高考英语简明语法手册：Grammar8：倒装和构词法

高考英语简明语法手册：Grammar8：倒装和构词法

Grammar 8：倒装和构词法 倒装（inversion）‎ 指句子的主语与谓语位置颠倒，有两种情况：全部倒装和部分倒装。‎ ‎1) 全部倒装（full inversion）：指句子的谓语完全置于主语前。可分为下列情况：‎ a． 句首为方位词in，out，away，off，down，up等，谓语动词为go，come等表示位置转移的动态动词。‎ e．g．Off flew the birds.‎ ‎ In came the old man.‎ ‎ Out rushed the children from the classroom.‎ ‎ Up went the rocket into the sky.‎ b． 句首为here，there，now，then，hence等词，谓语动词为be，go，come，fall，lie，stand等的一般现在/过去时。‎ e．g．Here is the book you want.‎ ‎ There goes the bell.‎ ‎ Now comes your turn.‎ ‎ Then came the order to take off.‎ ‎ Hence began the story.‎ ‎ There stood a tall tree in the plain.‎ 但上述两种情况在主语为代词时不倒装。‎ e．g．Here you are.‎ ‎ There it is.‎ ‎ He came in.‎ ‎2) 部分倒装（partial inversion）指将谓语的一部分放在主语前。有下列情况：‎ a． 否定词或带有否定意义的词或词组放在句首时。常见的有never, little, hardly, neither/ nor, rarely, seldom, in no way, by no means, no sooner…than… 等。‎ e．g．Nowhere was the lost car to be found.‎ ‎ No sooner had I left the room than he came.‎ ‎ Not until quite recently did I know what had happened. ‎ b． only所修饰的状语放在句首时。‎ e．g．Only when I visited her did I realize how ill she was.‎ ‎ Only by this means can you start to make progress.‎ ‎ Only standing in this land on your own can you understand the secret of civilization. ‎ a． 频度状语、方式状语、地点状语和程度状语放在句首时。‎ e．g．Often had I intended to speak of it.‎ ‎ Seated on the ground were a group of musicians.‎ ‎ Happy are those who are contented.‎ ‎ In this way will you conquer all the difficulties in the world.‎ ‎3) 其他情况的倒装。‎ ‎ a.如果前面句子所说的情况也适合后面的句子，且为肯定句，用so代替。‎ e．g．They can leave now, so can we.‎ ‎ I had a nice time. So did my sister.‎ ‎ 但若指的是同一主语的动作，表示对说话内容的肯定，则不倒装。‎ e．g．---She is pretty.‎ ‎ ---So she is.‎ ‎ ---He will go on holiday.‎ ‎ ---So he will.‎ ‎ b.由as/ though引起的倒装，结构为adj./adv./v./n. + as+ 主语+谓语。‎ e．g．Young as/ though she is, she has seen much of the world.‎ ‎ Try as/ though I might, I could not bring him round.‎ ‎ Fast as/ though he runs, he can’t keep up with her.‎ ‎ Child as/ though she is, she is courageous. ‎ 1． 构词法（word formation）‎ 词的构成方式有三种：合成、转化和派生。‎ 1） 合成(compounding)指两个或以上的词合成一个词，有的中间用连字符“-”。‎ e．g．blackboard schoolyard toothbrush footprint everywhere maybe ‎ man-made blue-eyed worn-out up-to-date passer-by ‎ oilwell reading-room warm-hearted cell phone horse riding ‎ 2） 转化(conversion)指词性发生变化。‎ e．g．It snows.‎ ‎ The food tastes good.‎ ‎ He is watering the flowers.‎ ‎ Let’s hand in the papers.‎ ‎ She cleans the room every day.‎ ‎3）派生（derivation）指有词根加上前缀或后缀构成一个新词。‎ a.前缀(prefix)。‎ ‎ dis- disagree disappear dislike ‎ un- unfair untie unlimited ‎ in- incomplete incorrect ‎ im- impossible impatient ‎ non- non-stop non-reader non-smoker ‎ mis- mislead misunderstanding ‎ re- rewrite recycle ‎ en- enable enrich endanger ‎ tele- tele[phone telecom ‎ b.后缀(suffix)。‎ ‎ -able acceptable suitable ‎ -an Asian African musician ‎ -er farmer writer ‎ -ese Chinese Japanese ‎ -ess waitress hostess ‎ -fist pianist scientist ‎ -ism materialism socialism ‎ -ment equipment development ‎ -ness illness happiness ‎ -tion translation collection ‎ -ship friendship scholarship ‎ -en deepen shorten ‎ -al national natural ‎-ly friendly quickly ‎ -ward(s) upward(s) toward(s)‎ Exercises.‎ 1. Turn the following sentences into inversion.‎ 1) The boy ran away.‎ 2) The chance comes now at last.‎ 3) An old tree lay on the ground.‎ 4) A girl sat beside the window.‎ 5) The children are going upstairs and downstairs all day.‎ 6) The American antelope, or prohorn is typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent.‎ 7) Two plates, one made of clear glass and the other of ground glass, are at the far end of kaleidoscope.‎ 8) We have tried that test many a time.‎ 9) The burglar jumped down from the fifth floor when the police broke into the room.‎ 10) He can fulfill the task ahead of the schedule, however busy he is. (rewrite it with as)‎ 11) We won’t be able to improve the situation until we know more .‎ 12) ‎ We can save the earth only by changing the way we live.‎ 13) ‎ If I had known the air conditioners caused so much pollution, I would never have bough one.‎ 14) Developing countries cannot prosper without international cooperation, and sustainable development won’t be possible.‎ 15) The UN is not only a place to talk about problems but also a place to find out solutions to problems.‎ 16) ‎ Peter is not lazy; his sisters are not lazy, either.‎ 17) ‎ They have not been punished; Lily has not been punished, either.‎ 18) Freshmen are permitted to take make-up tests only under special circumstances.‎ 19) ‎ The windows are so small that they don’t admit much light at all.‎ 20) ‎ He worries so much about his lessons that he can’t fall asleep at night.‎ 21) ‎ If she were to leave right now, she would get there on Sunday.‎ 22) ‎ Lucy reads the story twice; John reads it twice, too.‎ 1) ‎ Contributions to computer technology are no longer confined to any one country.‎ 2) ‎ If you should get a letter from Greece, give me a call.‎ 3) ‎ You can fulfill the task only when you acquired a good knowledge.‎ 2. ‎1) Combine the words below to form compounds.‎ gas wheel store frame drug key ‎ chair ring room station store work ‎2) Find out what words the bold ones are ,such as nouns, verbs.‎ ‎ a. He said the sweets were very sweet.‎ ‎ b. Use water to water the flowers!‎ ‎ c. When it snows, the earth is covered with snow.‎ d. He tastes the taste of the dish.‎ e. The smell of the cheese smells bad.‎ ‎3. Put the following compounds into different groups based on how they are formed.‎ ‎ part-time schoolyard undersea greenhouse outdoor doorbell workplace ‎ loudspeaker baseball sunglasses halfway teamwork salesgirl best-seller ‎ cupboard second-hand farmland mainland outside upstairs ‎ n.+ n.→ n.‎ ‎ adj.+ n.→ n.‎ ‎ adj.+ n.→ adj.‎ ‎ prep.+ n.→ adj.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎