福建莆田二中学高二下年中考试英语

福建莆田二中学高二下年中考试英语

福建莆田二中18-19学度高二下年中考试--英语 一、听力 请听下面5段对话，选出最佳选项.‎ ‎( ) 1. What does the man mean?‎ A. The keyboard also needs cleaning.‎ B. The screen doesn’t need to be cleaned.‎ C. There’s not enough time to clean the keyboard.‎ ‎( ) 2. When should the woman hand in her paper?‎ A. Tomorrow. B. Today. C. Yesterday.‎ ‎( ) 3. What will the woman do this evening?‎ A. See a film with the man.‎ B. Go to the railway station.‎ C. Stay with her dad at home.‎ ‎( ) 4. What can we learn from the conversation?‎ The woman sells women’s clothes.‎ The two speakers agree with each other.‎ The man wants to buy a gift for his wife.‎ ‎( ) 5. Who is the man probably?‎ A. A policeman. ‎ B. The woman’s neighbor.‎ C. The woman’s son.‎ 请听第6段材料，回答第6、7题.‎ ‎( ) 6. What is the man going to do during his summer holiday?‎ A. Join a football club. B. Watch TV at home. C. Do a part – time job.‎ ‎( ) 7. What do we know about the man?‎ A. He is lazy. ‎ B. He likes traveling. ‎ C. He is a sports fan.‎ 请听第7段材料，回答第8、9题.‎ ‎( ) 8. What does the man think of Japanese food?‎ A. Bad. B. Tasty. C. Healthy.‎ ‎( ) 9. What will the woman do next?‎ A. Pick up Lily. B. Call the restaurant. C. Visit Tom.‎ 请听第8段材料，回答第10至12题.‎ ‎( ) 10. Where does the conversation probably take place?‎ A. In a company. B. In a hospital. C. In a shop.‎ ‎( ) 11. How long does the woman work in the morning?‎ A. Three hours. B. Three and a half hours. C. Four hours.‎ ‎( ) 12. What time is it now?‎ A. 10:55. B. 11:00. C. 11:05.‎ 请听第9段材料，回答第13至16题.‎ ‎( ) 13. What do Americans think of McDonald’s?‎ A. The food is good but the prices are low.‎ B. The service is fast and the prices are high.‎ C. The food is unhealthy but the service is fast.‎ ‎( ) 14. How many McDonald’s were there in the USA in 1982?‎ A. 7,063. B. 5,780. C. 1,283.‎ ‎( ) 15. When was McDonald’s sold to Ray Kroc?‎ A. In 1960. B. In 1970. C. In 1980.‎ ‎( ) 16. What do we know about Ray Kroc?‎ A. He was a salesman before owning McDonald’s.‎ B. He bought McDonald’s for 2.6 million dollars.‎ C. He was 65 when he owned McDonald’s.‎ 请听第10段材料，回答第17至20题.‎ ‎( ) 17. How many tips does the speaker provide?‎ A. Three. B. Four. C. Five.‎ ‎( ) 18. How many windows at a least should be open for fresh air?‎ A. One. B. Two. C. Three.‎ ‎( ) 19. Which of the following should be carried for your pet on your trip?‎ A. A fan. B. Its toys. C. Its clothes.‎ ‎( ) 20. What can we learn from the text?‎ A. Pets should not be allowed to jump against seats.‎ B. We should practice our pets to push open the door.‎ C. Pets don’t like to bark in places where a lot of people gather.‎ 二、单选题 ‎( ) 21. — Going outing at weekend is an exciting thing for many urban ‎ people.‎ ‎— . It has attracted many people.‎ A. Go ahead B. Never mind C. I couldn’t agree more D. You are welcome ‎( ) 22. on his past mistakes, Ted realized the he had stayed around the wrong people.‎ A. To reflect B. Reflecting C. Reflected D. Being reflected ‎( ) 23. The constant rise of meat price requires that effective measures by the government.‎ A. must be taken B. be taken C. will be taken D. should take ‎( ) 24. The course normally attracts 200 students per year, up to half come from overseas.‎ A. in which B. for whom C. with which D. of ‎ whom ‎( ) 25. Blog, a shared online journal where people can post diary entries about their personal experience and hobbies , more and more popular with people of all ages .‎ A. had become B. become C. becoming D. is becoming ‎( ) 26.During the flight to the moon, Change’s I satellite gradually ‎ her directions so that she could go into her programmed orbit.‎ A. adjusted B. adopted C. adapted D. accepted ‎( ) 27. Nearly four hundred supermarkets in Beijing are preparing to dim their lights the “Earth Hour ‎2012”‎ on the night of March 26.‎ A. honor B. honoring C. to honor D. having honored ‎( ) 28. NATO took full command of Libyan(利比亚) operations on Thursday and the multinational force continued to the bombing .‎ A. connect B. conduct C. confirm D. conquer ‎( ) 29. A survey was made in Shanghai interviewees ‎ were asked if they wanted to be a factory worker.‎ A. when B. which C. that D. where ‎( ) 30. Not until school how much their teachers loved them then and helped them.‎ A. they left; did they realize B. did they leave; did they realize C. they left; had they realized D. they left, they realized ‎( ) 31. It is reported that Premier WenJiabao visited the Red Square ‎ by Russian Premier Putin .‎ A. joined B. accompanied C. attended D. together ‎( ) 32. “Occupied Wall Street ” protests , which to dozens of US cities , have shown the anger of Americans over the economic .‎ A. has spread B. will spread C. have spread D. had spread ‎( ) 13. Don’t worry too much about making mistakes . They are natural part of learning .‎ A. /; a B. the; / C. /; the D. ‎ the, a ‎( ) 34. The system has been designed to give students quick and easy ‎ to the digital resources of the library .‎ A. access B. passage C. way D. approach ‎( ) 35. The survey also showed that women who give late childbirth are happier than giving early childbirth.‎ A., those B. them C. these D. it 三、完形填空 It has been difficult to sit on the bench most of the time , watching my team from the sideline . I always 36 why I am not good enough to be on the floor. After endless hours of work and devotion, 37 myself through drill after drill , the last thing I want is to be a cheerleader . The feeling of being 38 is sometimes too much and drives me to 39 on the spot. I often feel as though my 40 are wasted and my time is eaten away, devoted to 41 . It is heartbreaking to be a spectator(观看者) for the game I love , knowing that no one has enough faith to give me the chance to 42 on the floor . Tears well up(涌出) , but I 43 them back . I shouldn’t be so 44 over something so silly.‎ Away from the game, it’s easier to put my thoughts together, rather than letting my 45 drive my reasoning . I consider 46 I am where I am. I have played basketball my whole life. I have a strong 47 for the sport and always have. There is nothing like the 48 of playing : the swish(嗖嗖声) of the net , the sweat rolling off my cheeks , even the bruises(青肿) are battle wounds worn 49 after every game .‎ Even if I don’t play much, I participate in every game. I am part of a team of girls who 50 together like a family . I am there for them , 51 they are for me .‎ Should I move on? Or should I stay with my team and continue playing basketball 52 great passion just a little longer? The 53 isn’t difficult when I consider the joy that being part of a team 54 me–not just any team, but my team. I love basketball and my teammates. When I think about that, my 55 from the bench really isn’t so bad after all.‎ ‎( ) 36. A. wonder B. promise C. accept D. realize ‎( ) 37. A. following B. supporting C. discovering D. pushing ‎( ) 38. A. careless B. worthless C. selfless D. homeless ‎( ) 39. A. quit B. stay C. struggle D. delay ‎( ) 40. A. beliefs B. chances C. efforts D. experiences ‎( ) 41. A. something B. nothing C. anything D. everything ‎( ) 42. A. perform B. respond C. identify D. survive ‎( ) 43. A. call B. give C. take D. hold ‎( ) 44. A. upset B. nervous C. scared D. amazed ‎( ) 45. A. hardships B. possessions C. feelings D. achievements ‎( ) 46. A. that B. why C. when D. whether ‎( ) 47. A. imagination B. admission C. caution D. passion ‎( ) 48. A. encouragement B. embarrassment C. excitement D. disappointment ‎( ) 49. A. bravely B. proudly C. regretfully D. painfully ‎( ) 50. A. fix B. add C. argue D. stick ‎( ) 51. A. as B. if C. for D. though ‎( ) 52. A. through B. over C. with D. from ‎( ) 53. A. conflict B. patience C. challenge D. decision ‎( ) 54. A. cheats B. brings C. urges D. controls ‎( ) 55. A. request B. intention C. view D. ambition 四、阅读理解 A Nowadays a growing number of grass roots entertainers are stepping into the public eye. Although a sudden success provides quick fame, experts say not all the rising stars will have a promising future.‎ The grass roots hand Xu Ri Yang Gang, meaning the rising sun in Chinese, suddenly became popular after uploading a video of them singing “In the Spring”. Actually, they have never stopped struggling to realize their dreams. After that they ‎ were frequently invited to big media events in China, like the CCTV Spring Festival Gala.‎ However , just as many people thought they were about to go further , the original singer of the song “ In the Spring ” stepped in to prevent the band from performing his song .‎ Different from Xu Ri Yang Gang, China’s rising star Liu Wei is considered to have more professional skills , enabling him to enjoy a long – lasting popularity . The armless pianist who plays the music of the song “Hope ” with his toes has won the champion of the television talent show China’s Got Talent .‎ Now, he is signed with Fremantle Media and Sony Music, and is kept busy every day. He believes it is his determination that makes him a hit.‎ Another fairy story is the case of the rising star Susan Boyle. She came to international public attention after appearing as a candidate on Britain’s Got Talent in 2009, singing “ I Dreamed a Dream ” from Les Miserables . Her first album became the biggest selling album in the world in 2009, selling 9 million copies.‎ As for Chinese grass roots stars, experts say besides big dreams, they need more original compositions to achieve big ‎ results.‎ ‎( ) 56. What would be the best title for the text?‎ A. Rising grass roots stars B. Comparison of grass roots stars C. Ways‎ of grass roots getting famous D. Differences between grass roots stars’ lives ‎( ) 57. From the text we know that Xu Ri Yang Gang got popular through .‎ A. CCTV B. newspapers C. contests D. the Internet ‎( ) 58. The underlined words “ a hit ” in Paragraph 5 most probably means “ ”.‎ A. a strike B. a success C. an achievement D. an influence ‎( ) 59. It can be inferred from the text that .‎ A. grass roots stars can’t have a promising future at all B. most of grass roots stars have got professional skills C. grass roots stars need to focus more on their original works D. talent show is the only way for grass roots stars to become popular B I am a strong believer that if a child is raised with ‎ approval, he will learn to love himself and will be successful in his own way.‎ Several weeks ago, I was doing homework with my son in the third grade and he kept standing up from his chair to go over the math lines. I kept asking him to sit down, telling him that he would concentrate better. He sat but seconds later, as if he didn’t even notice he was doing it, he got up again. I was getting frustrated, but then it hit me. I started noticing his answers were much quicker and accurate when he stood up. Could he be more intent while standing up?‎ This made me start questioning myself and what I had been raised to believe. I was raised to believe that a quiet, calm child was a sure way to success. This child would have the discipline to study hard, get good grades and become someone important in life.‎ Now those same people perhaps come to realize that their kids are born with their own sets of DNA and personality traits, and all you can do is loving and accepting them. As parents, throughout their growing years and beyond that, we need to be our kids’ best cheerleaders, guiding them and helping them find their way.‎ I have stopped asking my son to sit down and concentrate.‎ ‎ Obviously, he is concentrating just in his own way and not mine. We need to learn to accept our kids’ ways of doing things. Some way may have worked for me but doesn’t mean we need to carry it through generations. There is nothing sweeter than being individual and unique. It makes us free and happy and that’s just the way I want my kids to live their own life.‎ ‎( ) 60. Inspired by the case of his son, the author began to doubt .‎ A. the importance of parents B. the old form of education C. the relationship between kids and their parents D. the good grades of some kids ‎( ) 61. According to the passage, which of the following statements is right?‎ A. We should help kids correct their wrong ways .‎ B. Parents should study their kids’ DNA.‎ C. Kids should be taught to behave themselves.‎ D. Parents should love and accept their kids.‎ ‎( ) 62. The author has stopped asking his son to sit down and concentrate because .‎ A. he has changed his traditional ideas of education B. his son wants to be unique C. his son doesn’t follow his advice D. his son’s DNA is different ‎( ) 63. Which of the following would be the best title of the passage?‎ A. Study hard and you’ll be successful B. Be friendly to your children C. Children’s success in their own style D. Parents’ help with their children’s study C Most people who move to a foreign country or culture may go through some form of culture shock, and its degree is determined by the differences between cultures, the anxiety to adapt to a new culture and the familiarity with a new culture, etc. If you go, for example, to a culture that is far different from your own, you’re likely to experience culture shock more sharply than those who move to a new culture knowing the language and the custom of it.‎ It is important to understand and learn how to deal with culture shock if you are to adapt successfully to your new home’s cultures. There are four general stages of cultural adjustment, and being aware of them helps you understand that culture shock won’t last long. It’s just a process you are ‎ going through rather than a constant situation.‎ The first stage is usually referred to as “the honeymoon stage”. Upon arriving in a new environment, you’ll be interested in the new culture. Everything will seem thrilling and everyone will seem friendly and helpful. During this stage you are merely taking in these impressions passively.‎ But it isn’t long before the honeymoon stage gives way to the second stage – “the withdrawal stage”. The excitement you felt before is gone and problems arise. The language is hard to learn, people are unusual and unpredictable, friends are hard to make, and simple things like shopping and going to the bank are challenges. It is at this stage that you are likely to feel anxious and homesick, and you will probably find yourself complaining about the new culture or country. This is the stage called “culture shock”.‎ At some point, if you can manage it well, you’ll begin the transition into the next stage, “the recovery stage”, in which you’ll feel more confident functioning in the new culture. Customs and traditions are clearer and easier to understand. At this stage, you’ll deal with new challenges with humor rather than anxiety.‎ ‎( ) 64. According to the passage ,culture shock can ‎ be .‎ A. dealt with more easily for some people B. reduced by learning the language alone C. avoided by knowing adjustment stages D. got rid of by learning just the custom ‎( ) 65. “The honeymoon stage” here refers to .‎ A. the first month after the wedding ‎ B. the period of excitement C. the stage of adaptation ‎ D. the holiday for a newly – married couple ‎( ) 66. Which of the following doesn’t belong to the second stage?‎ A. Becoming upset. B. Missing family.‎ C. Feeling confident. D. Making complaints.‎ ‎( ) 67. What would be probably discussed in the following paragraph?‎ A. Consequences of culture shock. ‎ B. Challenges in a new country.‎ C. Preparations for a new culture. ‎ D. The 4th stage of cultural adjustment.‎ D Recently, a professor of philosophy in the ‎United States ‎ has written a book called Money and the Meaning of Life. He has discovered that how we deal with money in our day – to – day life has more meaning than we usually think. One of the exercises he asked his students to do is to keep a record of every penny they spend for a week. From the way they spend their money, they can see what they really value in life.‎ He says our relation with others often become clearly defined when money enters the picture. You might have wonderful friendship with somebody and you think that you are good friends. But you’ll know him only when you ask him to lend you some money. If he does, it brings something to the friendship that seems stronger than ever before. Or it can suddenly weaken the friendship if he doesn’t. This person may say that he has a certain feeling, but if it is not carried out in the money world , there is something less real about it .‎ Since money is so important to us, we consider those who possess a lot of it to be very important. The author interviewed some millionaires in researching his book.‎ Answer: The most surprising thing is that people give so much respect. I’m nothing. I don’t know much. All I am is rich.‎ People just have an idea of making more and more and more money, but what is it for? How much do I need for any given ‎ purpose in my life? In this book, the professor uncovered an important need in modern society: to bring back the idea that money is an instrument rather than the end. Money plays an important role in the material world, but expecting money to give happiness may be missing the meaning of life.‎ ‎( ) 68. According to the first paragraph, people haven’t realized .‎ A. how important money is in their day – to – day life B. how one spends money shows what is important to him C. that money is more important than their philosophy of life D. that their understanding of life is more important than money ‎( ) 69. What we can learn about the millionaire from his answer in the interview is that .‎ A. he does not feel that he is well – educated B. he does not consider himself to be very successful C. he does not think that he is respected by others D. he does not think that being rich deserves so much attention ‎( ) 70. What does the American professor of philosophy want to explain in his book?‎ A. Money is a means. B. Money is everything.‎ C. Money is an end. D. Money is important.‎ ‎( ) 71. Which of the following might the author disagree?‎ A. Money is important in modern society.‎ B. Wealth will surely bring the owner happiness.‎ C. The meaning of life doesn’t completely lie in money.‎ D. Happiness is not necessarily the result of wealth.‎ E In an ideal world, people would not test medicines on animals. Such experiments are stressful and sometimes painful for animals, and expensive and time – consuming for people. Yet animal experimentation is still needed to help bridge vast gaps in medical knowledge. That is why there are some 50 to 100 million animals used in research around the world each year.‎ Europe‎, on the whole, has the world’s most restrictive laws on animal experiments. Even so, its scientists use some 12 million animals a year, most of them mice and rats, for medical research. Official statistics show that just 1. 1 million animals are used in research in America each year. But that is misleading. The American authorities do not think mice and rats are worth counting and, as these are the most common laboratory animals, the true figure is much higher. Japan and China have even less comprehensive data than America.‎ Now Europe is reforming the rules governing animal experiments by restricting the number of animals used in labs ‎ ‎.Alternatives to animal testing, such as using human tissue or computer models, are now strongly recommended. In addition, sharing all research results freely should help to reduce the number of animals for scientific use. At present, scientists often share only the results of successful experiments. If their findings do not fit the hypothesis being tested, the work never sees the light of day. This practice means wasting time, money, and animals’ lives in endlessly repeating the failed experiments.‎ Animal experimentation has taught humanity a great deal and saved countless lives. It needs to continue, even if that means animals sometimes suffer. Europe’s new measures should eventually both reduce the number of animals used in experiments and improve the way in which scientific research is conducted.‎ ‎( ) 72. What is the main idea of this passage?‎ A. The success of animal experiments should be ensured.‎ B. A ban on the use of animals in the lab should be enforced.‎ C. Greater efforts need to be taken to reduce the number of lab animals.‎ D. Scientists should be required to share their research results with each other.‎ ‎( ) 73. Which of the following statements is true about animals used in the lab?‎ A. America uses only about 1. 1 million lab animals per year.‎ B. Europe does not use mice and rats as lab animals at all.‎ C. Britain does not use as many lab animals as China does.‎ D. Japan has less comprehensive data on the number of lab animals used each year.‎ ‎( ) 74. Which of the following is mentioned as an alternative to replace animal experiments?‎ A. Statistical studies. B. Computer models.‎ C. DNA planted in animals. D. Tissue from dead animals.‎ ‎( ) 75. What usually happens to unsuccessful animal experiments?‎ A. They are not revealed to the public.‎ B. They are made into teaching materials.‎ C. They are collected for future publication.‎ D. They are not removed from the research topic list.‎ 五、短文填词 阅读下面短文，根据以下提示：1）汉语提示；2）首字母提示；3）语境提示，在每个空格内填入一个适当旳英语单词，并将该词完整地写在右边相对应旳旳横线上.所填单词要示意义准确，拼写正确.‎ Once upon a time, a fisherman caught a golden fish.‎ The fish (许诺) to meet all his requirements 76. ‎ the fisherman freed her . The fisherman set the 77. ‎ fish free asking for anything . When his wife 78. ‎ heard about this , she was very angry and forced 79. ‎ to go back to a the fish for a wooden basin first and 80. ‎ then a wooden house . Then she wanted to be the Queen of the country . A the requirements were met . Finally , 81. ‎ she wanted to be sea – controller and (催促) the golden 82. ‎ fish to be her servant . The l demand was not met and 83. ‎ all that had been given to her were taken away .‎ This story told us that one who is too (贪婪) 84. ‎ is likely to have n at last . 85. ‎ 六、书面表达（满分30分）‎ 假设你是李华，学校英语社团将举办主题为“Live a low – carbon ‎ life”旳演讲比赛，你准备参赛，请你写一份100词以上旳发言稿.‎ 写作要点：‎ ‎1.陈述理由：为什么要过低碳生活？‎ ‎2.如何过低碳生活？提出至少三条建议.‎ ‎3.倡议同学们过低碳生活.‎ 要求：‎ ‎1.短文须写在答题卡旳指定区域.‎ ‎2.内容充实，结构完整，语意连贯.‎ ‎3.书写须清晰、工整.‎ Hello everyone,‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ Thanks.‎ 参考答案 选择题 ‎1-5:ACBAA 6-10:BCABA 11-15:BCABA 16-20:ACBBA ‎21-25:CBBDD 26-30:ACBDA 31-35:BCAAA ‎36-40:ADBAC 41-45:BADAC 46-50:BDCBD 51-55:ACDBC ‎56-59:ADBC 60-63:BDAC 64-67:ABCD 68-71:BDAB ‎72-75:CDBA 非选择题 ‎76. promised 77. if 78.without 79.him ‎80. ask 81. All 82.urged 83.last ‎84.gready 85.nothing 范文 Hello everyone ,‎ With the changing climate and severe pollution, I strongly believe we should all be living low – carbon lives today.‎ Living a low – carbon life is a good way to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. I shall do it in the following ways. At home, I shall only turn on the lights if necessary, take shorter showers and keep the refrigerator and air conditioners in the low-carbon mode to save energy. For transportation, the bus or bicycle will be my first choice. When shopping, I’ll limit the use of plastic bags and wherever possible, I will separate my ‎ rubbish into non- recyclable and recyclable waste.‎ I am hoping that more and more schoolmates will join me.‎ Thanks.‎ 一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一