专题02名词-2017年高考英语二轮核心考点总动员

专题02名词-2017年高考英语二轮核心考点总动员

专题 02 名词 关键词：专有名词,普通名词,可数名词,不可数名词,名词的数,名词的所有格,‎ 难度系数：✱✱✱✱‎ 推荐指数：✱✱✱✱✱‎ ‎【基础回顾】‎ 考点归纳：‎ ‎1.名词分类:专有名词和普通名词；‎ ‎2.普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词复数的各种变化，包括规则的和不规则的；不可数名词在具体语境中的可数化的使用；‎ ‎3.名词的所有格的一些类型；‎ ‎4.名词还可以做定语，它与形容词做定语的区别；‎ ‎5.常见的名词辨析以及固定搭配也是常考的点。‎ 基础必读：‎ ‎1. 专有名词(proper nouns)：‎ 指特定的人或事物等的专用名词。 A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place or thing---- a name which distinguishes an individual person, place or thing from other persons, places or things of the same class. A proper noun should begin with a capital letter. Eg:‎ Henry, Paris, Spain, The United Nations, Monday ‎ ‎2. 普通名词(common nouns)：‎ 指人或事物等所共用的名称。A common noun is a name that may be applied to any person, place, or thing of the same class, or to a material or an idea. Eg: man, city, country, organization, worker, peace.‎ ‎(1).可数名词(countable nouns)：可以与不定冠词或数词连用，有单数和复数的变化。Eg: a book， two boys ‎①个体名词(individual nouns)：指某类人或事物中的个体。A class noun is the name of a single person, place, or thing of the same class. It may be in singular or plural number. Eg:‎ table-----tables student------students factory----factories ‎②集合名词(collective nouns)：指由若干个同类个体组成的，被当作一个整体来看待的集合体。A collective noun is the name of a number of persons, places or things, forming a group, so ‎ that it is regarded as a single whole. Eg:‎ family， class， police， crew， audience， machinery ‎(2)不可数名词(uncountable nouns)：不能与不定冠词或数词连用，没有复数形式。Eg: water, sugar, work.‎ ‎①抽象名词(abstract nouns )：指动作，状态，品质等抽象概念的名称。An abstract noun is the name of a quality, state, or action, or of other abstract ideas. Eg:‎ work， life， labor， acting， hatred， strength， health， anger， equality， writing ‎②物质名词(material nouns)：指无法划分个体的物品的名称，或也指一类具有共同特点的物品的总称。A material noun is the name of a material or substance of which things are made. Eg:‎ tea， air， milk， snow， furniture， equipment， cotton， fire， rubber， tin， steel， grain，‎ ‎3.名词的数 名]‎ 词 的]‎ 数 可]]‎ 数]‎ 名]]]‎ 词 ‎]‎ 个]‎ 体]‎ 名]‎ 词]‎ 1， 一般情况，直接加-s girl—girls house---houses German--Germans]]‎ 2， 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾加-es： buses, boxes, branches, brushes, 但 stomach---stomachs 3， 辅音字母+y结尾：变y为i， 再加-es city—cities story—stories sky---skies 4， 元音字母+y结尾：直接加-s boys keys rays ‎5, -f或-fe结尾 ①变f(e)为 v，再加-es The thieves cut all the leaves with their knives by themselves.wolves.‎ ‎②直接加-s serfs, gulfs， roofs， chiefs, beliefs ‎6, -o结尾①直接加-s radios, pianos, photos, bamboos, zoos ‎②加-es the heroes bought some potatoes and tomatoes from the Negroes ‎③zero, volcano两者都行。‎ ‎7，单复数同形：sheep, deer, fish（表示种类繁多时，用fishes）, Japanese, works(工厂), means（方法）‎ ‎8，常用复数形式的名词：trousers, glasses, clothes, thanks, goods, ashes, troops, things, manners, morning exercises注：trousers, glasses 前有pair of时，以pair 为中心。There is a pair of glasses on the desk.‎ ‎9,以-s结尾的名词， 未必是复数：physics, mathematics, the United States ‎10，复合名词的复数：把复合词中起主导作用的主体名词变为复数形式；如果没有主导名词，就把复数词尾加在最后一个词上。‎ ① 名词/动名词/形容词/副词 + 名词（复合名词中无主体名词）如： bookcases, landladies, adding machines, blackboards, highways, in-betweens, grown-ups, tooth-brushes,‎ forget-me-nots.‎ ② 名词 + 形容词/副词/介词短语/动词 daughters-in-law, lookers-on, husbands-to-be, listeners-in ③ man, woman 或由它们构成的少数几个名词。两个词都要变成复数。Men servants, women servants 集体名词 Family,‎ Crowd,‎ Crew,‎ class 指整体 My family is a big one.‎ 指个体 My family are all fond of football.‎ The rich, the police 当复数 The old are taken good care of in the village.‎ He is the very man the police are after.‎ 不 可 数 名词 抽象名词 Homework, information, knowledge,‎ advice, courage, fun, peace, surprise, population Some information, a piece of news, the gift you gave me is a surprise.‎ The population of the earth is increasing very fast.‎ 物质名词 Food, fruit, furniture, money, clothing An article of clothing.(一件衣服)‎ Fruits(表示各种各样的水果)具体化 ‎4.名词的格 ‎(1).表示有生命东西的名词， 所有格一般在名词后加’s 其构成如下：‎ ‎①一般名词后加’s Tom’s book ‎②以-s或-es 结尾的复数名词的所有格，只在名词右上方加’ 如：the workers’club, the clothes’ pocket ‎③以-s结尾的专用名词所有格，以读音| z |结尾的，一般可在名词右上方加’ 也可加’s 其读音分别为| z |, |iz| 如：Engles’ / Engles’s works ‎④复合名词的所有格加在最后一个词上’s his son- in- law’s photo, the commander – in –chief’s uniform ‎⑤如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词加’s；如果不是共有的，则两个名词后都要加’s 如：‎ Jane and Mary’s room（共有）‎ Jane’s and Mary’s room（不共有）‎ ‎⑥在表示“某人家”， “店铺”的名词所有格后面，一般省略它所修饰的名词。如：at Mr Green’s 在格林先生家，to my uncle’s 到我叔叔家， at the tailor’s 在裁缝店，at the barber’s 在理发店，at doctor’s在诊所 ‎(2).无生命的东西的名词，通常采用of +名词的结构来表示所有关系。如：the gate of the school, the window of the room, the title of the film, the top of the house.‎ ‎(3).有些表示时间，距离，国家，城市，团体，机构等无生命东西的名词， 也可以加’s 来构成所有格。如：today’s paper, two week’s time, twenty miles’ journey, China’s industry, the world’ s history, eight pounds’ weight, six dollars’ worth.‎ ‎(4).在表示所属物的名词前有冠词，数词，不定代词或指示代词时，常用of +所有格的形式来 表示所有关系。如：a few friends of Li’s, that book of Wu Dong’s 说明：‎ ‎(1).名词普通格作定语往往是表示①地点，②时间，③材料，④用途，⑤类别，⑥内容，⑦对象，⑧功能，⑨性别等。如：London hotel, evening suits, a diamond ring, a gas station, a model worker, a sports meet, the head engineer, mother crocodile.‎ ‎(2).当名词作定语时， 几乎总是用单数。A car factory.‎ 也有例外：sports, customs, arms, clothes, sales, goods, accounts.‎ A sports car赛车；accounts department会计部门； a goods train货车；a clothes shop服装店 ‎(3).Man / woman + noun.变复数时， 作定语的名词和中心名词都要变复数。‎ ‎(4).名词作定语与形容词作定语的区别：‎ 名词作定语表①地点，②时间，③材料，④用途，⑤类别，⑥内容，⑦对象，⑧功能，⑨性别等：an evening dress晚礼服；a stone bridge; a story book; a diamond ring; Beijing University.‎ 而形容词作定语表特点和状态：‎ a snow man 一个雪人 a snow – covered mountain一座被雪覆盖的山 a dust bag一条装灰尘的袋子 a dusty bag一条布满灰尘的袋子 a gold medal一块金牌 a golden medal一块金色的奖牌 所有格作定语，表示所属关系。如：the girl’s friend（那女孩的朋友）, a girl ‎ friend（一位女朋友）表性别（5）.几组常考名词辨析 ‎①cause，reason，excuse cause是造成某种客观事实或现象的原因，后接介词of；reason是说明一种看法或行为的理由，后接介词for；excuse是“借口、辩解”的意思。‎ Carelessness is the cause of the accident.‎ The reason for her coming late was that her car broke down on the way.‎ Late again! What’s your excuse of this time?‎ ‎②sight，view，scene，scenery ‎1）sight指“景色”时为可数名词，往往指眼见的景色，如供人游览的“美景”或“名胜”，尤指人工制成的景色。‎ Come and see the sights of London.‎ ‎2）view通常指自然景色，或指从远处或高处看到的景观、景物。‎ We can get a very good view of the sea from the top of the tower.‎ ‎3）scene所表达的景色常是scenery的一部分，常指自然景色，也可指舞台的场景、现实生活中的场景、场面、情景。‎ The sunrise is a beautiful scene.‎ I was touched by the happy scene.‎ ‎4）scenery指某地总的自然风景或景色，尤指美丽的乡间景色，是不可数名词。‎ The best part of the trip was the scenery.It was fantastic.‎ ‎③award，reward 两者既可作名词也可作动词。award用作名词时，意为“奖品”、“奖金”，用作动词时，常用于award sth.to sb.中；reward作名词时，意为“报酬”、“奖励”、“报答”，用作动词时，常用于reward sb.for sth.。‎ He won the first award in the singing contest.‎ He received a reward of 900 from the police for catching the criminal.‎ ‎④habit，custom，customs habit指个人在长时间内逐渐养成的、一时不易改变的行为和习惯；custom则强调社会、民族经过一个较长时间过程而形成的“风俗”、“习惯”；customs为复数名词，意思是“关税”、“进口税”，当首字母大写并与the连用时表示“海关”的意思。‎ ‎【技能方法】‎ 名词知识是高考中的必考内容，也是教学的重点和难点。‎ 解答此类试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：‎ 名词的考查在每张试卷里每个题目里都会考查，有的是直接考，有的是间接考，直接考的最多体现在完形填空，语法填空以及书面表达中。考查要点主要包括：‎ ‎1.名词的数 ‎2.名词的所有格 ‎3.名词作定语 ‎4.名词辨析 名词考查记住两个基本原则：‎ ‎1.可数名词出现在句中要么用单数，要么用复数，固定搭配除外。‎ ‎2.名词辨析考查一定要结合语境分析理解。‎ ‎【基础达标】‎ ‎1．Less than ten percent of the employees in their company are women. That is to say, women are in the________(minor)．‎ ‎【答案】minority ‎2. As a candidate, you must make a good________(impress)on everyone you meet if you want to win the election.【答案】impression ‎【解析】句意：作为候选人，如果你想赢得选举，你应该给你遇到的每个人留下好的印象。表示“印象”用名词impression。‎ ‎3. With no better way to express feelings of love and ________(appreciate)，it’s easy to see why students turn to the flower shop on Teachers’ Day.‎ ‎【答案】appreciation ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：句意：没有更好的办法来表达爱和感激，你会看到很多学生在教师节那天去花店买花。appreciation欣赏，感激，根据前面的love and可知，此处要用名词形式作介词of的宾语。‎ ‎4. The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the ‎ ________(develop)of adult identity.‎ ‎【答案】development ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：句意：大学那几年被认为是自主性重要成长和成年认知发展的一段时期。the development of...……的发展。‎ ‎5. In this article，you need to back up general ________(state)with specific examples.‎ ‎【答案】statements ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：句意：在这篇文章中，你需要用具体的例子来支持总的观点。 设空前general为形容词，空后要用名词。‎ ‎【能力提升】‎ ‎1. Some schools will have to make ________(adjust)in agreement with the national soccer reform.‎ ‎【答案】adjustments ‎2. (2016·福建4月质检)—Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?‎ ‎—Well，you know，English is my ________ (strengthen)．So it is my best choice.‎ ‎【答案】strength ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：句意：——你为什么选择在一家国际旅行社工作？——你知道，英语是我的优势。因此它是我最好的选择。My 是形容词性的物主代词，其后接名词。‎ ‎3. (2016·浙江高考)In this article，you need to back up general ________(state)with specific examples.‎ ‎【答案】statements ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：考查名词。句意：在这篇文章中，你需要用具体的例子来支持总的观点。 设空前general为形容词，空后要用名词，故填statements。‎ ‎4. (2016·天津高考)Cathy suffered some terrible ________ (ill)in her early childhood. After years of regular treatment，she finally became healthy.‎ ‎【答案】illness ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：考查名词。句意：凯西在她童年早期得了一些可怕的疾病。经过多年定期治疗，她最终健康起来。suffer illness 患病，固定用法。‎ ‎5. (2016·全国Ⅰ)Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised ________ (aware) of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans.‎ ‎【答案】awareness ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：考查名词。句意：她的1962年出版的畅销书《静静的春天》唤醒人们污染的危险和化学物质对人类和世界湖泊和海洋的有害影响。此处raise是及物动词，其后用名词作宾语。‎ ‎【终极闯关】‎ ‎1.【2016·全国Ⅱ】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词) 或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify (识别)those of __1__(great)and less importance. Then, handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of __2__ (achieve)．Leaving the less important things until tomorrow __3__ (be) often acceptable.‎ Most of us are more focused __4__our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. So, get an early start and try to be as productive __5__ possible before lunch. This will give you the confidence you need to get you through the afternoon and go home feeling accomplished.‎ Recent __6__(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks__7__(regular)．Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for__8__while, exercising, or dong something you enjoy.‎ If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you’ll be less likely __9__ (bring) your work home. It could be anything—gardening, cooking, music, sports—but whatever it is，__10__ (make) sure it’s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.‎ ‎【答案】1．greater 2．achievement 3．is 4．on 5．as 6．studies 7．regularly 8．a 9．to bring 10．make ‎2．achievement　考查名词的用法。介词of后要用名词作宾语。固定表达a sense of achievement成就感。‎ ‎3．is　考查主谓一致和时态。本句的主语为动名词短语leaving the less...，动名词作主语谓语要用单数第三人称形式，且这里说的是一个客观事实，故要用is。‎ ‎4．on　考查介词的用法。很多人早晨的注意力要比晚些时候的注意力更集中。固定短语be focused on专心于，集中于。‎ ‎5．as　考查固定表达。正是因为人们早晨的注意力更为集中，所以我们要早起，要和午饭之前一样高效率。固定表达as...as possible尽可能……‎ ‎6．studies　考查名词的复数。根据后面的谓语动词show可知，主语应该是复数形式。‎ ‎7．regularly　考查副词的用法。如果我们定期休息的话。此处修饰动词短语take short breaks，故要用副词形式。‎ ‎8．a　考查不定冠词的用法。让你的身体和思想休息一会。固定表达for a while一会儿。‎ ‎9．to bring 考查不定式的用法。固定表达be likely to do...很可能做某事。‎ ‎10．make　考查祈使句中的动词。根据句子结构可知，此处为祈使句，故谓语要用动词原形。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 语法填空的解题技巧 语法填空是通过语篇在语境中考查语法知识的运用能力。我们在解题前应快速浏览短文掌握大意，有把握的空格可以进行填写。在读懂的基础上，再结合短文提供的特定的语言环境去逐句分析逐题解答。按题型设计分三种情况：‎ ‎1. 纯空格试题的解题技巧 首先分析句子结构，根据所缺成分确定哪类词。然后，根据句子意思，确定具体填什么词，或根据两句间的逻辑关系确定具体用哪个连词。此处考查的冠词a的填写。‎ ‎2. 给出了动词的试题解题技巧 首先，判断要填的动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。若句子没有别的谓语动词或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系，所给动词就是谓语动词，若是谓语动词就要考虑时态和语态；若句子有谓语动词则用非谓语动词（动词不定式、现在分词、动名词和过去分词）。‎ ‎3. 词汇转换题解题技巧 这类题主要考查名词、形容词和副词。根据该词在句中所做句子成分确定用哪种形式。‎ 考点：考查语法填空 ‎2.【安徽省“皖南八校”2017届高三第二次联考】‎ 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。‎ ‎ 增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（），并在其下面写出该加的词。‎ ‎ 删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。‎ ‎ 修改：在错词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。‎ 注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；‎ ‎ 2．只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。‎ ‎ When Molly's father was about to work, his daughter Molly, aged 8,hand him a bag.‎ The father was in hurry so he didn't know what was inside. While having lunch, he took out the contents: a plastic dinosaur, a tiny sea shell and three small stone. The busy father smiled, finished eating, and sweeping the desk clean into the dustbin include Molly's junk.‎ This evening, Molly wanted her bag back because she had not made a note into it: I love you,‎ Daddy. The father went to his office hurried, carrying the junk home. He asked Molly to tell her about the junk. It was turned out that everything in the bag had a story. To Molly they were not junk and treasures!‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎1. hand改为handed ‎2. in后加a ‎3. stone改为stones ‎ ‎4. sweeping改为swept ‎ ‎5. include改为including ‎ ‎6. This改为That ‎ ‎7. hurried改为hurriedly ‎8. her改为him ‎9. was去掉 ‎10.and 改为but ‎3. stone改为stones 考查名词。此处应用复数，故改为stones。‎ ‎4. sweeping改为swept 考查时态。根据and连接的前后一致原则，此处改为swept。‎ ‎5. include改为including 考查非谓语。此处应用非谓语动词，including。‎ ‎6. This改为That 考查代词。此处为间接引语，应该把直接引语中的this改为that。‎ ‎7. hurried改为hurriedly考查副词。副词修饰动词做状语，故用hurriedly.‎ ‎8. her改为him考查代词。此处是指她的父亲故用him。‎ ‎9. was去掉 考查语态。此处是主动语态，故去掉was。‎ ‎10.and 改为but 考查连词。前后词之间是转折关系，故用but。‎ 考点：语篇理解以及语法知识。‎