【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专项定语从句教案

【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专项定语从句教案

定语从句学案 十年树木，百年树人，十年磨一剑。本专辑按照最新2020年考纲，对近十年高考真题精挑细选，去伪存真，挑选符合最新考纲要求的真题，按照考点/考向同类归纳，难度分层精析，对全国卷Ⅰ具有重要的应试性和导向性。‎ 三观指的观三题（观母题、观平行题、观扇形题），一统指的是统一考点/考向，并对十年真题进行标灰（调整不考或低频考点标灰色）。‎ ‎（一）2020考纲 考点 ‎2020考纲要求 ‎（1）限制性定语从句的用法 ⅠⅡⅢ ‎（2）非限制性定语从句的用法 ⅠⅡⅢ ‎（二）本节考向题型研究汇总 题型考向 考点/考向 ‎2020考纲要求 语法填空 ‎（1）在具体语篇中，综合考查定语从句的相关知识 ⅠⅡⅢ 短文改错 ‎（2）在具体语篇中，综合考查定语从句的相关知识 ⅠⅡⅢ 单项填空 ‎（3）在语境中，考查定语从句的相关知识 ‎2014年前 考向题型研究一：语法填空（考点1-限制性定语从句的用法）‎ ‎1.（2018·全国I）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014______showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.‎ ‎【答案】 that which ‎【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。此处a study是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that或which。‎ ‎2.（2015·全国卷Ⅰ）I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ________are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.‎ ‎【答案】that/which　‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句。漓江被许多艺术家绘画。此处考查定语从句，先行词为Li River，在从句中作主语。‎ ‎3.（2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ）Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you have a habit __67__ is driving your family crazy.‎ ‎【答案】that/which　‎ ‎【解析】也许你有一个使你的家人发疯的习惯。这里habit是先行词，which或that引导的是定语从句，并且在从句中作主语，不能省略。‎ ‎1.【2019·新课标III卷】They were well trained by their masters ______ had great experience with caring for these animals.‎ ‎【答案】who ‎【解析】考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters（主人），且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。‎ ‎2.【2019·浙江卷】On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ______gives off light in the dark.‎ ‎【答案】that/which ‎【解析】考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指物，从句中缺少主语，因此，可以用that或which引导。故填that/which。‎ ‎3.【2019·北京卷】The students benefitting most from college are those ______ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.‎ ‎【答案】who/that ‎【解析】考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。___3___ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.是定语从句，修饰先行词those，空格处在句中作主语，代指人，故填who或that。‎ ‎4.【2018·全国II】The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program ___69___ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.‎ ‎【答案】that/which ‎【解析】考查定语从句关系词。根据空后的谓语动词gives可知，该空缺少主语，指代program并且引导后面的句子。指物用that/which，故填that或者which。‎ ‎1.【2018·浙江卷】Many westerners ______ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.‎ ‎【答案】who/that ‎【解析】考查关系代词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是westerners指人，在定语从句中做主语，用关系代词 who/that引导，故填who/that。‎ ‎2.[2015·广东卷]When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market ____ people from the towns met regularly.‎ ‎【答案】where 　‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句的连接词。句中的in the market是先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语，故用引导词where。‎ ‎3.【2013·广东卷】Nick’s guests,_______ had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy sale more cheaply if they could.‎ ‎【答案】who ‎【解析】考查相连接代词词的用法，分析句子结构可知，本句为非限制性定语从句，why为定语从句的引导词，表人。句意为：Nick的朋友们碰巧听到了他们的的谈话，他们问为什么父子俩能买到更便宜的盐，却不那么做呢。‎ ‎4.[2012·广东卷]Of course whenever they turned to look at him, they had to look at Mary, ________ made her feel like a star.‎ ‎【答案】which　‎ ‎【解析】考查关系词的用法。引导一个非限制性定语从句作主语，代替前面的整个句子，所以用which。‎ 考点一　关系代词引导的定语从句 ‎1．who，whom，whose引导的定语从句 ‎①Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields.‎ 有些在语言学习上很有成就的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。‎ ‎②The man (who/whom) you met just now is called Jim.‎ 你刚才遇见的那个人叫吉姆。‎ ‎③Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.‎ 很少进行体育锻炼或饮食富含脂肪的孩子体重会增加很快。‎ 考点总结 ‎1．who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。‎ ‎2．whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时可用of which代替，指人时可用of whom代替。‎ ‎2．that，which引导的定语从句 ‎①ChinaToday attracts a worldwide readership，which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.‎ ‎《今日中国》吸引了世界各地的读者，这表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。‎ ‎②When the time came to make the final decision for a course，I decided to apply for the one that reflected my interest.‎ 当到了最后决定课程的时候，我决定申请能反映我兴趣的课程。‎ ‎③All the people that come from the country work much harder.‎ 所有来自农村的人都工作更努力。‎ ‎④The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.‎ 在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。‎ ‎⑤This is the book which you are looking for.‎ 这正是你在找的那本书。‎ ‎⑥He talked about the people and the place that he had visited in that country.‎ 他谈到了他在那个国家所见到的人和所参观的地方。‎ 考点总结 ‎1．that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，作宾语或表语时可省略。‎ ‎2．which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略。另外，which可用来指代前面句子的部分或全部内容。‎ ‎3．下列情况只用that不用which：‎ ‎①先行词是all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代词；‎ ‎②先行词被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等词修饰；‎ ‎③先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词；‎ ‎④先行词被the only，the very(正是，恰是)，the last修饰；‎ ‎⑤先行词中既有人也有物；‎ ‎⑥在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句。‎ 考点二　关系副词引导的定语从句 ‎①Opposite is St.Paul's Church，where you can hear some lovely music.‎ 对面是圣保罗教堂，在那里你能听到一些优美的音乐。‎ ‎②We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，when the weather may be better.‎ 我们将把去公园野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能更好。‎ ‎③The reason why I don't trust him is that he often tells lies.‎ 我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。‎ ‎④They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.‎ 他们已经到了必须分手的地步。‎ 考点总结 ‎1．先行词是表示时间、地点或原因(一般为reason)的名词，从句中缺少状语时用关系副词when，where，why。有时可用“介词＋which”结构替换。‎ ‎2．当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时，即使先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词仍用which/that。‎ ‎3．当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如point，situation，case，stage等，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果作主语、宾语或表语，则用关系代词that/which。‎ 考点三　“介词＋关系代词”引导的 定语从句 ‎①Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.‎ 皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。‎ ‎②The study suggests that the cultures we grow up in influence the basic processes by which we see the world around us.‎ 研究表明我们成长的文化影响我们看周围世界的基本过程。‎ ‎③Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which(＝whose price) was very reasonable.‎ 最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。‎ ‎④His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.‎ 他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)‎ 考点总结 ‎1．若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。‎ ‎2．该结构中介词的选用 ‎(1)一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：‎ ‎①先行词的意义；‎ ‎②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；‎ ‎③句子的意思。‎ ‎(2)表示“整体和部分关系”，介词常用of。常见结构：‎ ‎①在some，any，few，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。‎ ‎②the＋比较级或最高级前、后用of which/whom等。‎ ‎(3)有时“介词＋where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。‎ 考点四　as，which引导的定语从句 ‎①The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.‎ 正如报道的那样，吸烟的人数仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。‎ ‎②It is a truly delightful place，which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.‎ 这真是一个令人愉快的地方，它看上去和100年前的样子一样，有蜿蜒的街道和漂亮的村舍。‎ ‎③Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out.(定语从句)‎ Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem that none of us worked it out.(结果状语从句)‎ 上学期数学考试老师出了一道很难的数学题，没有一个人能解出来。‎ ‎④I would like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.‎ 我想用你昨天用的那种工具。‎ I would like to use the same tool that you used yesterday.‎ 我想用你昨天用的那件工具。‎ 考点总结 ‎1．as作关系代词用来引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如，正像”，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。‎ ‎2．as常用在下列习惯用语中：‎ as (it) often happens，as I remember，as is often the case，as is expected，as is known to us，as is shown等。‎ ‎3．which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容则只能位于句末。‎ ‎4．“such/so...that...”表示“如此……以致……”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“such/so...as...”表示“像……这样……”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。‎ ‎5．“the same...that...”表示同一个人或物，而“the same...as...”表示同种类的人或物。‎ 考点五　way和time后接定语从句的 情况 ‎①What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.‎ 让我吃惊的不是他说的话，而是他说话的方式。‎ ‎②The way　he explained to us was quite simple.‎ 他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。‎ ‎③It's not the first time (that) you've found yourself in this situation.‎ 你陷入这种状况已经不是第一次了。‎ ‎④There was a time when/during which each teacher spent an hour，one day a week，testing pupils in every subject.‎ 曾经，每个老师每周都有一天花上一小时对学生的每门功课进行测试。‎ 考点总结 ‎1．在定语从句中，the way在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which，that或省略；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。‎ ‎2．先行词time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；当先行词time作“一段时间，时代”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句。‎ 考向题型研究一：语法填空（考点2-非限制性定语从句的用法）‎ ‎1.（2017·全国卷Ⅰ）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, ________ is not good for the health.‎ ‎【答案】which　‎ ‎【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前文中的to have too much of both，即“摄入过多的脂肪和盐”。故填which。‎ ‎2.（2016·全国新课标I）But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, _____ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. ‎ ‎【答案】when ‎【解析】考查定语从句。后面是非限制性定语从句，从句缺少状语，因为先行词是时间，故填when。‎ ‎ [2017·浙江卷6月考]Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, ________ it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.‎ ‎【答案】where　‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句。此处先行词是the garden，在从句中充当地点状语，故填where。‎ ‎1.【2019·新课标II卷】Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，______ she opened with her late husband Les.‎ ‎【答案】where ‎【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。‎ ‎2.[2017·全国卷Ⅲ]But Sarah, ________ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.‎ ‎【答案】who　‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空后面是一个定语从句，缺少连接词，代指先行词Sarah, ‎ 在从句中作主语，故填who。‎ 定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词以及介词的选用是语法填空题中的考查点。首先判断是否是定语从句是做题的关键，其次判断关系词充当何种成分，确定答案。有些特殊的定语从句，如分割式定语从句和插入式定语从句，一定要先确定先行词，然后再判断作何成分，最后确定用何关系词。‎ 考向题型研究二：短文改错（考点-定语从句相关知识的误用）‎ ‎1.【2019·新课标I卷】One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.‎ ‎【答案】One afternoon I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句。先行词one afternoon表示时间在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词使用when。故将where改为when。‎ ‎2.【2018·全国I】They also had a small pond which they raised fish.‎ ‎【答案】They also had a small pond they raised fish.‎ ‎【解析】which改成in which或where 考查定语从句的关系词。他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，其在定语从句中作地点状语。故用in which或where。‎ ‎1.【2019·新课标III卷】 In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.‎ ‎【答案】‎ In the cafe, customers will enjoy  themselves in the historical environment  is created for them. ‎ ‎【解析】本句考查定语从句。先行词environment 在从句中做主语，指物，关系代词用that/which。故把what改为that/which。‎ ‎2.【2016·四川】The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favorite.‎ ‎【答案】what---that/which(或去掉what) ‎ ‎【解析】此处考查引导定语从句的关系代词。句意：我做的菜是妈妈最喜欢的。The dishes 做先行词，指物，定语从句缺少引导词，从句缺少宾语，可知引导词在定语从句中作宾语，故把what---that/which(或去掉what)。‎ ‎1. [2013·新课标II]Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, that might not be served until 8 o’clock at night.‎ ‎【答案】that---which ‎【解析】考查非限制性定语从句的关系词。根据前面的逗号可知，这是非限制性定语从句故用which。‎ ‎2.[2017·全国卷Ⅱ]In their spare time，they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house.‎ ‎【答案】that改为which　‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句。该处前有逗号，后句为非限制性定语从句，故用which。‎ ‎3.[2017·全国卷Ⅲ]Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time:‎ ‎【答案】 they →that/which　‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子可知，前面的倒装句“Around me in the picture are the things…”是一个单句，而后面的“…they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.”也是一个单句，在这种情况下，要么在两个单句之间用并列连词连接，要么把后面这个单句变为从句。从句意上看，这里变为定语从句更为合理，故把they改为that/which。‎ 短文改错中对于定语从句的考查主要涉及限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句中关系代词或关系副词的错用。‎ ‎ [应对策略]‎ 确定定语从句中关系词的步骤：‎ ‎1．找出先行词；‎ ‎2．看先行词被代入从句后在句子中的成分(作主语、宾语还是状语)；‎ ‎3．选择合适的关系词。‎ ‎◆书面表达中定语从句易错点聚焦 ‎(一)定语从句意识缺失 ‎1．关系代词被普通代词取代 ‎(误)I have many collections of stamps，some_of_them are my favorite.‎ ‎(正)I have many collections of stamps，some_of_which are my favorite.‎ ‎2．关系代词遗漏 ‎(误)The last one leaves the classroom please close the windows.‎ ‎(正)The last one who_leaves the classroom please close the windows.‎ 第一句从汉语意思角度是对的，但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结构。‎ ‎(二)假冒伪劣的定语从句 ‎1．有从无主式 ‎(误)My friend Jane，who is very friendly to us classmates.‎ ‎(正)My friend Jane is very friendly to us classmates.‎ ‎(正)My friend Jane，who is very friendly to us classmates，has_a_variety_of_hobbies.‎ 笫一句虎头蛇尾，属于有从无主式的句子，即有从句但没有主句。‎ ‎2．从句成分残缺式 ‎(误)Those who_against it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.‎ ‎(正)Those who_are_against it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.‎ 第一句定语从句的谓语不完整。介词against不能单独作谓语。‎ ‎3．画蛇添足式 ‎(误)As can be seen from the picture，that a sad boy stands between his angry parents.‎ ‎(误)As can be seen from the picture，a man who is talking happily.‎ ‎ (误)I have many collections of stamps，and some of which are my favorite.‎ 第一句中关系代词as代替逗号后面的整个主句，因此主句是不需要连接词来引导的。所以，应去掉that。‎ 第二句中同样as代替逗号后面的整个主句，主句中的who是多余的。‎ 第三句中如果要满足定语从句的话，显然并列连词and是多余的。‎