题型04 阅读理解（题型解读）-备战2018年高考英语之新题型五合一考前冲关计划

题型04 阅读理解（题型解读）-备战2018年高考英语之新题型五合一考前冲关计划

题型四 阅读理解 要求考生阅读4篇短文（不少于900词），从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容。体裁多样，以记叙文、议论文、说明文为主。‎ 考查主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、篇章结构等题型。‎ 阅读文章是我国考生接触外语的最主要途径，因此，阅读理解在试卷中占权重较大。该部分要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：‎ ‎1. 理解主旨和要义 每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落，甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义，从这一段或这个句子读者会知道文章描述的是谁或什么（即文章的主题），亦会了解作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时，作者没有明示文章的主旨要义，需要读者从文章的字里行间进行归纳和概括。‎ ‎2.理解文中具体信息 ‎　　文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人员往往会要求考生根据不同的要求，阅读文章以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。这类试题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。‎ ‎3.根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义 ‎　　正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础，不懂单词含义根本就谈不上理解文章。但英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义随不同的语境会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。此外，阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但许多这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来。这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断生词含义的能力，是一个合格的读者必须具备的能力，因此也是阅读测试中经常检测的一种能力。‎ ‎4.根据所读内容作出判断和推理 ‎　　在实际的阅读活动中，常常需要根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行逻辑推理，推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势等。这种判断和推理的能力是阅读理解能力的重要构成部分，因而也是阅读理解部分重点考查的能力之一。‎ ‎5. 理解文章的基本结构 ‎　 阅读文章需要具备一定的语篇知识。文章作者常常会使用各种衔接手段使行文连贯。如果希望准确、深刻地理解文章，必须把握住全篇的基本结构，理清上下文的衔接关系，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。‎ ‎6. 理解作者的意图、观点和态度 ‎　　每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是愉悦读者，或是讲授某个道理。而这些信息通常并不是明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。因此，读者需要在理解文章总体内容的基础上，去领会作者的言外之意。‎ ‎2014年至2017年新课标全国卷（Ⅰ）的阅读理解试题分析一览表：‎ 年份 文章 A B C D ‎2017‎ 体裁 应用文 记叙文 说明文 说明文 题材 太平洋科学中心参观指南 成功救助一只猫头鹰的经历 第一届国际爵士日 太阳能蒸馏器 ‎2016‎ 体裁 说明人 议论文 记叙文 说明文 题材 四位杰出的女性 祖父母搬去子女身边照顾小孩 传递干细胞的一次经历 沉默的内涵 ‎2015‎ 体裁 应用文 记叙文 说明文 议论文 题材 伦敦运河博物馆的讲座安排 作者去佛罗里达州过周末的感受 艺术家萨尔瓦多·达利的艺术作品在巴黎展出的情况 法国心理咖啡馆的社会意义和功能特色 ‎2014‎ 体裁 应用文 说明文 议论文 记叙文 题材 剑桥科学节好奇心挑战的相关信息 在美国生活的旅鸽的情况 从驯兽师的鞭子和椅子讲起，比喻人往往被太多贪念所累，最终一无所获 耶鲁大学的科学家Mark Turin为保护濒临消失的语言而做出的不懈努力 ‎ 阅读理解坚持能力立意的命题理念，题材多样化，信息丰富，包括日常生活、社会、文化、政治、经济、新闻、史地、人物传记等，具有浓郁的人文和社会气息，内容有较强的时代感，同时具有一定的知识性、趣味性和思想性，充分体现了语言灵活运用的需求；体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等。‎ ‎ 预计2018年高考英语阅读理解文章的难度会保持稳定，阅读总量基本不会有太大的变化，在设题上会有一定的深度，易、中、难试题仍会保持相对稳定的比例，仍将以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，在语言、词汇、选材、内涵等方面有新突破、新高度，将会充分体现出选拔的功能。‎ ‎【应用文】‎ ‎【样题】(2017·全国新课标I，A) ‎ Pacific Science Center Guide ‎◆Visit Pacific Science Center’s Store Don’t forget to stop by Pacific Science Center’s Store while you are here to pick up a ‎ wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit. The store is located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.‎ ‎◆Hungry?‎ ‎ Our exhibits will feed your mind, but what about your body? Our café offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonal specials. The café is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour Pacific Science Center closes.‎ ‎◆Rental Information Lockers are available to store any belongs during your visit. The lockers are located in Building 1 near the Information Desk and in Building 3. Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance. ID required.‎ ‎◆Support Pacific Science Center ‎ Since 1962, Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion(热情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology. Today, Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State. It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.‎ ‎21. Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center?‎ A. In Building 1.‎ B. In Building 3.‎ C. At the Laser Dome.‎ D. At the Denny Way entrance.‎ ‎22. What does Pacific Science Center do for schools?‎ A. Train science teachers.‎ B. Distribute science books.‎ C. Inspire scientific research.‎ D. Take science to the classroom.‎ ‎23. What is the purpose of the last part of the text?‎ A. To encourage donations.‎ B. To advertise coming events.‎ C. To introduce special exhibits.‎ D. To tell about the Center’s history.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文主要从购物点、就餐点、租借服务三方面介绍了Pacific Science Center，并展示了Pacific Science Center为人们做的贡献，呼吁人们的支持。‎ ‎21.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的The store is located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.可知Pacific Science Center的购物点在Laser Dome旁边的3号楼的楼上。故选B。‎ ‎22.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中的Today Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State可知现在Pacific Science Center每年向130多万人提供服务，并开始把科学教育带到教室。故选D。‎ ‎【记叙文】‎ ‎【样题】(2017·全国新课标II，B) ‎ I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn’t want me for the film — ‎ it wanted somebody as well known as Paul — he stood up for me. I don’t know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.‎ The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft（技艺）and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other— but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core（核心）of our relationship off the screen.‎ We shared the brief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back— he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.‎ I last saw him a few months ago. He’d been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn’t talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn’t need a lot of words.‎ ‎24.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to author at first?‎ A. Paul Newman wanted it.‎ B. The studio powers didn’t like his agent.‎ C. He wasn’t famous enough.‎ D. The director recommended someone else.‎ ‎25.Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship?‎ A. They were of the same age.‎ B. They worked in the same theater.‎ C. They were both good actors.‎ D. They have similar characteristics.‎ ‎26.What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?‎ A. Their belief.‎ B. Their care for children.‎ C. Their success.‎ D. Their support for each other.‎ ‎27.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?‎ A. To show his love of films.‎ B. To remember a friend.‎ C. To introduce a new movie.‎ D. To share his acting experience.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者与Paul Newman之间的深厚友情。当制片人不想让我参演电影时，Paul Newman站出来为我说话，两人因此而建立了深厚的友谊。在此后的很多年里，两人一直相互扶持，相互鼓励，因此两人的深厚友情维系了很多年。‎ ‎24.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据“When the studio didn’t want me for the film— it wanted somebody as well ‎ known as Paul”可知，作者当时还不是很有名。故选C。‎ ‎26.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据“We shared the brief that if you’re fortunate enough to have ‎ success, you should ‎ put something back”，我们都有这个信仰：如果你有幸获得成功，你应该有所回馈。下文“he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival”是作者举的例子，因此“sharing that brought us together.”that指代前面提到的信仰。故选A。‎ ‎27.B 【解析】写作意图题。根据“I last saw him a few months ago. He’d been in and out of the hospital. He and ‎ I both knew what the deal was, and we didn’t talk about it”可知Paul已经去世了，再结合前文“I first met Paul Newman in 1968”，可推断作者非常怀念这位朋友。故选B。‎ ‎【说明文】‎ ‎【样题】(2017·全国新课标I，D) ‎ A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5＇5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container — perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.‎ To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.‎ ‎ Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup. ‎ ‎ The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink. ‎ ‎32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?‎ A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive.‎ C. It’s complex. . D. It’s portable.‎ ‎33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. The tube. B. The still.‎ C. The hole. D. The cup.‎ ‎34. What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?‎ A. Dig a hole of a certain size. B. Put the cup in place.‎ C. Weight the sheet’s center down. D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.‎ ‎35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from .‎ A. the plastic tube B. outside the hole C. the open air D. beneath the sheet ‎【文章大意】本文主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的方法，并介绍了它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。‎ ‎32.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句话These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.可知制作蒸馏器的东西可以叠放在一个小包里，系在腰间，这说明制作蒸馏器的设备很轻便，portable表示“轻便的；手提的”，故选D。‎ ‎34.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock.可知最后一步是weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock(放一块石头在覆盖膜的中间，把它压下去)，故选C。‎ ‎35.D 【解析】推理判断题。结合第四段中的Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上聚集起来，直到形成小水滴落在杯子里，覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里，所以水滴是聚在覆盖膜的下面。故选D。‎ ‎【议论文】‎ ‎＂Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday?＂ Lindsey whispers to Tori.‎ ‎ With her eyes shining, Tori brags, ＂You bet I did, Sean told me two days ago.＂‎ ‎ Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happened to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话). I have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.‎ ‎ An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic — breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out — that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.‎ ‎ If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor(传言) can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the ＂in group.＂ In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority(优越感).‎ ‎ Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.‎ ‎ The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, thing about why you want to gossip and what effects your ＂juicy story＂ might have.‎ ‎1. The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to __________.‎ ‎ A. introduce a topic B. present an argument ‎ ‎ C. describe the characters D. clarify his writing purpose ‎2. An important negative effect of gossip is that it __________.‎ ‎ A. breaks up relationships B. embarrasses the listener ‎ C. spreads information around D. causes unpleasant experiences ‎3. In the author’s opinion, many people like to gossip because it __________.‎ ‎ A. gives them a feeling of pleasure B. helps them to make more friends ‎ ‎ C. makes them better at telling stories D. enables them to meet important people ‎4. Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can __________.‎ ‎ A. provide students with written rules B. help people watch their own behaviors ‎ C. force schools to improve student handbooks D. attract the police’s attention to group behaviors ‎5. What advice does the author give in the passage?‎ ‎ A. Never become a gossiper. B. Stay away from gossipers.‎ ‎ C. Don’t let gossip turn into lies. D. Think twice before you gossip.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了传言的危害和人们为什么喜欢传闲话。‎ ‎1.A 【解析】目的意图题。根据文章第三段中的Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话)可知开头的对话是为了引入本文的主题， 故选A。‎ ‎2.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第四段中的An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about可知其主要危害是会给被讨论的人带来不愉快的经历，故选D。‎ ‎5.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your ＂juicy story＂ might have可知作者的建议是让人们在传闲话之前三思而后行。故选D。‎ 阅读理解解题策略 ‎1.细节理解题 ‎（1）直接信息题：‎ 从题干中找关键词→快速通篇阅读→定位与关键信息词相关的信息句→仔细核对，比较内容→找到答案。‎ ‎（2）间接信息题（语意转换题）：‎ 四个选项中不出现原文中的直接信息，而是借助同义转换、概念解析、归纳事实等对原文信息进行适当 转换。‎ ‎2.主旨大意题 ‎（1）分类：‎ a.主题类：根据文章主旨，归纳文章大意或段落大意。‎ b.标题类：概括文章 最佳标题。‎ c.作者意图类：推断作者的写作目的、观点和态度。‎ ‎（2）主题句定位：‎ ‎①提问方法 a.针对全文主题进行提问。主题句出现在首段的居多，其次是出现在末段或者是几段主题的综合。‎ b.针对某一段或几段主题提问。主题句可能是段落的首句、末句；也可能无明显主题句，需要从上下文中总结。‎ ‎②阅读方法 用略读法（skimming)。一般不用逐句细看，只选读文章的首段、末段，或段落的首句、末句即可。‎ ‎③综合推断 综合利用文章细节、事实并根据上下文线索进行逻辑分析，尤其是要读透文章字里行间的含义，即透过表面认识本质，从而把握作者的写作思路，通过作者阐明的问题或观点，推断因果关系、文章发展脉络、作者的深层观点等。‎ ‎（2）推断技巧 ‎①根据语境的逻辑推理 ‎②整合全文/全段信息推理 ‎③基于特定信息正向/逆向推理 ‎4.词义猜测题 ‎（1）命题规律 ‎①生词含义 ‎②熟词生义：熟悉词在特定语境中表达的具体含义 ‎③短语猜测 ‎④代词指代 ‎（2）方法突破 ‎①通过上下文信息猜测 ‎②通过构词法猜测 ‎③通过定义猜测 ‎④通过同位关系猜测 ‎⑤通过转折或对比关系猜测 ‎⑥通过因果关系猜测 ‎⑦通过句法功能猜测 ‎③代词指代：逻辑关系梳理法、逆向寻踪法 ‎ ‎