初中英语讲义 初三语法 五种基本句型讲解和练习

初中英语讲义 初三语法 五种基本句型讲解和练习

‎ 句子成分和五种基本句型 ‎ 一、导入 ‎ ‎ 1‎ ‎ 四只老鼠吹牛。甲：我每天都拿鼠药当糖吃；乙：我一天不踩老鼠夹脚发痒；丙：我每天不过几次大街不踏实；丁：时间不早了，回家抱猫去咯。‎ ‎ 2‎ ‎ 一群蚂蚁爬上了大象的背，但被摇了下来，只有一只蚂蚁死死地抱着大象的脖子不放，下面的蚂蚁大叫：掐死他，掐死他，小样，还他妈反了！‎ ‎ ‎ 二、知识点回顾 ‎ 略 ‎（1）专题讲解 ‎ ‎☆专题1：词类 ‎ 1. 十大词类 ‎ 实词：可以在句子里面充当成分，可以独立出现 ‎ 1.名词 n. 表示人和事物的名称，作主语、宾语等 ‎ 2.代词 pron. 代替名词数词等，作主语、宾语等 ‎ 3.动词 v. 表示动作，做谓语 ‎ 4.形容词 adj. 表示人或事物的特征，作定语、表语，译作“….的”‎ ‎ 5.副词 adv. 表示动作特征或性状特征，修饰动词，形容词或其它副词，做状语，译作“…地”‎ ‎ 6.数词 num. 表示数目或顺序，做主语、宾语、表语、定语等 ‎ 虚词：不能独立出现 ‎ 7.冠词 art. 用在名词前帮助说明其意义，a / an / the ‎ 8.介词 prep. 用在名词，代词等前面，说明它与别的词之间的关系 ‎ 9.连词 conj. 用来连接词与词或句与句 ‎ 10.感叹词 interj. 表示说话时的感情或口气 11----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎☆专题2：句子成分 ‎ 1. 句子成分概述 ‎ 组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分，既:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。‎ ‎ 1.主要成分：主语、谓语（必须有）‎ ‎ 2.特定成分：宾语、表语、补语（在某种特定的句型里面出现）‎ ‎ 3.附加成分：定语、状语（可有可无，可多可少）‎ ‎ 2、句子各种成分的含义理解：‎ ‎1）、主语：句子的主角，一个句子在说或讨论谁（啥），谁（啥）就是主语。主语一般放在句首。‎ ‎ （在“主+谓 +宾”的句型结构中，主语是动作的执行者，宾语是动作的承受者。）‎ ‎ E.g：Tom is a doctor.‎ ‎ My father and my mother are teachers. ‎ ‎ Today is my birthday.‎ ‎ I can see a desk in the room. ‎ ‎ Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. ‎ ‎ Beijing is a good place to visit.‎ ‎2）、谓语：动词作谓语，谓语必须是动词（be/情态/实意动词）。一般放在主语的后面。谓语要跟 ‎ 前面的主语在“人称”和“数”上保持一致，这叫主谓一致。 ‎ ‎ E.g：I am a teacher. ‎ ‎ My parents work in a school. ‎ ‎ You can swim. ‎ ‎ Lucy doesn’t do homework every day ‎ ‎ The apple tastes good. ‎ ‎ He doesn’t like English. ‎ ‎ I can’t join the club.‎ ‎3）、表语：表语对前面的主语起表明、表达、表现、表示的作用。表明了主语的身份、特征或 ‎ 状态。（表语一般为名词或形容词，用于“主+系+表”的结构中。）‎ ‎ E.g：I am Lily. ‎ ‎ I am a teacher. ‎ 11----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎ That sounds interesting. ‎ ‎ We must keep healthy.‎ ‎ My dream is to be a teacher. ‎ ‎ My teacher looks excited. ‎ ‎ 4）、宾语：谓语动作的承受者就是宾语。（在“主+谓 +宾”的句型结构中，主语是动作的执行者，‎ ‎ 宾语是动作的承受者。）‎ ‎ E.g：They sing songs. ‎ ‎ The boy join the swimming club. ‎ ‎ The little dog looked at me. ‎ ‎ I have a book. ‎ ‎ You like playing soccer. ‎ ‎ He is reading a newspaper.‎ ‎ 5）、定语：定语起修饰、形容作用，一般由形容词充当。（还可以由代词、数词充当）‎ ‎ E.g：It’s a beautiful car. ‎ ‎ Beijing is a good place to visit. ‎ ‎ I have two big eyes. ‎ ‎ My father often takes a long walk. ‎ ‎ I have two pens.‎ ‎ The red pen is Tom’s.‎ ‎ 6）、状语：状语也起修饰作用，一般由副词或介词短语充当，在句中表示时间、地点、方式、‎ ‎ 条件、原因、结果、目的等。状语用来修饰动词、形容词。‎ ‎ （注：修饰动词的状语通常放在动词后。He runs quickly. 但有些副词如often, ‎ ‎ always, usually 等作状语时则放在be动词、助动词和情态动词后，实义动词前。）‎ ‎ E.g：He is very tall.‎ ‎ He runs quickly. ‎ ‎ I often go to school at 7:00. ‎ ‎ I often have lunch at school. ‎ ‎ They sing this song in English. ‎ ‎ The teacher smiled in his office.‎ 11----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎ If it rains tomorrow, we’ll stay at home.（条件状语从句） ‎ ‎ We had to stay at home because of the rain.（原因状语从句）‎ ‎ I have to work hard so that I can pass the text.（目的状语从句） ‎ ‎ 7）、宾语补足语：用来补充说明宾语的动作或状态。‎ ‎ E.g：He made the boy laugh.‎ ‎ I found the dog running through our garden. ‎ ‎ We call him Little Tiger ‎ I find learning English difficult.（difficult是形容词做宾补） ‎ ‎ I saw the kite up and down.（up and down是副词做宾补） ‎ ‎ Tom made the girl cry.（cry是动词做宾补） ‎ ‎ 形容词和副词的用法区别:‎ ‎ 形容词作定语修饰名词或代词。‎ ‎ 副词作状语修饰动词或形容词。‎ E.g：1、I like the new book.（形容词作定语）‎ ‎ Lily is a happy girl.（形容词作定语）‎ ‎ 2、He runs quickly.（副词作状语）‎ ‎ Lily learns English happily.（副词作状语） ‎ ‎ 及物动词和不及物动词的区分： ‎ ‎ 及物动词：动词后可以直接涉及、加上一个物（或人）作宾语。‎ ‎ E.g：I play football. ‎ ‎ Mother bought a new bag. ‎ ‎ 不及物动词：动词后不可以直接涉及、加上一个物（或人）作宾语。‎ ‎ E.g：He runs quickly. ‎ ‎ They swim every day.‎ ‎☆专题3：五种基本句型 ‎ 五种基本句型：‎ 11----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎ 英语句子是由主语、谓语（动词）、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等成分组成，按照 这些成分的组合方式的不同，英语句子可分为五种基本句型。其他各种句型都是由这五种基本句型 转换来的。‎ ‎ 五种基本句型 ‎ 汉语 ‎ 英语缩写 ‎1、主语 + 谓语(不及物动词)‎ S + V ‎2、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 S + V + O ‎3、主语 + 谓语（系动词） + 表语 S + V + P ‎4、主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 S + V + INO + DO ‎5、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 S + V + O + OC ‎1）、主语 + 谓语(不及物动词)‎ ‎1、The teacher smiled.‎ ‎2、The boy can swim.‎ ‎3、The sun has risen.‎ ‎4、I don’t know.‎ ‎ 5、The rain has stopped.‎ ‎2）、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 ‎ 1、I love you.‎ ‎ 2、He helps us.‎ ‎ 3、She played the piano .‎ ‎ 4、The students played football.‎ ‎ 5、We study English. ‎ ‎ 6、The children are watching TV.‎ ‎3）、主语 + 谓语（系动词）+ 表语 ‎ （英语中有一类动词叫连系动词，它后面用来说明主语“是什么”、“怎么样”的成分，叫做表语。）‎ ‎ Be动词（am is are was were）‎ ‎ 连系动词 ‎ ‎ 感官动词（look , sound , smell , taste , feel , seem )‎ ‎ 1、My dad is [old.]‎ 11----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎ 2、Your pen is [in the desk].‎ ‎ 3、The house is [ large].‎ ‎ 4、They are [Chinese].‎ ‎ 5、These boxes are [ heavy].‎ ‎ 6、I am [17 years old].‎ ‎ 7、That girl was [me].‎ ‎ 8、You look [sad].‎ ‎ 9、It tastes [good].‎ ‎ （注：系动词be有时翻译成“是”，更多的时候不译出来，受中文影响，翻译成英语时容易丢掉。‎ ‎ 英语句子中必须有动词。丢掉连系动词，就是不完整的句子了。）‎ ‎4）、主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 ‎ 分析下面句子：‎ He gave us some money.‎ 间接宾语（人） 直接宾语（物）‎ I’ll teach you English.‎ 间接宾语（由名词或代词充当）‎ ‎ 双宾语 直接宾语（由名词或从句充当）‎ ‎ 1、I’ll bring you some new books.‎ ‎ 2、He returned me the money .‎ ‎ 3、They sent their son a car.‎ ‎ 4、My uncle bought me a bike (last week).‎ ‎ 5、Mother made me a new shirt (last Sunday).‎ 5） ‎、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 ‎ 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词后只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充 成分来补足宾语,说明情况，才能使意思完整。‎ ‎ 1. They painted the door green. 他们把门刷成绿色。（green，补充说明门的性质）‎ ‎ 2. They found the house big. 他们发现那房子很大。（big，补充说明房子的状态）‎ 11----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎ 3.I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.我看见Mr. Wang上了公交车。‎ ‎ （get on the bus，补充说明Mr. Wang做了何事）‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 从句:‎ ‎ 宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句、（主语从句、表语从句）‎ ‎（注：哪个句子成分不再是简单的单词、短语，而是个完整的句子，它就会是一个相应的从句。‎ ‎ 初中阶段我们主要了解宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句三种从句。）‎ ‎ ‎ （2） 变式练习 ‎ 一、选出句中谓语的中心词.‎ ‎ 1、I don't like the picture on the wall.‎ ‎ A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall ‎ 2、Do you usually go to school by bus?‎ ‎ A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus ‎ 3、There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.‎ ‎ A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon ‎ 4、Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?‎ ‎ A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast ‎ 5、Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.‎ ‎ A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework ‎ 6、Whom did you give my book to?‎ ‎ A. give B. did C. whom D. book ‎ 二、选出下列句中的宾语 ‎1、My brother hasn't done his homework.‎ ‎　　 A B C D ‎2、People all over the world speak English.‎ ‎　 A B C D ‎3、The old man said he was ill.‎ ‎ 　 A B C ‎ 11----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎4、You will find the museum on the left.‎ ‎　 A B C ‎ ‎5、You will find it useful after you leave school.‎ ‎ A B C ‎ ‎6、They didn't know Tom.‎ A B C ‎ 四、 ‎ 巩固练习 一、挑出下列句中的表语 ‎1、The old man was feeling very tired.‎ ‎　　 A B C ‎ ‎2、The leaves have turned yellow.‎ ‎　　 A B C ‎ ‎3、They look beautiful.‎ ‎　　 A B C ‎ ‎4、She was the first one.‎ ‎　　A B C ‎ 二、选出下列句中的定语 ‎1、What is your English name?‎ ‎　　 A B C ‎ ‎2、The man downstairs sleeping.‎ ‎　　 A B C ‎ ‎3、I am waiting for the tall boy. ‎ ‎　 A B C ‎ 4、 The old man is 90 years old.‎ ‎ A B C 三、选出下列句中的宾语补足语 ‎1、He asked her to take the boy out of school.‎ ‎ A B C ‎ ‎2、They call me Lily sometimes.‎ ‎ A B C ‎ ‎3、I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.‎ ‎　 A B C ‎ ‎4、Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground ?‎ ‎ A B C ‎ 四、选出下列句中的状语.‎ ‎ 1、Tom runs fast.‎ ‎ A B C ‎ ‎2、There was a big smile on her face.‎ ‎ A B C ‎ ‎3、Every night he heard the noise .‎ ‎　　 A B C ‎ 11----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎ 4、He began to learn English when he was eleven.‎ ‎ A B C ‎ ‎ 5、She loves the library because she loves books.‎ ‎　 A B C ‎ 五、 拓展训练 一、划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语.‎ ‎ ① Please tell us a story. ‎ ‎ ② My father bought a new bike for me last week.‎ ‎ ③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. ‎ ‎ ④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. ‎ ‎ ⑤ Did he leave any message for me? ‎ 二、写出划线部分的句子成分 ‎ 1. Lily is cleaning the desk now.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 2. Her garden is the best in our town.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 3. Liu Ming is thirteen years old.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 4. I like this book very much.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 5. The girl on the blue bike is Jane’s sister.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 6. She didn’t come to my party because she was ill.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 7. Wang Ping does his homework carefully.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 8. We will go to the Children’s Palace once a week.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 9. They are in the classroom.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 10. It sounds good.‎ 三、分析句子成分（主、谓、宾、定、状、补、宾补）‎ ‎ 1. The pen writes smoothly. ‎ 11----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎ 2. His face is red.‎ ‎ 3. He bought you a dictionary.‎ ‎ 4. He enjoys music. ‎ ‎ 5. I told him that the bus was late.‎ ‎ 6. He showed me his CD.‎ ‎ 7. We saw him out. ‎ ‎ 8. He is tall and strong. ‎ ‎ 当堂过手训练(快练五分钟，稳准建奇功！)‎ 一、判断下列句子的句型并翻译 ‎1.She was short ._______________________________________‎ ‎2.I can’t stand the heat._______________________________________‎ ‎3.I sent you an E-mail._______________________________________‎ ‎4.It cost me three dollars_______________________________________.‎ ‎5.You can leave the door open._______________________________________‎ ‎6.He speaks English ._______________________________________‎ ‎7.Teachers will make your English better.___________________________________‎ ‎8.That will save you a lot of time_______________________________________.‎ ‎9.They found the dead boy._______________________________________‎ ‎10.They found the boy dead._______________________________________‎ ‎11.I found the book easily._______________________________________‎ ‎12.Tom took Jim a book._______________________________________‎ ‎13.I always find her happy_______________________________________‎ 11----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎14.He said he didn't come._______________________________________‎ ‎15.They love each other._______________________________________‎ ‎ ‎ 11----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎