2020届二轮复习阅读理解专项训练（7）

2020届二轮复习阅读理解专项训练（7）

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解专项训练（7）‎ 阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）‎ ‎1‎ Dear Anne, ‎ I like your column very much. I met a girl four years ago at a gym. She was the one who originally approached me and we became good friends. Then one day, she made me really angry, so angry that I just left and we never saw each other again.‎ Looking back, I really regret ending things that way. It was a cowardly act on my part, but I had a terrible temper at that time and let the smallest thing get to me. Recently, I’ve started thinking about her again and I looked up her e-mail address. I thought about writing to say “Hi” and apologize for what I did but I’m not sure. She could still be angry with me, or maybe she has forgotten me. I feel very lonely and I want to see her again. What should I do?‎ Tom Dear Tom, ‎ She may still be angry with you, and she may have forgotten the friendship between you, but that doesn’t mean she doesn’t deserve an apology. Tom, how many of us have wished for the day that someone who treated us badly saw the light and finally owned up? But we rarely get that kind of expected result. So sure, e-mail her and say “Hi”.‎ Tell her you have been thinking about her and just want to apologize for getting angry and being a coward by walking out on her. But you should remember if she thinks you’re apologizing just because you are lonely, she might dismiss your sincerity. Therefore, don’t mention that. If she wants to see you again, she’ll make sure that happens.‎ Even if she doesn’t want to be your friend, I can assure you, she’ll appreciate the gesture. And it might make you think twice next time you get angry.‎ ‎ Anne ‎56. In the letter, Anne is probably ___________. ‎ A. Tom’s friend B. Tom’s teacher C. a woman reporter D. a columnist ‎ ‎57. What is troubling Tom？‎ A. He can’t get in touch with his former friend. ‎ B. He regrets letting his former friend leave him. ‎ C. He doesn’t know whether to apologize to his former friend.‎ D. He is uncertain whether his former friend can forgive him. ‎ ‎58. The underlined phrase “owned up” in the third paragraph probably means “ ”. ‎ A. returned one’s wealth B. admitted one’s mistake ‎ C. recovered one’s courage D. controlled one’s feeling ‎ ‎59. Which of the following is what Anne advises Tom to do? ‎ A. Tell her that he expects to see her again. ‎ B. Express his sincere apology to her. ‎ C. Tell her that he is very lonely. ‎ D. Beg her to give him another chance.‎ ‎60. Anne wants to tell Tom that ________. ‎ A. an apology is better late than never B. he should think twice before he gets angry C. it’s no use crying over spilt milk D. he should answer for his wrong doings ‎【答案】56-60 DCBBA ‎ ‎56. D。细节推断题。根据第一段的首句“I like your column very much.”可知这是读者写给一个报刊专栏的求助信，因此可以推断Anne是个专栏作家。‎ ‎57. C。推理判断题。根据Tom在信中提到的内容可知他现在很后悔四年前一气之下离开朋友，他想给朋友发邮件，表达自己的歉意，但是又想朋友可能还在生他的气或者早已忘记他，所以他不知该如何是好。‎ ‎58. B。词义推断题。根据这句话的内容“我们都希望曾经伤害过我们的人能够意识到自己的错误，并向我们道歉”，因此可以推断own up的含义是“承认错误”。故选B。‎ ‎59. B。推理判断题。根据Anne信中第二段“But you should remember if she thinks you’re apologizing just because you are lonely, she might dismiss your sincerity.”可知Anne认为如果Tom的朋友认为他向她道歉的原因是他很孤独，想见到她来消除自己的孤独，她就不会认为他的道歉是真诚的。因此Anne建议Tom不要提这类的话题，只要真诚地道歉就可以了。‎ ‎60. A。主旨推断题。根据“She may still be angry with you, and she may have forgotten the friendship between you, but that doesn’t mean she doesn’t deserve an apology.”可知Anne想告诉Tom的道理是：对于自己的错误，应该勇于道歉，即使这个道歉做的晚些，也比不做要好。‎ B People often say, “The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.” and “Behind every successful man there is a woman.” Both these sayings mean the same thing. Men rule the world, but their wives rule them.‎ Most American women like making their husbands and sons successful, but some of them want more for themselves. They want good jobs, and when they work they want to be paid. They also want to be as successful as men.‎ The American women’s liberation movement was started by women who didn’t want to stand behind successful men. They wanted to stand beside men and have the same chances for success. They didn’t want to be told that certain jobs or offices were closed to them. They refused to work side by side with men who did the same work for a higher pay.‎ A liberated woman must be proud of being a woman and have confidence in herself. If somebody says to her, “You have come a long way, baby.” She will smile and answer, “Not nearly as far as I’m going to go, baby.” This movement is quite new, and many American women don’t agree with it. But it has already made some important changes in women’s lives and in men’s lives, too.‎ ‎61. From the first paragraph, we can learn that ________.‎ A. American women usually take care of their children by themselves B. women in the United States are powerful C. women play a very important role in men’s lives D. if there is no woman, there is no man ‎62. From the passage we know that most American women today are _____. ‎ A. fighting for their rights to work side by side with men B. working hard at home to help their husbands and sons be successful C. working side by side with men in all kinds of jobs D. very confident about their future ‎63. The liberated women want to do all the following EXCEPT ___________.‎ A. stay at home to help their husbands be successful ‎ B. have the same chances for success as men C. get the same pay when doing the same work as men D. seek for office and do some important jobs as men ‎64. By saying “Not nearly as far as I’m going to go”, a liberated woman is stating that _______. ‎ A. she has nearly got to her destination B. there is a little more than what she wants C. she will never get to her ideal destination D. it is not far enough and she will go a lot further ‎ ‎65. In this passage, the author suggests that in the United States _______. ‎ A. most women can’t get a good job B. many women still don’t want to go out of their home to work C. all families are still supported by men D. all liberated women have achieved a lot ‎【答案】61-65 CBADB ‎ ‎61. C。从第一段可得出答案。‎ ‎62. B。从第二段可得出答案。‎ ‎63. A。从第三段可得出答案。 ‎ ‎64. D。从全文可知妇女解放运动者一直都在努力，以争取更大的胜利，因此她们不仅不满足于现状, 而且还将继续奋斗下去。‎ ‎65. B。从文章的倒数第二句话可知，在美国还是有不少妇女保持着原来的传统观念，在家作家庭主妇。‎ ‎3‎ There is an English saying, “Laughter is the best medicine.” Until recently, few people took the saying seriously. Now however, doctors have begun to look into laughter and the effects it has on the human body. They have found that laughter really can improve people’s health.‎ Tests were carried out to study the effects of laughter on the body. People watched funny films while doctors checked their heart, blood pressure, breathing and muscles. It was found that laughter has similar effects to physical exercise. It increases blood pressure, makes the heart beat quicker and makes people breathe deeper; it also works several groups of muscles in the face, the stomach, and even the feet. If laughter exercises the body, it must be beneficial.‎ Other tests have shown that laughter appears to be able to reduce the effect of pain on the body. In one experiment doctors produced pain in groups of students who listened to different radio programmes. The group that tolerated (忍耐) the pain for the longest time was the group which listened to a funny programme. The reason why laughter can reduce pain seems to be that it helps to produce a kind of chemical in the brain which diminishes both stress and pain.‎ As a result of these discoveries, some doctors in the United States now hold laughter clinics, in which they help to improve their patients’ condition by encouraging them to laugh. They have found that even if their patients do not really feel like laughing, making them smile is enough to produce beneficial effects similar to those caused by laughter.‎ ‎66. According to the passage, which of the following statements is WRONG? ‎ A. Laughter is good for health. ‎ B. Laughter can make you become old quickly. ‎ C. Laughter helps to reduce pain. ‎ D. Laughter, just like physical exercise, is good for our body.‎ ‎67. The underlined word “diminishes” in the third paragraph means “ ”. ‎ A. delays B. prevents C. increases D. reduces ‎ ‎68. Why do doctors hold laughter clinics? ‎ A. Because they want to earn more money. ‎ B. Because they think they will help the patients recover from illnesses.‎ C. Because they want to improve their patients’ health.‎ D. Because they want their patients to laugh more. ‎ ‎69. According to the author, we should __________ in our life. ‎ A. laugh as much as possible B. watch more funny films C. smile all the time D. spend time in the laughter clinics ‎70. What would be the best title for this passage? ‎ A. Both laughter and physical exercise are good for health. ‎ B. Laughter clinics can help patients improve their condition.‎ C. Laughter can reduce the effect of pain. ‎ D. Laughter is the best medicine.‎ ‎【答案】66-70 BDCAD ‎66. B。分别从第一至三段中可证实A、D、C 三个观点，而选项B没有被提及。‎ ‎67. D。从整句话可判断“reduce pain”和“diminish both stress and pain”应该是相同的结构，且意思相近。故选D。‎ ‎68. C。从最后一段的第一句话可知，医生们开诊所的真正目的是为了改善病人的健康状况。‎ ‎69. A。在文中作者从不同的方面讲述了“笑”的好处，其目的是希望大家在生活中能尽可能地多笑。‎ ‎70. D。文章的第一段从总体上说明了“笑能改善人的健康状况”，即“laughter is the best medicine”, 而A、B、C 三个选项都是从不同的方面来证明这个观点的。‎ ‎4‎ Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high-rise blocks of flats. It is said that an Englishman objects to this type of existence, but if this is so, he differs from most inhabitants of the world today. ‎ In the past blocks of flats have been associated with the lower income groups, and many of them lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts, and so on. Some even didn’t have facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish or storage places for baby carriages on the ground floor. Many lacked playgrounds for children on the top of their buildings, and drying grounds for washing. It is likely that the dispute regarding ‎ flats versus (对抗) individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned. And it is unfortunate that there should be hot feelings on both sides whenever this subject is raised. Those who oppose the building of flats base their cases primarily on the assumption (设想) that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation. They, however, ignore the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time commuting to work for the suburban resident.‎ ‎71. It can be inferred from the passage that ____. ‎ A. unlike most people in other countries, English people dislike living in flats B. people in most countries of the world today like living in the suburbs ‎ C. people in Britain are eager to move into high-rise blocks of flats D. modern flats in Britain fail to provide the necessary facilities for living ‎72. What can we learn about the blocks of flats built in the past from the passage? ‎ A. They were conveniently located.‎ B. The people who lived there were not rich. ‎ C. They were usually not large enough for big families to live in. ‎ D. The children who lived in them could play on the top of the buildings.‎ ‎73. Some people don’t like living in flats because ____. ‎ A. they must pay much money B. they prefer to live in a house with a garden ‎ C. there is no central heating and constant hot water supply ‎ D. the disposal of rubbish is a problem for people living in flats ‎74. Some people don’t like living in suburban houses because ____. ‎ A. the houses are not large enough B. people who live in the suburbs must pay much money for the service work ‎ C. people who live in the suburbs have to spend a lot of money and time traveling to work every day ‎ D. it can be difficult for them to do some shopping and to get along well with their neighbors ‎ ‎75. This passage is mainly about __________. ‎ A. living in high-rise blocks of flats ‎ B. living in the suburbs C. the difference in living in a flat in Britain and living in a flat in other countries D. the attitude of British people towards living in flats ‎ ‎【答案】 71-75 ABBCD ‎71. A。从文章的第一自然段可得出答案。‎ ‎72. B。从文章第二段的第一句话可得出答案。‎ ‎73. B。从文章的倒数第二句话可得出答案。‎ ‎74. C。从文章的最后一句话可得出答案。‎ ‎75. D。文章从头到尾都在谈论支持和反对建高楼公寓的两种完全不同的看法，所以，本文主要告诉了我们英国人对建高楼公寓的态度。故选D。‎ ‎5‎ Gets Into the Spirit Ryan Reynolds’ résumé just got longer. Spirits just got longer. Spirits importer Davos Brands announced February 21 that the actor has decided to invest in their Aviation Gin. After taking just one sip, the 41-year-old says, “I knew I wanted to get involved with the company.” The dad of two adds his name to the growing list of celebrities who’ve taken risks into the liquor business, including Justin Timberlake, Matthew McConaughey and George Clooney. Adds the Deadpool star, “I couldn’t be prouder to be a part of the company.”‎ Expanding Her Empire First came the 8-carat sparkler from Migos rapper Offset, 26. Soon after, Cardi B got a second huge shock. “She’s definitely pregnant,” reveals one insider. Adds another source of the “Bodak Yellow” rapper, said to be more than three months along, “She was really surprised.” ‎ Though the two-time Grammy nominee (a person who has been formally suggested) has denied she’s expecting (she told one fan she’s “just getting fat”), sources says she’s already making adjustments to her packed schedule. “She was supposed to go on a small tour with Bruno Mars,” says the insider, but now that trip is in question. But the 25-year-old is unbothered, says the source: “She’s head over heels for Offset and can’t wait to have their baby.”‎ Paradise Found Introducing Bachelor Nation’s newest member!‎ On February 15, Bachelor in Paradise alumni Carly Waddell and Evan Bass began a new chapter of their amazing journey. After what 35-year-old Bass — father of boys Ensley, Nathan and Liam from a previous marriage — called a “supersmooth pregnancy,” his wife of nearly nine months welcomed their first child, Isabella Evelyn. “Everyone is healthy and happy,” he said. And prepared for their new roles: Even before the 32-year-old’s pregnancy, Bass was convinced she’d be an outstanding mom. She’s “on the sidelines at every soccer game,” he added. “The boys really love her.”‎ ‎56. What has Cardi B denied?‎ A. She has denied a coming tour. B. She has denied being pregnant.‎ C. She has denied her getting fat. D. She has denied getting divorced.‎ ‎57. How many sons does Bass probably have NOW?‎ A. One. B. Two. C. Three. D. Four.‎ ‎【答案】：56-57 BC ‎56. 选B。Though the two-time Grammy nominee has denied she’s expecting...表示“尽管这位格莱美两次提名人已经否认她怀孕了……”，根据下文中的fat、but now that trip is in question和have their baby可知。‎ ‎57. 选C。根据...father of boys Ensley, Nathan and Liam from a previous marriage可知Bass有三个儿子。刚出生的Isabella通常为女名，选D不符合probably一词。‎ ‎6‎ If Thelma Richards continues to pay $917 a month, every month, for the foreseeable future, she’ll pay off her student loans by the end of 2042. The problem is, by then she’ll be 87 years old. “I don’t think I’m going to live that long,” she says, laughing. “I’m not joking!” Richards, 65, who lives in Little Falls, N.Y., represents a growing number of older Americans, who are now more likely than ever to hold student debt well into retirement age. According to a January report from the U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), the number of Americans aged 60 and older carrying student debt doubled in the past five years. ‎ The rapid rise in older Americans taking on student loans has two main causes. The first is that parents and grandparents are co-signing loans to support the younger generation. The second is that older Americans are increasingly taking student loans for themselves. With blue-collar jobs decreasing, people in their 40s and 50s are going back to school to acquire new skills.‎ Richards, for example, who worked as a waitress while raising three children as a single mom, went back to college in her 40s to earn a degree in occupational treatment. While her new profession produces a higher income and health care benefits, it has also left her with a lifetime of debt. Trends leave older borrowers in a bind. They have less time in the workforce and are more likely to become ill, often in a weaker position to pay back loans. Making monthly payments on a fixed income is also more difficult than it is for younger borrowers, whose incomes are more likely to grow. ‎ According to the CFPB report, more than a third of those aged 60 and older with student debt had given up medical care to afford their loan payments. And there’s no way out. Robert Farrington, the founder of the website the College Investor, says one main piece of advice for older borrowers is simply to avoid any loan that isn’t repayable in 10 years. “Remember,” he says, “if you don’t pay, they’ll come after you.”‎ ‎58. How much should Thelma Richards pay from 1st April 2030 to 31st December 2050 for the student loan according to the passage?‎ A. Approximately $129,300 B. Approximately $140,300‎ C. Approximately $217,300 D. Approximately $228,300‎ ‎59. For whom do Americans take student loans according to the passage?‎ A. Children. B. Grandparents.‎ C. The government. D. Themselves or kids.‎ ‎60. Which of the following is NOT a reason why it is difficult for Americans to pay off student loans?‎ A. The banks are too greedy. B. They easily become ill.‎ C. Some have to attend school. D. Their work time is reduced.‎ ‎61. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?‎ A. Student Loan Cannot Be Paid in America B. The Government Should Reduce Student Loan C. Retirees Shoulder a Bigger Share of Student Debt D. Student Debt is the Biggest Trouble in America ‎【答案】58-61 BDAC ‎58. 选B。从2030年4月到2042年12月，一共12年加9个月，（12×12+9）×917 = 140,301。‎ ‎59. 选D。根据第二段的“The first is that parents and grandparents are co-signing loans to support the younger generation. The second is that older Americans are increasingly taking student loans ‎ for themselves”可知。‎ ‎60. 选A。根据第二段的“With blue-collar jobs decreasing, people in their 40s and 50s are going back to school to acquire new skills”和第三段的“They have less time in the workforce and are more likely to become ill, often in a weaker position to pay back loans”可知。‎ ‎61. 选C。整篇文章主要介绍了退休者的负担比过去更重了，肩负着更多的学生贷款。‎ ‎7‎ ‎ A substitute teacher crunch has forced Chicago area school districts to raise sub pay, to use parents as subs and even to seek out teachers from moonlighting police and fire department ranks. The crunch also means good subs are getting harder to find, some say. “It’s not only a quantity problem but a quality problem,” said Barbara Radner, director of DePaul University’s Center for Urban Education, which serves as expert partner to 31 academically troubled Chicago public schools. “We’re getting to the bottom of the talent pool and it’s empty,” she said. And a bad sub, Radner explained, can move a class backward by confusing students. ‎ ‎ Radner said Chicago’s sub shortage is at “crisis” levels and the worst she’s seen in 15 years, although city school officials say West Side schools seem to be affected the most. Using the Chicago system’s substitute teacher center is like engaging in “Russian roulette”, Radner said. “Every sixth sub you get could be a total blowup.” Increasingly, she said, principals in schools she works with say they can’t get subs, or the subs they get leave midday because they can’t handle the job. Chicago school officials are recruiting police officers and firefighters to sub in high-crime areas that some subs refuse to enter. A sub recruitment push is also planned on college campuses—among graduate and doctoral students who may find the part-time work attractive, Schools Chief Executive Officer Paul Vallas said.‎ ‎ Teachers often leave detailed lesson plans for subs if they know in advance they will be off, and keep “emergency plans” on file for unexpected absences, such as an illness. But Radner said emergency plans can amount to “a recipe for baby-sitter.” Carolyn Martin said her daughter’s last sub at Bolingbrook’s Tibbott Elementary in Valley View District 365 was so unpleasant that she may demand to sit in the classroom next time there’s a problem sub. “The last time they had a sub, the substitute teacher had to call the principal into the room,” Martin said, “This is a third-grade classroom, and the lady couldn’t even handle it”.‎ ‎ Demand for subs is high because of several factors, school officials say. For starters, those who hold sub certificate may not be using them because they have found better-paying jobs in today’s booming economy. Six or seven years age, Schaumburg District 54 Associate Supt. Kenneth Cull said, “I used to have 30 real estate agents sign up for sub work because they had college degrees and business was slow. I don’t have that anymore.” Sub pools have been further consumed by several waves of early teacher retirements and increased student enrollments—both of which have meant more subs are being hired as full-time teachers. ‎ 62. What is troubling the Chicago school districts?‎ A. People in unrelated areas find jobs in school teaching.‎ B. Quality of regular and sub teachers needs improving.‎ C. Students suffer greatly from unprofessional teachers.‎ D. Chicago area is in bad need of qualified sub teachers.‎ ‎63. From the second paragraph, we learn ________.‎ A. the sub crunches before were not as bad as the present ones B. many principals quit their jobs as they can’ t handle the situation C. police officers are sent to the high-crime areas to keep order D. six out of ten substitute teachers come form college campuses ‎64. According to Radner, the emergency plans________. ‎ A. are most effective in mending the situation B. are detested by most parents C. are resisted by most students D. do not efficiently meet the situation ‎65. Which of the following is NOT a factor that leads to the shortage of qualified subs?‎ A. Many certified teachers quit their teaching positions for other professions.‎ B. Sound economic situation attracts many candidates from teaching positions.‎ C. There are more students admitted to schools than ever before.‎ D. Many teachers retire earlier from their positions than they should. ‎ ‎【答案】62-65 DADA ‎ 62. D。根据第一段的论述可知：芝加哥校区优质代课老师缺乏。‎ 63. A。第二段段首可知。‎ 64. D。由第三段Radner的观点以及举的事例可知。‎ 65. A。第四段分析了代课教师短缺的众多原因。‎ ‎8‎ For more than 2,000 years the Chinese people have been guided by the ideals of Confucianism. Its founder and greatest teacher was Confucius, whose humane philosophy also influenced the civilization of all of eastern Asia. Many legends were spread to illustrate Confucius’ beliefs. According to one story, he and his followers passed a cemetery where a woman was weeping at a graveside. She told them she was crying because “my husband’s father was killed here by a tiger, and my husband also, and now my son has met the same fate”. When they asked her why she did not leave such a fatal spot, she answered that in this place there was no oppressive government. “Remember this, my children,” said Confucius, “oppressive government is fiercer and more feared than a tiger”. ‎ In such teaching and with such wise sayings, Confucius tried to bring people a respect for the teachings of the wise men of older generations. He always said of himself that he was a “transmitter, not a maker”. He collected and edited the poetry, the music, and the historical writings of what he considered the golden age.‎ Confucius laid no claim to being more than a man. Yet when he died he was admired almost as god. Temples were constructed in his honor in every city of China. His grave at Kufow, in what is now Shandong Province, became a place of pilgrimage.‎ Though Confucianism is commonly called a religion, it is rather a system of moral conduct. Confucius did not talk of God but of goodness. He did not teach about any god, simply saying, “Respect the gods, but have as little to do with them as possible.” His attention was centered on making people better in their lifetime, and his Analects are wise sayings similar to the Proverbs in the Bible. ‎ Confucius is the Latinized form of the philosopher’s Chinese name, which was K’ung-fu-tzu, meaning Master K’ung. He was born in a poor but noble family. His father died when the boy was 3 years old. When he was only 6, people noted his fondness for setting out sacrifices and for ceremony. After his marriage at age 19, he worked for the governor of his district, first a keeper of ‎ stores and then as an overseer of parks and livestock. At the age of 22 he began his life as a teacher by establishing a school. He accepted valuable aid from some of his students, but he also welcomed students who could afford to pay only a small fee.‎ After some years of teaching and travel, he settled in Shandong for 15 years. When he was 52 years old, he was rewarded with an appointment as governor of a province and never failed to win the credit he deserved. He performed his task so well that a neighboring governor became jealous. Later, Confucius traveled around other kingdoms and wandered about for 13 years. Eventually, he returned to his native state of Lu in his 69th year and died three years later.‎ ‎66. The story of the woman in Para.1 is mentioned to show ________.‎ A. Confucius was creative and sympathetic B. the government then was fiercer than a tiger C. Confucius’ s beliefs are very popular D. Confucius often wanted to influence people ‎67. According to the author, Confucius himself ________. ‎ A. was tired of spreading his teachings in his late year.‎ B. was not interested in reforming the society C. did not want people to worship him as god D. showed great disrespect for the noble families ‎68. What does the underlined sentence in Para.4 mean?‎ A. Confucianism is different from common religion.‎ B. God blesses those who show respect and goodness.‎ C. People are advised to keep a distance from gods.‎ D. Confucius highlights the importance of virtue.‎ ‎69. In the eyes of the author, Confucius’ political life________. ‎ A. was highly successful B. turned out to be a surprise C. was bound to fail because of his belief D. was not so important as his teaching life ‎70. As regards Confucius and his teachings, the tone of the passage is marked with________.‎ A. objective spirit B. deep admiration C. great openness D. obvious surprise ‎【答案】66-70 CCDAB 62. C。一、二两段主要论述了孔子思想影响之广。‎ 63. C。第三段中的He always said of himself that he was a “transmitter, not a maker”. 以及第四段中的Confucius laid no claim to being more than a man， 可知孔子谦虚态度。‎ 64. D。第五段的段意，孔子强调人的美德。‎ 65. A。第七段He performed his task so well that a neighboring governor became jealous and plotted his over-throw中可知孔子政绩优异。‎ 66. B。通读全文可知作者以赞赏的口吻介绍了孔子。‎