2019届二轮复习中学英语评判性阅读教学探导课件（224张）

2019届二轮复习中学英语评判性阅读教学探导课件（224张）

中学英语评判性阅读教学 基于未来发展视域的英语教学 How should we read? Read the lines Read between lines Read beyond lines 一、当下阅读教学的问题 目标 不清晰 —— 重知识轻 思维 方法不得当 —— 重传承轻创新 过程模式化 —— 重形式缺个性 材料单一化 —— 重教材少拓展 训练应试化 —— 重考试轻技能 一、当下阅读教学的问题 目标不清晰 —— 重知识轻思维 方法 不得当 —— 重传承轻 创新 过程模式化 —— 重形式缺个性 材料单一化 —— 重教材少拓展 训练应试化 —— 重考试轻技能 一、当下阅读教学的问题 目标不清晰 —— 重知识轻思维 方法不得当 —— 重传承轻创新 过程 模式化 —— 重形式缺 个性 材料单一化 —— 重教材少拓展 训练应试化 —— 重考试轻技能 一、当下阅读教学的问题 目标不清晰 —— 重知识轻思维 方法不得当 —— 重传承轻创新 过程模式化 —— 重形式缺个性 材料 单一 化 —— 重教材少 拓展 训练应试化 —— 重考试轻技能 一、当下阅读教学的问题 目标不清晰 —— 重知识轻思维 方法不得当 —— 重传承轻创新 过程模式化 —— 重形式缺个性 材料单一化 —— 重教材少拓展 阅读做题化 —— 重重复 轻技能 一、当下阅读教学的问题 目标 不清晰 —— 重知识轻 思维 方法 不得当 —— 重传承轻 创新 过程 模式 化 —— 重形式缺 个性 材料 单一 化 —— 重教材少 拓展 阅读做题化 —— 重反复 轻技能 问题的具体表现 备课抓不住重点 对文本的体裁分析基本忽视 文本解读不透彻 评判性阅读缺位 对话题的深度开发基本放弃 对语言的鉴赏基本忽略 授课同质化、简单化 阅读教学的核心目标 语言输入 认知策略和思维能力的培养 文本的语体特色分析 作者谋篇布局特点分析 文本的现实意义分析 跨文化交际意识的养成 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 教师应当通过文本解读，赋予教材新的生命，使阅读教学立体化，多元化、综合化，从而更好地培养学生的语言综合运用能力。 对文本的多视角解读是专业化的阅读行为，它以最大程度发掘文本的教学价值为目的，是有效阅读和有效阅读教学的基础 。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 教师应当 通过 文本解读，赋予教材新的生命，使阅读教学立体化，多元化、综合化，从而更好地培养学生的语言综合运用能力。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 教师应当 通过 文本解读， 赋予 教材新的生命，使阅读教学立体化，多元化、综合化，从而更好地培养学生的语言综合运用能力。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 教师应当 通过 文本解读， 赋予 教材新的生命， 使 阅读教学立体 化 ，多元 化 、综合 化 ，从而更好地培养学生的语言综合运用能力 。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 教师应当 通过 文本解读， 赋予 教材新的生命， 使 阅读教学立体 化 ，多元 化 、综合 化 ， 从而 更好地培养学生的语言综合运用能力。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 教师应当 通过文本解读 ，赋予教材新的生命，使阅读教学立体化，多元化、综合化，从而 更好地培养学生的语言综合运用能力 。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 教师应当 通过文本解读 ，赋予教材新的生命，使阅读教学立体化，多元化、综合化，从而 更好地培养学生的语言综合运用能力 。 对文本的多视角解读是专业化的阅读行为。它以最大程度发掘文本的教学价值为目的，是有效阅读和有效阅读教学的基础。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 对文本的 多视角解读 是 专业化 的阅读行为。 它以最大程度发掘文本的教学价值为目的，是有效阅读和有效阅读教学的基础。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 对文本的 多视角解读 是 专业化 的阅读行为。 它 以最大程度发掘文本的教学价值为目的，是有效阅读和有效阅读教学的基础。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 对文本的 多视角解读 是专业化的阅读行为。 它 以最大程度发掘文本的教学价值为目的，是有效阅读和有效阅读教学的基础。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 对文本的 多视角解读 是专业化的阅读行为。 它以 最大程度发掘文本的教学价值为目的，是有效阅读和有效阅读教学的基础。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 对文本的 多视角解读 是专业化的阅读行为。 它 以最大程度发掘文本的教学价值为目的， 是 有效阅读和有效阅读教学的 基础 。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 对 文本的 多视角解读 是专业化的阅读行为，它以最大程度发掘文本的教学价值为目的， 是 有效阅读和有效阅读教学的 基础 。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 教师 应当通过文本解读，赋予教材新的生命，使阅读教学立体化，多元化、综合化，从而更好地 培养学生的语言综合运用能力 。 对 文本的 多视角解读 是专业化的阅读行为，它以最大程度发掘文本的教学价值为目的， 是 有效阅读和有效阅读教学的 基础 。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 没有了对文本的深度思考和精准解读，就没有了课的个性，也失去了教师的个性，评判性阅读更是无从谈起。 因此，做好文本解读是评判性阅读的基础。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 没有 了对文本的深度思考和精准解读， 就没有 了课的个性， 也失去 了教师的个性，评判性阅读 更无从 谈起。 因此 ，做好文本解读是评判性阅读的基础。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 没有 了 对文本的深度思考和精准解读， 就没有 了课的个性 ， 也失去 了教师的个性 ， 评判性阅读 更无从 谈起 。 因此 ， 做好文本解读是评判性阅读的基础。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 没有了 对文本的 深度思考和精准解读 ，就没有了课的个性，也失去了教师的个性，评判性阅读更无从谈起。 因此，做好 文本解读 是评判性阅读的基础。 做好 文本解读是 评判性阅读 的 基础 Man is closely related to the environment. （启） Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. （承） Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. （承） Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. （承） So a good environment is essential to man’s life. （合） Example 1: 语篇的 启承转合 引言段 （启和承） Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life.   拓展段 （转） However, our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed.   结论段 （合） Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Example 2: 语篇的 启承转合 引言段 （启和承） Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life.   拓展段 （转） However, our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed.   结论段 （合） Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Example 2: 语篇的 启承转合 引言段 （启和承：开启命题，提供支持） Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life.   拓展段 （转：提出问题） However, our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed.   结论段 （合：综合归纳？） Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Example 2: 语篇的 启承转合 引言段 （启和承：开启命题，提供支持） Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life.   拓展段 （转：提出问题） However, our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed.   结论段 （合：综合归纳？） Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Example 2: 语篇的 启承转合 引言段 （启和承） Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life.   拓展段 （转） However, our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed.   结论段 （合） Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Example 2: 语篇的 启承转合 Example 2: 语篇的 启承转合 引言段 （启和承：开启命题，提供支持） Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life.   拓展段 （转：提出问题） However, our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed.   结论段 （合：综合归纳？） Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. 引言段 （启和承：开启命题，提供支持） Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life.   拓展段 （转：提出问题） However, our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed.   结论段 （合：综合归纳？） Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Example 2: 语篇的 启承转合 引言段 （启和承：开启命题，提供支持） Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life.   拓展段 （转：提出问题） However, our environment is faced with many dangers . It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed.   结论段 （合：综合归纳？） Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Example 2: 语篇的 启承转合 引言段 （启和承） Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life.   拓展段 （问题） However, our environment is faced with many dangers . It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed.   结论段 （对策） Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Example 2: 语篇的 启承转合 做好 文本解读是 评判性阅读 的 基础 以下语篇解构分析部分由高歌补充扩展 第 41 页 — 第 122 页 Structure of a building Structure of a building How to plan it? Backpacking What’s it good for? Who & why? What & why? Where to Stay & why? What’re in a pack? Burgess Shale has modern animals, some unassignable or extinct Tommotian leaves no modern animals descendants Ediacara’s weren’t modern animal ancestors Cambrian explosion: rapid origin and diversification of animals Questions & search for answers Evolution isn’t always slow due to environment Soft bodied animals were fossilized Basic Story Elements Story The Result The Problem Story Setting The Solution Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However , our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover , trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measure s must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover , people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally , new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However , our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover , trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measure s must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover , people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally , new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. The importance of the environment The problems with the environment Solutions to the environmental problems Raise interest Cause analysis The first effect The second effect What we have and need to do More evidence Structure of this reading The setting of the story The first problem and the solutions The second set of problems and their solutions The result of the story Father's Hands Father's Love Nimble Thread Mend Trim Tie Play Strong & useful Make Work Can talk & understand Touch Mend Understand Perfect Take Warm Wrap Pat Build Pale & warm Tremble Reach Touch Stop Wipe Endearing Beautiful Strong How can I become a good chef? 2. Practice actively. 1. Watch cooking shows. 3. Review and practice again. Follow the steps to become a good chef. Body Topic Conclusion ● Pay close attention to each steps. ● Take notes while watching. ● Make weekly meal plans. ● Cook at least one meal a day. ● Ask people to taste my food. ● Take notes of their opinions. ● …… ● …… ● Improve and practice again. It’s not necessary to be the same. Difference 2 Difference 1 Difference 3 Body Topic Conclusion It’s good to be different . Larry can help me play tennis . I can help Larry with his study . For example, Larry Larry is taller and more outgoing than me. Larry plays tennis better so he always wins. Larry is less hardworking and I get better grades. Huang Lei Larry & Huang Lei Subtopic 1. Subtopic 2. Subtopic 3. Subtopic 4. ● Supporing detail 1 ● Supporting detail 2 with an example ● supporting detail 3 ● Supporing detail 4 with an example ● Supporting detail 1 ● Supporting detail 2 ● Supporting detail 1 ● Supporting detail 2 with an example ● Supporting detail 3 with an example ● Supporting detail 1 ● Supporing detail 2 ● Supporting detail 3 Topic Conclusion ● Supporting detail 3 Topic Body Example 1. + Reason Example 2. + Reason Transition 过渡 Para 1. Statement Children are very busy with after-school classes. Para 2. Example 1 1st American example : Cathy’s children Example Reason Result Para 3. Example 2 2nd American example: Linda’s opinions Example Reason Opinions Para 4. Example 3 3rd American example: Alice’s opinions Opinion 1. Opinion 2. Opinion 3. The three examples are all quotes 引用 . Quotes CAN be used to support the argument, but they are NOT very reliable 可靠的 . For example: I have a headache. Think: How can I make my argument more convincing 令人信服的 ? We don’t believe someone just because he/she says so. What do No.5 high school students do in their free time? Conclusion The best way to relax is through exercise; Start exercising before it’s too late! Opening What survey did we do last month? What are the questions about? The result on Exercise 15%... every day...; 20%... 1-3 times a week...; 20%... no exercise at all...; 45%... 4-6 times a week... The result on use of the Internet 10%... 3 or 4 times a week...; 90%... every day... ; The result on watching TV 13%... 4-6times a week...; 2%... 1-3times a week...; 87%... everyday.. . Jane's Second Day in Malaysia Arriving at the top Got wet and cold Couldn't see anything below the hill No enough money, only got one bowl of food Getting to the top Raining Walked up vs took the train Waited for an hour to take the train Jane's First Day in Malaysia For lunch What was for lunch? How did they like it? In the afternoon What did they see in Georgetown? How did I enjoy it? In the morning Where and why What did they do? How did I feel? How did I like it? Man is closely related to the environment. （启） Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. （承） Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. （承） Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. （承） So a good environment is essential to man’s life. （合） Example 1: 语篇的 启承转合 Example 1 ： 段落中 句子间的内在关系 Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. Example 1 ： 段落中 句子间的内在关系 Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. Example 1 ： 段落中 句子间的内在关系 Common transition words 时间顺序 first, later, next, then, finally 举例说明 for example, for instance, such as 列 举 first, second, last, another, next 并 列 also, in addition, and, further, besides even ， 对 照 but, however, on the other hand, yet, in contrast, otherwise, 比 较 similarly, likewise, also, like 因果关系 because, thus, therefore, since, hence, consequently, 条件与结果 if… then…; if… therefore… Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. Example 1 ： 段落中 句子间的内在关系 Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. Example 1 ： 段落中 句子间的内在关系 Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. Example 1 ： 段落中 句子间的内在关系 Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. Example 1 ： 段落中 句子间的内在关系 Example 2 ： 语篇的 启承转合 引言段 （启和承） Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life.   拓展段 （转） However, our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed.   结论段 （合） Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Example 2 ： 语篇的启承转合 Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However, our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However, our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Example 2 ： 语篇的启承转合 Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However, our environment is faced with many dangers . It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Example 2 ： 语篇的启承转合 Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However, our environment is faced with many dangers . It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Example 2 ： 语篇的启承转合 Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However, our environment is faced with many dangers . It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Example 2 ： 语篇的启承转合 Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However, our environment is faced with many dangers . It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Example 2 ： 语篇的启承转合 However, our environment is faced with many dangers . It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Example 2 ： 语篇的启承转合 However, our environment is faced with many dangers . It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Example 2 ： 语篇的启承转合 However, our environment is faced with many dangers . It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Example 2 ： 语篇的启承转合 However, our environment is faced with many danger s. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Example 2 ： 语篇的启承转合 However, our environment is faced with many danger s. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Example 2 ： 语篇的启承转合 However, our environment is faced with many danger s. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover , trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Example 2 ： 语篇的启承转合 However , our environment is faced with many danger s. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover , trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. However , our environment is faced with many danger s. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover , trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Example 1 ： 段落中 句子间的内在关系 Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However , our environment is faced with many danger s. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover , trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Example 1 ： 段落中句子间的内在关系 Man is closely related to the environment . Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However , our environment is faced with many danger s. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover , trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings . So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However , our environment is faced with many danger s. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth . The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Effective measure s must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Effective measure s must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Effective measure s must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover , people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally , new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Effective measure s must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover , people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally , new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However , our environment is faced with many danger s . It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover , trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measure s must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover , people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally , new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However , our environment is faced with many danger s . It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measure s must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However , our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover , trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measure s must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover , people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally , new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. The importance of the environment The problems with the environment Solutions to the environmental problems Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However , our environment is faced with many danger s . It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover , trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measure s must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover , people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally , new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Example 1 ： 段落的启承转合 Man is closely related to the environment. （ 启） Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. （承） Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. （承） Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. （承） So a good environment is essential to man’s life. （合） Example 1 ： 段落中句子间的内在关系 Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. Example 2 ： 语篇的启承转合 引言段 （启和承） Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life.   拓展段 （转） However, our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed.   结论段 （合） Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However , our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover , trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measure s must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover , people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally , new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. The importance of the environment The problems with the environment Solutions to the environmental problems Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However , our environment is faced with many danger s. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover , trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measure s must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover , people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally , new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Example 2 ： 语篇的启承转合 引言段 （启和承） Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life.   拓展段 （转） However, our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed.   结论段 （合） Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However , our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover , trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measure s must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover , people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally , new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. The importance of the environment The problem s with the environment Solution s to the environmental problems Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life. However , our environment is faced with many danger s . It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover , trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed. Effective measure s must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover , people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally , new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Reading is like dismantling an ox Not only do we see the ox but its muscles 以下部分是高歌的第二次扩展 第 82 页 — 第 102 页 Why should we do exercise? Reason 1 Reason 2 Reason 4 Reason 3 Why should we do exercise? Reason 1 a) b) Reason 2 a) b) Reason 4 a) b) Reason 3 a) b) Why should we do exercise? Reason 1 a) b) Reason 2 a) b) Reason 4 a) b) Reason 3 a) b) Why should we do exercise? Reason 1 a) b) Reason 2 a) b) Reason 4 a) b) Reason 3 a) b) Why should we do exercise? Reason 1 a) b) Reason 2 a) b) Reason 4 a) b) Reason 3 a) b) Why should we do exercise? Reason 1 a) b) Reason 2 a) b) Reason 4 a) b) Reason 3 a) b) Why should we do exercise? Reason 1 a) b) Reason 2 a) b) Reason 4 a) b) Reason 3 a) b) Why should we do exercise? Reason 1 a) b) Reason 2 a) b) Reason 4 a) b) Reason 3 a) b) Why should we do exercise? Reason 1 a) b) Reason 2 a) b) Reason 4 a) b) Reason 3 a) b) 高中英语评判性阅读教学 基于未来发展视域的英语教学 施丽华 宁波效实中学 施丽华：阅读的三个层面 Literal comprehension ( 字面理解层 ) Inferential comprehension ( 推断性理解层 ) Evaluative comprehension ( 评价性理解层 ) Read in the lines. Read between the lines. Read beyond the lines. 施丽华：阅读教学应培养两种能力 1 ）理解力； 2 ）鉴赏力。 阅读教学 不能只 满足于一般的理解， 而应 引导学生深入挖掘课文深层次的含义， 引导学生对文本进行 质疑、分析、推敲、筛选、欣赏和评价 。 鉴于英语教育的多元目标，英语学习涉及一个工具性知识学习和人文情感价值观培养的过程。 因此，阅读教学应培养两种能力 ： 1 ）理解力； 2 ）鉴赏力。 阅读教学不能只满足于一般的理解，而应引导学生深入挖掘课文深层次的含义。引导学生对文本进行 质疑、分析、推敲、筛选、欣赏和评价 。 二、英语教育的核心价值 1. 社会文化目标。人们习惯认为英语只是交流的工具，没有从更广泛的社会、政治等方面去分析问题。英语教育作为基础教育的主要学科之一， 其目的之一是帮助学生构成一种认识社会、世界和各种文化的方式，也即 世界观 。 外语教学应该培养学生具有一种开放的心态、包容的态度。既不是狭隘的民族主义，也不是盲目的崇洋媚外， 而是积极地吸收各种有益的社会 文化价值观 ， 同时又能以批判的眼光分析本族文化和其他文化，改造本身不适合时代的文化传统和理念 （龚亚夫） 。 阅读活动是读者借助语篇与作者产生共鸣的过程，在共鸣中读者的情感得到愉悦的净化。 如：励志型故事的阅读。 “ 小故事，大道理”一类的记叙文，读罢往往令人惊喜，产生移情，会使读者品出“真、善、美”的优秀品质，给读者以激励和启迪。挖掘它所要表现的哲理 . 演讲类文章的阅读。著名演说家身上都会折射出一种精神，给人一种能够摧垮一切的积极向上的力量。 2. 认知思维目标。 语言教育不仅有教会学生交流，还有培养思维能力的功能和任务，特别是用另一种语言思维的作用，是培养学生思维能力、评判性能力、创造性能力的重要途径。 思维能力不局限于学习策略。思维能力包括学生评判性思维的能力。学生通过英语学习另一种思维方式，是提高他们的思维缜密性、语言表达的准确性和评判性、创新思维能力的重要途径。 Bloom 的教育目标分类表没有过时，仍然是认知和思维参照的主要依据（ 知识、领会、运用、分析、综合、评价 ）。 3. 语言交流目标。 “ 我们究竟要学习者交流什么？”（ Ellis,2003) 1 ）重构交流目标和内容 —— 话题应涉及学生的实际生活、学习、家庭、社会中的问题，学生学会用英语从不同角度表达自己的想法，能解释自己的文化特征和个人信念，言之有物。 2 ）重构文化对象与文化规范。既然英语已作为一种通用语言，不应以某个国家的文化规范作为标准，我们交流的对象是各国的英语使用者，我们应“ 用他们的语言，表达我们的意义 ”。 3 ）重构知识体系和评价标准。 三、文本解读和评判性阅读 教师应当通过文本解读，赋予教材新的生命，使阅读教学立体化，多元化、综合化，从而更好地培养学生的语言综合运用能力。 对文本的多视角解读是专业化的阅读行为，它以最大程度发掘文本的教学价值为目的，是有效阅读和有效阅读教学的基础。 没有了对文本的深度思考和精准解读，就没有了课的个性，也失去了教师的个性，评判性阅读更是无从谈起。因此，做好文本解读是评判性阅读的基础。 鉴于英语教育的多元目标，英语学习涉及一个工具性知识学习和人文情感价值观培养的过程。 因此，阅读教学应培养两种能力 ： 1 ）理解力； 2 ）鉴赏力。 阅读教学不能只满足于一般的理解，而应引导学生深入挖掘课文深层次的含义。引导学生对文本进行 质疑、分析、推敲、筛选、欣赏和评价 。 理解什么？ 背景、内容、主旨； 语篇的行文特点； 逻辑关系； 词汇和语言； 体裁及其语体特点； 深层含义 现实意义 作者意图、观点和态度 理解什么？ 背景、内容、主旨； 语篇的行文特点； 逻辑关系； 词汇和语言； 体裁及其语体特点； 深层含义 现实意义 作者意图、观点和态度 理解什么？ 背景、内容、主旨； 语篇的行文特点； 逻辑关系； 词汇和语言； 体裁及其语体特点； 深层含义 现实意义 作者意图、观点和态度 鉴赏什么？ 语言美 ---- 语言的赏析和品味 人性美 ---- 价值观的渗透 文化美 ---- 跨文化的异同美 鉴赏阅读是在充分了解语篇思想内容的基础上 , 进一步对语篇的表现技巧、语言风格等方面进行欣赏和评判 , 通过阅读 , 力求达到情感共鸣（产生共情）和理智领悟的认识高度 , 逐步培养和提高审美能力。鉴赏能力是阅读能力的最高层次，属于创造思维；鉴赏过程是受到美感教育的过程；鉴赏的核心是审美。 “ 三层丰满的汤汤童话 ” —— 刘绪源 读汤汤童话，常有一种不易说清而更难说尽的好玩的趣味，只觉得那么特别，那么灵动，心被牵扯着。读完还不能平静，而又分明感到了充实与美。细细想来，这里有三个层次，每一层都是抓人和迷人的。 一是表层，即生动的、充满童趣的、每每与众不同的叙述层。二是与现实对应的层面，即故事中的许多意向非常巧妙地让人感到自己也是熟悉这一切的，自己也与这奇异故事有关，这是她的童话让人觉得沉甸甸的最关键之处。三是人生意味与生命价值的层面，从她的作品中，常能生出一些与永恒价值相通的东西。 阅读的三个层面 1) 字面理解层（ literal comprehension ) 2) 推断性理解层 ( inferential comprehension ) 3) 评价性理解层 ( evaluative comprehension ) Read the lines. Read between the lines. Read beyond the lines. 核心目标 1 ）语言输入 2 ）认知策略和思维能力的培养 3 ）跨文化交际意识的养成 4 ）文本的语体特色分析 5 ）作者谋篇布局特点分析 6 ）文本的现实意义分析 文本解读的视角 话题 语言知识 阅读技巧和写作技巧 文体特色分析 (genre) 文本结构分析 (structure analysis) 语篇分析 (discourse analysis) 鉴赏评价文本 文化意识 、 情感态度 和价值观 侧重语言知识的解读指 确定 围绕话题的 核心词汇、典型句型和重要语法现象 。 注重体裁分析能够帮助学生掌握不同文体的阅读方法，掌握相对稳定的可以借鉴的体裁模式，增强其理解文本的信心。 关注阅读技巧。 Grellet 指出，高效的阅读者应抓住文章大意，从整体角度理解文章，并 遵循如下阅读步骤 ：浏览文章的编排，包括标题、篇章、插图和字体等；根据已知知识预测文章内容及体裁；浏览全文；确认或修改猜测；进一步预测；再次阅读以获取细节内容。 结构分析要素 底层结构 ---- 语篇基本框架 + 扩展框架 旨在培养学生语篇结构知识和识别句子功能的能力，培养学生的阅读技能，掌握良好的阅读方法。从而对写作技能起到正迁移作用。 语篇分析要素 核心元素：文本的启承转合和粘合度， 观察不同的语篇承接语的用法等 结构分析要素 底层结构 ---- 语篇基本框架 + 扩展框架 旨在培养学生语篇结构知识和识别句子功能的能力，培养学生的阅读技能，掌握良好的阅读方法。从而对写作技能起到正迁移作用。 语篇分析要素 核心元素：文本的启承转合和粘合度， 观察不同的语篇承接语的用法等 Example1 ：段落的启承转合 Man is closely related to the environment. （启） Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. （承） Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. （承） Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. （承） So a good environment is essential to man’s life. （合） Example:2 ：语篇的启承转合 引言段（启和承） Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life.   拓展段（转） However, our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed.   结论段（合） Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. Example:2 ：语篇的启承转合 引言段（启和承） Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldn’t get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to man’s life.   拓展段（转） However, our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is being destroyed.   结论段（合） Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in. 四、评判性阅读的涵义 评判性阅读是指在“阅读中评价、推断并根据事实论据得出结论”（ Carr,1988) 评判性阅读是对文本的高层次理解，它包括释义和评价的技能，可以使读者分辨重要和非重要信息，把事实和观点区分开，并且确定作者的目的和语气。同时，要通过逻辑推导出言外之意，填补信息上的空白，得出符合逻辑的结论。（ Pirozzi,2003) 评判性阅读是在认知、理解、记忆文本信息的基础上，对文本的作者和内容进行 分析，质疑、辨别、推敲、筛选和评价（鉴赏） ，挖掘文本的隐含意义或寓意，了解文本遣词造句和谋篇布局等方面的技巧，关注作者观点、情感态度和写作意图等，从而达到对文本的深层次理解。 评判性阅读能培养学生的开放性、多角度评判性思维能力，形成良好的阅读习惯。 评判性阅读是一种积极的个性化阅读，它注重读者在阅读过程中的主体参与，独立探究、反思质疑，分析与评价，而不是单纯、被动地接受信息。 评判性阅读不等于读后活动。评判性阅读是一种阅读教学理念，是一种阅读思维方式。读后活动只是评判性阅读过程的一部分，可能是更为具有挑战性的部分。 五、评判性阅读的策略 评判性阅读的策略包括 ： 1 ） 预览 --- 熟悉了解文章内容、写作意图和文章框架结构 ; 2 ） 预测 --- 对文章可能会讨论的问题进行预测； 3 ） 评注 --- 标出重点词和词组、主题句、重要信息、不理解的内容等；在文章空白处写下生词释义、关键词、问题、疑惑及评价 ; 4 ） 概括 --- 用简洁的语言概括文本主题和概要 ; 5 ） 提问 ---- 鼓励学生在阅读过程中提出问题， 教师的设问要精心设计； 6 ） 分析 --- 根据文本信息进行有根据的分析、辨别、推理和判断， 对构成语篇思想内容上的词语和句子进行赏析，使理解升华 ; 7 ） 评价（鉴赏） --- 评价可以是质疑反对，可以是赞同欣赏；也可以是拓展延伸；也可以是对比。 问题的设置 多层次、多角度、有思维含量的问题设置是评判性阅读教学的重要特征 能引导学生走进作者心灵的问题设置很重要，它们是一条线，既呈现文本的脉络，又能体现教师本人对文本解读的深度和广度。先有教师对文本的到位解读才有学生的思维发展。它们不仅能帮助学生养成良好的阅读习惯，也是培养学生批判性思维的途径之一。 2021/2/12 问题的类型 Questions of literal comprehension （展示性） Questions involving reorganization or reinterpretation （文本重组、深入理解） Questions of inference （参阅性问题） Questions of evaluation （评估性问题） Questions of personal response （个体回答） Questions concerned with how writers say about what they mean （作者意图） 登山式阅读 ◆ 登山：横看成岭侧成峰 ( 不同角度、不同解读） 远景、近景、特写、鸟瞰、品味 远景 ---- 主题、结构（如需要：作者、背景） 近景 ---- 底层框架和拓展框架 特写 ---- 细节（表现手法、语言、质疑） 鸟瞰 ---- 分析 、评价、欣赏 品味 ---- 观点态度、写作手法（评价批判） 六、评判性阅读的具体做法 对文章标题的预测和探究 对文本内容的提问、质疑和评价 对文本信息的推理和判断 对人物的评价和赏析 对作者观点态度、写作手法的评价 对文本语言的鉴赏和评价 对文本结构的分析鉴赏、对语篇的赏析 跨文化意识的培养 1. 对文章标题的预测和探究 例 3 ： A night that the earth didn’t sleep T: Before we read the text, let’s focus on the title. When do you think that the earth didn’t sleep? Ss: … T: Let’s look at the title again. Here are another three titles. Compare them and tell the class which one is the best and why? The Tangshan Earthquake A Terrible Night / Disaster A Night That The Earth Didn’t Sleep All Hope Was Not Lost What is your understanding of the title “A student of African wildlife”? (M4 Unit 1) A pioneer for all people (M4 Unit2) First Impressions (M5 Unit3) 2. 对文本内容的提问、质疑和评价 例 4 ： Come and eat here T: What do you think of the food served in the two restaurants? Which one would you choose to eat? T: Wang Peng followed his friend Lao Li to Yong Hui’s restaurant and found her menu was limited. Do you think what Wang Peng did was right and understandable? Was he a business spy? If you were Wang Peng, would you do the same? M7Unit 3 Under the sea --- Para. Two T: What was his impression of the corals under the sea? colorful diverse vivid fantastic Para. Three T: How many sea creatures did he mention in this paragraph? How did he find them? Ss: … lovely, cute Para. Four Other creatures : An eel: strong sharp teeth, with its head showing from a hole, watching for… The giant clam: half-buried in some coral waiting for… between its thick green lips Grey reef sharks: suddenly appeared from behind some coral. dangerous Why : Tricky; deceitful; without being noticed 3. 对文本信息的推理和判断 例 1 ： Anne’s diary T: When was the diary written? What do you think this period of time meant to Anne and her family? And why? T: In her diary, Anne described the surroundings vividly in detail. Could you find out all the words or expressions in terms of the “description of the surroundings” in the diary? T: Please divide these words or expressions in two catalogues and tell your reasons. T: How did she feel when she was writing this diary? With a partner brainstorm 5 adjectives to describe her feelings and give the right clues from the text. Ss: feelings clues sad Sadly, I am only able… scared helpless eager excited 例 2 ： Life in the future T: How do you know the future city is crowded and lacking in fresh air? Ss: market, hurried...through, house Air quality Houses Religion Clothing Time travel Transport Towns Eating CHANGES Air quality Houses Time travel Transport Towns Find out the changes Li has mentioned Good changes or Bad changes? Good changes Bad changes Time travel Tran-sport Houses Towns Air quality Can travel to different times as you wish After-effects of travel / time lag Can move swiftly Disorganized; difficult to find a way Save living space Short of space Busy; look like markets Easy to get lost Own family oxygen supply Poor quality in public places Any other changes? Before the journey During the journey: After the journey: worried unsettled nervous uncertain a bit excited 1. relaxed; a bit curious and thrilled; 2. confused; a bit disappointed; 3. exhausted pessimistic or optimistic? change of feelings 4. 对人物的评价和赏析 例 5 ： Satisfaction guaranteed ( M7 Unit 2) Great scientists (M5 Unit 1) T: Get the students to read the text again and discuss the personality of the hero and the heroine. T: What spirit can we find in John Snow? As a student, what should we learn from him? 5. 对文本语言的鉴赏和评价 例 6 ： Satisfaction guaranteed What is Claire’s attitude towards Tony? 1. How did Claire feel when Tony came to her house? 2. When did she begin to trust Tony? 3. When probably did she fall in love with him? Any evidence? 1. When Claire got home, she wept with anger in her armchair. 2. … she felt the warmth of his body. She screamed, pushed him away and ran to her room for the rest of the day. 3. …,Tony folded his arms around her, bending his face close to hers. She cried out “Tony” and then … 4. She shouted “Leave me alone” and ran to her bed. She cried all night. 5. … 例 7 ： A night that the earth didn’t sleep 1) Strange things in para. 1 The water in wells rose and fell The water pipes cracked and burst A smelly gas came out of the cracks Mice ran out of the fields Fish jump out of their bowls and ponds 2) Description of the destruction Thousands of families were killed. Two thirds of the people were dead or injured. Many children were left without parents. Hospitals, factories and buildings were gone. The suffering of the people was extreme. A large city was in ruins. The world was at an end. 3) The way the writer used to make the description more convincing. ( figures ) 75% of its buildings were gone; 90% of its homes were destroyed; 1/3 of the nation can feel the earthquake; 2/3 of the people died or injured; Tens of thousands of cows would never give milk; Thousands of the families were killed. The whole picture The city was gone ----completely destroyed. business factories hotels palaces All the ways / facilities were gone. Big fires everywhere, no stopping. Rhetorical devices An even closer look people quiet busy no crowds no shouts no crazy things no crying not excited left for safety put … into wagons helped one another climbed the high hills 6. 对作者观点态度、写作手法的评价 例 8 ： Global Warming The Story Of An Eyewitness A Healthy Life Main ideas of each part Writing techniques ( Paragraph 1 ) Introduce the issue of global warming. Giving a statement 每段的写作技巧 （ Global Warming ） Main ideas of each part Writing techniques (Paragraphs 2---4) Illustrate how global warming comes about （ causes). Giving examples. Using graphs. Explanation. (Paragraph 5 ) List two different attitudes among scientists towards global warming (effects). Giving examples. Making contrast. (Paragraph 6 ) It's up to readers to think and decide whether people should do something about global warming or not. Using a question, leaving readers to think over the issue. 作者观点和态度（ Global Warming ） 1. What is Sophie Armstrong’s attitude towards Global Warming when she wrote the report? A. Pessimistic. B. Optimistic. C. Neutral. D. Worried. C 2. In what way did Sophie express her point of view in the article? A. Objective. B. Subjective. C. Supportive. D. Critical. A The Story Of An Eyewitness Discussion In what ways does the author describe the terrible scene he witnessed? The use of the words “never, nothing” . The repetition of the word “gone”. The use of some parallel sentences. He uses “contrast” to good effect. He also uses “exaggeration” . Why? To build up tension. To show his great shock and sadness. To express his sympathy for the victims of the disaster. So his description of the disaster is both factual and literary. It is an emotive description ,and it produces a strong impression on us. A Healthy Life Is grandad’s letter persuasive or not? Give evidence from the passage. Critical thinking personal experience A persuasive letter of advice professional information (expertise) empathy ( 共情 ) To analyze your intended reader 2021/2/12 7. 对文本结构（文体）的鉴赏 例 9: Global Warming （ M6 Unit 4 ) M6 Unit 4 Global warming Topic sentence----Para. 1 Causes ---- Para. 2-4 Effects ----Para.5 Open-ended question for us to think about the problem. 主题句 过渡句 例一 例二 过渡句 观点一 观点二 过渡句 结尾（开放式） 结构框架示意图 例 10 ： Body language An example + comment 8. 对语篇的赏析 例 11 ： Astronomy A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe The formation of the earth The importance of water for life The development of plants and animals on the earth The arrival of humans and their impact on the earth Para.1: Para. 2: Para. 3: Para. 4 : Para. 5 : The main idea for each paragraph. Reading Two points discussed The formation of the earth. The development of the environment. The evolution of life on the earth. The essential conditions for life development. is fundamental to... The text can be divided into Part one : The formation of the earth. Part two : The evolution of life. Life in the water Life on the land Writing style : Order of writing : Organization two parts C hronological (in time order) expository 9. 跨文化意识的培养 例 12 ： Theme park Body language Find out the main idea of each paragraph . There are various kinds of theme parks, with a different theme for almost everything. Para. 1 Disneyland — the fantasy amusement park Para. 2 Para. 3 Para. 4 Dollywood — the traditional culture park England’s Camelot Park — the history theme park Why are these three parks chosen? familiar ; magical ; fantasy unique ; traditional; historical ancient ; mysterious; fantasy 2021/2/12 完整教学案例 M5 Unit 5 First Aid 俞灏明 She will get bad burns. Predict: What is the text about? First Aid Find out the main idea of each part: Part 1. Part 2. Part 3. Part 4 Part 5 The functions of the skin Causes of burns Types of burns Characteristics / symptoms of burns First aid treatment Causes of burns hot liquids steam fire overexposure to the sun chemicals electricity H 2 SO 4 radiation Our skin is always at the risk of getting burned. Protect you against _________, _________ and _______________________; 2) Keep you ________ or ________; 3) Prevent you from ______________; 4) Give you _____________. losing water sense of touch warm cool diseases poisons the sun’s harmful rays The functions of skin: essential barrier the top layer the second layer the third layer tissue under the skin There are ______ layers of skin. three Types of burns: First degree burns Second degree burns Third degree burns ● affect only the top layer of the skin ● feel better within a day or two ● affect both the top and the second layer of skin ● take a few weeks to heal ● affect all three layers of skin and any tissue and organs ● must go to hospital at once mild serious severe B A C blisters and watery surface mildly swollen Tissue under them often can be seen. Characteristics of burns: first degree burn second degree burn third degree burn 1. ________ clothing and jewelry near the burns. 2. ______ the burns with cool water. 3. ______ cool, clean wet cloths on the burns. 4. ______ the burned area gently. 5. ______ the burned area with a dry clean bandage. 6. ______ the burned area ______ than the heart, if possible. 7. ______ the victim ____ the doctor or hospital, if possible. First aid treatment: (dos) Take off Cool Place Dry Cover Keep higher Get to Don’ts Do not ____ cold water on third degree burns. Do not ____. Never____ butter, oil or ointment on burns. put rub put What have we learned from each part of the passage? We should protect our skin Keep away from causes of burns. Judge burns accordingly before we apply first aid. Perform first aid for burns correctly. Remember: Prevention is better than cure. Discussion What are the features of the passage? Expository writing for quick reference Title and subtitle s 3) Ellipsis is used in giving instructions. 4) In note form 5) The language is brief and clear . 6) Some parts are numbered in order to make readers better understand the stages of giving first aid. The purpose of the passage: To introduce and educate. 俞灏明 Help him to make a poster or a pamphlet to arouse people’s awareness of the importance of first aid for burns. Homework Why should we do exercise? Reason 1 Reason 3 Reason 2 Reason 4 Why should we do exercise? Reason 1 Reason 3 Reason 2 Reason 4 2021/2/12