含有进行的意义。 过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是被动关系，且含有完成的意义。 表语 “ 令人 …… 的 ” 用 ing 形式； “ …… 的 ” 用 ed 形式。此类词被称为 “ 形容词化了的分词 ” 。例如： interesting － interested, exciting － excited, delighting － delighted, disappointing － disappointed, pleasing － pleased, puzzling － puzzled, satisfying － satisfied, surprising － surprised, worrying － worried 宾补 用法同定语。 表二　不定式 类别 不定式 定语 (1) 常表示将来的动作。 (2) 常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。 (3) 用来修饰被序数词、最高级或 no, all, any 等限定的中心词，且与中心词之间为逻辑上的主动关系。 (4) 被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有： ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。 状语 (1) 作目的状语，意为 “ 为了 ” 。 (2)only to 作结果状语，表示令人意外的结果。 (3) 作原因状语 ① 常用于 “ 主语 ( 人 ) ＋系动词＋形容词 ( 过去分词 ) ＋ to do ” 结构中。形容词和过去分词有 sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish 等。 ② 常用于 “ 主语 ( 物 ) ＋系动词＋形容词＋ to do ” 结构中。 宾语 下列动词只能用不定式作宾语： decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish ， refuse, manage, care, pretend ， offer, promise, choose, plan ， agree, ask/beg, help 。 表语 表具体动作，特别是将来动作。 主语 表一件未完成的事或目的。常用 it 作形式主语。 宾补 用法同定语。 表三　动名词 类别 动名词 定语 动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。 a walking stick 　 a reading room 　 a sleeping car 　 a washing machine 表语 表抽象动作，一般性的行为。 His hobby is collecting stamps. 宾语 下列动词或动词短语只能用动名词作宾语： consider ， suggest/advise ， look forward to ， excuse/pardon ， admit ， delay/put off ， fancy ， avoid ， miss ， keep/keep on ， practice ， deny ， finish ， enjoy/appreciate ， forbid ， imagine ， risk ， can ’ t help ， mind ， allow/permit ， escape 。 主语 表示经常性动作，表已知的事或经验。常用 it 作形式主语。固定句型： It’s a waste of time doing ... ； It’s no use/good doing ... ； It is useless ... doing ... ； There is no ... 等中。 对点练习四 1 ． (2019· 烟台模拟 ) He hurried to the train station, only ___________(find) the train had left. 2 ． (2019· 济南模拟 ) A major accident in southern Sweden happened today. It’s reported that this afternoon a ship crashed into a bridge. Unluckily, seven cars and six trucks are said _____________(fall) into the water. to find to have fallen 3 ． When he left, he said to me, “ I ’ m sorry ____________________(trouble) you so much. ” 4 ． The airport _______________(complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area. 5 ． At the party, the pretty girl wore a very attractive skirt to make herself ________(notice) ． to have troubled to be completed noticed 6 ． If you hand in your homework late, attach a note _________(explain) the reason for the delay. 7 ． (2019· 上饶三模 ) They never quit _______(look) for a way to get where they are supposed to go! Second, ants think about winter and summer. 8 ． _________ (save) energy, we turn off the lights for Earth Hour on the last Saturday in March. explaining looking To save 9 ． (2019· 枣庄模拟 ) Mr. Wood’s anger disappeared then and there. He said, “ I ’ d better go and get __________(change) ． ” Minutes later, he returned, properly dressed, only to find that the party was nearly over. 10 ． The clubs in Argentina couldn ’ t help him, but the famous Barcelona club in Spain offered __________ (accept) Messi on the junior team and pay for the bills. changed to accept 命题点 3 　考查词形、词性变化 高考示例 (2019· 全国卷 Ⅲ ) When they were free from work ， they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting __ 66 __ (compete)to watch ， together with the story behind it. 【 解析 】 　考查词形和词性变换。由空格前的不定冠词 an 与空格后的不定式 to watch 可以确定空格处应该填单数形式的名词。故填 competition 。 【 答案 】 　 competition 技法点拨 有时所给提示词虽然是动词 ， 但是空格处既不是考查谓语动词也不是考查非谓语动词 ， 而是要求进行词性转换。 考点激活 动词与其他词类的相互转化 考点一　动词转化为名词 (1) 在词尾加上 er 、 or 或 ant 变成表示 “ 某一类人 ” 的名词 work—worker ， wait — waiter ， sing — singer ， visit — visitor ， invent—inventor ， collect — collector, conquer — conqueror, drive — driver, write — writer, run — runner, win — winner, begin — beginner, assist — assistant (2) 在动词词尾加上 ment 变成名词 advertise—advertisement ， amuse — amusement ， improve — improvement, argue — argument( 去掉 u 后面的 e) (3) 在动词词尾加上 (t)ion/(s)ion 变成名词 express—expression ， graduate — graduation ， operate — operation ( 去 e 再加 “ ion”) ， compete — competition, organize — organization ( 把 e 改成其他字母再加 “ tion”) ， decide — decision ， conclude — conclusion ( 把 de 改为 s 再加 “ ion”), describe — description 描绘 ( 不规则变化 ) (4) 词尾加上 ance 或 ence 变成名词 appear—appearance ， perform — performance ， accept — acceptance, exist — existence, prefer — preference (5) 在动词词尾加 ing 变成名词 meet—meeting ， build — building ， say — saying ， mean — meaning ， swim — swimming, shop — shopping, begin — beginning (6) 动词末尾加 y recover—recovery, discover — discovery (7) 其他一些比较特殊的变化 beg—beggar, behave — behavior, know — knowledge, fly — flight, mix — mixture ， press — pressure ， succeed — success ， tour — tour( 旅游 )/tourist( 游客 ) ， vary — variety, tend — tendency 考点二　动词转化为形容词 (1) 动词后加 able ，以 e 结尾的则去 e 加 able ，表示具有此动词的性质，特点或属性。 afford － affordable, love － lovable, adapt － adaptable, rely － reliable, drink － drinkable (2) 形容词化了的分词 pleasing － pleased, puzzling － puzzled 对点练习五 1 ． (2019· 赣州联考 ) She took me from a poor, unhappy college student and brought me into her world ： a world of smiles ， love and __________(warm) ． 2 ． (2019· 成都第二次诊断 ) When you do go for hot pot, you will often be asked to make a ______(choose) of broth in which you cook your raw ingredients( 食材 ) ． warmth choice 3 ． (2019· 福建六校联考 ) Staying ______(health) while traveling can help to ensure your trip is a happy and enjoyable one. 4 ． (2019· 河南信阳高中第二次大考 ) At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very _______(anger) about it. 5 ． (2019· 湖北七市联考 ) Flowering in May, peonies ’ large petals and strong colors are linked to prosperity and _________(rich) in traditional Chinese culture. 6 ． (2019· 武汉武昌区调研 ) In fact, it must have a hard struggle to get its ________(free) from the cocoon. healthy angry richness freedom 7 ． (2019· 合肥第一次教学质量检测 ) Senior experts from UNESCO were amazed at its unique natural scenery, near perfect biological system, and creative ___________(combine) of nature and humanism. 8 ． (2019· 江西五校第一次联考 ) The United Nations agency reported this week the 12 superbugs are a threat to human _________(healthy) ． combination health 9 ． (2019· 河南豫北名校质量评估 ) Lanzhou beef noodle has a history of 102 years and is known for its _______(taste) beef, soup and noodles. 10 ． (2019· 郑州第二次质量预测 ) On New Year’s Day, we visited every neighbor in the village and were greeted _________(warm) at each house. tasty warmly 第二类 提示词为名词和代词 [ 解题思路 ] 　 “ 一同二变 ” 看 “ 名、代 ” 命题点 1 　考查名词的数与格、代词的相互转换 高考示例 1 ． (2018· 全国卷 Ⅲ ) When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ______(they) alive. 【 解析 】 　考查代词之人称代词。分析句子结构可知 ， 此处要用代词作 find 的宾语 ， 故要用人称代词的宾格。 they 的宾格为 them 。 【 答案 】 　 them 2 ． (2017· 全国卷 Ⅲ ) She has turned down several ______(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. 【 解析 】 　 invitation “ 邀请 ” 是可数名词 ， 其前有 several 修饰 ， 应用复数形式。 【 答案 】 　 invitations 3 ． (2016· 全国卷 Ⅰ ) On my recent visit, I held a lively three month old twin that had been rejected by ______(it) mother. 【 解析 】 　句意：最近的一次参观中 ， “ 我 ” 抱着一对活泼的、三个月大的双胞胎中的一个 ，它被它的妈妈遗弃了。根据句意可知此处作定语，应该使用形容词性物主代词 its 作定语。 【 答案 】 　 its 技法点拨 所给提示词是名词时 ， 一般考查单复数的变化 ， 偶尔考查所有格；所给词是代词时 ， 一般考查人称代词变为物主代词、反身代词或形容词性物主代词。 考点激活 考点一　名词 名词的 “ 数 ” 和 “ 格 ” 名词的数 (1) 以 o 结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加 s ，但下列名词要加 es ，它们是：黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿，即 Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes 。 (2) 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变为复数时，一般 f 或 fe 去掉加 ves ，它们是：为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半，即 selves, lives, thieves, wives, knives, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves 。但下列以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词直接加 s ，它们是：屋顶上的首领信仰保险箱，即 roofs, chiefs, beliefs, safes 。 名词的格 名词的所有格表示所属关系，它分 ’ s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。 ① Many students ’ eyesight is getting poorer and poorer. ② From the top of the hill, you can get a bird ’ s view of the city. 考点二　代词 表一　代词的基本分类 人称 单复数 主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词 第一 人称 单数 I me my mine myself 复数 we us our ours ourselves 第二 人称 单数 you you your yours yourself 复数 you you your yours yourselves 第三 人称 单数 he him his his himself she her her hers herself it it its 无 itself 复数 they them their theirs themselves 表二　不定代词的用法 ( Ⅰ ) 不定代词 用法 each/both/all each 指 “ ( 两者或两者以上物或人中的 ) 每个 ” ； both 表示 “ 两者都 ” ； all 指 “ ( 三者或三者以上物或人中的 ) 所有，全部 ” either/neither either 表示 “ ( 两者中的 ) 任何一个 ” ； neither 表示 “ 两者都不 ” none/nothing none 表示 “ ( 三者或三者以上 ) 全无，没有一点 ” ； nothing 表示 “ 没有任何东西，没有事 ” another another 泛指 “ ( 三者或三者以上中的 ) 另一，又一 ” other/others other 泛指 “ 其余的，另外的 ” ，只作定语。 other ＋可数名词复数＝ others the other/ the others the other 特指 “ ( 两者之中的 ) 另一个 ” 。 the other ＋可数名词复数＝ the others 表三　不定代词的用法 ( Ⅱ ) 类别 某 …… 任何 …… 每个 …… ； 所有 …… 没有 …… 人 someone/ somebody anyone/ anybody everyone/ everybody no one/ nobody 物 something anything everything Nothing 表四　不定代词的用法 ( Ⅲ ) 代词 用法 表示意义 含义 few 修饰可数名词 否定含义 几乎没有 a few 修饰可数名词 肯定含义 几个；一些 little 修饰不可数名词 否定含义 几乎没有 a little 修饰不可数名词 肯定含义 少量；一点点 many 修饰可数名词 肯定含义 许多 much 修饰不可数名词 肯定含义 许多 表五　 it 的用法 it 指代事物或上文提到过的内容。 The Smiths bought a new house but it will need a lot of work before they can move in. it 指时间、距离、天气等。 It’s 112 miles from London to Birmingham. it 用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当。 ① It is no good living alone without keeping in touch with others. (it 作形式主语，动名词短语 living alone without ... 为真正的主语 ) ② No matter where he is, he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast. (it 作形式宾语，动词不定式 to go for ... 为真正的宾语 ) ③ He didn ’ t make it clear when and where the meeting would be held. (it 作形式宾语，从句 when and where ... 为真正的宾语 ) 对点练习六 1 ． (2019· 重庆第一次调研 ) There are mainly 3 stone areas. One big area seems to be deep and dark red._______ two areas seem almost yellow and green. It looks as if someone spilled( 泼洒 ) many colors of paint over the huge areas. 2 ． (2019· 河南省考前质量检测二 ) The less skin a person has relative to his weight, the easier __is for him to keep warm. Another it 3 ． (2019· 聊城三模 ) When I was on the airplane, I kept telling ________that I had to be strong when facing any troubles or problems. 4 ． (2019· 福州四校联考 ) I have noticed how the music can change one’s view, and I am thankful for the way musicians work to the best of their _________(able) to provide this music for their audience. 5 ． (2019· 沈阳质量监测一 ) China has once again showed its ability to change the world with its “four great new ________________(invent)”—highspeed rail, electronic payment, shared bicycle, and online shopping. myself abilities inventions 6 ． (2019· 陕西质量检测一 ) Like many other __________(university) at that time, the Harvard at the early stage often ran into financial crisis. The school board often had to go to Europe to raise ___________(donate), but as you can predict, they often came back with their hands empty. 7 ． (2019· 河北衡水中学调考 ) In general, third culture kids benefit from ______(they) intercultural experiences and they often reach excellent academic results. universities donation(s) their 8 ． (2019· 河南天一大联考 ) Gabi Rizea only discovered his talent for woodcarving three years ago, and has put ____to good use since then, saving dozens of old tree stumps( 树桩 ) from being removed by turning them into impressive works of art. it 9 ． (2019· 广东五校协作体第一次联考 )________ (we) products are especially popular with the middleaged and seniors. 10 ． (2019· 河南中原名校联考 ) After teaching ______(she) to surf with one arm, in 2004, she entered a major competition and won the ESPY Award. Our herself 命题点 2 　考查名词的词类转换  高考示例 1 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅱ ) They also shared with us many ______(tradition)stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists. 【 解析 】 　考查名词转化为形容词。空格修饰名词 stories ， 应用形容词形式 ， tradition 的形容词为 traditional 。 【 答案 】 　 traditional 2 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅱ ) We are so proud of her. It ’ s ______ (wonder) ． 【 解析 】 　考查词形和词性变换。根据句子结构可知 ， 在系动词 is 之后用形容词形式作表语 ， 故填 wonderful 。 【 答案 】 　 wonderful 3 ． (2017· 全国卷 Ⅱ ) The Central London Railway was one of the most ______(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. 【 解析 】 　考查词性转换。此处是 “ one of ＋ the ＋形容词的最高级 ” 结构 ， 表示 “ 最 …… 的之一 ” ，故用 successful 。 【 答案 】 　 successful  技法点拨 所给提示词是名词时 ， 有时考查词类转换 ， 主要是名词变为形容词或动词之词形变化。 考点激活 考点一　名词变为形容词 后缀 例词 al benefit—beneficial, music — musical, origin — original, person — personal ， center — central ， nature — natural ， form — formal ful doubt — doubtful ， forget — forgetful ， harm — harmful ， peace — peaceful ， success — successful ， help — helpful i(a)ble access—accessible ， horror — horrible ， terror — terrible value — valuable ive act — active ， effect — effective ， expense — expensive ous anxiety — anxious ， caution — cautious ， curiosity — curious ， humor — humorous some tire — tiresome ， trouble — troublesome y taste—tasty ， health — healthy ， wealth — wealthy ， dirt — dirty ， rain — rainy ， sun — sunny ， cloud — cloudy ern east — eastern ， west — western ic science — scientific ， economy — economic ， history — historic (e)d spot—spotted ， talent — talented ， organize — organized ， balance — balanced less hope — hopeless, end — endless, care — careless, help — helpless ce 改为 t difference—different, silence — silent, confidence — confident ly friend — friendly, love — lovely, live — lively en wood — wooden, wool — woolen ese ， ish 或 n child—childish ， fool — foolish ， self — selfish ， China — Chinese, Japan — Japanese, England — English, America — American, India — Indian, Australia — Australian ( 注意 Canada—Canadian) 考点二　名词变为动词 前缀 en danger → endanger 　 courage → encourage 后缀 ify class → classify 　 just → justify 　 beauty → beautify ize apology → apologize 　 emphasis → emphasize 　 memory → memorize 对点练习七 1 ． It snowed ________(heavy) last night and now the streets are covered with snow. 2 ． One person was killed, several were ____________ (serious) hurt and taken to hospital, and a number of other people received smaller hurt. 3 ． It is _______(legal) to drive after drinking alcohol. heavily seriously illegal 4 ． Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers ____________ (sudden) became friendly to one another. 5 ． (2019· 新余一中模拟 ) You may find to your ___________(amaze) that there is more kindness in your community than you ever believe possible. 6 ． (2019· 江西师大附中月考 ) That night, I fell asleep with a new ___________(appreciate) for my mother and her caring hands. suddenly amazement appreciation 7 ． I usually _________(memory) twenty new words a day and put them to use whenever possible. 8 ． They are trying to _______(wide) the discussion to include environmental issues. 9 ． There are so many different labels on food nowadays. They are not only __________(confuse) but also misleading. 10 ． If we carry our burdens all the time, sooner or later, as the burden becomes ______________(increase) heavy, we won’t be able to carry on. memorize widen confusing increasingly 第三类 提示词为形容词或副词 [ 解题思路 ] 　 “ 二步思维 ” 破 “ 形、副 ” 命题点 1 　考查形容词或副词的比较级和最高级 高考示例 1 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ ) Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating( 聚集 ) around human settlements, leading to the illusion( 错觉 ) that populations are ______ (high) than they actually are. 【 解析 】 　考查形容词比较级。根据其后 than they actually are 可知 ， 此处为形容词的比较级 ， 故填 higher 。 【 答案 】 　 higher 2 ． (2018· 浙江卷 6 月 ) There could be an even ______(high) cost on your health. 【 解析 】 　考查形容词的比较级。根据 even 并结合语境可知 ， 此处表示 “ 更高的代价 ” ， 故需要用 high 的比较级 higher 。 【 答案 】 　 higher 3 ． (2016· 全国卷 Ⅱ ) If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify( 识别 ) those of ______(great) and less importance. 【 解析 】 　考查形容词的比较级。句意：如果你因工作上的责任感到压抑 ， 你应该后退一步 ， 并且识别一下这些工作中哪些更重要 ， 哪些不那么重要。根据句意以及 little 的比较级 less 的提示可知空格处应用形容词 great 的比较级 greater 。 【 答案 】 　 greater 技法点拨 所给提示词是形容词或副词时 ， 需考虑是否变为比较级或最高级。 考点激活 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化规则 类别 构成法 原级 比较级 最高级 单音节词 一般单音节词尾加 er ， es tall great strong taller greater stronger tallest greatest strongest 以不发音的 e 结尾的单音词，只加 r ， st nice large late nicer larger later nicest largest latest 以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音词，双写结尾的辅音字母再加 er ， est big hot fat bigger hotter fatter biggest hottest fattest 双音节词 以辅音字母＋ y 结尾的双音节词，改 y 为 i 再加 er ， est easy busy early easier busier earlier easiest busiest earliest 多音节词 在前面加 more, most 来构成比较级和最高级 important beautiful happily more important more beautiful more happily most important most beautiful most happily 对点练习八 1 ． (2019· 聊城三模 ) One of the ___________(bad) gift choices I ever made was for my high school English teacher, Ms.Chen. 2 ． (2019· 潍坊一模 ) When you go out, far away from your _________(day) life, you will have a lot of exciting memories. 3 ． (2019· 日照二模 ) I started to follow it again with a _________(light) spirit than I had before. worst daily lighter 4 ． (2019· 沈阳一模 ) I advise you to take a small step out of your comfort zone and try to make someone’s day a little __________(bright) ． 5 ． (2019· 沈阳质检 ) The other day my friends and I were eating in the cafeteria and I saw her walking around. When she came _______(close) to us I could see that she was crying. 6 ． (2019· 河南省高考适应性模拟 ) I found it hard to hear her commentary ( 评论 ) as she seemed to be talking to only the three or four people ________(close) to her. brighter closer closer 7 ． (2019· 郑州高三诊断 ) But he said they also had more sugar and salt, so they tasted much _____(good) ． 8 ． (2019· 河北保定二模 ) As we know, the greater difficulty we meet on our way to success, the __________ (likely) we will be able to achieve our goals. 9 ． (2019· 唐山一中仿真模拟一 ) However, there are still some other people who have made lots of money at even __________(young) ages. 10 ． (2019· 聊城二模 ) The more I thought about it, the _______(bad) my mood became. better more likely younger worse 命题点 2 　考查词类转换 高考示例 1 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ ) It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been ______ (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20 ， 000 － 25 ， 000 polar bears worldwide. 【 解析 】 　考查词形和词性变换。根据句意和结构分析可知 ， 此处用副词 poorly 修饰谓语动词 has been studied ， 意为 “ 研究很少 ” 。故填 poorly 。 【 答案 】 　 poorly 2 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅱ ) Her years of hard work have ______ (final)been acknowledged after a customer nominated( 提名 )her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year. 【 解析 】 　考查词形和词性变换。根据空格所处位置可知 ， 此处应用副词形式作状语 ， 修饰谓语动词 have been acknowledged ， 意为 “ 最终得以认可 ” ， 故填 finally 。 【 答案 】 　 finally 3 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅲ ) They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were ______ (huge) popular with tourists. 【 解析 】 　考查词形和词性变换。空格处单词修饰形容词 popular ， 应用副词形式 ， huge 的副词为 hugely ， 故填 hugely 。 【 答案 】 　 hugely 技法点拨 所给提示词是形容词时 ， 还需要考虑形容词转化为副词。 考点激活 形容词转化为副词的规则 一般在形容词的词尾加 ly 将其变成副词 quick—quickly, slow — slowly ， loud — loudly, sudden — suddenly 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的形容词，要把 y 改为 i ，再加 ly happy—happily, angry — angrily ， lucky — luckily ， heavy — heavily, noisy — noisily 以 ble 或 le 结尾的形容词，去掉 e 再加 y possible—possibly, terrible — terribly 以 e 结尾的形容词仍然直接加 ly polite—politely, wide — widely 注意： true—truly 以 l 结尾的形容词要在词尾加 ly ，以 ll 结尾的形容词要在词尾加 y usual—usually, careful — carefully, useful — usefully ， full — fully 对点练习九 1 ． The ________________(careful) you are ， the less trouble you might have while traveling. 2 ． (2019· 福建单科质检 ) But that didn’t prevent the boy from becoming one of the _______________(great) composers of all time. 3. ____________(lucky) ， he also had a cow which produced milk every day. more careful greatest Luckily 4 ． (2019· 广州模拟 ) When the __________(injure) animals came to see Doctor Bear, he told them, “ Your clothes are killing you.You don ’ t need them. ” 5 ． Hiking is becoming much ____________(popular) than before. 6 ． — Are you satisfied with the result of the exam? — Not at all. I can ’ t have a _______(bad) one. injured more popular worse 7 ． The shopping centre where he worked was the second ________(big) one in Scotland. 8 ． I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time — there are _________________(meaningful) things to do. biggest more meaningful 题型二　无提示词类 第一类 词法类 命题点 1 　考查代词 高考示例 1 ． (2017· 全国卷 Ⅱ ) However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25 ， 000 people were using ______ every day. 【 解析 】 　空处作 using 的宾语 ， 这里用 it 指代前句的 railway ， 故填 it 。 【 答案 】 　 it 2 ． (2016· 浙江卷 6 月 ) In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from ______ in the UK. 【 解析 】 　这里指代前面的不可数名词 education system 。在前后对比的句子中 ， 指代前文提到的同类但不是同一个事物时 ， 单数可数名词或不可数名词用 that 代替 ， 复数用 those 代替。 【 答案 】 　 that 3 ． ( 广东卷 ) Now it occurred to ______ that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck. 【 解析 】 　 it occurs to sb. that... 意为 “ 某人突然想到 ……” ， 根据语境 ，且介词 to 后跟宾格 ， 作宾语 ， 故填 him 。 【 答案 】 　 him 技法点拨 无提示词的考查中 ， 当句中缺少主语或宾语时 ， 一般要填代词 ， 主要包括人称代词和 it 的用法。  考点激活 参考语法填空部分的 “ 代词 ” 部分。 命题点 2 　考查介词 高考示例 1 ． (2019· 全国卷 I) Modern methods ______ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area. 【 解析 】 　考查介词用法。此处 tracking polar bear populations 作 Modern methods 的定语 ， 用 of 连接 ， “ methods of doing sth. ” ， 意为 “ …… 的方法 ” ， 构成固定结构。或者意为 “ 对于跟踪北极熊的方法 ” 用 for 。故填 of/for 。 【 答案 】 　 of/for 2 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅲ ) We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ______ dogs ， seven to be exact. 【 解析 】 　考查介词。 “ a pack of ” 意为 “ 一群 ” 。故填 of 。 【 答案 】 　 of 3 ． (2018· 全国卷 Ⅲ ) I was searching ______ these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried. 【 解析 】 　考查介词之固定搭配。 search for 寻找 ， 为固定搭配。 【 答案 】 　 for 技法点拨 如果名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时 ， 其前面一般是填介词。通常考查介词与动词、名词、形容词的搭配。 考点激活 部分重点介词的用法 in (1) 表示时间段，在相当长的一段时间 in the morning, in the evening (2) 在未来的一段时间内 in a month, in a year, in a week (3) 在 …… 里面 in the classroom, in the building (4) 在大的地点 in a country, in a village on 表示具体的日期或星期 on Monday, on my birthday, on the wedding anniversary 表示特定某一天的上午、下午、凌晨或半夜 on the night/morning/afternoon of December 31 ， 1999; on the eve of Christmas; on a cold afternoon in January 表示在第几天 on his first day to school ； on the tenth day I was in Beijing at ( 主要表示时间 ) 在某一时刻 at 9 ： 00 ， at 9 ： 10 表示不确定的某一时段 at night; at dawn; at that time; at the moment; at the end of 表示年龄阶段 at the age of 表示地点 at home; at school by 表示行为方式 send something by post; do something by 接交通工具 by train ； by bus 通过某种手段以达到预期的结果 We succeeded by cooperating with them. to 向 …… ；往 …… ；到 …… All roads lead to Rome. ( 表示时间 ) 直到 …… 之前 We read from 7 ： 20 to 7 ： 40. 趋于 …… 变成 These things are going from bad to worse. 面对 face to face ( 表示对象 ) 对 …… ；向 …… Smoking does harm to us. 对于 What is her attitude to this issue ？ for 指具体的时间量 for 6 years; for two months for ＋时间段 I have lived here for a year. with 主要表示用具体的工具做某事。 with 接单数可数名词时，需要带冠词 I killed a fly with fly flap. 表示伴随，拥有 I often dream of a big house with a nice garden. about 多用于在内容和观点比较一般性的情况　 What is your excuse about your being late? from 通常要和 to 或 until 连用 Most people work from nine to five. 来自于 I’m from Guiyang. 距离 Our school is two miles from the station. after 后跟具体时刻，表示 “ 在 …… 时刻之后 ” ，常用于将来时；后跟时间段，多用于过去时 He said that he would be here after 6 ： 00. until until 的用法 I won’t leave until you come back. before 表示 “ 在 …… 之前 ” ，它后面跟过去的时间时常用过去完成时态 Wash hands before dinner. The train had left before I arrived at the station. during 表示在 …… 期间 during my visit to China ； during the travel to the south 对点练习一 1 ． Do you want to keep up ______the latest research and discoveries in science? 2 ． (2019· 江西五校第一次联考 ) Marie Paule Kieny is the U ． N. Agency’s Assistant Director General. She said ，“ Antibiotic resistance is growing and we are fast running out ______treatment options. ” She urged governments to give drug companies reasons to develop new treatments. with of 3 ． (2019· 成都第二次诊断 ) Bear _____mind that some broths like the tomato, mushroom or northern style will not be on offer at every restaurant. 4 ． (2019· 沈阳质量监测一 ) Besides, the four innovative ways of life are most appealing _____youths from 20 countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative, and they wish their countries would emulate China in terms of technological achievements. in to 5 ． Third culture kids may not be able to adapt themselves completely ___their new surroundings. 6 ． (2019· 河南天一大联考 ) Following his recent rise to fame, Rizea has been asked by many cities, including the capital of Romania to transform their old trees ____ works of art. 7 ． Most caves are formed ______nature under the ground, but some have entrances people can find. to into by 8 ． With the Internet, parents cannot check a published guide to determine what is suitable ____their children to see. 9 ． (2019· 广东五校协作体第一次联考 ) The brand was born in Wuzhen in 1848 and has been popular _____the distinctive taste of its duck products. 10 ． As Christmas is the most important festival in the West, some believe that it is similar _____the Spring Festival in China. for for to 命题点 3 　考查冠词 高考示例 1 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ ) Of ______ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. 【 解析 】 　考查定冠词。此处为特指 ， 意为 “ 在已知的 19 个北极熊亚种群中 ” ， 故填 the 。 【 答案 】 　 the 2 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅱ ) When we got a call saying she was shortlisted ， we thought it was ______ joke. 【 解析 】 　考查不定冠词用法。根据句意 “ 我们还以为这是一个玩笑 ” 可知 ， 此处 joke 为泛指且强调 “ 一 ” ， 故填 a 。 【 答案 】 　 a 3 ． (2017· 全国卷 Ⅱ ) This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over ______ top. 【 解析 】 　考查定冠词 ， 此处特指 “ 地铁的顶部 ” ， 故用定冠词 the 。 【 答案 】 　 the 考点激活 考点一　不定冠词的用法 1 指一类人或事，相当于 a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you. 3 表示 “ 每一 ” 相当于 every ， one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示 “ 相同 ” 相当于 the same We are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out. That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6 用于固定词组中 a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such 之后 This room is rather a big one. 8 用于 so(as, too, how) ＋形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. 考点二　定冠词的用法 1 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal. 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示 “ 一家人 ” 或 “ 夫妇 ” the Greens, the Wangs 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s 11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour. 12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前 He patted me on the shoulder. 考点三　零冠词的用法 1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 2 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等限制 I want this book, not that one./Whose purse is this ？ 3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America. 5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess. 6 与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land 7 以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals. 对点练习二 1 ． Lanzhou is also qualified as ______hometown of Chinese beef noodle. 2 ． (2019· 济宁二模 ) Bras explained that he is sick of ______pressure of trying to keep his stars. 3 ． (2019· 重庆第一次调研 ) Thousands of visitors each year enjoy Haleakala National Park, one of ______most unusual national parks in the United States, on the island of Maui. the the the 4 ． As you know, science plays __very important role in our education. 5 ． (2019· 石家庄检测一 ) I have known from Gu Yu that from tiny street stands to large chains, ____huge number of people accept mobile payment, mostly through popular apps Alipay and WeChat. 6 ． (2019· 太原二模 ) Then he opened one of his bags and gave me ___handful of freshly picked cherries ， explaining that he had just taken them from his orchard. a a a 7 ． (2019· 日照联考 ) Many people may think the Forbidden City, or the Palace Museum, is ___ outstanding and old fashioned museum. 8 ． (2019· 湖南长郡中学检测 ) The wedding ceremony is usually hosted warmly and the wedding ceremony very often ends with ___unique banquet. an a 9 ． The Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area made up of the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, the Tianzishan mountain ranges, Baofenghu and the Suoxi Valley is ____very popular filming and tourist destination. 10 ． (2019· 惠州第二次调研 ) Being _____world’s most popular online battle game, it already has over 200 million players in China. a the 命题点 4 　考查情态动词和其他 高考示例 1 ． (2018· 天津卷 ) I can’t find my purse. I ______ have left it in the supermarket yesterday, but I ’ m not sure. 【 解析 】 　考查情态动词。由 “ but I ’ m not sure. ” 可知说话人对事情不是很肯定 ， 所以填 might 或者 could 表示不确定的判断。 【 答案 】 　 might/could 2 ． (2018· 全国卷 Ⅱ ) The film will ______(show) this Sunday afternoon, lasting 2 hours, from 4 ： 00 to 6 ： 00. 【 解析 】 　考查情态动词的被动语态。情态动词后的被动语态要用 be 加动词原形。 【 答案 】 　 be shown 技法点拨 无提示词的空格有时也需要根据固定搭配、逻辑关系以及句式结构填写情态动词或者其他适当的词。 考点激活 助动词 情态动词 1.do/does/did 后只能跟动词原形，助动词不能用作实义动词。 2.be/being/been 主要帮助构成进行时、完成进行时和各种被动语态。需注意 be 虽然没有实际意义，但却是结构中不可缺少的。 3.have/has/had 主要是帮助构成完成时态和完成进行时态。需注意其构成形式 have/has/had done 和 have/has/had been doing 。 1. 情态动词不能单独作谓语，必须和后面的实义动词或 be 动词一起构成谓语。 2. “ 情态动词＋ have done ” 的用法 (1)must have done “ 一定做过了某事 ” ，表示对过去事情有把握的推测。 (2)could/can have done “ 本能做某事 ( 而实际上未做 ) ” ， can ’ t/couldn ’ t have done “ ( 过去 ) 不可能做过某事 ” 。 (3)may/might have done “ ( 过去 ) 有可能做过某事 ” 。 (4)should/ought to have done “ 本该做某事而没做 ” 。 (5)needn’t have done “ 本不必做某事 ( 而实际上做了 ) ” 。 对点练习三 1 ． (2016· 江苏卷 ) Therefore ， rules should worked out and strictly observed._____________ 2 ． (2019· 成都五校联考 ) People neglect the fact that our parents are the dearest persons in the world, so we should nice to our parents._____________ 3 ． (2019· 河北五个一名校联盟联考 ) There will a lecture in our library, at 4 ： 00 on Wednesday afternoon.____________ should 后加 be should 后加 be will 后加 be 4 ． (2019· 邯郸联考 ) However, just several days later, I began to feel tired and can ’ t concentrate in class._____________________ 5 ． (2019· 南昌十校二模 ) As a result ， I suggest we are given less homework and more time for out of classroom activities.___________ 6 ． (2019· 郑州第二次预测 ) He became very angry, but I dared not to tell him about the game._________ can ’ t → couldn ’ t are → be 删除 to 7 ． (2019· 杭州七校模拟 ) When you phoned me, I was having a meeting; how I wish I ____________(answer) your call. 8 ． (2019· 天津七校联考 ) I was ill that day, or I ______________________(take) part in the sports meet. had answered would have taken 第二类 句法类 命题点 1 　考查并列连词 高考示例 1 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅱ ) I work not because I have to, ______ because I want to. 【 解析 】 　考查并列连词。根据句意逻辑可知 ， 此处为转折关系 ， 句意：我工作不是因为我不得不做 ， 而是因为我想做。此处用 but 与前文 not 呼应 ， 构成 “ 不是 …… 而是 ……” 之意 ， 故填 but 。 【 答案 】 　 but 2 ． (2016· 四川卷 ) It was time for her to have a new baby ， ______it was also time for the young panda to be independent. 【 解析 】 　前后句为顺承关系 ， 故用 and 连接。 【 答案 】 　 and 3 ． ( 全国卷 Ⅰ ) But the river wasn’t changed in a few days ______ even a few months. 【 解析 】 　此处表示选择。句意：但是河流不是在几天或者甚至是几个月的时间被改变。 【 答案 】 　 or 技法点拨 空格处是否填并列连词主要是通过观察句子结构确定。这种情况一般是空格前后是两个并列成分 ， 如两个主谓结构完整的句子、词、短语等 ， 而且相并列的成分相互之间存在并列、转折、选择、因果关系。 考点激活 并 列 连 词 同等关系 and/both...and ， neither...nor, not only...but also 转折关系 but/however/yet/while 选择关系 or/either...or 因果关系 so/therefore 对点练习四 1 ． (2019· 福州四校联考 ) I am ___grateful for the gifts shared by the musicians with the audience that I’ll carry this special feeling along with me. 2 ． (2019· 河南中原名校联考 ) Around 7 ： 30 a ． m., she was lying on her surfboard with her left arm in the water _______a 14 foot long tiger shark attacked her ， severing her left arm just below the shoulder. so when 3 ． (2019· 湖北黄冈元月调研 ) What all of you really wanted was coffee, not the cup, _______you went for the best cups and then began looking at each other ’ s cups. 4 ． (2019· 河北衡水中学调研 ) She didn’t know anything about current TV shows ____fashion trends. but/yet or 5 ． (2019· 福建泉州 1 月质检 ) In China, the question is not “ What shall I have ？ ” ____ “ What shall we have ？ ” ． Food is ordered to share with others, not just for oneself. 6 ． (2019· 江西宜春中学第一次诊断 ) As to acute stomachache, there is no need to have an operation; all you need to do is drinking a cup of Chinese herbs, _____ the western way takes more time and money. but while 命题点 2 　考查从句的关系词 高考示例 1 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ ) While they are rare north of 88° ， there is evidence ______ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. 【 解析 】 　考查同位语从句的关系词。根据句子结构分析可知 ， 主句为 there be 句型 ， 且结构完整 ， 空格后为同位语从句 ， 解释说明中心词 evidence 内容 ， 故填 that 。 【 答案 】 　 that 2 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅱ ) Now Irene Astbury works from 9 a ． m. to 5 p ． m. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ______ she opened with her late husband Les. 【 解析 】 　考查非限制性定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知 ，先行词为 the pet shop ， 在非限制性定语从句中作 opened 一词的宾语 ， 故用 which 。 【 答案 】 　 which 3 ． (2019· 全国卷 Ⅲ ) They were well trained by their masters ______ had great experience with caring for these animals. 【 解析 】 　考查定语从句的关系词。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好 ， 它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为 masters( 主人 ) ， 且从句缺主语。故关系词填 who 。 【 答案 】 　 who 技法点拨 判断空格处填哪一类引导词 ， 首先要看它所引导的是哪一种从句 ， 然后根据引导词的种类和功能来确定填哪一个引导词。 考点激活 考点一　定语从句的关系词 关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注 关系 代词 who 人 缺少主语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother ？ whom, which 和 that 在从句中作宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用 that whom 人 缺少宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working. The boy (whom) she loved died in the war. whose 人或物 缺少定语 I like those books whose topics are about history. that 人或物 缺少主语，宾语 A plane is a machine that can fly.( 缺少主语 ) She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.( 缺少宾语 ) which 物 缺少主语，宾语 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.( 缺少宾语 ) The picture which was about the accident was terrible.( 缺少主语 ) as 人或物 缺少主语，宾语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us.( 缺少主语 ) This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.( 缺少宾语 ) as 作宾语一般不省略 关系 副词 when 时间 缺少时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用 on which where 地点 缺少地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 可用 in which why 原因 缺少原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用 for which 考点二　名词性从句的关系词 引导词 作用 例句 that 不缺少成分；陈述语气 I knew that you were here just now. if/whether 不缺少成分；疑问语气从句的谓语动词为 ask ； question ； wonder 等 I doubt if/whether he can do it well now. what/whatever 缺少主语，宾语，定语 ( 指物 ) 1. You can be sure of what you have at present. 2.He ’ s ready to accept (whatever) help he can get. who 缺少主语 ( 指人 ) I wanted to know who will come. whom 缺少宾语 ( 指人 ) I don’t know whom you’re waiting for. when 缺少时间状语 He told me when we would gather. where 缺少地点状语 Can you tell me where he lived ？ why 缺少原因状语 He wanted to explained why he was late. how 缺少方式状语 Can you tell me how you want your tea ？ which 缺少定语 ( 指物、人 ) He’ll buy which book he is interested in. whose 缺少定语 ( 指人 ) She asked whose jacket it is. 考点三　状语从句的连接词 状语从句 连接词 时间状语从句 when( 当 / 突然间 ), while, as( 随着 / 一边 …… 一边 ), before, after, as soon as, since, till/until( 注意倒装和强调结构 ) ， the moment/the second/the minute/the instant ＝ immediately/instantly/directly( 一 …… 就 …… ), every time/each time ＝ whenever 每当， the first time, hardly/scarcely/seldom...when, no sooner...than 原因状语从句 because( 语气最强，可被强调，对 why 回答 ), since ＝ now that( 既然 ), as( 由于 ), seeing (that)/considering (that)/given (that)( 考虑到 ), for( 不置句首，表推测性原因 ), in that( 原因在于 ), not that...but that...( 不是因为，而是因为 ) 条件状语从句 if, unless ＝ if not( 除非 ), once( 一旦 ), in case( 如果 ), on condition that( 条件是 ), as(so) long as 只要， as far as, suppose (that) ＝ supposing (that) ＝ provided (that) ＝ providing (that) ＝ assuming (that) ＝ if 假如 让步状语从句 though, although, even though/even if( 即使 )/while( 在句首解释为尽管，句中为然而，表示对比的转折 ) “ 名词 ( 形容词、副词 ) ＋ as/though ＋主语＋谓语 ” 结构 ( 修辞性倒装 ): Young as he was/Boy as he was/A young boy as he was... whether...or (not) ． .., 注意区分 whatever( 修饰名词 ) 和 however( 修饰形容词或副词 ) whoever/whomever/whatever/whichever/whenever/wherever/however ＝ no matter who/whom/what/which/when/where/how 结果状语从句 so...that/so that; such...that/such that; that; 注意区分 such 和 so 的用法区别 (such a adj . n ．＝ so adj . a n ． ) 等 So fast did he run that I couldn’t catch up with him. ＝ He ran so fast that I couldn’t catch up with him.( 部分倒装 ) 目的状语从句 so that; in order that; lest ＝ in case ＝ for fear that( 唯恐，万一，以免 ), 后面多数用 should ＋动词原形； 此外， so that/in order that 目的状语从句多在从句里面出现 can/could/may/might 这样的情态动词，这点与结果状语从句不同 比较比例状语从句 than, as...as, (not) as/so...as “ 越 …… ， 越 ……” 结构： The ＋比较级＋主语＋谓语， the ＋比较级＋主语＋谓语 ( 多在后半句中出现一般将来时态 ) 倍数表达法：倍数 twice (three times) as ＋形容词原级＋ ( 名词 ) ＋ as 倍数 twice (three times) ＋形容词比较级＋ than 倍数 twice (three times) the size/length/width/height/depth/weight of 方式方法状语从句 as( 如同，按照 ); as if ＝ as though( 好像，仿佛 ); (just) as...so...( 正如 …… 也 …… ); A is to B what C is to D; the way (in which/that/ 不填 ) 地点状语从句 where, wherever( 无论何地 ); Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。 注意区别和定语从句的用法差异： I will go to the place where I am needed most. ＝ I will go where I am needed most. 对点练习五 1 ． (2019· 福建厦门期末 ) Then Needham began his lifelong research ， ______ ended up creating the greatest work — Science and Ci v ilization in China . 2 ． (2019· 山东烟台期末 ) His interest started a few years ago ， _____ he was in college and studying wildlife science. 3 ． (2019· 河北百校联盟 1 月联考 ) There are perhaps 40 million competitive table tennis players and many ordinary people ___________play less seriously. which when who/that 4 ． (2019· 河南郑州一中测试 ) They wanted to understand who painted the pictures and ______they might mean. 5 ． (2019· 湖北襄阳 1 月调研 ) The WHO has stated that of the 56.5 million deaths per year around the world, over 50 percent are caused by diseases closely associated with unhealthy diet and lack of exercise and _____many of these deaths could be prevented. what that 6 ． (2019· 江西名校学术联盟质检 Ⅱ )______ _was most difficult was that in order to realize this dream, I needed to find an existent cafe that wasn ’ t doing well. 7 ． (2019· 安徽六安一中月考 ) Talking about fires can be scary __________no one likes to think about people getting hurt or their things getting burned. 8 ． (2019· 福州四校联考 ) I am ___grateful for the gifts shared by the musicians with the audience that I’ll carry this special feeling along with me. What because so 9 ． (2019· 福建龙岩 3 月质检 ) But for now, they all have to postpone their plans ________the winter storms pass. 10 ． (2019· 石家庄检测一 ) A new teacher ______will teach your German will come here tomorrow. 11 ． (2019· 重庆第一次调研 ) The park offers visitors a sight of nature at ______majorities of people never have the chance to take a look. until/till who which 12 ． (2019· 江西五校第一次联考 ) The WHO says superbugs can also pass along genetic material _____________helps other bacteria become resistant to drug treatment. 13 ． (2019· 河北五个一名校联盟第二次模拟 ) There are many good websites ________you can check out the latest in the science world. that/which where 14 ． (2019· 河北衡水中学调考 ) After living in Australia for many years, Louise finally returned to the country ________she was born. 15 ． (2019· 湖北宜昌葛洲坝中学月考 ) Another saying which has come from the fable is “God helps those ___________help themselves” ． where who/that (2019· 成都诊断 ) Western companies are trying to get creative with their Chinese names.McDonald’s has had a headache since it changed its name to Jingongmen ， or “ Golden Arches ”． On Weibo ， a microblogging site ， some thought it 1.____________(sound) oldfashioned and awkward because it had meanings of furniture in Chinese. The fastfood chain was quick to reassure customers its 2.____________(restaurant) would continue to go by Maidanglao ， a rough transliteration( 音译 ) that has become 3.____________recognizable brand name. But now for most companies 4.____________(enter) Chinese markets ， transliterations are a thing of the past.Companies are choosing Chinese names 5.____________positive meanings to attract people’s attention ， which often go beyond a direct translation.New companies are taking inspiration from BMW ， which 6.____________(call) Baoma ， or “ treasured horse ” ． The naming process is forcing companies to think harder about the most impressive image( 形象 ) they want to create for Chinese markets.Labbrand tests the suggestions with focus groups ， 7.____________makes sure that the name has no negative( 负面的 ) associations in any of the 8.____________(common) used Chinese dialects. Perhaps thanks to those troubles ， foreign firms are getting 9.____________(wise) about the importance of naming in China than ever.Meanwhile ， Chinese companies are also seeking 10.____________(advise) on better foreign names in order to enter Western markets. [ 语篇解读 ] 　西方公司进军中国市场 ， 起一个合适的中文名字十分重要。 1 ． sounded 　考查时态。根据主句中的 “ some thought ” 可知 ， 宾语从句应用一般过去时 ， 故用 sounded 。 2 ． restaurants 　考查名词复数。根据常识可知 ， 该品牌在中国的快餐饭店不止一个 ， 应用名词复数形式。 3 ． a 　考查冠词。此处表示泛指 ， 且 brand name “ 品牌名称 ” 为可数名词 ， 其前应用不定冠词；且 recognizable 是以辅音音素开头的单词 ， 故用 a 。 4 ． entering/to enter 　考查非谓语动词。句意：但是 ， 现在对于多数进入中国市场 / 想要进入中国市场的公司来说 ， 音译名已经成了过去式。此处可以用现在分词作定语 ， 也可用不定式作定语。 5 ． with 　考查介词。此处表示 “ 具有积极含义的中文名字 ” 。 with “ 具有 ” 。 6 ． is called 　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。此处是定语从句的谓语动词 ， which 指代 BMW 。本句是客观事实 ， 应为一般现在时； BMW 与 call 之间为被动关系 ， 应用被动语态；主语表示第三人称单数概念 ， 故应填 is called 。 7 ． which 　考查定语从句。本处指代前面整个主句 ， 引导非限制性定语从句 ， 且在从句中作主语 ， 故应用关系词 which 。 8 ． commonly 　考查副词。空处修饰动词 ， 应用副词形式。 9 ． wiser 　考查比较级。根据后面的 “ than ever ” 可知 ， 空处应用比较级 wiser 。 10 ． advice 　考查名词。此处表示 “ 寻求建议 ” ， 应用名词作宾语。注意 advice 为不可数名词。 (2019· 重庆第二次调研 ) Walk into any bookstore ， 1.____________ you can hardly avoid “bumping into” Charles Dickens.Many of Dickens’ novels still sell well today.And they 2.____________(lay) on outstanding shelves. One day nearly 10 years ago ， however ， when I was giving my students a lecture 3.____________Dickens’ writing ， a hand was raised. “ But why should we still read this stuff ？ ” 4.____________student asked. The question annoyed me for years and for years I told myself answers ， but never with complete 5.____________(satisfy) ． We read Dickens’ because we can learn from experiences of his characters almost as 6.____________(easy) as we can learn from our own experiences.We read Dickens’ because... The above reasons for 7.____________(read) Dickens’ may be fair.But they are not exactly the reasons why I read Dickens ’ ． My search for an answer continued until one day a text message came from a student of 8.____________(I) ， “ We still read Dickens’ novels ， ” she wrote, “ because they tell us what we are. ” Simple as it was ， that ’ s the explanation I 9.____________(seek) for years. Dickens shines a light on who we are during the best of times and worst of times.So go to pick up one of his many novels ， read it and enjoy 10.____________ it has told you about yourself. [ 语篇解读 ] 　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。狄更斯的作品至今深受读者欢迎 ， 这是为什么呢？ 1 ． and 　考查连词。句意：走进任何一家书店 ， 你会不可避免地 “ 遇到 ” 查尔斯 · 狄更斯。分析句意可知 ， 空处前后为顺承关系 ， 故用 and 。 2 ． are laid 　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。该句主语为 they ， 指代狄更斯的著作 ，故谓语动词用复数形式；该句陈述的是当前的情况，故用一般现在时；该句主语和动词 lay 之间是被动关系 ， 故用被动语态。 3 ． about/on 　考查介词。句意：做关于狄更斯著作的演讲。 about/on 意为 “ 关于 ” ， 符合语境。 4 ． the 　考查冠词。根据上文中的 “ a hand ” 可知 ， 此处特指举手的那个学生 ， 故用定冠词 the 。 5 ． satisfaction 　考查名词。句意：我告诉自己答案 ， 但是没有一个答案能让我完全满意。根据空前的形容词 complete 可知 ， 空处应用名词形式。 6 ． easily 　考查副词。空处修饰动词 learn ， 故用副词形式。 7 ． reading 　考查非谓语动词。空处作介词 for 的宾语 ， 故用动名词形式 reading 。 8 ． mine 　考查名词性物主代词。句意：我继续寻找那个问题的答案 ，直到某一天收到我的一位学生的短信。空处用名词性物主代词 mine ， 与 of 构成双重所有格形式。 9 ． had sought 　考查动词的时态。句意：尽管解释简单 ， 但是我寻找这一解释多年。根据句中的 “ it was ” 可知 ， “ 寻找多年 ” 的动作发生在过去的过去 ， 故用过去完成时。 10 ． what 　考查连词。分析该句结构可知 ， 空处引导宾语从句 ， 并在从句中作 tell 的宾语 ， 故用 what 引导该宾语从句。 (2019· 广州综合测试二 ) Throughout history ， people have thought of the ocean as a diverse and limitless source of food.Yet today there is clear evidence that the ocean has a limit.Most of the big fish in our ocean are now 1.____________(go) ． One major cause is overfishing.People are taking so many fish from the sea that many species cannot replace 2.____________(they) ． For centuries ， local fishermen caught only enough fish for their own and their community ’ s needs.However ， from the early 20th century ， people around the world became interested 3.____________ consuming proteinrich foods.People began 4.____________(catch) large quantities of fish for profit and selling them to worldwide markets.In a very short period of time ， commercial fishing 5.____________(great) reduced the number of large predatory fish ， such as cod and tuna. Today ， there are still plenty of fish in the sea ， 6.____________they’re mostly just the little ones.Small fish ， 7.____________include sardines and anchovies ， have more than doubled in number — largely because there are not enough big fish 8.____________(eat) them. Such large fish 9.____________(be) necessary ， because they hunt and kill the sick and weak smaller fish.Without this weeding out ， or survival of the fittest ， ecosystems become less stable.As a result ， fish are less able to survive 10.____________(difficult) such as pollution ， environmental change ， or changes in the food supply. [ 语篇解读 ] 　本文主要介绍了海洋中大鱼数量减少的原因以及由此而造成的后果。 1 ． gone 　考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知 ， 空处作表语 ， 故填形容词 gone ， 意为 “ 不在了 ， 不见了 ” 。注意：此处非被动的含义。 2 ． themselves 　考查代词。根据该从句的主语为 many species 可知 ， 此处应用其反身代词 ， 表示 “ 自我替换 ” 。 3 ． in 　考查介词。 be/become interested in 意为 “ 对 …… 感兴趣 ” ， 为固定用法 ， 故用介词 in 。 4 ． catching 　考查非谓语动词。 begin doing/to do sth. 意为 “ 开始做某事 ” ， 是固定用法 ， 又由句中的 “ and selling ” 可知 ， 此处与 selling 是并列关系 ， 形式应相同 ， 故填 catching 。 5 ． greatly 　考查副词。修饰动词一般用副词 ， 故用副词 greatly 修饰动词 reduced ， 在句中作状语。 6 ． but 　考查连词。根据语境可知 ， 此处表示转折 ， 故用连词 but 。 7 ． which 　考查定语从句。分析句子结构并根据语境可知 ， 此处引导非限制性定语从句 ， 在从句中作主语 ， 修饰先行词 Small fish ， 故用 which 。 8 ． to eat 　考查非谓语动词。 enough...to do sth. 意为 “ 足够的 …… 去做 ……” ，为固定用法，故用不定式。 9 ． are 　考查主谓一致。根据本句中的 they 可知 ， Such large fish 表示复数概念 ， 故谓语动词用复数。 10 ． difficulties 　考查词性转换。根据语境中所列举的各种困难可知 ， 此处用名词的复数形式 ， 故用 difficulties 。 (2019· 山东高三下学期高考预测 ) The famous Peking opera artist Yuan Huiqin hosted two culture talks 1.____________ were called “ Charm( 魅力 ) of Peking Opera ” in Stockholm and St.Petersburg last year. The two sessions ， as programs of Chinese Culture Talk ， 2.____________(organize) by the Bureau for External Cultural Relations of the Ministry of Culture of China ， Chinese embassies and local cultural organizations.3.____________(member) of Chinese embassies ， famous sinologists( 汉学家 ) and those 4.____________(show) an interest in Peking opera ， attended the two culture talks. The host ， Yuan Huiqin ， is a national class A artist of China National Peking Opera Company and a winner of the Plum Blossom Prize.During the talks ， she 5.____________(patient) shared the charm of Peking opera in more than one way. With the help of the local sinologists ， 6.____________(she) talks were translated into Swedish and Russian.These words explored the concepts and artistic characteristics of 7.____________(tradition) Chinese operas ， which got audience 8.____________(experience) the distinct charm of Peking opera. 9 ． ____________addition ， young artists from the China National Peking Opera Company performed classic opera selections.During the interaction of the talks ， some opera lovers performed with young artists and on 10.____________spot the audience tried costumes( 戏装 ) of Peking opera with great curiosity. [ 语篇解读 ] 　本文是一篇说明文。京剧名家袁慧琴在瑞典的斯德哥尔摩和俄罗斯的圣彼得堡主持了两场京剧文化交流活动。 1 ． which/that 　考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句 ， 先行词是 talks ， 空处在从句中作主语 ， 故用 which 或 that 。 2 ． were organized 　考查时态和语态。此处讲述的是过去的动作 ， 应用一般过去时；主语是 The two sessions ， 与 organize 是被动关系 ， 故应用被动语态。 3 ． Members 　考查名词的单复数。根据本句中的 of Chinese embassies 可知 ， 应用 member 的复数形式。 4 ． showing 　考查非谓语动词。空处是非谓语动词作后置定语 ， show 与 those 是逻辑上的主谓关系 ， 故用现在分词。 5 ． patiently 　考查副词。此处修饰谓语动词 ， 故用副词。 6 ． her 　考查代词。句意：她的演讲被翻译成瑞典语和俄语。故使用 she 的形容词性物主代词。 7 ． traditional 　考查形容词。这里使用形容词修饰后面的 Chinese operas ， 表示 “ 传统的中国戏剧 ” 。 8 ． to experience 　考查非谓语动词。 get sb.to do sth. 表示 “ 使某人做某事 ” ， experience 在此作动词用 ， 表示 “ 经历 ， 体验 ” 。 9 ． In 　考查介词。 in addition 意为 “ 此外 ，除此之外 ” ，相当于 besides 。 10 ． the 　考查冠词。 on the spot “ 当场 ” ， 是固定搭配 ， 故填 the 。