秘笈06+定语从句-备战2019年高考英语抢分秘籍

秘笈06+定语从句-备战2019年高考英语抢分秘籍

‎ ‎ 定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外，还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题，不难发现其考点主要包括：‎ ‎1. 考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如：that, which和where, when的区分；that, which和why的区分等。‎ ‎2. 考查whose的使用。whose可以指代人或物, 在定语从句中作定语, 后跟名词。指物时，whose＋名词＝名词＋ of which ＝ of which＋名词。如：‎ ‎ The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.‎ ‎3. 考查as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其要重视which，as引导的非限制性定语从句和it，what引 ‎ 导的主语从句的区分。 ‎ ‎4. 考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。如：‎ ‎ I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.‎ ‎5. 考查“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，‎ ‎ 指物时用which，不能用that。关系代词作定语时也可用whose。如：‎ ‎ The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students.‎ ‎6. 考查一些特殊的先行词。如： 当situation, point, case, activity, scene及period, festival, occasion等出现时, 要 ‎ 注意具体情况具体分析；作主语、宾语和表语时, 用关系代词that/which; 作状语时, 用关系副词 where/when或“介词＋which”, 表示在某种特定的情形下。‎ ‎7. 考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区别。 ‎ ‎ ☞The house where he lives needs repairing.‎ ‎ which/that he lives in ‎ 他住的房子需要修理。‎ ‎ ☞Have you asked her for the reason that/which my explain her absence?‎ ‎ why she was absent?‎ ‎ 你是否问过她缺席的原因？‎ ‎②辨别先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。‎ ‎ ☞I don’t like the man who always speaks ill of others.‎ ‎ 我不喜欢总是说他人坏话的人。‎ ‎ ☞I will never forget the days when we worked together.‎ ‎ 我永远也忘不了我们在一起工作的日子。‎ ‎③判断从句是限制性还是非限制性定语从句。‎ ‎ ☞A dictionary is a book that gives the meanings of words.‎ ‎ 词典是解释词语意思的书。‎ ‎ ☞A dictionary is a book, which gives the meanings of words.‎ ‎ 词典是一本书, 它给出词语的意思。‎ ‎④判断关系词在从句中作宾语还是作状语, 取决于定语从句中的谓语动词。‎ ‎ ☞This is the point where I disagree.‎ ‎ 这就是我不同意的地方。(disagree为不及物动词, 故关系词用where。)‎ ‎ ☞This is the point (which/that) I disagree with.‎ ‎ 这就是我不同意的地方。(从句缺少介词with的宾语, 用that/which引导, 也可以省略)‎ 1. ‎（2018·新课标II卷·短文改错）They also had a small pond which they raised fish.‎ ‎【参考答案】which前加in 或which改为where ‎ ‎【易错提醒】‎ 当先行词是时间名词时，既可以用when引导定语从句，也可以用that或which引导定语从句，关键要看关系词在从句中作何种成分。若关系词在定语从句中充当状语，用when引导；若关系词在从句中充当主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。如：‎ ‎☛Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night?‎ 你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗？（when在从句中作状语）‎ ‎☛Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm?‎ 你还记得我们在农场一起度过的那些日子吗？（that或which作spent的宾语）‎ ‎2. （2018·江苏卷·单项填空）Self-driving is an area _______China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.‎ A. that B. where C. which D. when ‎【参考答案】B 考点4限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 一、可以引导非限制性定语从句的引导词 ‎ 大部分可以引导限制性定语从句的关系词也可以引导非限制性定语从句，但是关系代词that和关系副词why通常除外。‎ ‎1. 关系代词which ‎ 先行词通常是指物的名词或代词，其中先行词还可以是短语或整个句子。‎ ‎ ☞The villa, which we saw yesterday, is very beautiful. ‎ ‎ 我们昨天看的别墅很漂亮。（which指代the villa）‎ ‎ ☞Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.‎ ‎ 汤姆上学总是迟到，这一点令他的老师很生气。（which指代整个主句的内容）‎ ‎2. 关系代词who,whom与whose ‎ 先行词指人时，who在引导的非限制性定语从句中作主语，whom作宾语，whose作定语。‎ ‎ ☞Bob’s father, who worked on the project, spent four years in Egypt.‎ ‎ 鲍勃的父亲从事这项工程，在埃及度过了四年。（who作主语）‎ ‎ ☞A young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.‎ ‎ 一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的印象。（whom作宾语）‎ ‎ ☞I decided to write about Chaplin, one of whose films I had seen several years before.‎ ‎ 我决定写有关卓别林的文章，他的一部电影我几年前就看过了。（whose作定语）‎ ‎3. 关系副词when与where ‎ 关系副词在所引导的非限制性定语从句中作状语，where表示地点，when表示时间。‎ ‎ ☞Next month, when you’ll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching.‎ ‎ 下个月即将来临，届时你们将在家乡度暑假。（when指代表示时间的名词短语next month，并作从句的状语。）‎ ‎ ☞She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends.‎ ‎ 她要到澳门去居住，在那里她有几个密友。（where指代表示地点的名词Macao，并在从句中作状语。）‎ ‎4. as ‎ as可以引导非限制性定语从句，常有＂正如……＂的意思，所引导的从句既可置于主句之前， 也可置于主句之后。as多用于固定搭配中：‎ ‎ as is known to all众所周知 ‎ as has been said before如前所说 ‎ as is often the case情况常常如此 ‎ as may be imagined这可以想象得出 ‎ as has been pointed out正如已经指出的那样 ‎ as often happens这种情况常常发生 ‎ as is mentioned above 正如上面所提到的 ‎ ☞As you know, David is a photographer.‎ ‎ =David, as you know, is a photographer.‎ ‎ = David is a photographer, as you know.‎ ‎ 戴维是名摄影师，你是知道的。（as引导非限制定语从句，指代整个主句的内容。）‎ ‎【易混辨析】as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别 as which 指代 指代整个主句所表达的内容 既可指代整个主句的内容，又可指代主句中的一部分 位置 as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、句中或主句之后 which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后 意义 常常有＂正如，正像，关于这一点＂的含义 which引导的从句常常说明主句的情况，和主句往往有逻辑上的因果关系。which的意思相当于and this ‎ ☞As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health. ‎ ‎ 众所周知，吸烟有害健康。（as引导定语从句，位于句首，指代整个主句内容）‎ ‎ ☞Allen has made much progress in English, which delighted us.‎ ‎ 艾伦英语取得了很大进步，这使我们很高兴。（which引导定语从句，相当于and this，表示因果关系）‎ 二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 意 义 起限定作用，指特定的人或物，从句不可省略，否则原句句意不完整 仅作补充或说明，若去掉从句，主句意思完整 结构要求 紧跟先行词，从句与先行词之间不加逗号 用逗号与先行词或主句隔开 功 能 修饰先行词 修饰先行词或整个主句 引导词 所有的关系代词及副词 关系代词或关系副词，但是关系代词that及关系副词why除外 省略情况 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去 非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省 ‎☞The house, which we bought last month, lies in the center of the city. ‎ ‎ 那套房子位于市中心，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性定语从句，不表明有多少套房子）‎ ‎☞The house (which/that) we bought last month lies in the center of the city. ‎ ‎ 我们上个月买的那套房子位于市中心。（限制性定语从句，暗含＂可能有若干套房子＂之意）‎ ‎1.（2017· 新课标卷I· 语法填空）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.‎ ‎【参考答案】 which ‎【答案解析】句意：很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐，那对健康没有好处。分析可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整句话。‎ ‎2.（2017·新课标卷II·短文改错）In their spare time, they are interesting（改为interested） in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.‎ ‎【参考答案】 which ‎【答案解析】非限制性定语从句需要用which引导，故将that改为which。 ‎ I.单项填空 ‎1. She is looking forward to the day her daughter wins the gold medal in the Olympics.‎ ‎ A.how B.which ‎ ‎ C.when D.where ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查定语从句。句意：她盼望着女儿在奥运会中获得金牌的那一天(的到来)。空处引导定语从句，且在从句中作时间状语。故该定语从句应用when引导。 ‎ ‎2. Some citizens will attend a meeting to be held by our city government, the opinions can be voiced ‎ ‎ freely there.‎ ‎ A.of which B.of whom ‎ ‎ C.in which D.in whom ‎【答案】B ‎3. He is commonly regarded as a funny man rather than as a reformer , at bottom, he is.‎ ‎ A.when B.where ‎ ‎ C.that D.which ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他通常被认为是个滑稽的人而非一个改革者，但他实际上就是一个改革者。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，指代先行词a reformer，并在定语从句中充当表语，故用that。‎ ‎4. It was funny that he should have told such a funny story made everyone present burst into laughter.‎ ‎ A.as B.that ‎ ‎ C.which D.what ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查定语从句。句意：真怪，他竟然讲了那样一个让在场的每一个人都放声大笑的滑稽故事。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，若先行词被the same， such等词修饰或其前有so+形容词+不定冠词，其后的定语从句需用as引导。此题考生易错选that。such...that...中，that引导的是结果状语从句，且在句中只起连接作用，不充当句子成分；‎ 而分析该题的句子结构可知，空处在此引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，故应用as。试比较：‎ It is such a difficult problem that none of us can work it out. 这个问题如此难以至于我们中没有一个人能 解出它。(that引导结果状语从句，在从句中不作成分)It is such a difficult problem as none of us can work out. 这是一个我们所有人都解不出的难题。(as引导定语从句，且在从句中作宾语)‎ ‎5. I will go to Paris to attend an exhibition many world-famous companies will present their latest ‎ ‎ products.‎ ‎ A.when B.which ‎ ‎ C.where D.whose ‎【答案】C ‎6. _________is generally believed, it is human activities that have contributed to the global warming.‎ ‎ A.As B.That ‎ ‎ C.What D.It ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查定语从句。句意：人们普遍认为，正是人类活动导致了全球变暖。As在此引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句的内容,并在定语从句中充当主语。 ‎ II.语法填空 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ Today I went in the melting snow to visit my 82-year-old friend. She needed help with her computer, so I went in for a computer repair and a chat. 1 I only managed to fix half of the problem, we had a lovely chat, and she presented me with some 2 (tradition) Portuguese cakes, called Queijadas de Sintra. She said a friend had posted 3 to her.‎ ‎ Then we went to town to do some shopping. On the way back, I noticed a newly-opened coffee shop 4 (name) “Anglo-Milanese”, appealing to me. Being a fan of Italy and 5 (stay) in Milan a couple of years. I couldn’t help going to investigate. Once inside I noticed that people running the place were, in fact, Italian, so I placed my order 6 Italian and from then on we just started as if we 7 (know) each other for a lifetime.‎ ‎ It was wonderful. 8 coffee shop is owned by four friends, two English people and two Italians. I ended ‎ up sharing my Queijadas Sintra with them 9 they loved the cakes very much. The lovely lady 10 sent those delicious cakes from Portugal could never have imagined that her gift would reach so far and make so many people smile.‎ ‎ 【语篇解读】本文主要介绍了作者偶遇意大利人开的咖啡店，并且为此而开心的故事。‎ ‎1. Although/Though ‎ ‎【解析】考查连词。句意：尽管我只用了半个小时就解决了问题，但是我们还是聊得很愉快。意思是时间虽短，但还是很愉快的。由Although/Though（尽管）引导让步状语从句，故填Although/Though。‎ ‎2. traditional ‎ ‎【解析】考查形容词。形容词traditional（传统的）作定语，修饰名词cake，意思是“传统的葡萄牙蛋糕”，故填traditional。‎ ‎3. them ‎ ‎【解析】考查代词。此处的them指代上文的traditional Portuguese cakes，作动词posted的宾语，故填them。‎ ‎4. named ‎ ‎【解析】考查过去分词。过去分词named作定语，修饰名词shop，与之是被动关系，故填named.‎ ‎6. in ‎ ‎【解析】考查介词。句意：所以我用意大利语下了定单，就好像我们已经认识很多年了。固定用法：in Italian（用意大利语），故填in。‎ ‎7. had known ‎ ‎【解析】考查时态。句意：所以我用意大利语下了定单，就好像我们已经认识很多年了。本句是由as if引导的一个虚拟语气，说的是与过去事实相反的事情，所以用过去完成时态，故填had known。‎ ‎8. The ‎ ‎【解析】考查冠词。句意：这家咖啡店共有4个人共同拥有。此处在名词前加定冠词the，表特指上文提到的那家咖啡店。故填The。‎ ‎9. and ‎ ‎【解析】考查连词。句意：最后，我和他们分享了我的蛋糕，并且他们非常喜欢这些蛋糕。前后两句是并列关系，由and连接，故填and。‎ ‎10. who/that ‎ ‎【解析】考查关系代词。定语从句，先行词是lady（女士），从句中缺少主语，所以用关系代词who/that引导该定语从句，故填who/that。‎