三精考点之高三英语最困难考点系列：高三英语最困难考点系列（6）阅读理解中的主旨要义题

三精考点之高三英语最困难考点系列：高三英语最困难考点系列（6）阅读理解中的主旨要义题

高三最困难考点系列（6）阅读理解中的主旨要义题 阅读理解中的主旨要义题 ‎★★★★★‎ ‎○○○○○‎ ‎【命题说明】‎ ‎【最新考纲要求】（教育部发布）‎ 阅读：‎ 要求考生读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能： ‎ ‎（1）理解主旨要义 ‎（2）理解文中具体信息 ‎（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义 ‎（4）作出判断和推理 ‎（5）理解文章的基本结构 ‎（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。‎ ‎【考纲权威解读】（教育部发布）‎ 阅读理解 阅读文章是我国考生接触外语的最主要途径，因此，阅读理解在试卷中占权重较大。该部分要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：‎ ‎（1）理解主旨和要义 任何一篇文拿都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落， 甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义，从这一段或这个句子读者会知道文章描述的是谁或什么（即文章的主题），亦会了解作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时，文章的主旨要义则需从文章的字里行间进行推断。这类试题主要考查考生略读文 章、领会大意的能力， 它对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定的要求。‎ ‎（2）理解文中具体信息 文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人员往往会要求考生根据不同的要求，阅读文章以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。这类试题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。‎ ‎（3）根据上下文推断生词的词义 正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础，不懂单词含义根本就谈不上理解文章。但英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义随不同的语境会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。此外，阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但许多这类生词的词义可以通过上下文 推断出来。这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断生词含义的能 力，是一个合格的读者所必须具备的能力，因此也是阅读测试中经常检测的一种能力。‎ ‎（4）做出简单判断和推理 阅读文章的主要目的是获取信息，即作者所要传达的信息。在实际的阅读活动中，有时需要根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到的事实或某事发生的可能性等。‎ ‎（5）理解文章的基本结构 英语文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句可能在一段的开头，也可能在中间或末 尾，作用是交代该段的中心思想，再由全段展开或讨论这个意思。各个段落通常由某些起连接作用的词语连接，以使文章行文连贯。如果希 望准确、深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握住全 篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。‎ ‎（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度 每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是愉悦读者，或是讲授某个道理。而这些信息通常并不是明确表达出 来，而是隐含在文章之中。因此，这类问题要求考生在理解文章总体内 容的基础上，去领会作者的言外之意。‎ 阅读理解中的主旨要义题的核心考点 每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。主旨要义型题范围一般包括：短文标题、主题大意或段落大意等。此题型要求考生在理解文章后归纳文章要点，概括中心思想。考生需要分析文章的篇章结构，抓住文章的开头或结尾，从而找出能概括文章的主题句。主题句的特点：（1）语言特点：归纳性、概括性、抽象性；（2）位置特点：主题句常出现在“总结性”语言的“信号词”后，如：in summary, in a word, as a result, finally, in short, in conclusion和in brief等；主题句常出现在“转移话题式”语言的“信号词”后，如：but, however, nevertheless,Hence等。标题的语言特点：独特新颖 、概括性强、短小精炼。‎ A．主旨大意主要的设题方式有： （1）Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article? （2）The best headline for this newspaper article is ____.‎ ‎（3）What is the topic of the text? （4）The text is mainly about ______. （5）What's the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph？ （6）What would be the best title for the text？‎ B．主旨大意主要的解题策略有：‎ ‎（1）标题类。文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子，它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。‎ ‎（2）主旨类。概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。‎ ‎【精准剖析1标题类】‎ My sister and I grew up in a little village in England. Our father was a struggling lawyer, but I always knew he was special. He never criticized us, but used praise to bring out our best. He’d say, “If you pour water on flowers, they flourish(茂盛). If you don’t give them water, they die.” I remember as a child I said something unkind about somebody, and my father said, “Any time you say something unpleasant about somebody else, it’s a reflection of you.” He explained that if I looked for the best in people, I would get the best in return. From then on I’ve always tried to follow the principle in my life and later in running my company.‎ Dad’s also always very understanding. At 15, I started a magazine. It was taking up a great deal of my time, and the headmaster of my school gave me a choice: stay in school or leave to work on my magazine.‎ I decided to leave, and Dad tried to stay me from the decision at first, as any good father would. When he realized I had made up my mind, he said, “Richard, when I was 23, my dad persuaded me to go into law. And I’ve always regretted it. I wanted to be a biologist, but I didn’t pursue my dream. You know what you want. Go fulfill it.”‎ As it turned out, my little publication went on to become Student, a national magazine in the U.K.. My wife and I have two children, and I’d like to think we are bringing them up in the same way Dad raised me.‎ What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A. Be nice to others. B. My Respectable Father.‎ C. My Happy Childhood. D. Go Fulfill Your Dream.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文，介绍了父亲在养育我们的时候总是鼓励我们，让我们去追求自己的梦想。我决定要向父亲这样教育自己的孩子。‎ ‎【答案定位】根据第一段中的he was special. He never criticized us, but used praise to bring out our best. 第二段中的Dad’s also always very understanding. 最后一段中的we are bringing them up in the same way Dad raised me.可知，作者对父亲很崇拜，因而尊敬他。‎ ‎【推理关系】题干What can be a suitable title for the text?.☞文章内容①he was special. He never criticized us, but used praise to bring out our best.②Dad’s also always very understanding.③we are bringing them up in the same way Dad raised me.☞概括总结☞作者很崇拜和尊敬父亲☞标题 ‎【答案】根据①②③总结概括文章☞B选项My Respectable Father.‎ ‎【精准剖析2主旨类】‎ ‎ In 1880, fourteen-year-old Matthew Henson loved to hear sailors tell tales of their exciting lives at sea. The travel, the adventure, the danger, and the steady pay were all attracting young Henson. One day, he found a job as a cabin boy on a beautiful ship called the Katie Hinds. For the next five years, Henson sailed around the world. With the help of ‎ the ship’s captain and other members of the crew, Henson learned mathematics, navigation, history, geography, and many other subjects. By the time he left the Katie Hinds in 1885, Henson was well educated and had become an excellent seaman.‎ Unable to find work anywhere else, Henson took a job in a hat shop in Washington, D.C. One day in 1887, a man came in to buy a hat. The man, Robert Peary, asked the owner if he knew anyone with experience at sea. Peary would soon travel to South America for the U.S. government. He needed experienced men to accompany him. The shop owner knew about his young employee’s skills and experience on ocean journeys, so he introduced Peary to Henson.‎ Using his map-reading and sailing skills, Henson proved himself to be a worthy and smart seaman. Peary soon made Henson his assistant（助理）, and they became close friends. One day Peary told Henson about his real dream: to be the first man to stand on “the top of the world” at the North Pole. He asked Henson to help him make his dream come true. Over the next five years, the two explorers made two trips together to the Arctic. However, they were not able to reach the pole either time. The cold, wind, and ice were worse than either of them had ever imagined.‎ In 1908, Peary and Henson were ready to make their final attempt at reaching the North Pole. Both men were over forty years old. The years of hardship in the arctic cold had made them suffer a lot. This would be their last chance. With four Inuit（因纽特）guides, they made a mad rush straight across the ice toward the pole. Peary’s feet were injured and he had to be pulled on a dogsled. In April 1909, Henson’s instruments showed they were standing at the North Pole. Together Henson and Peary planted the American flag in the snow.‎ In later years, Robert Peary and Henson were greatly honored for their achievements. Today, the two friends and fellow explorers lie in heroes’ graves not far apart in the Arlington National Cemetery.‎ Paragraph 2 mainly tells us ________.‎ A. why Matthew Henson went to the hat shop B. how Matthew Henson met Robert Peary C. why Matthew Henson stopped working on the Katie Hinds D. how Robert Peary knew Matthew Henson had sea experience ‎【文章大意】本文讲述了亨森是如何成为了一名优秀水手的，并介绍他在认识罗伯特·皮尔里之后两个人共同奋斗，历尽艰辛去北极探险的故事。‎ B【解题剖析】此题属于主旨大意中的（2）一一主旨类。答案需要看第二段的最后一句找主题句。‎ ‎【答案定位】根据第二段中的so he introduced Peary to Henson.可知，根据第二段最后一句可知，是老板把他介绍给了罗伯特·皮尔里，即第二段主要讲述了马修·享森是如何认识罗伯特·皮尔里的。‎ ‎【推理关系】题干Paragraph 2 mainly tells us ________..☞文章内容（中心句）so he introduced Peary to Henson.‎ ‎【答案】he introduced Peary to Henson☞B选项how Matthew Henson met Robert Peary ‎【名师点睛】‎ ‎ 找出主题句，抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心。要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。‎ ‎【安徽省安庆一中、安师大附中2018届高三11月阶段性测试】‎ They may have text，email，Facebook and Twitter，but young people are still lonelier than any other age group．The Loneliness in New Zealand Report，published by Statistics New Zealand，shows under 30s are more likely to feel lonely than older people because loneliness decreases with age．Loneliness and poor mental health were strongly related across all ages．Young people were not as likely to feel lonely because of financial hardship，but among older people，lack of money was a significant influence on loneliness．Women were more likely to feel lonely than men．‎ Philip Walker，spokesman for the General Social Survey，said because it was relatively new it was hard to know whether loneliness among young people was a new trend．But overseas research has found that levels of loneliness in youth today are growing．‎ Mr．Walker said the finding needed more exploration，including looking at the role of technology and social media．"It could be that people's expectations of connection have gone up，so we expect increased levels of connection，"he said．"While technology like cell phones could help young people stay connected，on the other hand for those who do get bullied（欺辱），especially bullied online，it's quite isolating．A lot of the time ‎ potentially it is a big contributor to loneliness．"‎ Figures from online dating website FindSomeone also confirmed more young people were looking for love．Manager Rick Davies，said younger dating hopefuls were the fastest growing group on the site．‎ Mr．Davies noted that since the report data was collected in 2010there had been huge growth in smart phones，which meant people were online even more．He believed online tools，such as Skype，could help people stay connected．"People can keep in touch with a wide range of friends from all over the world much more easily now．It's like you're sitting in your living room having a chat with them．"‎ Bemardine Reid，operations committee chairwoman for Samaritans，which operates a free helpline，said many of their calls came from people who were lonely．"It might be that they've got some problem，just like all the things people would normally talk to a friend about，but people who are alone lack those normal contacts．"‎ The Statistics New Zealand report also showed people who didn't have face﹣to﹣face contact with family and friends were more likely to feel lonely，as were those who lived alone．‎ ‎1. Which of the following may Mr．Walker agree with？‎ A. High technology may become a reason for loneliness．‎ B. People shouldn't use the Internet to get to know strangers．‎ C. It's hard for people to get enough connection online as expected．‎ D. Social media should play an important role in helping lonely people．‎ ‎2. It can be inferred from the passage that　　．‎ A. FindSomeone is a website where you can find old friends B. without technology，young people would not feel lonely C. high technology results in the older being lonely D. those cheated or hurt online tend to feel lonely ‎3. From the last two paragraphs，we can conclude that　　．‎ A. Internet can keep people free from loneliness B. people chatting a lot online tend to be optimistic C. people living alone tend to have more connection online D. people communicating less in the real world risk loneliness ‎4. What is the best title of the passage？‎ A. Loneliness Around You B. Young People Online C. Young but Lonely D. E﹣times and Young People．‎ ‎【答案】1. B 2. A 3. D 4. D ‎【解析】本文作者通过这篇文章向我们说明了如今由于高科技的使用，使年轻人更容易感到孤独，文中给出了几个容易使人感到孤独的例子，作者建议人们多与家人相处，这样可以减少自己的孤独感。‎ ‎2. 推理判断题，根据第三段on the other hand for those who do get bullied（欺辱），especially bullied online，it's quite isolating．A lot of the time potentially it is a big contributor to loneliness可知在网上受到欺骗或伤害的人往往会感到孤独，故选D。‎ ‎3. 细节理解题，根据最后一段 people who didn't have face﹣to﹣face contact with family and friends were more likely to feel lonely，as were those who lived alone．可知没有与家人和朋友进行面对面接触的人更容易感到孤独，因此在现实世界中交流的少的人，孤独的风险更高，故选D。‎ ‎4. 主旨大意题，通读全文可知本文主要讲述了年轻人觉得孤独的原因，他们虽然年轻但是仍然很孤独，故选C。‎ ‎【江西省百所名校2018届高三第一次联合考试】‎ Consumers who value their privacy (隐私) can limit what they post on Facebook and adjust settings on sites such as Instagram. But Internet service providers (ISPs) have the best advantage point on what consumers do online, and there’s much less you can do about it. After all, your ISP is the conduit (中转机构) for everything you read, view, or shop for while you’re accessing the web at home.‎ New rules governing the way ISPs can use consumers’ data were adopted in 2016 and scheduled to go into effect this December. But they were rejected by Congress this spring That leaves the future of broadband (宽带) privacy practices unsettled. Consumers say they want more, not less, regulation of broadband privacy. In a nationally representative survey of 1,008 Americans conducted in early May for the Consumer Reports National Research Center, 80 Percent of respondents told us that ISPs should need to get permission before sharing consumers’ data. Six out of 10 didn’t think ISPs should be allowed to sell or share this information at all. Eighty-five percent of respondents said the data rightfully belongs to them.‎ Under the recently defeated rules，broadband providers would have faced a new login requirement, forcing them to get permission before using data such as web browsing histories. Opponents of the rules said it was unfair to hold ISPs to stricter standards than Internet companies such as Amazon, Google, and Facebook, which are regulated more loosely.‎ Going forward, state laws could pick up some of the conflict. By the end of May, more than a dozen states had proposed some laws mentioning the issue. Privacy protection bills were also being discussed in Washington, D. C. But privacy experts don’t expect much from the bills. After all, this is the same Congress that voted to roll back the existing privacy protections.‎ ‎1. What do the new rules focus on?‎ A. Keeping the Internet steady.‎ B. Settling broadband practices.‎ C. Forbidding ISPs to use consumers’ data.‎ D. Protecting Internet consumers’ privacy.‎ ‎2. What is the third paragraph mainly about?‎ A. Regulations on ISPs using consumers’ data.‎ B. A survey of privacy conducted by Congress.‎ C. Consumers, opinions about broadband privacy.‎ D. The argument about who owns consumers’ data.‎ ‎3. What does the underlined part “Opponents of the rules” in Paragraph 3 refer to?‎ A. Broadband providers. B. Internet companies.‎ C. Internet consumers. D. Survey representatives.‎ ‎4. What can we learn from the text?‎ A. The future of broadband privacy will be clear.‎ B. Internet companies rejected the rules together with ISPs.‎ C. Privacy experts have a negative attitude to the privacy protection bills.‎ D. Consumers will go on arguing with Congress about the Internet privacy.‎ ‎【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C ‎【解析】这篇短文介绍了一则管理互联网服务提供商使用消费者数据方式的新规，以及消费者以及互联网供应商对这一新规的态度和看法。‎ ‎1. 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“New rules governing the way ISPs can use consumers’ data”可知，新规是保护互联网消费者的隐私。故选D.‎ ‎2. 段落大意题。根据第三段中的“broadband providers would have faced a new login requirement”及下文又介绍反对这项规定的人说的话，可知第三段主要是介绍消费者对宽带隐私的看法。故选C.‎ ‎【河南省八市2018届高三上学期第二次测评】‎ Daniella Wride was brushing her daughter’s long brown hair when she noticed that with each stroke, clumps of it were coming out. That was January 1, 2017, Within 20 days, seven-year-old Gianessa Wride’s hair and eyebrows were completely gone, and her dermatologist said they would never grow back. Gianessa had become one of the 6.8 million Americans with alopecia, an autoimmune disease that causes hair loss.‎ Alopecia isn’t painful, but for kids who suffer from it, the agony comes from standing out from the crowd. For the most part, the students in Gianessa’s first-grade class in Salem, Utah, were understanding. But the occasional taunt(嘲弄) of “Baldy” made her feel ‎ like an outcast. “I did not want her to not feel beautiful,” her mother told Today.‎ Then the school announced its “Crazy Hair Day” competition in April, and Daniella and Gianessa decided that rather than hiding Gianessa’s baldness under scarves or a wig(假发), they would celebrate it. Daniella bought scrapbook-sticker jewels and decorated her daughter’s head with floral designs and even an owl. “They just fit her personality,” Daniella told CNN. “She’s so lively.”‎ On the morning of the competition, Gianessa was nervous. Would her friends think it was funny or freaky? She had nothing to fear. Bedazzled Gianessa was a hit-and the winner of the crazy-hair competition. Gianessa is now glad she dared to go bare. “I was sad at first when I lost all my hair,” she told people, “but now I love being bald. I can do things to my head that other kids can’t. I’m thinking now it might be fun to decorate my head with some sparkly butterflies and flowers.”‎ ‎1. Why did Gianessa become bald?‎ A. Because she wanted to be different B. Because she had all her hair cut C. Because her mother combed her hair too often D. Because she suffered from a kind of disease ‎2. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “agony” in Paragraph Two?‎ A. Worry B. Delight C. Pain D. Pride ‎3. How does Gianessa feel about her baldness after the “Grazy Hair Day”?‎ A. Optimistic B. Upset C. Indifferent D. Worried ‎4. What is the best title for the passage?‎ A. Gianessa’s hair was gone B. Being bald is beautiful C. Crazy hair day D. An incurable disease ‎【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B ‎2. 词义猜测题。Alopecia isn’t painful, but for kids who suffer from it, the agony comes from standing out from the crowd. 这句话的意思是Alopecia并不痛苦，但是对于患病的小孩来说，痛苦来自于站在人群中特别的显眼，所以“agony” 的意思是痛苦，选C。‎ ‎3. 推理判断题。由Gianessa is now glad she dared to go bare. “I was sad at first when I lost all my hair,” she told people, “but now I love being bald. I can do things to my head that other kids can’t. I’m thinking now it might be fun to decorate my head with some sparkly butterflies and flowers.” 可以判断出在“疯狂的头发日” 过后，Gianessa对自己的秃头很乐观了。Optimistic 乐观的，Upset心烦的， Indifferent 漠不关心的，Worried担心的，选A。‎ ‎4. 主旨大意题。这篇文章主要讲了由于Gianessa患了一种疾病，所以她变成了秃头，在学校举办了“疯狂的头发日” 以后，Gianessa对自己的秃头很乐观了，原来秃头也可以装扮的很漂亮，选B。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问。）语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论）、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。例如细节理解题。根据Gianessa had become one of the 6.8 million Americans with alopecia, an autoimmune disease that causes hair loss. 可知Gianessa变成秃头是因为她患了一种疾病，选D。‎ ‎____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎ ‎