【推荐】专题1-3 Grammar & Writing-试题君之K三关2017-2018学年高二英语人教版（选修8）

【推荐】专题1-3 Grammar & Writing-试题君之K三关2017-2018学年高二英语人教版（选修8）

Unit1 A land of diversity ‎1.3 Grammar & Writing Grammar: 名词性从句用作主语、宾语和表语 ‎ 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句(Subject Clause)、宾语从句(Object Clause)、表语从句(Predictive Clause)和同位语从句(Appositive Clause)。‎ 一、名词性从句的常用连接词 ‎1. 常用连接词的语法特征 ‎ 引导名词性从句的关联词有：连词三个、连接代词五个、连接副词四个。‎ 词形 词义 在从句中所作的成分 连词 that ‎×‎ ‎×‎ if/whether 是否 ‎×‎ 连接代词 who(ever)‎ ‎（无论）谁（主格）‎ 主语、表语、宾语 whom(ever)‎ ‎（无论）谁（宾格）‎ 表语、宾语 whose(ever)‎ ‎（无论）谁的（所有格）‎ 定语 what(ever)‎ ‎（无论）什么 主语、宾语、表语、定语 which(ever)‎ ‎（无论）哪个 主语、宾语、定语 连接副词 when 什么时候 状语 where 在哪里 状语 why 怎样，怎么 状语 how 为什么 状语 ‎2. 常用连接词的选择标准 ‎(1)根据常用连接词的意义选择，无意义时则选that。‎ ‎(2)根据常用连接词的语法功能，在句中不作任何成分时则选that，whether，if。‎ 二、名词性从句的分类：‎ ‎1．主语从句 ‎ 主语从句是在复合句中担任主语的句子；通常位于句末，句首则采用it作形式主语。注意，what引导的主语从句一般不用it作形式主语。‎ ‎(1) 常以it作形式主语的句型有： ‎ ‎①It is＋形容词＋that...‎ ‎ ☞It is certain that she will do well in her exam．‎ ‎ 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 ‎ ‎②It is＋名词词组(no wonder，an honour，a good thing，a pity，no surprise，common knowledge，a surprise，‎ ‎ a fact，etc．)＋that...‎ ‎ ☞It’s a pity that we can’t go．‎ ‎ 很遗憾我们不能去。‎ ‎③It is＋过去分词(said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged，etc．)＋that...‎ ‎ ☞It has been suggested that much should be done to prevent the river from being polluted．‎ ‎ 有人建议应做更多的工作阻止河流遭受污染。‎ ‎④It appears/seems that...|It happens that...|It occurred to me that...|It turned out that...‎ ‎ ☞It turned out that nobody remembered the address．‎ ‎ 结果发现没人记得这地址。‎ ‎⑤It doesn’t matter that...|It makes no difference that...‎ ‎ ☞It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not．‎ ‎ 她是否来这无关紧要。‎ ‎(2)当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。 ‎ ‎ ☞Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow？‎ ‎ 他们明天不来很要紧吗？‎ ‎(3)当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。‎ ‎ ☞How strange it is that the children are so quiet！‎ ‎ 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！‎ ‎2．宾语从句 ‎ 主从复合句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。学习宾语从句应该注意以下几点。 ‎ ‎(2)引导宾语从句的连词that一般可以省略，但是在及物动词之后跟有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，只有 ‎ 第一个that可以省略。‎ ‎①Glancing at her scornfully，he told her(that) the dress was sold．‎ ‎ 他轻蔑地看了她一眼，告诉她说那件衣服卖了。‎ ‎②The teacher said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart．‎ ‎ 老师说课文非常重要，我们应该背下来。‎ ‎(2)表示＂心理活动＂的形容词：afraid，anxious，aware，ashamed，annoyed，certain，confident，content，‎ ‎ convinced，determined，disappointed，glad，happy，proud，pleased，sure，surprised，satisfied，thankful，worried等可以后接宾语从句。‎ ‎①He was afraid that he would lose．他担心会输。‎ ‎②I am sure that I put the money in the box．我肯定把钱放在盒子里了。‎ ‎(3)若主句谓语动词为think，consider，suppose，believe，expect，fancy，guess，imagine等，其后的宾语从 ‎ 句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式，这种现象称为＂否定转移＂‎ ‎ 现象(此时主语往往为第一人称，偶尔为第三人称；否定词never，seldom，hardly，little无此用法)。‎ ‎①I don’t think his decision is wise in reality．实际上，我觉得他的决定并不明智。‎ ‎②I don’t believe that he is a dishonest man．我认为他是个诚实的人。‎ ‎(4)在think，believe，imagine，suppose，guess，hope等动词以及I’m afraid之后，可以采用so代替一个肯 ‎ 定的宾语从句，也可以采用not代替否定的宾语从句。‎ ‎①—Do you believe the news stories？＂你相信这个新闻故事吗？＂‎ ‎ —I believe so．＂我相信。＂‎ ‎②—Has Anne got into university？＂安妮上大学了吗？＂‎ ‎ —I am afraid not．＂恐怕是没有。＂‎ ‎3．表语从句 ‎ 在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句；学习表语从句应该注意以下几点。‎ ‎(1)通常只用that引导表语从句的情况。‎ ‎①句子的主语为the reason时，表语从句采用that引导，表示原因，此时不用because。‎ ‎ ☞The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat．‎ ‎ 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。‎ ‎②句子的主语为the result时，表语从句采用that引导。‎ ‎ ☞The result is that many of them become fat．‎ ‎ 结果是他们中许多人发胖了。‎ ‎③由why引导的从句作主语时。‎ ‎ ☞Why we decided to put off the match is that the weather was too terrible．‎ ‎ 我们决定推迟比赛的原因是天气太糟糕了。‎ ‎(2)as if/though引导的表语从句通常置于系动词look，seem，sound，be等后面；表语从句既可以采用虚拟语 ‎ 气，也可采用直陈语气。‎ ‎①It sounded as if somebody was knocking at/on the door．听起来好像有人在敲门。‎ ‎②She treats him as if he were a stranger．她待他如陌生人。‎ 三、名词性从句考点归纳：‎ ‎1．名词性从句必须采用陈述语序。‎ ‎①I want to know what he has told you．我想知道他告诉了你什么。‎ ‎②She always thinks of how she can work well．她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。‎ ‎2．it充当形式主语或宾语：‎ ‎ 在名词性从句中，为了使句子保持平衡，常用先行词it来代替主语从句或宾语从句，而把主语从句或宾语从句放到后面，尤其是连词that引导的主语从句常用于此句式中。‎ ‎①It is known to us how he became a writer．我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 ‎ ‎②I find it strange that she doesn’t want to travel．她竟不想旅游，我觉得很奇怪。‎ ‎3．在名词性从句中 that与what的差异：‎ ‎ what在从句中要充当某个成分(主语、宾语或表语)，在任何情况下都不能省略，表示＂(＝the thing or things that...； whatever)……的事物； 无论什么；凡是……的事物＂。that本身没有词汇意义，在从句中不充当任何成分，在口语和非正式文件中，宾语从句中的that常常省略。‎ ‎①What you have done might do harm to others．你所做的事或许对别人有害处。‎ ‎②I spent what little time I had with my family．我仅有的一点儿时间都和家人在一起度过了。‎ ‎③No one knows what will happen next．谁也不知道下一步有什么事。‎ ‎④I think(that) you will like the stamps．我认为你会喜欢这些邮票的。‎ ‎4．whether和if的差异：‎ ‎（1）引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句，只能采用whether。‎ ‎ ☞Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question．‎ ‎ 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。‎ ‎（2）介词宾语只用whether引导。‎ ‎ ☞He was worrying about whether he had hurt her feeling．‎ ‎ 他焦虑地想知道是否伤害了她的感情。‎ ‎（3）当whether引导的宾语从句位于句首表示强调时，不能被if替换。‎ ‎ ☞Whether he will come or not，I am not sure．我无法确认他是否会来。‎ ‎（4）whether经常与or not 直接连用，构成whether or not。‎ ‎ ☞I don’t know whether or not he’ll come．我不知道他是来还是不来。‎ ‎（5）后接动词不定式时只能用whether。‎ ‎ ☞Can you tell me whether to go or to stay？你能否告诉我是去还是留？ ‎ ‎（6）动词discuss后面只能接whether引导的宾语从句。‎ ‎ ☞We discussed whether we should close the shop．我们讨论我们是否关闭这家商店。‎ ‎5．宾语从句和主句的时态呼应：‎ ‎（1）当主句谓语动词为现在时态或将来时态时，宾语从句可以选择适当的时态。‎ ‎ ☞Will you tell me how I can keep fit？能告诉我如何保持健康吗？‎ ‎（2）当主句谓语动词为过去时态时，为保持时态一致，宾语从句应采用相应的过去时态。‎ ‎ ☞Jack told me that he had been there twice．杰克告诉我他去过那儿两次了。‎ ‎（3）当主句谓语为过去时态时，宾语从句表示客观真理、客观存在的事物、格言时，仍然采用一般现在时。‎ ‎ ☞Long ago，people knew that there are four seasons in a year．‎ ‎ 很久以前，人们就知道一年有四个季节。‎ ‎6．连接代词whoever，whatever，whichever引导名词性从句的含义：‎ ‎（1）whoever的用法：‎ ‎①(＝the person or people who...)……的那个人 ‎ ☞Whoever said that？到底谁讲的这话？‎ ‎②(＝any person who...)……的任何一个人 ‎ ☞Tell whoever you like； it makes no difference to me．‎ ‎ 你愿意告诉谁就告诉谁——对我来说都无所谓。‎ ‎（2）whatever的用法：‎ ‎①(＝any or every)任何；每一 ‎ ☞Take whatever action is needed．采取任何必要的措施。‎ ‎②(＝anything or everything)任何事物；一切事物 ‎ ☞You must do whatever is best for you．什么对你最有利你就得做什么。‎ ‎③(表示做什么或发生什么都没关系，因为结果都一样)无论什么，不管什么 ‎ ☞You have our support，whatever you decide．不管你做何决定，都会得到我们的支持。‎ ‎（3）whichever的用法：‎ ‎①(表示什么特征或品质在作决定时重要)……的那个；……的那些 ‎ ☞Take whichever hat suits you best．挑个最适合你戴的帽子。‎ ‎②无论哪个；无论哪些 ‎ ☞Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize．你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。 ‎ ‎7．虚拟语气结构在名词性从句中的应用：‎ ‎（1）主语从句 ‎ ☞It is necessary that he(should)come to see us．他有必要来看望我们。‎ ‎（2）宾语从句 ‎ ☞The teacher suggested that we(should)have a rest．老师建议我们休息一会儿。‎ ‎（3）表语从句 ‎ ☞My suggestion is that we(should)read English newspapers to improve our English．‎ ‎ 我的建议是我们应该阅读英文报纸来提高我们的英语水平。‎ ‎8．it作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 ‎ it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都用连词that，被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。‎ ‎①It’s a pity that he missed the opportunity to travel abroad．‎ ‎ 他错过了去国外旅游的机会，真是可惜。‎ ‎②Who was it that won the World Cup in 2014？谁赢得了2014年的世界杯？ ‎ ‎1.（2017·北京）Every year, ______ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.‎ ‎ A. whatever B. whoever C. whomever D. whichever ‎2.（2017·北京）Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street, not knowing ______she was heading.‎ ‎ A. why B. where C. how D. when ‎3.（2017·天津）She asked me _______ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t.‎ ‎ A. when B. where C. whether D. what ‎4.（2017·江苏）We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of _______ it used to ‎ ‎ charge.‎ A. that B. which C. what D. how ‎5.（2016·北京）Your support is important to our work. ________ you can do helps.‎ ‎ A. However B. Whoever C. Whatever D. Wherever ‎6.（2016·北京）The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is ________ one can be entirely free from dust.‎ ‎ A. what B. that C. whether D. why ‎7.（2016·江苏）It is often the case ______anything is possible for those who hang on to ‎ hope.‎ ‎ A.why B.what C.as D.that ‎8.（2016·天津）The manager put forward a suggestion ____ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.‎ ‎ A. whether B. that C. which D. what ‎ ‎9.（2015·湖南）You have to know ________ you’re going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.‎ ‎ A. what B. that C. where D. who ‎10.（2015·北京）I truly believe ______beauty comes from within.‎ ‎ A. that B. where C. what D. why Ⅰ. 用适当的连接词填空 ‎1．________ we need more practice is quite clear.‎ ‎2．________ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business.‎ ‎3．________ my dear teacher couldn't understand was ________ fewer and fewer middle school students showed ‎ ‎ interest in her lessons.‎ ‎4．—Does it matter much ________ the manager won't attend the meeting here tomorrow?‎ ‎ —I have no idea.‎ ‎5．This painting is splendid, but ________ we actually need it is a different matter.‎ ‎6．Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was ________ it ‎ was rather closely ‎ ‎ modeled on his own life.‎ ‎7．Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew ________ she was so angry.‎ ‎8．—I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.‎ ‎ —That's ________ I don't agree. You should have a more active life.‎ ‎9．—Have you finished the book?‎ ‎ —No. I've read up to ________ the children discover the secret cave.‎ ‎10．He often thinks of ________ he can do more for the four modernizations.‎ ‎11．Take ________ you want and ________ you like.‎ ‎12．________ you have to do is to insert your credit card in this machine.‎ ‎13．Tell me ________ city you need to go to if you want to take part in Mardi Gras.‎ ‎14．I thought it was clear enough ________ she meant.‎ ‎15．________ he'll return from New York depends a great deal on his health.‎ Ⅱ. 将下列句子改为含有名词性从句的复合句 ‎1．English is being accepted as an international language．It is a fact．‎ ‎ _________________________________________________‎ ‎2．It is generally considered unwise to give a child everything he or she wants．‎ ‎ _________________________________________________‎ ‎3．It used to be a quiet village．I still remember that time．‎ ‎ _________________________________________________‎ ‎4．He is said to go abroad and marry an American girl next week．‎ ‎ _________________________________________________‎ ‎5．He should report this accident to the police at once．This is my suggestion．‎ ‎ _________________________________________________‎ Ⅲ. 语法与写作(根据要求翻译句子)‎ ‎1. 我认为帮助父母做家务是我们的职责。(宾语从句)‎ ‎ ________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎2. 我就是这样看待这幅画的。(表语从句)‎ ‎ ________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎3. 我知道是因为我在课后没有花大量时间记忆它们。(宾语从句、表语从句)‎ ‎ ________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎4. 我在购物前，我要列一下孩子们下一个季节需要的东西。(宾语从句)‎ ‎ ________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎5. 最使我们激动的是他在数学竞赛中获得了第一。(主语从句) ‎ ‎ ________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎6. 他不及格的原因是他以前没有努力学习。(表语从句)‎ ‎ ________________________________________________________________________‎ K真题 ‎1. B【解析】句意：每年，风筝做的最漂亮的人将赢得一份奖品。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，空处引导 主语从句，且在从句中作主语，指人，故选B项。‎ ‎2. B【解析】考查连词。句意：Jane漫无目的地沿着绿树成荫的街道往前走，不知道要去哪里。分析句子结 构可知，空处引导宾语从句，作动词knowing的宾语，且从句中缺少地点状语，故应用where引导。‎ ‎4. C【解析】考查宾语从句。“half of _______ it used to charge”是$20的同位语，即原来价格的一半是现在的 ‎ ‎$20；另外，of后跟名词或名词短语构成介宾短语，所以，这里是宾语从句；宾语从句中的charge后面 缺少宾语，所以用what来引导宾语从句，并充当宾语从句中的宾语，故选C。句意：我们选择这家宾 馆是因为一晚上的住宿费降到了20美元，这是该宾馆过去要价的一半。‎ ‎5. C【解析】helps是谓语，＂_______ you can do＂是主语部分，即主语从句，在主语从句中，do后缺少宾 语，表示＂任何事情＂，因此用whatever引导，故选C。‎ ‎6. B【解析】句意：雨季最令人愉悦的是人们可以完全不再受到沙尘的困扰。is后跟从句作表语，表语从句 不缺少主语、谓语和宾语，因此用that, that只起引导作用。‎ ‎7. D【解析】句意：对于那些心存希望的人一切皆可能是事实。本句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句，连接词that在本句中不充当任何成分，且不能省略。连接副词why要在句中作状语， 连接代词what通常在句中作主语、宾语或表语等；as不引导名词性从句。‎ ‎8. B【解析】句意：经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。使用同位语从句说明suggestion 的内容，而且同位语从句成分和意思都是完整的。用that引导，that不作成分，只是起连接作用。‎ ‎9. C【解析】You have to know…后面是一个宾语从句。宾语从句的连接词有连接代词和连接副词，连接代词 有：who, whom, whose, which, what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语，连接副词有：when, where, ‎ ‎ why, how，在句中担任状语的成分。You’re going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.是一个完 整的句子，所以应该用连接副词来引导从句。句意：如果你已经计划好去那里的最佳方案，你必须知 道你将要去哪里。故选C。‎ ‎10. A【解析】句意：我很相信美丽源自于内心! 本题考查宾语从句。从句部分不缺少任何成分，因此用that 起到连接作用，也可以省略。从句部分不缺少任何成分，因此用that起到连接作用，也可以省略。故 选A。‎ K好题 Ⅰ. 用适当的连接词填空 ‎1. That　 2.Whether　 3.What; why　 4.that　 5.whether　‎ ‎6.that　 7.why　 8.where　 9.where　 10.how　‎ ‎11.whatever; whichever　 12.What　 13.which 14. what　‎ ‎15.When Ⅱ. 将下列句子改为含有名词性从句的复合句 ‎1. It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language．‎ ‎2. It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants．‎ ‎3. I still remember when it used to be a quiet village．‎ ‎4. It is said that he will go abroad and marry an American girl next week．‎ ‎5. My suggestion is that he should report this accident to the police at once．‎ Ⅲ. 语法与写作(根据要求翻译句子)‎ Writing：介绍地点的说明文 ‎ 描写一个地方时，在整体介绍的基础上，要突出这一地方最独特的方面，尽可能使你所描写的地方给读者留下独一无二的深刻印象。‎ ‎1．如果你描写的地方是名山大川、园林等，那么描写的重点是其形、色、态等自然风光方面的特点；‎ ‎2．如果你描写的是名胜古迹或文化气息浓厚的地方，那么描写的重点应该是历史古迹、社会价值等方面的 ‎ ‎ 特点；‎ ‎3．如果你描写的是一个城市，那就要向读者清晰地描述这个地方的地理位置、人口状况、资源特色等地方 ‎ 特征；‎ ‎4．注意把握时态，在此类写作中，各种时态可以兼用。‎ ‎1．位置 ‎ ...lies near/behind/in front of/by the side of/between/among/...‎ ‎ ...stands at the foot of/on the top of ...‎ ‎ Standing on the top of the mountain，...has seen many views in this area.‎ ‎2．人口 ‎ ...has a small population of ...‎ ‎ ...is a developing country, with a population of 130 million.‎ ‎ The population here is increasing year by year.‎ ‎3．面积 ‎ Tian’anmen Square, one of the largest city squares in the world, covers an area of ...‎ ‎ Tian’anmen Square, covering an area of ..., is one of the largest city squares in the world.‎ ‎4．历史 ‎ ...has a history of over ...years.‎ ‎ Built in the 16th century, the building has witnessed many comings and goings in history.‎ ‎5．名胜 ‎ In Beijing, there are many places of interest, such as ...‎ ‎ ...in Beijing is one of the most well-known places of interest in the world.‎ ‎ ...is the biggest city in ...which has many places of interest, among which is ...‎ ‎ 假设你是李华，今天(4月29日，星期五，晴)你和你的同学们参观了你们市最好的学校，请你根据下表提示，用日记的形式来描写一下这所学校。‎ 学校基 本情况 ‎1.位于市中心，占地约150亩，环境优美，省级规范化学校 ‎2.学校现有教学班60个，学生近3,500人，教职工300多人 ‎3.教学设施先进，拥有现代化的教学楼、图书馆、电子阅览室等 注意：‎ ‎1.词数：100左右；‎ ‎2．参考词汇：省级规范化学校provincial standardized school；设备facility。‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎◆ 审题谋篇 ‎1. 确定体裁、时态、人称：‎ ‎ (1)体裁：日记；‎ ‎ (2)时态：日记常用过去时态，但也可根据具体情况，用其他时态。由于本篇书面表达为地方介绍，因 此应主要使用一般现在时；‎ ‎ (3)人称：第一、三人称。‎ ‎2. 确定结构：在描写一个地方的说明文中，可以采用有形或无形的四节式结构展开写作，即引题(点明题旨， 概括中心)、蓄势(抓取地方的突出特点)、揭题(详写最能体现地方特色的要素或事件)、升华(紧扣题旨 或议论或抒情)。‎ ‎【词汇热身】‎ ‎1．坐落在________ 2．配备有…… ________‎ ‎3．电子阅览室 ________ 4．总而言之_______ ‎ ‎【答案】　‎ ‎1．be located in 　 2．be equipped with ‎3．an electronic reading room　 4．all in all ‎【句式转换】‎ ‎1. This school is located in the center of the city and it covers an area of about 150 mu.(改为简单句)‎ ‎ ＝______________________of the city，this school covers an area of about 150 mu.‎ ‎2. There are a lot of trees around this school；it is very beautiful.(使用with的复合结构)‎ ‎ ＝______________________，it is very beautiful.‎ ‎3. To our surprise，this school is equipped with modern teaching facilities.(改为含有主语从句的复合句)‎ ‎ ＝______________________is that this school is equipped with modern teaching facilities.‎ ‎4. In recent years，great changes have taken place in this school in many ways.(改为含有宾语从句的复合句)‎ ‎ ＝In recent years，this school has been quite different from______________________.‎ ‎【参考范文】‎ April 29　 Friday Fine ‎ Today，my classmates and I visited the best school in our city. Located in the center of the city，this school covers about 150 mu. With a lot of trees around this school，it is very beautiful. There are 60 classes，about 3,500 students and more than 300 teaching staff.‎ ‎ Being a provincial standardized school，it has many advantages. For one thing，what surprises us is that all the buildings are equipped with modern teaching facilities，which help make the classes lively and interesting. For another，they have modern libraries in which there is an electronic reading room where the students can read books freely.‎ ‎ All in all，in recent years，this school has been quite different from what it used to be.‎ ‎ ‎