2013高考英语阅读 技巧 高频词

2013高考英语阅读 技巧 高频词

高考英语阅读精品决战教案 做题顺序【这是读文章的重点，也是难点，一定多多练习】 1．扫描题干，确定题型，划出关键信息词。 2．扫描文章，划出以下内容。【阅读文章的主要目的：抓框架，抓考点】 (1)首段、各段首句、末段末句 (2)与提干信息词相关内容 (3)因果关系(because, thus, therefore 等) (4)转折关系 (but, however, yet) (5)强调信息：1)绝对词汇 2)比较级最高级 3)强调句 4)强信息词 (6)并列/列举：扫过标记 (7)举例：扫过，知目的 (8)指示性的具体信息： 1) 时间对比 2) 专有名词 3) 数字 3．再次阅读题目，联系文章，解决简单题目。 4．对于难以确定的题目，再次回原文反复的看相关的信息点。 略读 一篇文章的主题信息通常会出现在以下几处： 文章各段的首句和尾句 这些处于较明显、较特殊位置的句子往往是段落和文章的主题句，具有相当大的重要性; 强转折处 通常以 but, however, rather, yet, instead 等词为标志，这些词汇后面的句子是主题性信息; 因果关系处 通常以 therefore, as a result, thus, so, That is why…等词语或句式为标志，这些词汇或句式后面的句子是主 题性信息; 递进处 通常以 moreover, furthermore, what’s more, what’s the most important, most important of all, most importantly 等词 汇或短语为标志，这些词汇或短语后面出现的信息是被强调的信息，即主题信息出现的地方; 例证处 通常以 for example, for instance, Let’s take…, Consider…等词汇、短语或句式为标志，这些词汇、短语或句式 表示举例，也是支持性的细节信息，位于例子前后的句子一般都是例子要说明的主题; 并列处 通常以 firstly, secondly…finally, some…others…, for one thing…for another, on the one hand…on the other hand 等组合为标志，这些组合都是支持性的细节信息，位于这些组合前后的句子一般都是这些细节信息所要支持的主题。 跳读 可以作为略读的辅助。跳读旨在掌握文章的全貌和要点，但又不必将文章中所有的词句全部都读进眼帘，句子 中期补充说明、修饰限定作用的，在跳读过程中就可以略去不读。因此，跳读主要是为了抓住句子的主干部分，忽略次要 部分，这种阅读方法并不影响读者对于文章主题信息的把握。当主题信息处是长难句时，这种方式尤为有效。 跳读可以分为以下三种形式： 根据特殊的标点符号提示，采用跳读法 文章中的标点符号都有其一定的含义。如：两个逗号之间是插入成分或同位 语;括号内表示举例或补充说明;冒号通常用来列举事物、附加解释说明性内容;破折号通常放在解释性分句或句子前，或是 用来列举前面总括的若干内容，或是放在解释性的插入语之前或之后等。阅读时，可以将两个逗号之间的部分、括号内的 部分、冒号后的部分、破折号后的部分和两个破折号之间的部分省略不读; 根据句法结构，采用跳读法 主要是在遇到长难句时，抓住句子的主干部分，即主语部分、谓语部分和宾语部分，而 其它补充成分，即定语(从句)、状语(从句)和补语部分可以略去不读; 根据文章结构和组织形式及段落间逻辑关系、主题句等，采用跳读法 阅读时，重点关注主题句、表明作者观点的词 句，对于举例论证、引用论证、数据论证、正反论证、比喻论证等部分则一带而过，跳过不读。 出题顺序 ①题目顺序基本与行文顺序一致 解题技巧:一般情况下，快速阅读的题目顺序与原文的行文顺序是保持一致的，也就是说，下一道题的出处一般位于前 一道题出处后面。总体的试题顺序与文章的行文顺序一致的。把握题目顺序与行文顺序一致的基本规律，将节省我们的寻 读时间。 ②数字、年代 解题技巧 1 数字和年代在文章中通常以阿拉伯叔祖的形式出现，在周围都是英文字母的背景中就显得比较突出。因 此，如果考题中含有数字，往往可以用来快速定位题目的出处。 解题技巧 2 数字和年代在文章中通常以阿拉伯数字的形式出现，但题干中可能对数字的形式有一定改动，如在数字的 精确性和模糊性上变化。这时需要主义从逻辑关系上正确理解数字之间的包含与被包含关系。 ③第一次出现的人名、地名等专有名词 解题技巧： 专有名词以大写字母开头，在文章中显得比较突出，容易寻找。但是如果通篇都是讲与这个专有名词有关 的事情时，这个专有名词有可能在全文中多次出现，而题目中也多次出现，这时就不建议用它来定位题目出处，而应该使 用其他的定位词。 题型与信息词 1. 主旨题：询问主旨『无需信息词;放于最后答题』 2. 词汇题：询问词汇、短语或句子含义『询问内容为信息词』 3. 细节题：询问文中具体细节『信息词不确定』 4. 态度题：询问作者或他人对某物的态度『一般无信息词』 5. 推断题：对段落或全文进行推理『信息词不确定』 ●快速阅读原文作路标（划关键词），明确题型找题区（与题干有关的句子或段落），大部分题目的题干都在原文题 区的基础上进行了变通，使用了不同的表达方式：词性转化、同义、近义替代、反义叙述、状语提示、概括总结、例子证 明观点等。解答细节理解题，定位能力很重要；最基本方法是：定位+改写=正确答案，就近原则，核心名词，缩小范围， 同义替换！照抄原文的不是解，同义替换的是解。 ●原文、问题、选项三者相比较，重要性最高的是问题！！！其次是选项！！最后是原文！必要性思维——正确选项 未必能充分完整地表达原文意思，而只要沾边即可。反之，不沾边的必错！问题中的细节和小词是关键！注意小词，比 如：题干主语是 people 就在文章中找 we,they；题干中有 used to 就要找含过去式的 was，而不是 is，即使就近含关键 字；题干中有 now 就到文章中找 today，题干中有 toy lions 就找 shopping 而不是 parks 或 forests，定位+改写=正确 答案! ●概括的、抽象的、与中心思想核心名词沾边的是正确选项。在遇到两个意思很相近的选项时：特别是假设 A 选项正 确，还能推出 B 选项也正确的时候，究竟选哪个？要选 B 项！！因为 B 项的范围包括了 A，即 B 大于 A，所以 B 正确。 ●some Much same certain still different 。。。 被动 measures should be taken 系表结构 It is in danger! There be 句型 将来时 3G mobile phone is coming 首末句原则，即首段和末段原则（不要怕重复和回读）首段的作用：①中心段 ②抛砖引玉. 定位+改写=正确答案! ●定位+改写=正确答案! 务必要用排除法。排除法在此类题型中发挥着不可磨灭的作用。根据在文章中找到的事实依 据和常识排除错误信息，再排除和文章中一词不差的信息(文章里的原句不会是推理判断出来的结果，但通过同义词或句型 转换过的选项有可能是正确答案)，最后再排除无关或偏离信息，正确答案就不言而喻了。 解的十个特征 1、 体现中心思想（包括段落中心）的是解； 2、 照抄原文的不是解，同义替换的是解； 3、 含义不肯定的是解，如：can could may usually might most more or less be likely to； 含义绝对的不是解： must always never the most all any none 含义相反的是解； 4、 具体的不是解，概括性的、抽象的是解； 5、 带有 some 的是解：someone somebody sometime something certain； 6、 简单的不是解，复杂的是解，字面意思不是解，含义深刻的是解； 7、 带虚词的解： another other more either both also beside additional extra different same nearly not enough； 8、 “变化”是解：change delay improve increase； 9、 “重要的、基础的”是解：important necessary essential basis be based on； 10、二选一：反义项有解；形似项有解；近义项有解 阅读文章的两大原则：知难而退、抓大放小 原文对等的思想：像【这个思想在做题时要时时体会，务必掌握】 1、错误选项不是让你不选的 2、正确选项不是让你选的 3、题干也不是随便出的 4、题目不是随便凑的 主旨题 1) 读文章时重点关注文章的首段和首末句。按照西方人习惯性的思维方式和写作习惯，他们惯用的是演绎法：即文章 一开始先扔出自己的核心观点，然后具体一步步论证。根据我的统计，每一段的第一句、第二句和最后一句话为本段的主 题句的概率分别为 50%、20%、20%，三句话成为主题句的概率超过九成，当然也就成为我们阅读的重中之重。 2) 关注一篇文章或者一段话中有没有重复出现的词或词组、有没有黑体字或者是斜体字。如果有，通常这就是文章的 核心概念。 3) 问句不会是主题句。问句通常作为过渡或者是引子，因此应该忽略，真正的主题应该是这个问题的答案。 4)关注一些表征强转折关系的连词 “but, yet, however, in fact, indeed, practically, virtually” 等，这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题句。 5) 关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词： “in brief/short, above/in/after/all in all, conclusion, to sum” 等，这 些 词 后 面 连 接 的 通 常 也 都 是 一 段 话 的 主 题 句 。 6) 如 果 主 题 句 含 有 show 和 suggest 等 词 ， 重 点 看 其 后 的 宾 语 从 句 。 7) 掌握一些词组强调的重点。 “not only…, but also ***, *** as well as …, more *** than …, less …, than *** (***为强调的重点)”。 A. 根据文章第一段或首句确定文章的主旨。新闻报道的第一段一般首先概括全文的中心，另外有些说明性或议论性文 章也会开门见山地提出文章的中心或阐述的观点，文章的第一句话或第一段就是对全文主旨大意的概括。后文对此进一步 解释说明，一般上具体的事例或信息，全文具有先总后分的特点。我们在捕捉文章的主题句时，应该对包含主题句的段落 进行适当的分析。 例：Fear and its companion pain are two of the most useful things that men and animals possess if they are properly used. If fire didn’t hurt when it burned, children would play with it until their hands were burned away. Similarly, if pain existed but fear didn’t, a child could burn itself again and again because fear would not warn it to keep away from the fire that had burnt it before. A really fearless soldier----and some do exist----is not a good soldier because he is soon killed; and a dead soldier is of no use to his army. Fear and pain are therefore two guards without which men and animals might soon die out.… Q: The best title for this passage should be____. A. No pains, No Gains B. Pain and Actions C. The Value of Fear D. The Reason Why People Fear [分析]： B. 主题句在篇尾。主题句位于段末的文章的特点是作者采用了先摆事实，后下结论的写作手法。作者在表述细节后， 归纳要点、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。我们在做题时，要判断所读内容是细节性的描述还是对所涉及问题的集中表 达。如果文章首先提及的内容多为一般性的事实、细节的描写或具体的事例，则对文章中心的归纳或作者观点及意图的体 现极有可能在最后，可以重点细读最后一段，然后回过头来利用主题句进一步理解文章的细节。 例：…Free time increased considerably following the shortening of the working week, i.e. from six days to five days, and from ten hours to eight hours a day. In fact, the working day couldn’t be too long, otherwise people wouldn’t have the time to spend their money. The amount of a family’s budget spent on outside entertainment, such as parties, films and concerts has increased from just under 6% in Ford’s day to about 9% today. On the other hand, we spend only a quarter of what our great-grandparents paid for reading materials. It is difficult to see how our spending patterns may change in the future. We already know that our population is aging and this will have an effect on the amount of money we spend on medical care. Q: What is the subject discussed in the text? A. Changing patterns in spending B. Changes in family planning C. Decrease in food demand D. Increase in family income [分析]： C. 主旨出现在文章的中间。在有些议论文或说明文中作者首先列举或说明人们的错误观点或认识误区，然后再点明自 己的观点或说明的中心，最后点题，这样文章的主题句就出现在篇中。 例：A close friend siad: “If I could only figure this out, I think I could find happiness.” I have heard this before and will hear it again I am sure. Many people believe that finding happiness is all about finding something else they want. Not many have ever found long term happiness by achieving another goal. The answer to finding happiness is to look within yourself. In other words, happiness is a completely inside job. The most important piece to finding happiness is to comprehend happiness is a choice and not the result of an experience. If all happiness could be found as the result of an acquisition(成就), meeting a goal, or having anything, then a person’s happiness would always be subject to something else. Q: Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Look within to find happiness. B. Happiness, a choice or the result of an experience? C. The definition of happiness D. How can we create happiness? [分析]： 细节题 阅读理解题目中的重量级选手。占的比重大，最少一篇文章考查 3 个，最多考查 5 个。 正确选项答题方法： (1)同义改写——词汇转换，含义相同 (2)同义转述——含义不同，本质相同 答题方法：干扰项 (1) 无中生有 (2) 偷梁换柱 (3) 自相矛盾 (4) 过于绝对 第一、二种是出题人常常采用的方法，尤其以第二种最难，对于干扰项，一定要掌握“像”这个特征，这是核心。 关键信息词定位：同义、同形、混合定位。 绝对词出现的处理方式： (1)文章中：作为重点信息标记出。 (2)题干中：作为关键信息词标出。 (3)选项中：只有与文章一致方为正确选项。 (4)选项中：一般作为干扰选项出现; 假如与文章标记一致，才是正确选项。 绝对词：must, always, never, the most, all, no, each, only, have to, any(任何), completely, totally, hardly, every, rarely, seldom 不肯定语气词(作标记)：can, could, may, might, should, some, usually, might, most, often, more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, possibly, perhaps, maybe, to some degree, seem A. 从原文直接找到答案所需的信息。在解答这类题时，我们可采用“对号入座”的方法。先找到原文的关键信息，然后 把原文中的信息跟后面的题目对照，即可得到答案。 例：…The new strategy involves fuel cells, which are devices that use chemical reactions to produce electrical currents. Researchers from St. Louis University used a type of protein called enzymes(酶). In the cells of living things, including people, enzymes are what spark chemical reactions. To keep up with the pace that our bodies demand, our cells constantly produce new enzymes as the old ones break down. Scientists had tried using enzymes in fuel cells before, but they had trouble keeping the electricity flowing. That’s because, unlike the enzymes in our cells, the enzymes in fuel cells break down faster than they can be replaced. To get around this problem, the St. Louis researchers invented molecules that wrap around an enzyme and protect it. Inside this molecular pocket, an enzyme can last for months instead of days. Q: Researchers have molecules wrap around an enzyme in order to____. A. make the enzymes in fuel cells break down slower B. produce enough enzymes to break down C. keep up with the pace that our bodies demand D. keep the enzymes in fuel cells from breaking down [分析]： B. 对信息进行加工。这类题目我们能够在文章中找到信息，但原文信息又不是做题所直接需要的，需要我们对原文信 息进行合理的加工处理，据此作简单推理。它是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型。 例：In the summer of 1941, I was 5 years old. It was a time when the Nickles Bakery sent salesmen in red-and-white trucks door-to-door in our town of Greenville, Pennsylvania, selling baked goods. One day, a Nickles salesman drove his truck, loaded with goodies, into our driveway. He opened the rear doors, took out his display of baked goods and went into our home to offer my mother the specialties of the day. While he was inside, I sneaked around to the rear of his truck, with its doors wide open, and I took a package of oatmeal(燕 麦) cookies, hurried to the rear of the house and ate the entire package of cookies. Soon, the truck sped away, and I never gave what I had done another thought…until 27 years later, during the summer of 1968. Q: In the 27 years after he ate the oatmeal cookies, the author____. A. felt sorry all the time B. tried to find the salesman and pay him C. never thought about what he had done D. often remembered the scene [分析]： C. 综合信息题。这类题目的信息不仅仅涉及文章的某一句话，还可能涉及文章的几句话，而且有时可能散落在文章的 不同段落，因此要求我们把原文提供的信息综合起来分析，不能断章取义，张冠李戴。 例：I located the bakery and told the superintendent(主管) my story, expecting him to understand my plight and tally up the charges. I’d pay up and my conscience would be put at ease. Instead, he laughed out loud and said, “You mean to tell me that you want to pay for something that happened 27 years ago, when you were only 5 years old?” He laughed again and said, “Reverend(牧师), consider the debt paid.” I felt relieved and my conscience was right. Q: Why did the author feel his conscience was right in the end? A. Because he paid for those cookies, plus 27 years of interest. B .Because he was respected as a minister by the superintendent. C. Because the superintendent told him the debt had been paid. D. Because he was pardoned by the superintendent. [分析]: 推断题 提问中需含有词汇：infer，imply，Learn from，Conclude，Suggest，seen from 等 ★推断类型：全文推断，局部推断。 ★判断标准：题目出现位置;位置重于表述。 ★★什么是推断：(1)来自于原文相关处; (2)与其含义一致【注意，一定是原文对等】 ★★全文推断： 判断依据：(1)最后一题； (2)倒数第二题：假如最后一题为主旨题或者作者对全文的态度题时。 答题方法： 1. 对全文最后一段的推断。定位三句：最后一段最后一句(或倒数第二句)，最后一段主题句(可能是第一句)，最后一段 强调句。一般来讲，四选项中有涉及全文最后一段的相关内容，特别是全文最后一句或者倒数第二句时，此为答案。 2. 对全文中心观点的推断。查找与中心观点一致的选项。 3. 对文中不同信息点的推断，逐个定位，进行推断。推断题目中最难的题目，数量少。 ★★局部推断： 分为两种：(1)根据给定段落进行推断(段落推断); (2)根据给定的某个信息进行推断(信息点推断)。 答题方法：定位信息点和作者观点。 ★干扰项：无根据推断(无中生有)，推断过头，推断错误(自相矛盾)。 需要强调的是：推断的本质：一定是来自原文，且含义一致。任何一个推断题，找不到定位处，或者感觉模模糊糊， 就要考虑是不是一个错误选项。 A. 写作意图题。有些文章作者不点明自己的写作意图，而是让读者自己去体会，这种情况多出现在记叙文或夹叙夹议 的文章中。 例：ALBANY, New York---- Students who rely on working at night to improve their grades might want to sleep on that strategy: a new survey in the U.S. says those who never study all night have slightly higher grades than those who do. A survey of 120 students at St. Lawrence University found that students who have never pulled an all-nighter on average have higher grades than those who have. The survey found those who do not study through the night have a grade point average of 3.2 compared to 2.95 for those who have. Q: The purpose of the passage is to tell us____. A. the bad effects of pulling an all-nighter B. pulling an all-nighter leads to sleep problems C. doubts about all-nighters D. all-nighters hurt students’ grades [分析]: B. 态度倾向题。作者的态度倾向往往隐含在文章中，而不会明确说明，因此态度倾向题也是比较有难度的推理判断题 型。这类题目一般分为两类：一是作者对某一具体事物的观点、看法；另一类是作者对某一人、物的评价。议论文或记叙 文往往考查作者的态度倾向。如果是论文，应该抓住作者的论点和论据；如果是记叙文，应该特别注意作者总结性的文 字。 例：The NBA now has a serious image problem; more than any other sport, it’s pulled in two opposite directions. As it’s been for years, whites make up a majority of the fans; blacks make up a majority of the players. And as those players have benefited from ever-upward-spiraling(不断上升的) paychecks, they’ve exercised their influence to shape the sight of the game around them in their own image. … The NBA has the potential to be a bridge between cultures, a way to bring both sides together in cheering some of the best athletes of any color. But it’s a fragile bridge indeed, where every black or white element apparently forces out its ethnic(种族的) opposite. And it’s not hard to imagine a time when nobody will be interested in crossing over. Q: The author’s attitude towards the NBA culture could be described as____. A. supportive B. doubtful C. critical D. neutral [分析]: C. 细节推断题。细节推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而复出符合文章原意的结论 的一种推断方法。此类题要求我们根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、具体信息等。解 答此类题要从文章提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维、哲学原理，并借助一定的常识，进行分析、推 理、判断。进行细节推断，必须吃透相关文段的意思。 例：In many countries the standard of living enjoyed by their people had increased rapidly in recent years. Sadly, not everyone in these countries is so fortunate and many people in rich countries are homeless. The reasons for homelessness are various, but poverty is undoubtedly one of the main causes. The homeless people may have become jobless and then unable to pay their rent and so no longer have a roof over their heads. Often, the fact that unemployed people get help from the government prevents this from happening, but not always. … Some cynics(愤世嫉俗的人) declare that homeless people choose to live the life which they lead. But who would willingly choose to live in a shop doorway, under a bridge or in a cardboard box? Q: It can be inferred from the text that____. A. you will not find homeless people in countries with a high standard of living. B. the mental ill live on the street because they want the company of other homeless people C. The unemployed who receive help may still be among the homeless D. the homeless are willing to live under a bridge or in a cardboad box [分析]: D. 逻辑结论题。逻辑结论型试题的特点是考查我们的逻辑思维及判断能力，要求我们根据文章提供的细节，推断出 合乎逻辑的内容。解答此类题我们首先要找出短文的主题，然后按题意要求进行推断。 例：…Chapman feels it his duty to help the rural areas that get left behind. Ask him about the satisfaction of setting up the community wireless network and he’ll mention two women who are attending online universities----or grandparents easily e-mailing their grandchildren far away. “When the members of the community contribute their effort like this, they feel a sense of ownership,” Chapman says, “We may operate the network, but it’s owned by the citizens of the community. It’s for the public good.” Q: From the last two paragraphs we know that____. A. West Virginia Broadhand only does good to old citizens B. West Virginia Broadhand is operated by the community C. Chapman is a man of social responsibilities D. Chapman isn’t very much satisfied with his work [分析]: E. 预测想象题。预测想象型试题考查的内容一般在文意中没有明确说明，因此我们要根据语篇，把握作者的写作思 路，对事件可能出现的结局后文可能涉及的内容以及上文的内容进行科学的、合理的预测。 例：…Completing a college application can take some time. But answering all the questions is not enough. Another important step is taking admissions tests. The SAT is the college entry test that American high school students most commonly take. Another one is the ACT. Colleges and universities may also require international students to take the TOEFL (the Test of English as a Foreign Language). If you have a general question for our Foreign Students Series, write to special@voanews.com Q: What will the author most probably talk about next/ A. SAT B. ACT C. FSS D. TOEFL 释义题 解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节。 具体策略： 1.通过辨认细节的技巧 2.借助常识 3.务必要用排除法 4.词句段篇，相互交融 5.词的深刻内涵。 答题核心 答题关键一：表面含义选项常为干扰项。 答题关键二：采用三句定位法：上一句，所在句，和下一句;同时关注暗示词 三句定位的关键是要判断所考察短语与三句中某部分的关系。 题型分析 考纲内词汇： 考察词汇在特定上下文中选取特定含义的能力 考纲外词汇： 考察根据上下文推断生词含义的能力 陌生短语： 考察根据上下文理解推断短语在特定上下文中含义的能力 句子： 考察根据上下文推断句子含义的能力 ●同义关系 同义关系指考察对象与上下文中的某部分含义一致。此时，可直接将上下文中含义一致的部分作为考察对象的含义 答题即可。例如，假如文章中提到“…A and B…”考察对象为 A，而 B 短语已知，A 的含义就是 B 短语的含义。 关键词：in other word, and, also, that is, xxx (名词) + 定语从句;xxx (名词) + be + 名词或者从句;xxx (名词) + 同位 语;xxx (名词) + be called /mean … ●反义关系 反义关系指考察对象与上下文中某部分的含义相反。此时，可直接将上下文中含义的相反部分作为考察对象的含义 答题即可。 关键词：but, not, yet, however, although, though, while ●表面含义 一般来说，释义题的干扰项常常是词、短语或句子的表面含义。实际上，释义题考查的更像是根据上下文猜测词、 短语、句子的能力，而不是对考查内容的解能力。有趣的是，考查内容的字面意义到成了出题人编写错误选项的一个出发 点。 A. 根据定义、解释和复述猜测词义。这种情况下，生词往往出现在前面，定义或解释跟在生词的后面，由 or 或破折 号引出。因此只要找准并正确理解生词的释义，生词的含义也就清楚了。释义部分可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。在 做这类题时，要注意生词与复述部分往往构成同位语，在句中多用逗号、破折号、冒号、分号等来连接。 例：…In another survey, 79% of teens agreed that people at their age aren’t careful enough when giving out information about themselves online. Besides, careless blogging can also affect blog viewers. When you are angry or frustrated, your blog is the first place you turn to. The words you post then may not be rational which you may regret later. To minimize the negative effect, change the permission setting and make such posts “private” so that only you can read them. As long as you are careful with what you post, blogging is a great means of staying in touch with friends and displaying one’s creative works. Q: The underlined word “rational” probably means____. A. strange B. perfect C. helpful D. reasonable [分析]: B. 根据因果关系猜测词义。因果关系总是同时出现在文章中，有时原因在前，结果在后；有时结果在前，原因在后， 因此我们可以根据这一特定的逻辑关系来推测生词的含义。 例：…Technology greatly influences our standpoint on how fast we think everything needs to be done. If you put a dollar in the soda machine, you expect the bottle to move forward and fall down to the bottom. You can’t count how many times you’ve smacked the machine if it went too slow for your expectations. You wanted instant results, immediate fulfillment.… Q: The underlined word “smacked” in the paragraph probably means____. A. clapped B. hit C. kicked D. pushed [分析]: C. 根据搭配、对比关系猜测词义。有时分析句子结构，辨别句子成分，分清搭配关系，是判断词义的前提，通过搭配 关系得以确定划线名词指代的对象是人还是物。另外，转折词 but、让步条件状语从句以及 unlike, in spite of, despite, however 等一些介词和副词都可以构成意义上的对比关系。 例：Fine art treasures from many countries are kept in an art museum called the Louvre in Paris, France. The works of art have been collected by the people of France over many centuries. The Louvre has not always been a museum. The first building was a fort. In 1190, it was the king’s castle with high walls and a round tower. It had a moat to keep out his enemies. Over the years, the number of buildings around the castle grew. By 1350, the castle was no longer needed as a fort. The Louvre became a palace home for French kings and queens. Q: The underlined word “moat” probably means____. A. a high tower built in former times where soldiers watched out for enemies B. a long and deep ditch dug round a castle and was usually filled with water C. a cart pulled by horses on which soldiers fought D. a long and high wall around castle [分析]: 阅读理解实战练习辅导 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A Parents often believe that they have a good relationship with their teenagers（青少年）. But last summer, Joanna and Henry noticed a change in their older son: suddenly he seemed to be talking far more to his friends than to his parents. “The door to his room is always shut.” Joanna noted. Tina and Mark noticed similar changes in their 14-year-old daughter. “She used to cuddle up（蜷伏）with me on the sofa and talk ,” said Mark . “Now we joke that she does this only when she wants something. Sometimes she wants to be treated like a little girl and sometimes like a young lady. The problem is figuring out which time is which. ” Before age 11, children like to tell their parents what’s on their minds. “In fact, parents are first on the list.” said Michael Rita, author of Uncommon Sense for Parents with Teenagers. “This completely changes during the teen years.” Rita explained. “They talk to their friends first, then maybe their teachers, and their parents last.” Parents who know what’s going on in their teenagers’ lives are in the best position to help them. To break down the wall of silence, parents should create chances to understand what their children want to say , and try to find ways to talk and write to them . And they must give their children a mental break, for children also need freedom, though young. Another thing, parents should remember is that to be a friend, not a manager, with their children is a better way to know them. 36. “The door to his room is always shut” suggests that the son . A. is always busy with his studies B. doesn’t want to be disturbed C. keeps himself away from his parents D. begins to dislike his parents 37. What troubles Tina and Mark most is that . A. their daughter isn’t as lovely as before B. they can’t read their daughter’s mind exactly C. they don’t know what to say to their daughter D. their daughter talks with them only when she needs help 38. Which of the following best explains “the wall of silence” in the last paragraph ? A. Teenagers talk a lot with their friends. B. Teenagers do not want to understand their parents. C. Teenagers do not talk much with their parents. D. Teenagers talk little about their own lives. 39. What can be learned from the passage? A. Parents are unhappy with their growing children. B. Parents have suitable ways to talk with their teenagers. C. Parents should be patient with their silent teenagers. D. Parents should try to understand their teenagers. B The private automobile（私家车）has long played an important role in the United States. In fact, it has become a necessary and important part of the American way of life. In 1986, sixty-nine percent of American families owned at least one car, and thirty-eight percent had more than one. By giving workers rapid transportation, the automobile has freed them from having to live near their place of work. This has encouraged the growth of the cities, but it has also led to traffic problems. For farm families the automobile is very helpful. It has made it possible for them to travel to town very often for business and for pleasure, and also to transport their children to distant schools. Family life has been affected in various ways, The car helps to keep families together when it is used for picnics, outings, and other shared experiences. However, when teenage children have the use of the car, their parents can't keep an eye on them. There is a great danger if the driver has been drinking alcohol or taking drugs, or showing off by speeding or breaking down traffic laws. Mothers of victims（受害者）of such accidents have formed an organization called MADD（Mothers Against Drunk Driving）. These women want to prevent further tragedies（悲剧）. They have worked to encourage the government to limit the youngest drinking age. Students have formed a similar organization, SADD（Students Against Drunk Driving）and are spreading the same message among their friends. For many Americans the automobile is a necessity. But for some, it is also a mark of social position and for young people, a sign of becoming an adult. Altogether, cars mean very much to Americans. 40. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text? A. Cars have encouraged the growth of the cities. B. Cars can bring families together when they go for picnics. C. Cars have enabled people to live far from their place of work. D. Cars help city families to transport their children to faraway schools. 41. What has been done to deal with the problem of drunk driving? A. Patents have paid more attention to their children. B. Some organizations have been set up against drunk driving. C. Mothers have tried to persuade their children not to drink alcohol. D. University students have asked the government to solve the problem. 42. We can infer from the text that ____________ in America. A. it will be more difficult for people to get new cars B. parents will not allow their children to have their own cars C. the government will encourage people to use public transportation D. cars will still be popular though they have caused many problems C Since many of you are planning to study at a college or university in this country, you may be curious to know what you usually do in a typical week, how you can get along with your fellow students, and so on. These are the questions I want to discuss with you today. First, let’s talk about what your weekly schedule will look like. No matter what your major may be, you can expect to spend between four and six hours a week for each class attending lectures. Lectures are usually in very large rooms because some courses such as introduction to sociology or economics often have as many as two or three hundred students, especially at large universities. In lectures, it’s very important for you to take notes on what the professor says because the information in a lecture is often different from the information in your textbooks. Also, you can expect to have exam questions based on the lectures. So it isn’t enough to just read your textbooks; you have to attend lectures as well. In a typical week you will also have a couple of hours of discussion for every class you take. The discussion section is a small group meeting usually with fewer than thirty students where you can ask questions about the lectures, the reading, and the homework. In large universities, graduate students, called teaching assistants, usually direct discussion sections. If your major is chemistry, or physics, or another science, you’ll also have to spend several hours a week in the lab, or laboratory, doing experiments. This means that science majors spend more time in the classroom than non science majors do. On the other hand, people who major in subjects like literature or history usually have to read and write more than science majors do. 43. The main purpose of this text is . A. to help the students to learn about university life B. to persuade the students to attend lectures C. to encourage the students to take part in discussions D. to advise the students to choose proper majors 44. We can learn from the passage that university professors . A. spend about 5 hours on lectures each week B. must join the students in the discussion sections C. prefer to use textbooks in their lectures D. require the students to read beyond the textbooks 45. A discussion section does NOT include . A. working under the guidance of university professors B. talking over what the students have read about the courses C. discussing the problems related to the students’ homework D. raising questions about what a professor has said in a lecture 46. According to the author, science majors . A. have to work harder than non science majors B. spend less time on their studies than non science majors C. consider experiments more important than discussions D. read and write less than non science majors D He was the baby with no name. Found and taken from the north Atlantic 6 days after the sinking of the Titanic in 1912, his tiny body so moved the salvage（救援）workers that they called him “our baby. ” In their home port of Halifax, Nova Scotia, people collected money for a headstone in front of the baby's grave（墓）, carved with the words: “To the memory of an unknown child. ” He has rested there ever since. But history has a way of uncovering its secrets. On Nov. 5, this year, three members of a family from Finland arrived at Halifax and laid fresh flowers at the grave. “This is our baby,” says Magda Schleifer, 68, a banker. She grew up hearing stories about a great- aunt named Maria Panula, 42, who had sailed on the Titanic for America to be reunited with her husband. According to the information Mrs. Schleifer had gathered, Panula gave up her seat on a lifeboat to search for her five children -- including a 13-month- old boy named Eino from whom she had become separated during the final minutes of the crossing. "We thought they were all lost in the sea," says Schleifer. Now, using teeth and bone pieces taken from the baby's grave, scientists have compared the DNA from the Unknown Child with those collected from members of five families who lost relatives on the Titanic and never recovered the bodies. The result of the test points only to one possible person: young Eino. Now, the family sees: no need for a new grave. "He belongs to the people of Halifax," says Schleifer. "They've taken care of him for 90 years. " Adapted from People, November 25, 2002 47. The baby travelled on the Titanic with his___________. A. mother B. parents C. aunt D. relatives 48. What is probably the boy's last name? A. Schleiferi B. Eino. C. Magda. D. Panula. 49. Some members of the family went to Halifax and put flowers at the child's grave on Nov. 5__ . A. 1912 B. 1954 C. 2002 D. 2004 50. This text is mainly about how______________. A. the unknown baby's body was taken from the north Atlantic B. the unknown baby was buried in Halifax, Nova Scotia C. people found out who the unknown baby was D. people took care of the unknown baby for 90 years E When we think of leadership, we often think of strength and power. But what are these really, and how do they operate? Leadership today is not about forcing others to do things. Even if this is possible, it is short-term, and tends to produce unexpected and unwanted result. If you order someone to do something against their will, they may do it because they feel they have to, but the anger they feel will do more harm in the long-term. They will also experience fear. Fear causes the thinking brain to shut down, making the person unable to function at his or her best. If they connect you with this emotion of fear, they will become less functional around you, and you will have succeeded in not only shooting yourself in the foot, but possibly making a very good employee or partner unable to perform effectively. Fear does no good to leadership. The way we influence people in a lasting way is by our own character, and our understanding and use of emotion. We can order someone to do something, which may be part of the work day; or we can employ them at the emotional level, so they become fully devoted to the projects and provide some of their own motivation (动机). Today’s work place is all about relationships. Anyone works harder in a positive environment in which they’re recognized and valued as a human being as well as a worker. Everyone produces just a bit more for someone they like. Leaders understand the way things work. They know the pay check is not the single most important factor in the work life of most people. The true strength of leadership is an inner strength that comes from the confidence of emotional intelligence — knowing your own emotions, and how to handle them, and those of others. Developing your emotional intelligence is the single best thing you can do if you want to develop your relationship with people around you, which is the key to the leadership skills. 51. The writer thinks that it is not ________ for us to connect leadership with strength and power. A. possible B. necessary C. easy D. effective 52. One may NOT be working hard when ________. A. they’re regarded as human beings B. others like to do more for leaders C. money is taken as the most important D. leaders understand the way things work 53. From the passage, we can conclude that ______ is the key to making a good leader. A. developing one’s emotional intelligence B. influencing others in one’s own way C. producing some unexpected results D. having confidence in one’s ability 54. This passage is most helpful to those who ________. A. have strength and power B. are going to make a speech C. would like to be leaders D. are to be excellent employees F Hoorah！I have escaped the Czech (捷克) Republic! I am now wearing light clothing and sunglasses, although the latter are superfluous today, as it is cool and overcast with cloud and it has rained slightly. The city of Qatar (卡塔尔) is flat and sandy with few trees — mostly palms. You can see construction everywhere, new streets with hotels and apartment blocks in Venice theme. It’s a mix of super modern and traditional building styles. Everything looks new including the vehicles. There are many huge roundabouts; no traffic rules or at least no one obeys any. The huge 4-storey shopping mall in fantastic style has an ice rink (溜冰场) on the ground floor. Thousands of people walk round the waterfront after dark. Qataris are very religious and there are calls to prayers regularly. Qatari men are dressed in all sorts of traditional clothing plus western dresses. You can easily find imported labour from South Asian countries, poorly paid and discriminated against. I am told that Qataris don’t hide their racist attitudes. Women are always wonderful sights. Some are in all sorts of black clothing with face uncovered; some totally enveloped; lots wearing western dresses. Best sight so far: a woman in a mall completely wrapped in black including gloves, not even an eye shown — wearing glasses on the outside of her veil (面纱), using a cell phone while fingering a dress. I am living with my employers — a New Zealand couple, and another teacher named Wayne, all about my age. We share one apartment. I have a large room with a bathroom attached: it is a little run-down but very comfortable. The only rather annoying thing is that I have to use the laptop on my bed as there is no desk and chair in here. As soon as it is clear that I will be staying I will make a change to all this. I haven’t lived with other people for many years and have been used to living alone so it will be interesting to see how this works. 55. The best title for this passage is ________. A. The New Life with My Employers B. General Observation of Qataris C. My Adventure in the Czech Republic D. My First Impressions of Qatar 56. The underlined part in paragraph one can be explained as ________. A. it will be a fine day later B. light clothing is helpless with cold C. sunglasses appear fantastic D. sunglasses become unnecessary 57. In the author’s eyes, Qatar is a ________. A. rich western industrialized country B. backward agricultural country C. modern society with religious tradition D. nation closed to the outside world 58. It is true that the author is ________. A. pleased with her present living condition B. missing her days in the Czech Republic C. not certain how long she will be staying D. worried about her relation with her boss G Sadness is unpleasant, and in a society where personal happiness is prized above all else, there is little tolerance for falling in despair. Especially now we’ve got drugs for getting rid of sad feelings — whether it’s after losing a job, the break-up of a relationship or the death of a loved one. So it’s no surprise that more and more people are taking them. But is this really such a good idea? A growing number of voices from the world of mental health research are saying it isn’t. They fear that the increasing tendency to treat normal sadness as a disease is playing fast and loose (行为轻率). Sadness, they argue, serves a useful purpose—and if we lose it, we lose out. Yet many psychiatrists (精神病医生) insist not. Sadness has a nasty habit of turning into depression(抑郁), they warn. Even when people are sad for good reason, they should take drugs to make themselves feel better. So who is right? Is sadness something we cannot live without or something horrible never to touch? There are lots of ideas about why feeling sad should become part of human life. It may be a self-protection strategy, as other primates (灵长类) also show signs of sadness. A losing monkey that doesn’t show sadness after it loses a fight may be seen as continuing to challenge the winning monkey — and that could result in death. In humans sadness has a further function: we may display sadness as a form of communication. By acting sad, we tell other community members that we need support. Then there is the idea that creativity is connected to dark moods. There are plenty of great artists, writers and musicians who have suffered from depression or disorder. Scientists found that people with signs of depression performed better at a creative task, and negative moods make people think deeply over the unhappy experience, which allows creative processes to come to the front. There is also evidence that too much happiness can be bad for your career. A doctor found that people who scored 8 out of 10 on a happiness test were more successful in income and education than 9s or 10s. The happiest people lose their willingness to make changes to their lives that may benefit them. 59. The underlined word “this ” refers to ________. A. taking medicine B. falling in despair C. losing a job D. feeling sad 60. The author believes sadness is ________. A. a good thing for people’s health B. something horrible never to touch C. a necessary function of humans’ D. always to be treated as depression 61. Some animals show their sadness in order to ________. A. cheat their enemy B. protect themselves C. comfort the loser D. challenge the winner 62. We can infer from the last paragraph that ________. A. people with great creativity tend to be happier B. unhappy experiences contribute to a greater career C. too much happiness can be bad for your career D. the happiest people are the most successful ones H The first MP4 player was born years ago. Soon many music fans were wondering how fantastic it is! If you have been into technology enough, perhaps you may have a knowledge of the MP4. If not, you do need to know something before buying one, even if you are familiar with MP3. MP3 is the CD-like disc with greater capacity. How about MP4? This small digital product will really enrich the joy from listening to music. You can even feel the “touch” of music to your soul! Now, some similar digital products advertised as “MP4 players” are simply MP3 players, which do not play video and MPEG format (格式) and also lack other particular functions. Theseproducts confuse some buyers, as they may think the “MP4” players simply mean they can do more than MP3. What is MP4?! It is a multimedia container. It is not only used to store digital audio (音频) and digital video streams, especially those of MPEG, but can also be used to store other data such as subtitles (字幕) and pictures. As a most modern container format, it allows streaming over the Internet. With the help of a piece of MP4 video equipment, you can change various programs such as MPEG to MP4, ASX to MP4, AVI to MP4 and so on, which can be done very quickly and easily without any effect on the sound quality. By installing (安装) DVD- MP4 software, you can transfer particular music from a DVD to an MP4 video file. It really excites your listening music experience. Then, there is MP4 advanced and you can set your own collection of all the programs — TV shows, games, and music. You can even see movies which are still running in cinemas. What else digital product could you possibly ask for? 63. It is suggested here that you should ________ before buying an MP4 player A. first be a music fan B. have a knowledge of MP4 C. get familiar with MP3 D. buy a CD-like disc 64. From the passage, we can see that MP4 is ________ MP3. A. much bigger than B. just as advanced as C. not so particular as D. more functional than 65. From the last sentence, it’s clear that the writer tries to tell us it is _______. A. reasonable to buy other digital products B. impossible to buy something else C. a very wise choice to buy an MP4 D. an exciting experience to buy an MP3 唤起迅捷激情 震撼学子心灵 2012 高考英语完形圣经秘诀教案 透过已知信息 推断未知信息 不易策略，扫描选项，在万变中找到不变的规律！ 简易策略，瞻前顾后，化繁为简，化难为易！ 变易策略，左顾右盼，以变制变，熟能生巧！ 首尾段首尾句,边做边看选项中与中心同现词或复现词! 扫描选项 同义词 / 同类词排除 高频答案词 相反项有解 同现 思路 瞻前顾后 复现 逻辑结构 左顾右盼 P 原则 关联结构 技巧归纳: 感情色彩 时态暗示法 动词综合法(主语/宾语是人是物? 及不及物?过程还是结果?......), ...... (略) 共 20 多项法则,交叉都指向同一个答案才最准确! 满分策略: 五四运动法 串线交叉法 主线贯穿法, ......(略) 节选教案试看! 瞻前顾后 同现 复现 逻辑结构 同现 中心同现是指段落的首段的中心词或段落中反复出现的名词或名词词组,在被选空格内的句子中也重 复出现或与其意思倾斜向;词汇同现是指属于同一词汇搭配范畴或者某一领域的词汇在文章中共同出现， 达到语义衔接的目的。一般来说，上下文中词汇的范畴越小，上下文的衔接关系越紧密。 首段首句一般都是中心句,名词是核对重点! ◆Then , mountain --- climbing began to grow popular as a sport. To some people, there is something greatly ___28____ about getting to the ___29____ of a high mountain: a struggle against nature is finer than a battle ___30____other human begins. And then , when you are at the mountain top after a long and difficult ____31____, what a ___32____ reward ( 奖品 ) it is to be able to look ___33___ on everything within ___34____! At such time , you feel happier and prouder than you can ever feel down ___35___. 与首尾句名词 动词 形容词 副词倾向! 28.A.excited B. interested C.dangerous D.terrible 32.A.surprising B.excited C.disappointing D.astonishing ◆Dorothy Brown was very happy as she sat in the theatre listening to the music. Today her little daughter Lauren was giving her ___1___ concert. She had been waiting for this __2__ for years and years. “Now it is here at last,” she thought. “How beautiful her ___3___ is.” The song made her ___4___ to the days when she was Lauren’s ___5___. As a young ___6___, Dorothy wanted to be a concert singer. She studied ___7___ in France, Italy and in the United States. “You can become a fine ___8___ in the future,” her teachers told her. “But you must be ___9___ to study hard and work for many years. 3. A. voice B. face C. dress D. life 7. A. French B. music C. piano D. dance 8. A. actress B. student C. singer D. dancer K 抓住中心意思-----围绕什么话题 (在文章中出现频率最多的词) ◆Every Thursday afternoon, my art history class meets not in our usual lecture hall ( 演讲厅 ) but in our university Art Museum. We spend our one-hour class discussing two or there of the ___1___, many of which are by artists that we have already studied in class. The professor begins by selecting one ___2___ of art. After giving us a quick background on the artist , he will open up for class ___3___. 1. A. subjects B. paintings C. speeches D. lectures 仅有技巧和词汇是不够的,高频答案词及短语,是突破的关键!但相当多的具体情况和难以 处理的选项,做起来还是有些吃力,怎么办? 吴军老师刚刚出炉的 2012 高考英语完形暗示点全归纳将使您傲视群雄! 宾语从句是特殊疑问句 WH-或 whether/if 时,要选下列动词: ask, doubt, wonder, want to know, know, guess 答题选动词: 〖2011·全国新课标卷〗The professor 37 the lecture hall, placed upon his desk a large jar filled with dried beans(豆), and invited the students to 38 how many beans the jar contained. After 39 shouts of wildly wrong guesses the professor smiled a thin, dry smile, announced the 40 answer, and went on saying, “You have just 41 an important lesson about science. 38. A．count B. guess C. report D. watch 考察动词，或根据后文 wildly wrong guesses 的提示，考虑复现选 B。 反过来选 WH-或 whether/if: 〖2011·安徽卷〗One afternoon. I walked into a building to ask 41 there were any job opportunities(机 会)，The people there advised me not to continue my job search in that 42 . 41. A. why B. wherever C. whether D. whenever 一天，作者走进一座大楼去问“是否”(whether)有自己能做的工作。选 C。A 项为“为什么”；B 项为“无 论在那”；D 项为“无论何时” 怎么样?这样做题快吗? 为了让您更加深信不疑,我们再免费发布一个法则,你可以马上用下列真题或你学校的模 拟练习题来验证一下,好使,就要赶紧预定呦!每省仅限定 10 套,额满即!止 正面的,积极的,肯定的, 还是负面的,消极的,否定的? ◆“I’m sorry, but we have enough 27 for the newspaper already. Come back next year and we’ll talk then.” Jenna smiled 28 and left. “Why is high school so 29 ?” she sighed. 叹气 sighed 说明是勉强的,选消极的 weakly 28. A. widely B. weakly C. excitedly D. brightly ◆Tired and sad,she told her story 38 ,not to anyone in particular. 38.A.tearfully B.seriously C.carefully D.calmly ◆It seems funny that we are _40_ for things, with which we are unfamiliar or about which we are _41_, but we all, my friends as well as I, consider this one of life’s _42_ . 41. A. uncertain B. unhappy C. not pleased D. careful 〖2011·四川卷〗I truly feel that my mother led me here, to Morzaine, and to my future as a happy wife and businesswoman. When Mum 21 in October 2007, I was a cook.. In December that year. while I was working for a wedding, a pearl necklace Mum had left me 22 . I was distraught（忧心如焚的）.Some days later, I was 23 that a guy who was working with us that day. “could probably have made a fortune 24 he necklace he found.” 25 , he returned it. 22.A. burned B. disappeared C . broke D. dropped 22 空就近 distraught（忧心如焚的）是负的,只有 disappear 是负的；burn 燃烧；break 打破；drop 降 低，落下。有后文的我感到“忧心如焚”及“归还”（return）可知此处是指项链丢失了。B 〖2011·安徽卷〗Nearly ten minutes later, he 45, He asked me about my plans and encouraged me to stay 46 . Then he offered to take me to Royal Oak to 47 a job. 积极的! I was a little surprised. but had a 48 feeling about him. Along the way ,I realized that I had 49 resumes(简历). Seeing this, the man 50 at his business partner’s office to make me fifteen 51 copies. He also gave me some 52 on dressing and speaking. I handed out my resumes and went home feeling very 53 . The following day, I received a 54 from a store in Royal Oak offering me a job. 46. A. silent B. busy C. positive D. comfortable 他问了问我的打算，鼓励我要振作起来，不要灰心。选 C。A 项为“沉默不语的”；B 项为“忙绿的”； C 项为“积极乐观的，有信心的”；D 项为“舒适的，舒服的”。 48. A. dull B. good C. guilty D. general 作者对他的主动帮助感到有点惊奇，但是对他充满了“好感” (good feeling)。选 B。A 项为“阴暗的， 无趣的”；C 项为“内疚的”；D 项为“一般的，普通的”。 53. A. lonely B. funny C. disappointed D. satisfied 我分发完简历回到家感到非常“满意”(satisfied)。选 D。A 项为“寂寞的，孤独的”；B 项为“滑稽的， 可笑的”；C 项为“失望的，沮丧的”。 〖2011·四川卷〗Some days later, I was 23 that a guy who was working with us that day. “could probably have made a fortune 24 the necklace he found.” 25 , he returned it. Hearing how I’d 26 Mum for six months before her death, he said, “Christmas is going to be 27 —why not go out to the Alps for a couple of weeks? 27.A.long B. hard C. merry D. free death.在 27 空附近是负的,B 项对应。在万家团圆的圣诞节，母亲刚去世，对我来说一定很难熬。B