专题07+史地常识类（模拟训练）-备战2018年高考英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练

专题07+史地常识类（模拟训练）-备战2018年高考英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练

专题07 史地常识类 模拟训练 Passage 1（2018届山西省长治二中、晋城一中、康杰中学、临汾一中、忻州一中、内蒙古鄂尔多斯一中高三第三次名校联合考试）‎ ‎ Beijing’s Forbidden City is a place full of wonder. From its thousands of rooms to its many beautiful artifacts, there’s no wonder it’s one of China’s most popular tourist destinations.‎ But even more than 600 years after it was built, it’s still managing to serve up surprises. Since it was built during the Ming Dynasty, it’s estimated that the Forbidden City has survived more than 200 earthquakes. And while most structures aren’t made to survive natural disasters, let alone ones built hundreds of years ago, it seems that the Forbidden City was built to withstand anything.‎ A recent television documentary by UK broadcaster Channel 4 explored the skills of the ancient building’s designers. A group of Chinese carpenters and engineers were shown building a scale model (成比例模型) of one of the Forbidden City’s palaces, at one fifth of the size.‎ To show how strong ancient Chinese architecture really is, the model was put to the test. It was subjected to a simulated (模拟的) earthquake of 9.5 on the Richter scale – equivalent to the largest ever recorded quake – and survived. Instead of falling apart, the model was just moved gently during the test.‎ According to experts, the answer to the Forbidden City’s strength, as well as other ancient Chinese structures’, lies in dougong– a centuries-old building method invented in China. This is the name for special brackets on buildings. Despite being held together without any nails or glue, the brackets are perfect at keeping structures together when the weather gets rough.‎ ‎“Dougong design is an important earthquake-resistant feature of classical Chinese structures because the framework changes in shape when under pressure, much like the shock absorbers (减震器) of a car,” according to Chinese National Geography.‎ ‎“Ancient Chinese craftsmen created structures that were both enduring and aesthetically (在美学方面) pleasing using dougong, revealing their advanced understanding of mathematics, architecture, materials, and structural science.”‎ The Forbidden City draws visitors because of its rich history and cultural significance, but perhaps it should add one more thing to its list of attractions: earthquake shelter.‎ ‎1.What is the article mainly about?‎ A. What has made the Forbidden City a popular tourist destination.‎ B. What has helped the Forbidden City survive so many earthquakes.‎ C. The characteristics of Chinese architecture during the Ming Dynasty.‎ D.A variety of building methods used in ancient Chinese structures.‎ ‎2.Which of the following can best replace the underlined phrase “was subjected to” in Paragraph 4?‎ A. suffered B. was controlled by C. obeyed D. was affected by ‎3.What was the aim of the test in the UK documentary?‎ A. To reproduce a real earthquake from the Ming Dynasty.‎ B. To discover a long-lost Chinese building method C. To explain the impact of earthquakes on ancient buildings.‎ D. To prove the strength of ancient Chinese architecture.‎ ‎4.What is “dougong” according to the text?‎ A.A paint that gives Chinese buildings an attractive look.‎ B.A tool used by ancient people to measure earth-quakes.‎ C Special building parts that keep a traditional Chinese building together,‎ C.A building piece located in the center of a traditional Chinese house.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了紫禁城的斗拱设计帮助它能够在多次地震中幸存。‎ ‎1.B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章内容，特别是倒数第二段中的“Dougong design is an important earthquake-resistant feature of classical Chinese structures because the framework changes in shape when under pressure”可知，紫禁城的斗拱设计帮助它能够在多次地震中幸存。‎ ‎3.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“To show how strong ancient Chinese architecture really is, the model was put to the test. ”可知，测试的目的是证明中国古建筑的抗震性。‎ ‎4.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“dougong– a centuries-old building method invented in China. This is the name for special brackets on buildings.”可知，斗拱是连接中国传统建筑物的一个特殊部件。‎ Passage2（2017届黑龙江省大庆市高三第三次教学质量检测）‎ China has more than 30 intangible cultural heritage(非物质文化遗产) recognized by the UNESCO, including paper-cutting, the Dragon Boat Festival, Peking Opera, acupuncture(针灸) and so on. The organization adopted a decision that China’s “The Twenty-Four Solar Terms”(二十四节气) should be put on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2016 in Ethiopia.‎ The Twenty-Four Solar Terms, knowledge of time and practices in agriculture, starts from the Beginning of Spring and ends with the Greater Cold, moving in cycles. It developed through thee observation of the sun’s annual movement in China. In ancient time, the method of tugui, earth sundial(日暑), was used to measure the shadow of the sun for determining the solar terms.‎ The Twenty-Four Solar Terms came into being and developed in close relationship with Chinese agricultural production. At the initial stage of agricultural development, people began to explore ‎ the seasonal rules in the agricultural production to meet the needs in seeding, harvesting and other activities. Gradually, they formed the concept of “seed in spring, grow in summer, harvest in autumn and store in winter”. During the spring and autumn periods, the agricultural production was highly influenced by the seasonal changes, thus forming the concept of Solar Terms.‎ As a traditional Chinese knowledge system of time with a history of thousands of years, the Twenty-Four Solar Terms clearly expresses the concepts of respect for nature, and harmony between man and nature. Created by Chinese ancestors, it has functioned as a complete set of weather calendar(日历) to guide the agricultural production in China. It has also been introduced into North Korea, Japan and other neighboring countries and still used in Japan. The Chinese heritage has provably influenced the people’s way of thinking and behaving and will continue to be an important carrier of Chinese cultural identity.‎ ‎1.According to the first two paragraphs, the Twenty-Four Solar Terms______.‎ A. was used to measure the shadow of the sun B. has not been listed as one intangible cultural heritage of humanity C. repeats from the Beginning of Spring to the Greater Cold every year D.is the best intangible cultural heritage recognized by the UNESCO ‎2.We can learn from the text that _______ in China in the past.‎ A. the Twenty-Four Solar Terms only influenced spring and autumn B. the Twenty-Four Solar Terms had something to do with agriculture C. people cared about the changes of weather just for fun D. agricultural production highly influenced the seasonal changes ‎3.We can infer from the text that the Twenty-Four Solar Terms _______.‎ A.is an agricultural calendar merely used in China B.is strongly influenced by North Korea and Japan C.is scarcely connected with natural reles D.is part of traditional Chinese culture ‎【文章大意】中国已有超过30多项的非物质文化遗产被联合国教科文组织的认可，包括剪纸、端午节、京剧、针灸等。在2016年，该组织通过一个决定，把中国的“二十四节气”也纳入到人类非物质文化遗产代表名录中。‎ ‎2.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The Twenty-Four Solar Terms came into being and developed in close relationship with Chinese agricultural production. At the initial stage of agricultural development, people began to explore the seasonal rules in the agricultural production to meet the needs in seeding, harvesting and other activities. Gradually, they formed the concept of “seed in spring, grow in summer, harvest in autumn and store in winter”. During the spring and autumn periods, the agricultural production was highly influenced by the seasonal changes, thus forming the concept of Solar Terms.”可知，二十四节气是用来指导农事的补充历法，是通过观察太阳周年运动形成的知识体系。周而复始，既是历代官府颁布的时间准绳，也是指导农业生产的指南针。故选B。‎ ‎3.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“As a traditional Chinese knowledge system of time with a history of thousands of years, the Twenty-Four Solar Terms clearly expresses the concepts of respect for nature, and harmony between man and nature. Created by Chinese ancestors, it has functioned as a complete set of weather calendar(日历) to guide the agricultural production in China. The Chinese heritage has provably influenced the people’s way of thinking and behaving and will continue to be an important carrier of Chinese cultural identity.”中国的“二十四节气”体现中国人民的智慧，是中国历史文化的一部分。故选D。‎ Passage3（2017届广东省七校联合体高三联考）‎ Witchcraft(巫术)was not made a capital offence in Britain until 1563 though it was ‎ disapproved by Pope Innocent VIII in 1484. From 1484 until around 1750, some 200,000 witches(女巫)were burnt or hanged in Western Europe.‎ Most supposed witches were usually old women, and always poor. Any who were unfortunate enough to be an old woman with broken teeth, sunken cheeks and sockets and a hairy lip were assumed to possess the “Evil Eye”. It was more the case if they also had a cat. Many unfortunate women were taken away on this sort of evidence and hanged.‎ Witch fever held East Anglia for 14 terrible months between 1645—1646. A man called Matthew Hopkins, an unsuccessful lawyer, contributed a lot! He became known as the “Witchfinder General”. He had 68 people put to death in Bury St. Edmunds alone, and 19 hanged at Chelmsfor in a single day. After Chelmsford he set off for other countries. Much of Matthew Hopkins theories of telling a witch were based on Devil’s Marks. He took a small mark to be a Devil’s Mark and he used his “needle” to see if these marks were insensitive to pain. His “needle” was basically a trick so the unfortunate women never felt any pain.‎ There were other tests for witches. Mary Sutton of Bedford was put to the swimming test. With her thumbs tied to opposite big toes she was thrown into the river. If she floated she was guilty; if she sank, innocent. Poor Mary floated!‎ Though many of the acts against witchcraft were put to an end in 1736, witch hunting still went on. In 1863, a suspected male witch was drowned in a pond in Headingham, Essex and 1945 the body of an elderly farm laborer was found near the village of Meon Hill in Warwickshire. His throat had been cut and his body was pinned to the earth. The murder remains unsolved; however, the man was said, locally, to be a male witch. It seems that belief in witchcraft has not entirely died out.‎ ‎1.A female witch was often found to be ________.‎ A. a young lady B. a lucky woman ‎ C.an ugly woman D. a blind girl ‎2.Matthew Hopkins can be best described as __________.‎ A. kind and smart B. tricky and merciless C. successful and nice D. famous and fortunate ‎3.Why did people throw Mary into the river?‎ A. To take her life ‎ B. To tell if she was a witch.‎ C. To test her swimming skills ‎ D. To prove that she was guilty.‎ ‎4.What’s the main idea of the last paragraph?‎ A. Witches are still badly treated all over the world.‎ B. Witches were terribly treated in the European history.‎ C. Some people still have been using magic in daily lives.‎ D. There have always been people believing in witchcraft ‎ 【文章大意】这篇短文主要介绍了巫术在西方国家发展的历史。‎ ‎1.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“Any who were unfortunate enough to be an old woman with broken teeth, sunken cheeks and sockets and a hairy lip were assumed to possess the “Evil Eye”.”可知女巫经常是丑陋的女人。故选C。‎ ‎3.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“With her thumbs tied to opposite big toes she was thrown into the river. If she floated she was guilty; if she sank, innocent.”可知人们把她投入河中是为了验证她是否是个女巫。故选B。‎ ‎4.D 【解析】主旨大意题。本段首句“Though many of the acts against witchcraft were put to an end in 1736, witch hunting still went on.”尽管许多打击巫术的行动在1736年已经被终止，但是许多猎巫行动仍在继续。以及本段最后一句“It seems that belief in witchcraft has not entirely died out.”好像有关巫术的信仰还没有完全消除。可知总是有人相信巫术。故选D。‎ Passage4（2017届河北省廊坊市高三期末考试）‎ April 23 marks the 400th anniversary of William Shakespeare’s death. Organizations in Britain have planned numerous events to honor him.‎ In Stratford-upon-Avon, his birthplace, the tourism organization has a great number of free events, including performances of Shakespeare’s plays, and a dazzling fireworks display. And the BBC is broadcasting a live show from Stratfore-upon-Avon, celebrating Shakespeare’s widespread influence on the world. In England’s capital, the London Shakespeare Centre and King’s College London are holding a series of public performances, exhibitions and activities. It isn’t just England that honors the anniversary of the death of this extraordinary writer. In Washington, D. C., the Folger Shakespeare Library, which houses the world’s largest collection of documents relating to William Shakespeare, is displaying a series of exhibitions.‎ Shakespeare is probably the most famous author who ever lived and is considered a genius by most. He wrote around 37 plays and 154 sonnets(十四行诗), and his work has been translated into over one hundred languages! He penned beautiful metaphors(暗喻), serious dramas and amusing tales.‎ Shakespeare also invented many new terms and phrases. If someone’s behavior suggested they were not being honest and should not be trusted, Shakespeare called their actions suspicious. If someone was being silly and perhaps looking like a fool, Shakespeare found their actions laughable. And Shakespeare called people who offered their opinions on the quality of something critics. Today, for instance, food critics and film critics give audiences their opinions of food and film. The familiar phrase “break the ice” comes from Shakespeare’s play The Taming of the Shrew. The “ice is broken” when a difficult conversation or meeting is calmed by some basic introduction, such as a simple game. More common words coined by Shakespeare include road, gossip,‎ ‎ lonely, bump and hurry.‎ Four hundred years after his death, Shakespeare surely lives on, in everyday speech, as the most famous writer of all time!‎ ‎1.The main idea of the text is ___________.‎ A. the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare’s death B. the influence Shakespeare has on English C. the achievements of William Shakespeare D. Shakespeare’s colorful and fruitful life ‎2.Shakespeare is honored in the following ways except_________.‎ A. a great number of free events in Stratford-upon-Avon B. a series of activities in the London Shakespeare Centre C. a series of exhibitions in the Folger Shakespeare Library D. a live show of Shakespeare from Stratford-upon-Avon ‎3.According to the next, a simply game to make a difficult conversation easy is called _________.‎ A.an ice-breaker B. a suspicious man ‎ C. a critic D. a laughable man ‎【文章大意】4月23日是威廉·莎士比亚逝世第四百周年纪念日。英国的各种组织计划活动来纪念他。‎ ‎1.A 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段的句子“April 23 marks the 400th anniversary of William Shakespeare’s death.”可知，文章主要介绍4月23日是威廉·莎士比亚逝世第四百周年纪念日。故选A。‎ ‎3.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段的句子“The ‘ice is broken’ when a difficult conversation or meeting is calmed by some basic introduction, such as a simple game.”可知，使得困难的对话变得容易的叫作an ice-breaker。故选A。‎ Passage5（2017届浙江省诸暨中学高三上学期期中考试英语）‎ Tens of thousands of ancient pictures carved into the rocks at one of France’s most important tourist sites are being destroyed. Scientists and researchers fear that the 36,000 drawings on rocks in Mont Bego in the French Alps are being damaged so rapidly that they will not survive for future generations.‎ The mountain, believed to have once been a site for prayer, is scattered (散布) with 4,000-year-old drawings cut into bare rock. They include pictures of cows with horns, cultivated fields (耕地) and a variety of gods and goddesses. But as the popularity of the site goes up, the pictures are being ruined by thoughtless graffiti (涂鸦).‎ Jean Clottes is the chairman of the International Committee on Rock Art. He says, “People think that because the pictures have been there so long they will always continue to be there. But if the damage continues at this rate there will be nothing left in 50 years.”‎ He describes seeing tourists stamping on the drawings, wearing away the rock and definition (清晰度) of the artwork as they do so. Some visitors, he says, even cut off parts to take home as souvenirs. “When people think they can’t take a good enough photograph, they rub the drawings to get a clearer picture,” he said. “The drawings are polished by the weather, and ‎ if the sun is shining and the visitors can’t see them properly they simply rub them to make them look fresher.” Other researchers describe how people arrive carrying long sticks with sharp ends to scratch (刮) their own drawings, or even their names, in the rocks.‎ But experts are divided over the best way to preserve the drawings. Henry de Lumley, director of the Museum of Natural History in Paris, believes that the only way to save the site is to turn the whole mountain into a “no-go” area, preventing the public from going there except on guided tours. Otherwise, he says, not only will the site be completely destroyed but important research work will be reduced.‎ Clottes disagrees, “The measure suggested by Henry de Lumley is the most severe, and while it is the most effective, it is also certain to bring about protests from people who live there,” he said. “The site was classified as a historic monument years ago by the Ministry of Culture, and we must do as much as possible to save what is there.”‎ David Lavergne, the regional architect, also wants to avoid closing the site. “Henry de Lumley’s idea isn’t ideal,” he said. “Our department feels that the best solution is to let people look at the site, but because the area is very big it is difficult to prevent visitors from damaging it. I would prefer that everyone was able to look at it, but the main problem is money. We do not have the funds to employ the necessary number of guards. We may have to consider charging a fee. It doesn’t seem to be possible to get the government support.”‎ In Nice, Annie Echassoux, who also worked on researching the site, is alarmed that as the mountain becomes easier to reach — tourists can now avoid the three-and-a-half-hour walk by hiring vehicles — the damage will increase rapidly. She thinks that the only solution is to rope off the area and provide guides. “You can’t say the plan can’t go ahead because there is no money,” she said. “That is not good enough. Money must be provided because the Ministry of Culture has classified this area as a historic site. If we don’t take steps, we will be responsible for losing the drawings for the next generation.”‎ ‎1.According to Jean Clottes, some of the visitors to the area have____.‎ A. helped to clean the drawings B. taken bits of the rock home C. been unable to take photographs D. misunderstood what the pictures mean ‎2.Henry de Lumley is eager to ____.‎ A. set up research projects B. protect public rights C. keep out individual visitors D. ban traffic in the area ‎3.Which word best describes Annie Echassoux’s attitude towards saving the historic site?‎ A. Supportive B. Disappointed ‎ C. Worried D. Doubtful ‎4.This passage has been written about Mont Bego to __________.‎ A. advertise the closing of the site B. warn visitors about the dangers of the site C. encourage scientists to visit the site D. describe fears for the future of the site ‎【文章大意】本文为介绍说明文。文章讲述的是法国一些重要的景点古代石刻画的丢失严重，科学家和研究表达对这些情况的担忧，许多人也纷纷出来出谋划策。‎ ‎1.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Some visitors, he says, even cut off parts to take home as souvenirs”可知，一些画被来这里的游客带回家了。故选B。‎ ‎3.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If we don’t take steps, we will be responsible for losing the drawings for the next generation.”可知，如果我们不采取措施的话，我们将会为下一代丢失文物而负责。故选A。‎ ‎4.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Scientists and researchers fear that the 36,000 drawings on rocks in Mont Bego in the French Alps are being damaged so rapidly that they will not survive for future generations.”可知，科学家和研究者表达了对这一区域壁画丢失的担心。故选D。‎