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专题02 代词和介词(命题猜想)-2019年高考英语命题猜想与仿真押题(解析版)
【考向解读】 代词是用来代替名词或名词短语的词类。在单项填空考查中主要考查人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定 代词以及it的特殊用法、代词的辨析、代词与否定词构成的否定与半否定等。对介词的考查主要集中在介词的基本用法上,最常见的是介词短语的考查及介词的固定搭配。 【命题热点突破一】 人称代词、物主代词、指示代词和反身代词 例1、(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other , I was just glad to find (they) alive. 【解析】考查代词。这里用them指代上文的the gorillas。 【答案】them 【变式探究】(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain. 【解析】考查代词。此处表示“他们会对我(me)说。” 【答案】us→me 【变式探究】 (2017·浙江卷)Pahlsson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house.“She thought I had hurt ________(I),” says Pahlsson. 【答案】myself 【变式探究】(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself,...This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days. ______________ 【解析】此处介绍的是我的故事,因此这里应该是我高中时期的回忆。上下文的人称应该保持一致。 【答案】your→my 【变式探究】(2017江苏)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of_____purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. A.which B.it’s C.whose D.whom 【答案】C 【解析】关系代词whose引导定语从句并且在定语从句中作purpose的定语。which,whom在定语从句中不能作定语,it’s不能引导定语从句,故选C。 【变式探究】Half of ________ surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and darkest fears. A.these B.some C.ones D.those 【答案】D 1.在没有谓语动词的句子中,人称代词常用宾格。 —Glad to meet you.——很高兴见到你。 —Me,too.——我也是。 —I’d like to go to climb the mountain this weekend. ——这个周末我想去爬山。 —Me,too.——我也想去。 2.形容词性物主代词通常在句中作定语。名词性物主代词通常在句中起名词作用,可以作主语、宾语和表语。名词 性 物主代词相当于名词,不能用于名词之前。 【答案】A 【命题热点突破六】不定代词none,nothing,nobody(no one)的用法区别 例6、The meeting will be held in September,but ________ knows the date for sure. A.everybody B.nobody C.anybody D.somebody 【答案】B Sophia waited for a reply,but none came. 索菲亚等待答复,但一个都没有。 —How many students in your class went to the lecture? ——你们班有多少学生去听报告? —None. ——一个也没有。 —Who did you see enter the lonely house? ——你看见谁进了那间僻静的房间? —Nobody. ——没看见一个人。 —How much money do you have? ——你有多少钱? —Nothing. ——一点也没有。 【变式探究】 This project requires close teamwork.________ will be achieved unless we work well together. A.Nothing B.Anything C.Something D.Everything 【解析】考查不定代词。句意:这个项目需要密切的合作,除非我们通力合作,否则一事无成。根据句意可知此处应用表示否定意义的词语,故选A。 【答案】A 【易错警示】部分否定和全部否定:no one,none,nobody,nothing,not…any以及“no+名词”都表示全部否定;all,both,everyone/everybody/everything以及“every+名词”都表示全部肯定;当not出现在含有全部肯定意义的不定代词的句子中,不管not在它们之前还是在它们之后,都表示部分否定。 Both of them haven’t read this story. 并非他俩都读过这个故事。 Not all of them smoke.=All of them don’t smoke. 他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。 【命题热点突破七】介词的用法 例7、(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life walking, cycling or swimming. 【答案】than 2.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn uses less water rice and creates less fertilizer(化肥)runoff. 【解析】考查介词。由空前less可知,此处应用介词than,表示“比”。 【答案】than 【变式探究】(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and ________work. 【解析】此处是指“当他们来回上下班时”。考生平时多用from...to...连接起始点,而本题涉及同一个地点,表示往返,一些考生由于没有掌握to和from的用法而误填其它介词。 【答案】from 【变式探究】(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road. ______________ 【解析】in the middle of意为“在……的中间”,故把on改为of。此处为“道路的中央”,表示所属关系,而on后跟地点表示“在……上面”。此题只要熟悉介词本意就不存在解题的障碍。 【答案】on→of 【变式探究】I hate it when she calls me at work—I'm always too busy to carry ________ a conversation with her. 【答案】on 【解析】句意:我不喜欢她在我工作时给我打电话——我总是太忙,不能和她进行会话。carry on“继续进行,从事”,符合句意。 常考介词归纳 1.against (表示方位)依靠着……;碰,撞;反对;以……为背景,衬托;预防 An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.看来意见达成一致是不可能的,因为大多数委员会委员都表示反对。 2.off (表示位置)在……的外面;(表示方向)偏离;从……离开 Two miles off the coast,we sailed right into the storm. 在离海岸两英里处,我们迎面遇上了暴风雨。 3.by 不迟于;在……旁边;到……为止;按照,根据;通 过……方式;增减的幅度 This one is shorter than that one by three inches. 这一个比那一个短三英寸。 4.beyond (时间) 过了,比……晚,迟于;(位置) 在……另一边,超出……之外;(表示程度)为……所不及,超 出……的范围 No one hopes that the situation between China and Japan is beyond control due to the Diaoyu Islands. 没人希望中日局势因钓鱼岛事件失控。 5.with 和……在一起;带有,拥有;随着;用……工具;就……来说;对于,关于;(表示原因)由于,因为 I have an appointment with Dr.Smith,but I need to change it. 我与史密斯医生有约,但是我需要改变一下。 6.over 在……上方;越过;超过;(表示时间或过程)在……期间 I’m sorry I didn’t phone you,but I’ve been very busy over the past couple of weeks. 很抱歉没给你打电话,可是这几个星期我一直很忙。 7.for 为了;代表;因为,由于;对于,关于,在……方面;以……为代价;赞成,支持;就……而言 Before you pay a visit to a place of interest,look in your local library for a book about it. 在你到某一旅游胜地去浏览之前,先在你当地的图书馆找本有关的书看看。 The Smiths are praised for the way they bring up their children. 史密斯夫妇因为养育孩子的方式而受到了赞扬。 【变式探究】The little pupil took his grandma ________ the arm and walked her across the street. A.on B.by C.in D.at 【解析】考查固定搭配。句意:那个小学生 搀着他奶 奶的 胳膊,送她过了街道。“take sb.by+the+身体部位”为固定搭配,意为“抓住/触及某人的……”,故选B项。 【答案】B 【命题热点突破八】介词短语和介词的固定搭配 例8、(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I was searching these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing. 【解析】考查介词。search for 意为“寻找”,为固定搭配。 3.(2016·浙江,3)In many ways,the education system in the US is not very different from ________ in the UK. 【答案】that 【解析】 句意:在很多方面,美国的教育体系和英国的教育体系很不一样。这里指代前面的名词education system,所以用that。 1.(2016·新课标Ⅰ,64)But my connection with pandas goes back ________ my days on a TV show in the mid1980s,when I was the first... 2.(2016·新课标Ⅱ,44)Most of us are more focused ________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. 【答案】on 【解析】句意:我们大多数人在早晨时对任务的注意力要比晚些时候的注意力更集中。be focused on意为“集中于……”。 3.(2016·新课标Ⅲ,70)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India,for example,most people traditionally eat ________ their hands. 【答案】with 【解析】句意:筷子并非被亚洲的所有国家(的人民)使用。例如在印度,大部分的人习惯用手吃饭。with“用……”,符合句意。 4.(2016·四川,67)The mother continued to care for the young panda ________ more than two years. 【答案】for 【解析】句意:这位母亲持续照顾熊猫幼崽两年多。“for+一段时间”作时间状语,表示“持续了一段时间”。 5.(2016·浙江,16)In this article,you need to back up general statements ________ specific examples. 【答案】with 【解析】句意:在这篇文章中,你需要用具体的例子来支持总的观点。根据句意及结构可知,这里用介词with表示“用……”。 6.(2016·天津,8)Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she gave voice ________ her opinion on the subject. 【答案】to 【解析】句意:在讨论刚开始时,玛丽一言不发,但最后她就这个主题发表了自己的观点。give voice to“表达,吐露,发泄”,符合句意。 1.(2015·浙江,12)How would you like if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you? 【解析】句意:如果你正在看最喜爱的电视节目,这时有人进来没有征求你的意见就把电视关了,你会怎么想。固定表达how would you like it if...,在此结构中it代替后面if句的内容。 【答案】it 2.(2015·重庆,2)The meeting will be held in September, but knows the date for sure. 【解析】句意:会议将在九月召开,但是没人知道具体日期。句中的关键词为but,表转折,故nobody没有人,符合句意。 【答案】nobody 3.(2015·陕西,13)To warm himself,the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the . 【答案】other 4.(2015·四川,10)Niki is always full of ideas,but is useful to my knowledge. 【解析】句意:Niki总是有很多想法,但是没有一个想法对我的知识有用。三者或三者否定以上用none,可指人也可指物。 【答案】none 5.(2015·天津,2)The quality of education in this small school is better than in some larger schools. 【解析】句意:这所规模较小的学校的教育质量比一些规模较大的学校的教育质量好得多。表示比较时,指代前面的quality of education要用that,为了避免重复,可以代替前面提到的不可数名词。 【答案】that 6.(2015·福建,21)The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but contained any useful suggestions. 【解析】句意:这个研究组发布了以调查为基础的两个报道,但是都没有有用的建议。考查代词。根据句意,两者都不用neither。 【答案】neither 7.(2015·江苏,27)The university started some new language programs to cater the country's Silk Road Economic Belt. 【解析】句意:大学开始开设一些新的语言项目,以迎合中国的丝绸之路经济带。固定表达cater for 迎合,满足所需。 【答案】for 8.(2015·江苏,29)The whole team count Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down. 【解析】句意:整个团队依靠Cristians Ronaldo,他很少让他们失望。固定表达count on依靠,指望。 【答案】on 9.(2015·江苏,34)Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but Thomas Edison. 【解析】句意:如果没有托马斯·爱迪生的话,我们现在所受益的许多东西是不会出现的。but for如果没有的话。 【答案】for 10.(2015·浙江,3)Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes animals both on land and sea? 【答案】to 11.(2015·浙江,10)Most people work because it's unavoidable. contrast, there are some people who actually enjoy work. 【解析】句意:大多数人工作是因为无法避免,相比之下,也有一些人真的喜欢工作。固定表达by contrast相比之下。 【答案】By 12.(2015·浙江,11)We tend to have a better memory for things that excite our senses or appeal our emotions than for straight facts. 【解析】句意:我们倾向于对令感官兴奋的或吸引我们情感的东西记忆深刻。固定表达appeal to对……有吸引力。 【答案】to查看更多