三精考点之高三英语最困难考点系列：高三英语最困难考点系列（1）非谓语动词

三精考点之高三英语最困难考点系列：高三英语最困难考点系列（1）非谓语动词

高三最困难考点系列（1）非谓语动词 非谓语动词 ‎★★★★★‎ ‎○○○○○‎ ‎【命题说明】非谓语动词是高考命题中最难的考点之一，非谓语动词的命题形式灵活多样，正确判断和使用动词的形式是非谓语动词主要的命题形式。非谓语动词主要以语法填空、短文改错、单项填空的形式进行考查。高考范文中含有非谓语动词的句子也是判断高级句型的体现。 ‎ 非谓语动词的核心考点 ‎1．非谓语动词作状语 ‎(1)不定式作状语 ‎①表示目的 I stopped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired.‎ ‎②不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果，动词不定式前常加only。‎ George returned after the war，only to be told that his wife had left him.‎ ‎(2)现在分词作状语 ‎①一般式doing 表示动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生，与句子的主语是主动关系。‎ The sun began to rise in the sky，bathing the mountain in golden light.(主动关系)‎ ‎②完成式having done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。‎ I got to the office earlier that day，having caught the 7：30 train from Paddington.‎ ‎③被动式having been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，与句子的主语是被动关系。‎ Having been asked to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.(被动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前)‎ ‎(3)过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语时，与句子主语之间是被动关系。‎ Seen from the top of the mountain，the city is very beautiful.(被动关系)‎ ‎2．非谓语动词作定语 ‎(1)现在分词作定语 现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。‎ Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home，there was a pile of mails waiting for her.‎ ‎(2)不定式作定语 不定式作定语表示未做的事情。‎ His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.‎ 不定式作定语的特殊用法：‎ ‎①下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance，right，courage，promise，time，opportunity，way，the first，the second，the last，the only等。‎ ‎②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。‎ There is no one to look after her.‎ ‎③不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。‎ She is now looking for a room to live in.‎ ‎(3)过去分词作定语 过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ You cannot accept an opinion offered to you unless it is based on facts.‎ His first book published last month is based on a true story.‎ 注意：表示心理状态的动词ing形式，意为“令人……的”；动词ed形式，意为“(人)感到……的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look，expression，tears，smile，voice等名词。‎ ‎3．非谓语动词作宾语 ‎(1)动词afford，promise，refuse，expect，hope，learn，offer，wish，want，fail，plan，agree，forget，like，prefer，decide，manage，try，arrange，determine，desire等后面接不定式作宾语；动词come，get，grow后接不定式作宾语时，意为“逐渐地……”。‎ David refused to accept my invitation.【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ She has a hot temper，but you will grow to like her.‎ 注意：下列单词或短语后可接“疑问词＋不定式”作宾语：teach，decide，wonder，show，‎ learn，forget，ask，find out，advise，discuss等。‎ I don’t know how to deal with this kind of matter.‎ ‎(2)动词admit，appreciate，avoid，consider(考虑)，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，risk，resist，suggest等后要接动词ing形式作宾语。‎ Bill suggested holding a meeting on what to do for the Expo during the vacation.‎ 动词短语can’t stand，give up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put off，devote...to，object to，be busy (in)，get down to，have difficulty/trouble (in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time (in)，have fun等后要接动词ing形式作宾语。‎ I had great difficulty (in) finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.‎ 介词后要接动名词作宾语，如what about，how about，be fond of，be good at等的介词后接动名词。注意on/upon doing sth.＝as soon as 引导的从句，作此意讲时on/upon后也可以接名词。‎ On his arrival/On arriving at the station，he found the train had just started.‎ 注意：表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语；表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式作宾语。‎ I like listening to music，but today I don’t like to.‎ want，require，need表“需要”讲，后用不定式时，要用其被动形式；用动名词时，用其主动形式(表被动意义)。‎ The patient required to be examined.‎ The patient required examining.‎ ‎4．非谓语动词作主语 ‎(1)动名词作主语 Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.‎ It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)‎ ‎(2)不定式作主语 To see is to believe.＝Seeing is believing.‎ It is important to respect people.(不定式短语作主语，it作形式主语)‎ ‎5．非谓语动词作宾补 ‎(1)分词作补语的区别 ‎①现在分词作宾补的两大特征：一是宾语与现在分词有主谓关系；二是现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。可接现在分词作宾补的动词(短语)常见的有：have，see，hear，find，get，leave，notice，watch，keep，start，set，catch，smell，feel，send，listen to，look at等。‎ I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.‎ I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.‎ I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.(被动，正在进行)‎ ‎②过去分词作宾补的两大特征：一是及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有动宾关系；二是不及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有主谓关系，多用来表示动作已完成。可接过去分词作宾补的动词有：have，see，hear，find，leave，want，make等。‎ Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left.‎ I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.‎ ‎(2)不定式作补语 ‎①接带to的不定式作宾补，此类动词(短语)有：advise，allow，ask，cause，command，encourage，expect，forbid，force，get，hate，invite，leave，like，mean，order，permit，persuade，prefer，request，tell，want，warn，wish，call on，depend on/upon，long for，wait for等。‎ I didn’t mean you to hear it.‎ We’re all longing for the new term to begin.‎ I’m sorry，I can’t go out with you.I have an urgent thing to settle.‎ ‎②接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词(短语)有：make，have，let等使役动词以及see，watch，notice，observe，look at，feel，hear，listen to等感官动词。如果这些动词或短语用于被动语态，则to不可省略。动词help后的不定式符号to可以省略，也可以保留。‎ Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.‎ She was seen to enter the manager’s office ten minutes ago.‎ ‎(3)with＋宾语＋宾补 The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.‎ John received an invitation to dinner，and with his work finished，he gladly accepted it.‎ With a lot of difficult problems to settle，the newly elected president is having a hard time.‎ ‎6．非谓语动词作表语 ‎(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的内容。‎ The queen’s work is laying eggs.‎ ‎(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ His ambition is to go to Harvard‎ ‎University.‎ 注意：现在分词或过去分词作表语时，通常为分词化的形容词。‎ 如何判断使用非谓语动词？‎ ‎(1) ‎ 正确判断非谓语动词。句子按照结构可分为三类，即简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句都需要连词来引导，如果句子中出现了连词，应选谓语动词形式；如果两个结构中未出现连词，则考虑用非谓语动词。‎ ‎(2) 正确判断非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间的关系。‎ 确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫作逻辑主语。判断非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系是主动还是被动。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致，找不到其逻辑主语时，整个句子或句子的主语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。正确判断非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证，不管是作什么成分的非谓语动词都具有以下特点： ‎ ‎1．如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，可用现在分词； ‎ ‎2．如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，可用过去分词。‎ ‎(3)正确判断非谓语动词和谓语动词发生的时间先后顺序 非谓语动词具备动词的一些特点，也可以有动作发生的时间。对于谓语动词，我们用时态来表示动词发生的时间；对于非谓语动词不能用时态来表示动作发生的时间。非谓语动词所表示的时间是一个相对时间，即相对于谓语动词的时间而言。同时也需要了解非谓语动词的不同形式所指时间的含义。如to have done，having done表示该动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生；to be doing，doing强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生。‎ ‎1.【语法填空】‎ ‎【例1】[2017·全国卷Ⅰ]‎ Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63.________ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.‎ ‎63. to process　考查不定式。需要它们来加工我们所吃的食物。 require表示“要求”， require to do sth表示“要求做某事”，被动形式为be required to do sth，表示“被要求做某事”。故填to process。‎ ‎【例2】By 68.________ (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.‎ ‎68. eating　考查动名词。根据前文中的by可知此处应该填eat的动名词形式。故填eating。‎ ‎【例3】[2017·全国卷Ⅱ]‎ This included digging up the road, 63.________ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof ‎ over 64.________ top.‎ ‎63. laying　考查非谓语动词。此处用lay的动名词形式laying与前面的digging形成并列。该词填空难度较大，若考生未辨明lie—lying/lay/lain和lay—laying/laid/laid等特殊词形变化会导致错误。‎ ‎64. the　考查冠词。此处特指铁轨上方的顶部工程。‎ ‎【例4】[2017·全国卷Ⅲ]‎ She looks like any other schoolgirl, freshfaced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new Alevel course. But unlike her school friends, 16yearold Sarah is not spending halfterm 61.________ (rest).‎ ‎61. resting　考查非谓语动词。spend…(in) doing sth是固定句式，意为“花……做某事”。‎ ‎【例5】But Sarah, 64.________ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants 65._______ _ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.‎ ‎64. who　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空后面是一个定语从句，缺少连接词，代指先行词Sarah, 在从句中作主语，故填who。‎ ‎65. to prove　考查动词不定式。want to do sth为固定搭配，故用动词不定式。‎ ‎【例6】[2017·浙江卷6月考]‎ Sixteen years 60.________ (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring 61.________ (cook) a meal. When she wanted to put the ring back on later, it was gone. She suspected that one of her three daughters—then ten, eight, and six—had picked it up, but the girls said they hadn't. Pahlsson and her husband 62.________ (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing. “I gave up hope of finding my ring again，” she says. She never replaced it. ‎ Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got 63.________ (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, 64.________ it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.‎ ‎60. earlier　考查比较级。此处语意表示“16年前”，故填earlier。‎ ‎61. to cook　考查不定式。此处不定式表示目的。语境为“取下戒指来做饭”，故填to cook。‎ ‎62. searched　考查动词的时态。根据语意可知，他们过去曾搜遍了整个厨房，故填searched。‎ ‎63. swept 　考查过去分词。此处是get done结构，表示被动，意为“被扫进了垃圾堆”。‎ ‎2.【短文改错】‎ ‎【例1】[2017·全国卷Ⅰ]‎ The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！”‎ ‎5. word改为words　考查名词复数。教练一直喊“加速”“减速”“左转”。 word表示某人说的话时是可数名词，故将word改为words。‎ ‎6. Turning改为Turn　考查非谓语动词。分析语境可知教练的话“加速”“减速”“左转”都是祈使句，根据前文“Speed up！” “Slow down！”也可以看得出来。祈使句应该用动词原形开头，故将Turning改为Turn。‎ ‎【例2】[2017·全国卷Ⅱ]‎ In their spare time，they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden ‎3. interesting改为interested　考查形容词用法。张家夫妇对种菜感兴趣。【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ ‎【例3】When summer came，they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!‎ ‎9. came改为comes　考查动词时态。此处指“当夏天来临时”，用一般现在时。‎ ‎10. students后加to　考查固定结构。invite sb to do sth邀请某人做某事。‎ ‎【例4】[2017·全国卷Ⅲ]‎ About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.‎ ‎4. took→taken　考查过去分词。根据逻辑关系可知照片是被拍，故用被动语态，被动语态的构成是“be＋过去分词”，故把took改为taken。‎ ‎5. become→became　考查动词的时态。因为become和前面的entered是并列谓语，故也用一般过去时。‎ ‎1. But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter__66___ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. My ambassadorial duties will include ____67_(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.（2016·新课标Ⅰ）‎ ‎【答案】66. permitted67. introducing ‎2. If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you’ll be less likely 49 (bring) your work home.（2016·新课标Ⅱ）‎ ‎【答案】49.to bring ‎ ‎【解析】考查形容词短语。形容词短语be likely to do sth可能做某事；你就不太可能把工作带回家去做，因为你找到了你喜欢做的事情。‎ ‎3. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal 43 (create) special designs.（2016·新课标Ⅲ）‎ ‎【答案】to create ‎【解析】考查不定式作目的状语。技术娴熟的工人会把各种各样的硬质木材和金属结合起来，以创造出特殊风格的筷子。这里用不定式表目的，故填to create。‎ ‎4. The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, 44 (use) twigs(树枝)to remove it. （2016·新课标Ⅲ）‎ ‎【答案】using ‎【解析】考查现在分词作伴随状语。人们可能使用大锅煮食物，用树枝把锅移开，use的逻辑主语是people，两者是主动关系，用现在分词表示伴随状况，故填using。‎ ‎5. A study of travelers _____68____(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.（2015·新课标Ⅰ）【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ ‎【答案】conducted ‎【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：一项网站所进行的调查。过去分词作后置定语，表示被动关系。 ‎ ‎6. Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it ____69_____(regular) arranges quick getaways here for people ____70______(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.（2015·新课标Ⅰ）‎ ‎【答案】70. living ‎【解析】考查非谓语动词。由于people和live之间为主动关系，故用现在分词形式，在此用作后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。 ‎ ‎7.The adobe dwellings(土坯房） 61 ___(build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are ‎ admired by even 62 _____ most modern of architects and engineers.（2015·新课标Ⅱ）‎ ‎【答案】61. built ‎【解析】考查非谓语动词。过去分词作后置定语。‎ ‎8.In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 63 _ (able) to ‎ ‎“air condition” a house without 64 _（use）electric equipment.（2015·新课标Ⅱ）‎ ‎【答案】64. using ‎【解析】考查非谓语动词。介词without后接动名词，use去掉字母e再加-ing。‎ ‎9.It took years of work ___65____ (reduce) industrial pollution and clean the water.（2014·新课标Ⅰ）‎ ‎【答案】to reduce ‎10.At sunrise, Jeremy decided that the only way ___69__ (help) his friend was to carry him.（山西省“晋商四校”（平遥中学，祁县中学，榆次一中，太谷中学）2017届高三11月联考）‎ ‎【答案】to help ‎ ‎【解析】the way to do sth.做某事的方法。此处是动词不定式作后置定语，故填to help。‎ 语法填空15分；短文改错10分 共25分 ‎1.语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。(原创改编)‎ We often hear that children wish they were grownups, and that old people wish 1.________(be) young. Each age has its own pleasures and its own pains. The happiest people enjoy 2.________ each age gives them without wasting their time in 3.________ (use) regrets.‎ Childhood is a time when there are few duties. A child 4.________ (feed), looked after and loved by all grownups like parents or grandparents. What's more, life is always giving new things to him. 5.________， for older people they often lose their interest in those things.‎ On the other hand, a child may also have some pains with him. He is not so free to do what he wishes to do. He is often told not to do something. He will certainly be shouted 6.________ for doing something wrong. When a child grows up, he can no longer expect others 7.________ (pay) for his food, clothes and many other things. And if he wants to live 8.________ (comfort), he has to work. If he still spends most of his time 9.________ (play) as he used to in childhood, he will go hungry. If, however, he works hard and has no trouble, he can build up his own position in society with great 10.________ (happy)．‎ ‎[文章大意]本文比较了孩童时代和成年生活的不同。‎ ‎1．　to be考查不定式。wish之后的不定式作宾语，be动词用to be。‎ ‎2．what/ whatever　考查宾语从句。what/ whatever引导宾语从句，并在从句中作直接宾语。‎ ‎3．useless　考查词性转换。空格处作定语，结合语境“不把时间浪费在无用的后悔上”可知，useless符合题意。‎ ‎4．is fed　考查时态和语态。主语是动作的承受者，结合语境可知，空格处应用一般现在时的被动语态。‎ ‎5．However　考查副词。此处表示转折，故用however。 ‎ ‎6．at　考查介词。shout at为动词短语，意为“对……大喊，训斥”。‎ ‎7．to pay　考查非谓语动词。expect之后接动词不定式作宾语补足语。‎ ‎8．comfortably　考查词性转换。空格处作状语，修饰动词live，故填副词。‎ ‎9．playing　考查非谓语动词。spend time/ money (in) doing sth为常用句式。‎ ‎10．happiness　考查词性转换。根据空前的定语great可知，空格处填名词。‎ ‎2.短文改错【广东省华南师范大学附属中学2017届高三第三次模拟】假如英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌的以下作文。文中共有10处错误，涉及单词的增加、删除或修改。‎ 增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号∧，并在此符号下面写出该加的词。‎ 删除：把多余的词用斜线＼划掉。‎ 修改：在错词下面划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。‎ 注意：1、每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；‎ ‎2、只允许修改10处，多者从第11处不计分。‎ Dear Rex,‎ I’m sorry to hear that you had a quarrel with your parent because they had read your diary with your permission. Don’t get annoying about it. I think they do so because they concerned about you. Please understand that they love you.‎ First of all, you can have a open talk with them and tell them it is not good to keep an eye on you in this way, but that you have the right to keep your own secrets. Besides, you should learn to communicate effective with them. Let them know your ideas, that can avoid unnecessary misunderstanding between you and in your parents.‎ I wish you all the best!‎ ‎【答案】1. parent --- parents    ‎ ‎2.with --- without ‎3. annoying --- annoyed        ‎ ‎4. do --- did    ‎ ‎5. they / are concerned    ‎ ‎6. a --- an ‎7. but --- and.‎ ‎8. effective --- effectively ‎9. which --- that ‎10. in ‎【解析】本篇是一篇书信形式的文章，作者在回信中就对方与父母之间因父母偷看他的日记而产生的矛盾提出了几点建议。作者认为与父母有良好的沟通是十分重要的。‎ ‎2.“I’m sorry to hear that you had a quarrel with your parent because they had read your diary with your permission.”根据句意应是你和你的父母吵架因为他们在没有你的允许下看你的日记。故将with改为without。‎ ‎3.“ Don’t get annoying about it” annoyed表示人本身感到恼怒，annoying表示事情本身令人恼怒。且“get done”固定用法，故将annoying改为annoyed。‎ ‎4.“I think they do so because they concerned about you”中“ they do so”指代上文“they had read your diary with your permission”  故应用一般过去式，故将do改为did。‎ ‎5.“I think they do so because they concerned about you”中“ they concerned about you”缺少谓语，又因主语是复数，故在they 和concerned之间加上are 。‎ ‎6.“ you can have a open talk with them”中open是元音开头的单词，故定冠词应用an，故将a 改为an。‎ ‎8.“Besides, you should learn to communicate effective with them”句子结构完整，不缺少成分，communicate为动词，应用副词修饰动词，故将effective 改为effectively。‎ ‎9.在非限定性从句中，逗号后不能用that。“Let them know your ideas, that can avoid unnecessary misunderstanding between you and in your parents.”中将which改为that。‎ ‎10.between...and...固定搭配 “that can avoid unnecessary misunderstanding between you and in your parents”中“in”多余，故将in删去。‎ ‎____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ‎