选修8+语法专题复习+词类复习（2）（讲）-2018年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

选修8+语法专题复习+词类复习（2）（讲）-2018年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

‎ ‎ 选修8 Unit 1—5　‎ 词类复习（2）‎ 有提示词的词类复习：动词、非谓语动词、形容词和副词、名词、‎ 动词、非谓语动词在前面已经复习过这里不在细讲基础知识。‎ 名词 ‎（1）考纲要求 名词应掌握以下内容：分清名词的可数性与不可数性；可数名词有单复数，有些名词只有复数；物质名词、抽象名词不可数但可以具体量化使用；名词所有格和of格的语言现象；名词直接作定语；国家名词的正确使用；名词词义的区分和搭配；单位名词的搭配；名词前的修饰语so, as, quite等；time及常考点。‎ ‎（2）命题规律 名词的“可数”与“不可数”是高考命题的热点之一。名词的考查强调语言的情景化，重点考查在特定语境、真实语境中的准确辨析、选择和运用名词的能力。名词短语的固定搭配及名词作定语也是高考命题的注意点。‎ 另外，在熟练掌握名词的基本意义和用法的同时，要特别留意某些名词的基本意义之外的引申、拓展和熟词生义的用法。2015年的高考将会继续保持稳定，命题形式会更加灵活、新颖。试题类型一般是在单选选择题或完形填空中考查。‎ 名词的考点归纳：‎ ‎(1)名词词义辨析: custom风俗习惯，habit个人习惯，tradition传统；scene场景，scenery自然风景（总称），view特定位置的景观，sight人文或历史景观；skill技能，ability能力，talent才华，strength优势，长处 等等 ‎(2)抽象名词具体化：beauty美、美丽（不可数名词） a beauty美人、美丽的东西（可数名词）；experience经验（不可数名词）an experience一次经历（可数名词）；surprise吃惊、惊奇（不可数名词） a surprise令人吃惊的人或事（可数名词）；honor荣誉、信誉（不可数名词） an honor一种光荣的人或事（可数名词）；failure失败（不可数名词） a failure/failures失败的人或事（可数名词）等等。‎ ‎(3)名词短语的固定的搭配：have/gain access to接近，到达；take … into consideration考虑；take advantage of利用；in consequence of 由于 …… 的缘故 ；put into effect 实行，生效 等等。‎ ‎【考例分析】‎ ‎1.“Learn through use” is a good piece of ________ (advise) for those who are studying a new language. ‎ ‎【答案与解析】advice　一条建议，此处应用名词形式。‎ 2. I'll stop and take a deep ____.‎ ‎【答案与解析】考查名词。take a deep breath深呼吸，喘口气。‎ 3. We don’t have to take great pains to control waste, but action and a grateful heart are needed; thank the water that runs through our fingers, and save it for poor Arabian or African countries struggling in water ___23___ (short); ‎ ‎4.With the ____________ (develop) of industry, air pollution is getting more and more serious.‎ ‎【答案与解析】随着工业的发展，空气污染变得越来越严重。考查名词：发展：development ‎5. [2017·全国卷Ⅱ]In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometres and allowed people to avoid terrible 61.________ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.‎ ‎【答案与解析】crowds　考查名词复数。伦敦人口众多，导致路面交通拥堵，于是修建地铁。用crowds这一复数形式，表示不断涌现的人群，用来形容人口稠密。‎ ‎6. If everybody realizes the ___________(important) of environment and does something to stop pollution, the problem will be solved.‎ ‎【答案与解析】如果每个人都注意到环境的重要性。考查名词“重要性”：importance ‎7. [2017·全国卷Ⅱ]This development was only possible with the 69.________ (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.‎ ‎【答案与解析】 introduction　考查名词。该词在此作with的宾语，意思是“引入方法、手段”等。由于其后带有介词of，故只能用introduction。‎ ‎8.[2017·全国卷Ⅲ]She is determined to carry on with her 66.________ (educate)．‎ She has turned down several 67.________ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.‎ ‎【答案与解析】66. education　考查名词。前面是形容词性物主代词her，故用名词形式。‎ ‎67. invitations　考查名词复数。根据句意“她拒绝了几个邀请”可知，此处需要填名词，而且invitation是可数名词，前面有several修饰，故用复数形式。‎ ‎9.[2017·浙江卷6月考]Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small 56.________ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.‎ ‎【答案与解析】carrots　考查名词。根据a handful of可知，应该有一把小胡萝卜，所以用carrot的复数形式。‎ ‎【方法总结】1.介词和动词后面可能缺宾语，这时填名词；2.考查含有名词的固定短语；3.句子缺主语时也可能填名词作主语；4.冠词后面可能填名词；5一定要注意名词的单复数形式。‎ 形容词和副词 ‎（1）考纲要求 形容词与副词是高中语法的重要内容，也是高考考查的热点。在历年的高考英语中，单项填空、完形填空、书面表达都有涉及形容词和副词的考查。要复习好这一块的知识，考生不仅要弄清其词形、词义、功能等基础知识，还要掌握同义词辨析和一词多义等重点知识。 ‎ ‎（2）命题规律 形容词与副词主要考查以下几个方面：在具体的语境中考查形容词词义辨析；考查形容词作状语；考查比较级的用法尤其是隐性比较；考查一些习语搭配；与形容词同形的副词和形容词后加ly构成的副词的区别；多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序等。‎ 另外，在熟练掌握形容词与副词的基本意义和用法的同时，要特别留意一些形容词与副词的基本意义之外的引申、拓展和熟词生义的用法。2015年的高考将会继续保持稳定，命题形式会更加灵活、新颖。试题类型一般是在单选选择题或完形填空中考查。‎ 形容词与副词基本用法：‎ ‎（1）形容词和副词的辨析 形容词和副词的辨析主要分为两类：一类是给出语境，让学生选择符合这种语境的形容词或副词；另一类是一定语境中形容词或副词的辨析。近三年考查到的还有：‎ ‎ 形容词：①appropriate；conscious；arbitrary；controversial ②commercial；generous；comparable；profitable③reasonable；confident；creative；grateful ④important；spare；public；convenient ⑤dramatic；regional；apparent；subtle ⑥unchallenged；relevant；controversial；contradictory ⑦vital；available；specific；similar⑧available；affordable；acceptable；valuable 副词：①hopefully；curiously；occasionally；gradually ②thus；besides；rather；otherwise ③competitively；recently；reasonably ④besides；however；therefore；instead ⑤besides；otherwise；however；altogether ⑥especially；equally；naturally；normally ⑦nevertheless；besides；otherwise；therefore ⑧especially；regularly；particularly；approximately ‎（2）形容词和副词比较等级 ‎ 比较等级的常见句型：①两者比较，用“比较级 ＋ than”表示。②表示“两者之间较……的那个”用“the＋比较级＋n.＋ of the two ＋n.”。③表示“越……，就越……”用“the ＋ 比较级，the ＋ 比较级”。④as＋原级adj./adv.＋as ...表示“和……一样”。⑤not as/so＋原级adj./adv.＋as ...表示“不如……”‎ 比较等级前常用的修饰语：a little, a bit, slightly，much, a lot, a great deal, any, far, by far, even, still等。‎ 否定词＋比较级＝最高级：“否定词＋比较级”表达最高级含义。‎ ‎【考例分析】‎ ‎【例1】[2017·全国卷Ⅰ]Even 66.________ (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.‎ ‎【解析】worse　考查比较级。更糟糕的是，人们所吃的快餐的数量增加了。故填worse。‎ ‎【例2】[2017·全国卷Ⅰ]However, be 69.________ (care) not to go to extremes.‎ ‎【解析】careful　考查形容词。分析语境可知be后面应该用形容词作表语，故填careful。‎ ‎【例3】[2017·全国卷Ⅱ]Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been 66.________ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.‎ ‎【解析】 fairly　考查副词。副词修饰形容词。‎ ‎【例4】[2017·全国卷Ⅱ]The Central London Railway was one of the most 70.________ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had whitepainted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.‎ ‎【解析】successful　考查形容词。形容词与定冠词连用，相当于名词，由于该词后有介词of结构，故只能用形容词。‎ ‎【例5】[2017·全国卷Ⅲ]It is 70.________ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I don't want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can't model any more.”‎ ‎【解析】 certainly　考查副词。certainly在此处修饰形容词fun。‎ ‎【例6】[2017·浙江卷6月考]But something made her look closer, and she noticed a 57.________ ‎ ‎(shine) object. Yes, there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrot was her longlost wedding ring.‎ ‎【解析】shiny/shining　考查形容词。此处根据下文的object可知，需用形容词作定语，故填shiny或shining。‎ ‎【例7】[2017·浙江卷6月考]Sixteen years 60.________ (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook a meal.‎ ‎【解析】earlier　考查比较级。此处语意表示“16年前”，故填earlier。‎ ‎【方法总结】当括号内所提示的词是形容词或副词且空格处需要的仍是形容词或副词时，很可能填比较级和最高级。‎ 谓语动词的填空 ‎【考例分析】‎ ‎【例1】He ______ (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.‎ ‎【解析】was pretending 由“and giving”可确定，用过去进行时，构成并列谓语。‎ ‎【例2】Where men control the household, less money ______ (spend) on healthcare and food, which results in poorer health for children.‎ ‎【解析】is spent　money与spend之间存在被动关系，故用被动语态，从句时态提示应用一般现在时。‎ ‎【例3】One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he ______ (find) that he has run out of salt.‎ ‎【解析】found 主格代词he后应为谓语动词，由语境由One day和“invited”可知，用一般过去时。‎ ‎【方法总结】空格前已有主语，括号内是动词提示，空格需填谓语动词。‎ 非谓语动词的填空 ‎【例1】She wished that he was as easy ______ (please) as her mother, who was always delighted with perfume．‎ ‎【解析】to please “be+形容词+ to do”, 无需考虑其它的非谓语形式。此句式中常用主动形式表示被动含义。‎ ‎【例2】Film has a much shorter history，especially when ______ (compare) to such art forms as music and planting.‎ ‎【解析】compared　本句是when it is compared to …的省略。compare与逻辑主语film是被动关系，故用过去分词作状语。‎ ‎【例3】But everyone added a little, always ______ (think) that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have ended up today.”‎ ‎【解析】thinking 因everyone与think是主动关系，故用现在分词短语作added的伴随状语。‎ ‎【方法总结】句中已有谓语动词且又无并列连词与括号内提示的动词并列，说明空格需填非谓语动词形式。‎ ‎ ‎