英语（心得）之析高考英语中省略的考查

英语（心得）之析高考英语中省略的考查

英语论文之析高考英语中省略的考查 ‎ ‎　　雷静 ‎　　对省略现象的考查已成为近年来英语高考试题中的常考点。因为省略这种语法手段既可避免重复，突出新的信息；又能使英语句子更加简单明了，从而使上下文更紧密地连接起来。这也正符合现代生活快节奏的需要。因此，在英语口语中，只要不损害结构和引起歧义，能省略的地方就尽可能省略。‎ ‎　　但有时省略的句子成分，在句中占有相当的份量，能表达一定的信息，这无疑就增加了试题的难度。因此在解题时，除了应特别注意进行语境分析，从上文中找出相关的省略成份外，还要对常用的省略知识有所了解，从而做到有的放矢，找出解题的突破口。下面，笔者就英语中各种省略现象与相应的转换作了一一归纳、总结。‎ ‎　　I.名词性从句的简略与转换 ‎　　1）不少含有情态动词的名词从句可变为不定式结构。‎ ‎　　e.g. a. It's necessary that you should ask your teacher for help.‎ ‎　　（ 主语从句  ）‎ ‎　　↓  It's necessary for you to ask your teacher for help.‎ ‎　　b. It's very important that we should keep the balance of nature.‎ ‎　　（ 主语从句 ）‎ ‎　　↓It's very important for us to keep the balance of nature.‎ ‎　　c. We don't know what we should do next.（ 宾语从句  ）‎ ‎　　↓We don't know what to do next.‎ ‎　　d. The question is how we can finish the task ahead of time .‎ ‎　　（ 表语从句 ）‎ ‎　　↓The question is how to finish the task ahead of time.‎ ‎　　2）有很多名词性从句可变为动名词短语。‎ ‎　　e.g. a. He suggested that we should go to visit our former class teacher. （ 宾语从句）‎ ‎　　↓ He suggested our/ us going to visit our former class teacher.‎ ‎　　b. That he failed in the final exam made his parents very disappointed. （主语从句）‎ ‎　　↓His failing in the final exam made his parents very ‎ disappointed.‎ ‎　　c. Our worry is that he won't support our ideas.（表语从句）‎ ‎　　↓Our worry is his/him not supporting our ideas.‎ ‎　　II. 在含有定语从句的复合句中，如果定语从句用了进行时态或被动语态，且关系代词在从句中作主语时，可省略关系代词和be动词，只保留分词或其它成分。‎ ‎　　如：1. The Olympic games，_______ in 776 B.C.，did not include women players until 1912.（NMET 97）‎ ‎　　A.first playing             B.to be first played ‎　　C.first played               D.to be first playing ‎　　本题应选C,first played 为which was first played 之省略，过去分词表被动和完成。‎ ‎　　2. Do you know the boy__________ under the big tree？ （NMET 89）‎ ‎　　A. lay        B.lain         C.laying       D.lying ‎　　本题应选D, lying为who is lying之省略，现在分词表主动和正在进行的动作。‎ ‎　　3. Most of the artists ________ to the party were from south Africa.（NMET 90）‎ ‎　　A. invited                       B. to invite ‎　　C being invited                  D. have been invited ‎　　本题应选A, invited 为who were invited之省略。‎ ‎　　4. The first textbooks ________for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 1 6th century. （NMET 94）‎ ‎　　A.having written                  B.to be written ‎　　C.being written                   D.written ‎　　本题应选D, written为that were written之省略。‎ ‎　　我们也可把定语从句变为不定式短语，表示将要发生的动作。‎ ‎　　e.g：a. There are many things that I will do next Sunday.‎ ‎　　↓There are many things for me to do next Sunday.‎ ‎　　b. The man who will give us a talk tomorrow afternoon is a famous ‎　　professor from Beijing University.‎ ‎　　↓The man to give us a talk tomorrow afternoon is a famous ‎　　professor from Beijing University.‎ ‎　　我们有时把定语从句变为介词短语，使句子更加简单易懂。‎ ‎　　e.g：a. The man who wears glasses is our headmaster.‎ ‎　　↓The man on glasses is our headmaster.‎ ‎　　b. The hospital which is near our school is a state-run （国家经营的） hospital.‎ ‎　　↓The hospital near our school is a state-run （国家经营的） hospital.‎ ‎　　III. 状语从句中的省略现象 ‎　　在含有比较结构的复合句中，常在as或than引导的分句中省略某些与主句相同的成分或省略在特定上下文或特定情景中某些不言而喻的成分；或整个as/than从句。‎ ‎　　如：1.The pianos in the other shop will be______， but_____.（NMET 90）‎ ‎　　A. cheaper；not as better          B. more cheap；‎ ‎ not as better ‎　　C. cheaper； not as good           D. more cheap； not as good本题应选C, 分别为cheaper than those in this shop 和they are not as good as those in this shop的省略。‎ ‎　　2.John plays football________，if not better than， David.（NMWT 94）‎ ‎　　A. as well                        B. as well as ‎　　C. so well                        D. so well as ‎　　本题应选B,根据上下文可看出if not better than 为if John doesn't play football better than David（plays football） 的省略。那么，排除这个条件的话，John和David就踢得一样好了。 故要用副词well 的同级比较的肯定式。‎ ‎　　3.How beautifully she sings！ I've never heard _______ .（NMET 96）‎ ‎　　A. the better voice             B. a good ‎ voice ‎　　C. the best voice               D. a better voice ‎　　本题应选D, 从整个语境来分析，后句中的比较状语从句than hers被省略掉了。故此题应选比较级。‎ ‎　　2）如果复合句中的时间、条件、原因状语从句用了主语＋be结构，且主、从句主语一致时，可省略从句主语和be助动词，只保留分词和其它成分。‎ ‎　　4.While （you are ） in Rome, do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。‎ ‎　　5.He speaks English as if （ he  were ） an Englishman.‎ ‎　　6.When （ he was ） asked by the police, he just kept silent about anything.‎ ‎　　7.________more attention， the trees could have grown better.（NMET90）‎ ‎　　A. Given                       B. To give ‎　　C. Giving                      D. Having given ‎　　本题应选A, given more attention为if they were given ‎ more attention之省略。‎ ‎　　以if 引导的真实条件状语从句可转换为独立主格结构，而if 引导的非真实条件状语从句则可以转换为介词短语结构（with, without, but for 等）‎ ‎　　If time permits, I'd like to go shopping with you this Saturday. （真实条件句 ）‎ ‎　　↓Time permitting, I'd like to go shopping with you this Saturday .‎ ‎　　b. If it hadn't been for your help , we couldn't have finished the work so well.（ 非真实条件句 ）‎ ‎　　↓Without your help, we couldn't have finished the work so well.‎ ‎　　c. If you had his help, you could solve the problem easily. （ 非真实条件句 ）‎ ‎　　↓ With his help, you could solve the problem easily.‎ ‎　　在以 after, before ,since 等引导的时间状语从句中，我们可把从句变成介词短语、动名词或分词短语。‎ ‎　　Before he did his homework, he went over his lessons carefully.‎ ‎　　↓Before doing his homework, he went over his lessons ‎ carefully.‎ ‎　　（ 动名词短语 ）‎ ‎　　After she had （had） cleaned the windows, she began to sweep the floor.‎ ‎　　↓ Having cleaned the windows, she began to sweep the floor.‎ ‎　　（ 分词短语）‎ ‎　　Great changes have taken place since our country was liberated in 1949.‎ ‎　　↓Great changes have taken place since liberation.（ 介词短语 ）‎ ‎　　原因状语从句可改为介词短语、分词短语或独立结构。‎ ‎　　As he is chairman of the Students' Union, he always takes the lead in everything.‎ ‎　　↓Being chairman of the Students' Union, he always takes the lead in everything.  （分词短语作状语）‎ ‎　　b. We put off the basketball match until next week because it rained hard yesterday.‎ ‎　　↓We put off the basketball match until next week because of the heavy rain. （介词短语作状语）‎ ‎　　c） He went to the supermarket because there's nothing left in the cupboard.‎ ‎　　↓（ With ） nothing left in the cupboard, he went to the supermarket . （独立结构作状语）‎ ‎　　5）目的状语从句可改为in order to 或 so as to 等不定式结构。‎ ‎　　a. He spoke in a loud voice so that he could make himself heard.‎ ‎　　（ 目的状语从句 ）‎ ‎　　↓He spoke in a loud voice in order to/ so as to make himself heard.‎ ‎　　He studies very hard so that / in order that he can catch up with his classmates.  （ 目的状语从句 ）‎ ‎　　↓In order to catch up with his classmates, he studies very hard . （ in order to 可放句首也可放句中；so as to 只能放句中，不能放句首）‎ ‎　　6）结果状语从句可改为enough to do或too…to…不定式作结果状语。‎ ‎　　a. He is so short that he can't reach the book on the shelf. （结果状语从句）‎ ‎　　↓He is too short to reach the book on the shelf.‎ ‎　　b. The book is so easy that even a little child is able to understand it.‎ ‎　　The book is easy enough （ for a little child ） to understand .‎ ‎　　7）在复合句中，两个并列的状语从句中如果只是从属连词不同，其它相同时，则可省略一个状语从句，而把两个从属连词连接起来（括号中的内容为省略的成分）。‎ ‎　　如： 1.They will be arriving either before （the film begins）or after the film begins.‎ ‎　　2.We don't know when （we will have a meeting） and where we will have a meeting next time .‎ ‎　　IV.在回答疑问句的简略答语中，常常省略和问句相重复的部分，只保留新信息部分。‎ ‎　　如：1.—Alice， why didn't you come yesterday？‎ ‎　　—I ______ ，but I had an unexpected visitor. （NMET 97）‎ ‎　　A.had        B.would      C.was going to   D.did ‎　　本题选C据句意，是表示昨天打算要来。 was going to 后省略了come yesterday.‎ ‎　　2.—Could I borrow your dictionary？‎ ‎　　—Yes， of course you ________ . （NMET92）‎ ‎　　might     B.will      C.can     D.should ‎　　本题选C. could在句中表示委婉语气，而不是过去时，答语中应用can；can后省略了borrow my dictionary.‎ ‎　　3.—Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.‎ ‎　　—__________.（nmet94）‎ ‎　　A.I don't        B.I won't        C.  I can't     D.I haven't ‎　　本题选B.因祈使句含有未来的意味，再加上有tomorrow的限制，因而应用I won't回答。I won't 后省略 了forget to go to your birthday party tomorrow.‎ ‎　　4.—How long has this bookshop been in business？‎ ‎　　—_________ 1982.（nmet94）‎ ‎　　A.after      B.in        C.from        D.since ‎　　本题选D.根据句意和结构， 该题承前省略了主语、谓语it has been in business 等；只保留了新信 息（时间状语）部分；再由how long对时间段提问的限制，只能选since.‎ ‎　　另外在回答问句及其它形式的答语中，如有和上文重复的不定式时，在答语中只保留其不定式符号to，而 把动词和其它部分省略。如：‎ ‎　　1.—Would you like to come to dinner tonight？‎ ‎　　—I'd like to，______I'm too busy. （NMET 94）‎ ‎　　A. and       B. so      C. as       D. but ‎　　本题应选D,据上文、下文中的I'd like to 后省略了come to dinner tonight，这样很容易看出逗号前后信息相反，故选but.‎ ‎　　2.—I'll be away on a business trip. would you mind looking after my cat？‎ ‎　　—No, not at all，__________.（NNMET 95）‎ ‎　　A.I've no time                   B.I'd rather not ‎　　C.I'd like it                    D.I'd be happy to ‎　　本题应选D.据not at all 的限制，a、b不合题意。C搭配错， 因‘d like后应跟不定式。I'd be happy to 后省略了look after your cat.‎ ‎　　3.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but ‎ his mother told him_________.（NMET 95）‎ ‎　　A. not to     B. not to do     C. not do it   D. do not to ‎　　本题选A.not to 后省略了和上文相重复的ride his bicycle in the street.‎