专题14+阅读理解——议论文+仿真测试-2019年高考英语高频考点名师揭秘与仿真测试

专题14+阅读理解——议论文+仿真测试-2019年高考英语高频考点名师揭秘与仿真测试

‎ ‎ ‎1.【山东省济宁市第一中学2019届高三上学期第一次调研（10月）检测英语试题D篇】‎ Skeptics are strange a lot. Some of them refuse to admit the serious threat of human activities to the environment and they are tired of people who disagree with them. Those people, say skeptics, spread nothing but bad news about the environment. The "eco-guilt" brought on by the discouraging news about our planet gives rise to the popularity of skeptics as people search for more comforting worldviews.‎ Perhaps that explains why a new book by Bjorn Lomborg received so much publicity. That book, The Skeptical Environmentalist, declares that it measures the "real state of the world" as fine. Of course, another explanation is the deep pockets of some big businesses with special interests. Indeed, Mr. Lomborg's views are similar to those of some industry-funded organizations, which start huge activities through the media to confuse the public about issues like global warming.‎ So it was strange to see Mr. Lomborg's book go largely unchallenged in the media though his beliefs were contrary to most scientific opinions. One national newspaper in Canada ran a number of articles and reviews full of words of praise, even with the conclusion that "After Lomborg, the environmental movement will begin to die down."‎ Such one-sided views should have immediately been challenged. But only a different review appeared in Nature, a respected science magazine with specific readership. The review remarked that Mr. Lomborg's "preference for unexamined materials is incredible".‎ A critical eye is valuable, and the media should present information in such a way that could allow people to make informed decisions. Unfortunately, that is often inaccessible as blocked by the desire to be shocking or to defend some special interest. People might become half-blind ‎ before a world partially exhibited by the media. That's a shame, because matters concerning the health of the planet are far too important to be treated lightly.‎ ‎12. According to the passage, which of the following may be regarded as "skeptics"?‎ A. People who agree on the popularity of "eco-guilt".‎ B. People who dislike the harmful effect of human activities.‎ C. People who disbelieve the serious situation of our planet.‎ D. People who spread comforting news to protect our environment.‎ ‎13. Which of the following can be a reason for the popularity of Lomborg's books?‎ A. The book challenges views about the fine state of the world.‎ B. Some big businesses intend to protect their own interests.‎ C. The author convinces people to speak comforting worldviews.‎ D. Industry–funded media present confusing information.‎ ‎14. The author mentioned the review in Nature in order to_________.‎ A. find fault with Lomborg's book B. voice a different opinion C. challenge the authority of the media D. point out the value of scientific views ‎15. What is the author's main purpose in writing the passage?‎ A. To show the importance of presenting overall information by the media.‎ B. To warn the public of the danger of half–blindness with reviews.‎ C. To blame the media's lack of responsibility in information.‎ D. To encourage the skeptics to have a critical eye.‎ ‎【文章大意】‎ 本文是一篇议论文，环保怀疑主义者拒绝承认人类行为对环境的严重威胁。Bjorn Lomborg的新书认为现在地球的环境状态良好，《自然》杂志认为他所使用的材料未经检查，结果并不可信。新闻媒体应该呈现所有的客观信息让人们做出自己的决定。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎13. B。推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“Indeed, Mr. Lomborg's views are similar to those of some industry-funded organizations, which start huge activities through the media to confuse the public about issues like global warming.”可知Lomborg's books的书很受欢迎是因为他的观点和很多受到工业资助的组织一致，背后有大的企业在维护他们的利益，用Lomborg的观点来混淆视听。故B项正确。‎ ‎14. B。 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Such one-sided views should have immediately been challenged. But only a different review appeared in Nature, a respected science magazine with specific readership. The review remarked that Mr. Lomborg's "preference for unexamined materials is incredible".”可知Lomborg的观点本应该被批评，《自然》杂志就认为Lomborg的观点所使用的材料是未经检查的，他的观点是难以相信的。作者提出《自然》杂志就是就是为了发出不同的观点。故B项正确。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2.【安徽省黄山市屯溪第一中学2019届高三上学期第二次月考英语试题B篇】‎ To err is human. To blame the other guy is even more human.‎ Common sense is not all that common.‎ Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse?‎ These three popular sentences are meant to be jokes, and yet they tell us a lot about human nature .To err, or to make mistakes, is indeed a part of being human, but it seems that most people don’t want to accept the responsibility for the problem. Perhaps it is the natural thing to do .The original quote about human nature went like this: “ To err is human, to forgive, divine(神圣的).”.This saying mirrors an ideal people should be forgiving of others’ mistakes. Instead, we tend to do the opposite –find someone else to pass the blame on to. However, taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a making of great maturity.‎ Common sense is what we call clear thought. Having common sense means having a good general plan that will make things work well, and it also means staying with the plan. Common sense tells you that you take an umbrella out into a rainstorm, but you leave the umbrella home when you hear a weather forecast for sunshine．Common sense does not seem to be common for large organizations, because there are so many things going on that one person cannot be in charge of everything. People say that in a large company, “the right hand does not know what the left hand is doing.”‎ And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art? One of the common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time. There is a corollary(直接推论)to that: if good excuse is “good” even if it isn’t honest, then where is the place of the truth?‎ ‎5. According to the passage, which of following seems the most human?‎ A. To search for truth．‎ B. To achieve one’s ideal C. To criticize others for one’s own error.‎ D. To make fun of others’ mistakes．‎ ‎6. Which of the following is NOT based on common sense?‎ A. A man tries to take charge of everything in a large company.‎ B. A student goes out with an umbrella in stormy weather.‎ C. A company’s next move follows a good plan．‎ D. A lawyer acts on fine judgments．‎ ‎7. What is the author’s opinion about a good excuse?‎ A. Bitter truth is better than a good excuse.‎ B. Inventing a good excuse needs creative ideas.‎ C. A good excuse is as rewarding as honesty.‎ D. Making a good excuse is sometimes a better policy.‎ ‎8. What would be the best title for his passage?‎ A. To Blame or to Forgive B. A Mirror of Human Nature C. A Mark of Maturity D. Truth or Excuse ‎【文章大意】‎ 本文是一篇议论文，讨论了三句能够反映人性的话：1. To err is human. To blame the other guy is even more human. 2. Common sense is not all that common. 3. Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse? 文章对这三句话的内涵做了详细的解释。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎6. A。 推理判断题。根据第五段倒数第二句“Common sense does not seem to be common for large organizations, because there are so many things going on that one person cannot be in charge of everything.”可知对于大型组织来说很多常识似乎并不常见，因为会发生很多事情一个人根本无法负责所有的事情。A项含义与之相符，这并不是常识。故A项正确。‎ ‎7. A。 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句“There is a corollary(直接推论)to that: if good excuse is “good” even if it isn’t honest, then where is the place of the truth?”很多人认为即使借口不诚实，也不说实话。那么诚实应该在哪里呢？说明作者认为诚实更重要，所以A项“Bitter truth is better than a good excuse”与之相符。故A项正确。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3.【2018年上海中学高三英语模拟练习（一）C篇】‎ If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the ‎ participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."‎ The set-up is relatively simple.Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.‎ To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along.Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.‎ Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between,for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in someone else’s shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.‎ The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping,people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."‎ ‎43. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.‎ A. building B. exchanging C. controlling D. transplanting ‎44. We can infer from the experiment the Be Another lab that______.‎ A. our feelings are related to our bodily experience B. we can learn to take control of other people's bodies C. participants will live more passionately after the experiment D. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes ‎45. In the Implicit Association Test,before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinneddigital character, ______.‎ A. they fought strongly against racism B. they scored lower on the test for racism C. they changed their behaviour dramatically D. they were more biased against those unlike them ‎46. It can be concluded from the passage that______.‎ A. technology helps people realize their dreams B. our biases could be eliminated through experiments C. virtual reality helps promote understanding among people D. our points of view about others need changing constantly ‎【文章大意】‎ 本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述的是虚拟现实有助于增进人们之间的理解。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎43. B。词义猜测题。根据第一段中Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a bodyswapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group ofartists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using amachine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. Rikke Wahl是一名女演员、模特和艺术家，她是另一个实验室的一项人体交换实验的参与者之一，这个项目是由巴塞罗那的一群艺术家开发的。她和她的搭档，一个演员，用机器叫机器来做另一个，暂时变成了一个男人。由此可知，划线词的意思是“交换”，故选B。‎ ‎44. A。推理判断题。根据第四段中The idea is that once you've"put yourself in another’s shoes" you're less likely to think ill ofthem, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.可知，我们可以从实验中推断出我们的感觉与我们的身体体验有关。故选A。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎46. C。主旨大意题。根据第一段中A few people have experienced what it might be like to stepinto the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality device.可知，从文章中可以得出这样的结论即虚拟现实有助于增进人们之间的理解。故选C。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。根据第一段中A few people have experienced what it might be like to stepinto the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality device.可知，从文章中可以得出这样的结论即虚拟现实有助于增进人们之间的理解。故选C。‎ ‎4.【北京市海淀区2018届高三二模英语试题D篇】‎ Science is finally beginning to embrace animals who were, for a long time, considered second-class citizens.‎ As Annie Potts of Canterbury University has noted, chickens distinguish among one hundred chicken faces and recognize familiar individuals even after months of separation. When given problems to solve, they reason: hens trained to pick colored buttons sometimes choose to give up an immediate food reward for a slightly later (and better) one. Healthy hens may aid friends, and mourn when those friend die.‎ Pigs respond meaningful to human symbols. When a research team led by Candace Croney at Penn State University carried wooden blocks marked with X and O symbols around pigs, only the O carriers offered food to the animals. The pigs soon ignored the X carriers in favor of the O’s. Then the team switched from real-life objects to T-shirts printed with X or O symbols. Still, the pigs walked only toward the O-shirted people: they had transferred their knowledge to a two-dimensional format, a not inconsiderable feat of reasoning.‎ I’ve been guilty of prejudiced expectations, myself. At the start of my career almost four decades ago, I was firmly convinced that monkeys and apes out-think and out-feel other animals. They’re other primates(灵长目动物), after all, animals from our own mammalian(灵长目动物) class. Fairly soon, I came to see that along with our closest living relatives, whales too are masters of cultural learning. and elephants express profound joy and mourning with their social companions. Long-term studies in the wild on these mammals helped to fuel a viewpoint shift in our society: the public no longer so easily accepts monkeys made to undergo painful procedure in laboratories, elephants forced to perform in circuses, and dolphins kept in small tanks at theme parks.‎ Over time, though, as I began to broaden out even further and explore the inner lives of fish, chickens, pigs, goats, and cows, 1 started to wonder: Will the new science of "food animals" bring an ethical (伦理的) revolution in terms of who we eat? In other words, will our ethics start to catch up with the development of our science?‎ Animal activists are already there, of course, committed to not eating these animals. But what about the rest of us? Can paying attention to the thinking and feeling of these animals lead us to make changes in who we eat?‎ ‎47. According to Annie Potts, hens have the ability of .‎ A. interaction B. analysis C. creation D. abstraction ‎48. The research into pigs shows that pigs .‎ A. learn letters quickly B. have a good eyesight C. can build up a good relationship D. can apply knowledge to new situations ‎49. Paragraph 4 is mainly about .‎ A. the similarities between mammals and humans B. the necessity of long-term studies on mammals C. a change in people’s attitudes towards animals D. a discovery of how animals express themselves ‎50. What might be the best title for the passage?‎ A. The Inner Lives of Food Animals B. The Lifestyles of Food Animals C. Science Reports on Food Animals D. A Revolution in Food Animals ‎【文章大意】‎ 这是一篇议论文。文章论述了我们原来当作食物的动物实际上也有情感有思想，它们有一定的分析推理能力。人类不应只将它们当作食物。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎47. B。推理判断题。由第二段中的“When given problems to solve, they reason: hens trained to pick colored buttons choose some times to give up an immediate food reward for a slightly later (and better) one”可知，当解决问题时，母鸡们会推理：例如，受过挑选彩色纽扣的训练的母鸡们有时会选择放弃即时的食物奖励，换取稍晚一些(而且更好)的食物奖励。由此可知，母鸡们具备分析能力。故B选项正确。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎49. C。段落大意题。由第四段中的“At the start of my career almost four decades ago, I was firmly convinced that monkeys and apes out-think and out-feel other animals...Fairly soon, I came to see that along with our closest living relatives, whales too are masters of cultural learning, and elephants express profound joy and mourning with their social companions. Long-term ‎ studies…helped to fuel a viewpoint shift in our society: the public no longer so easily accepts monkeys made to undergo painful procedure kin laboratories, elephants forced to perform in circuses, and dolphins kept in small tanks at theme parks.”可知，数十年前，作者坚信猴子和猩猩在思考能力和情感上都胜过其他的动物。很快，作者就意识到除了猴子和猩猩，鲸鱼也是文化学习的主人，大象也表现出高兴等情感。长期的研究也促进着我们社会观点的转变：我们不再认为猴子只能是实验室里的实验对象，大象只能在马戏团里进行表演，海豚只能被养在主题公园狭小的池子里。很明显，本段介绍的是人们对动物看法的转变。故C选项正确。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎